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This thesis presents the development and evaluation of a 2D simulation model designed to predict the spread and behavior of forest fires, with a specific focus on Swedish forest ecosystems. Despite the model's simplicity and inherent limitations due to assumptions such as homogeneity in fuel distribution and the exclusion of topographical influences, the simulations yield remarkably accurate predictions of fire spread and intensity. The model integrates basic meteorological data (wind speed and direction, temperature) and uses a discretized spatial approach to simulate the dynamics of forest fires. Initial results suggest that even with minimal input variables and broad assumptions, the model offers significant predictive capabilities, highlighting potential areas for future refinement. Key aspects such as the interaction between conduction and advection terms, the role of water vaporization in fire dynamics, and the influence of wind on fire propagation are discussed. The findings encourage further development of the model, aiming at incorporating more complex variables such as topography and more forest fuels, potentially enhancing its utility in real-time fire management and decision-making processes.

This pilot study was conducted to test if there are differences in occurrence of red-listed xylophagous fungi in forests dependent on degrees of human impact on the forests. Three main degrees of human impact was investigated: little impact (natural forest); medium impact (semi-natural forest) and high impact (monoculture plantation). These forests were compared in three geographically distinct areas within the same municipality, Vindeln. Within each forest type, three experimental plots were randomly selected, resulting in a total of 27 research plots. The study was conducted in northern Sweden, Västerbotten county in the following locations: Svartberget, Skatan and Kulbäcksliden. The pilot study found significant differences between natural forests and monoculture plantations. The natural forests harboured the most red-listed species, followed by the semi-natural forests, while the monoculture plantations had the fewest. The semi-natural was closer to the natural forest but did not yield significant differences when comparing the various areas. Despite the small dataset, the results are clear that the natural forests harbour the highest abundance of red-listed xylophagous fungi when comparing the degree of human impact in three different forest ecosystems.

Plant diversity effects on community productivity often increase over time. Whether the strengthening of diversity effects is caused by temporal shifts in species-level overyielding (i.e., higher species-level productivity in diverse communities compared with monocultures) remains unclear. Here, using data from 65 grassland and forest biodiversity experiments, we show that the temporal strength of diversity effects at the community scale is underpinned by temporal changes in the species that yield. These temporal trends of species-level overyielding are shaped by plant ecological strategies, which can be quantitatively delimited by functional traits. In grasslands, the temporal strengthening of biodiversity effects on community productivity was associated with increasing biomass overyielding of resource-conservative species increasing over time, and with overyielding of species characterized by fast resource acquisition either decreasing or increasing. In forests, temporal trends in species overyielding differ when considering above- versus belowground resource acquisition strategies. Overyielding in stem growth decreased for species with high light capture capacity but increased for those with high soil resource acquisition capacity. Our results imply that a diversity of species with different, and potentially complementary, ecological strategies is beneficial for maintaining community productivity over time in both grassland and forest ecosystems.

This thesis presents the development and evaluation of a 2D simulation model designed to predict the spread and behavior of forest fires, with a specific focus on Swedish forest ecosystems. Despite the model's simplicity and inherent limitations due to assumptions such as homogeneity in fuel distribution and the exclusion of topographical influences, the simulations yield remarkably accurate predictions of fire spread and intensity. The model integrates basic meteorological data (wind speed and direction, temperature) and uses a discretized spatial approach to simulate the dynamics of forest fires. Initial results suggest that even with minimal input variables and broad assumptions, the model offers significant predictive capabilities, highlighting potential areas for future refinement. Key aspects such as the interaction between conduction and advection terms, the role of water vaporization in fire dynamics, and the influence of wind on fire propagation are discussed. The findings encourage further development of the model, aiming at incorporating more complex variables such as topography and more forest fuels, potentially enhancing its utility in real-time fire management and decision-making processes.

This pilot study was conducted to test if there are differences in occurrence of red-listed xylophagous fungi in forests dependent on degrees of human impact on the forests. Three main degrees of human impact was investigated: little impact (natural forest); medium impact (semi-natural forest) and high impact (monoculture plantation). These forests were compared in three geographically distinct areas within the same municipality, Vindeln. Within each forest type, three experimental plots were randomly selected, resulting in a total of 27 research plots. The study was conducted in northern Sweden, Västerbotten county in the following locations: Svartberget, Skatan and Kulbäcksliden. The pilot study found significant differences between natural forests and monoculture plantations. The natural forests harboured the most red-listed species, followed by the semi-natural forests, while the monoculture plantations had the fewest. The semi-natural was closer to the natural forest but did not yield significant differences when comparing the various areas. Despite the small dataset, the results are clear that the natural forests harbour the highest abundance of red-listed xylophagous fungi when comparing the degree of human impact in three different forest ecosystems.

Raising temperatures and climate variability have intensified extreme weather events worldwide. These extremes can enhance and trigger possible pest outbreaks. Bark beetle attacks have become a major concern in regions with extensive spruce forest areas. Southeastern Sweden has faced repeated outbreaks resulting in widespread tree loss. By observing historic climate data for the main counties of Southeastern Sweden we can notice that the temperature is progressively raising. Rainfall do not manifest a clear pattern but it follows a descending trend. Water shortage can lead to drought events for the specific area. The main triggering factors for a bark beetle outbreak are a storm damage or a drought stress. In this study we used data and try to model an outbreak that was triggered by drought stress in 2018. This study focused on proactive risk management. Data from 2018 and 2019,2020 were combined to create two main datasets. One from 2018 which was considered a drought year and one that emerge from the years 2019 and 2020 which were considered more “normal” year from a meteorological perspective. The model used overlay analysis in ArcGIS environment between attacked trees and predisposing factors like soil moisture, topography and landcover data. Th goal was to investigate intervals of risk factors that could raise the potential risk. These factors could in some cases attribute higher danger in specific regions. Furthermore, a risk map was created by utilizing a weighted overlay model. All the abovementioned parameters were considered of equal weight. Some final things to consider about improving the specific model. Firstly, the unique type of the dataset that contained attacked trees. This dataset was collected by harvester machines which were equipped with GNSS devices. The attacked tree was attributed the coordinates of the body of harvester or the crane. This could result in a different landcover classification than the actual and it is an uncertainty i, Pop Abstract In recent years, bark beetle outbreaks have intensified causing damage to forests in many parts of the world. Forest ecosystems of Northern Hemisphere are considered more vulnerable because of their tree composition. Vast areas are covered by spruce forests which is a favorable type for the specific pest. Forest ecosystems provide many services and secure the wellbeing of wildlife and citizens. Protecting their structure and functionality is of the utmost importance. Other factors may contribute to the damages caused to forest ecosystems like outdated forest management policies. Furthermore, land use systems and guidelines that are not adjusted to the specific characteristics of a region. Another factor to consider is the percent of privately-owned forests, in some cases, which makes it difficult to communicate the hazards and follow some harmonized standards. Physical characteristics of a region and topography are parameters that can enhance the potential risk if other factors coexist as well. An event like a storm damage or a drought stress is usually the triggering factor for the beginning of the outbreak. The predisposing factors contribute to the rapid spatial propagation of the outbreak among with favorable climate conditions like temperature and drought. Southeastern Sweden is a region considered to fit the abovementioned description. Extreme events initialize a bark beetle outbreak which results in greater damages due to higher number of bark beetle. Climate crisis favors the breading process of bark beetle which results in higher number of bark beetle during their lifecycle. In this study, we focused on the environmental perspective of the bark beetle outbreaks. GIS techniques were used to analyze the risk factors associated with bark beetle outbreaks. By mapping trees that were attacked by bark beetles, we were able to identify patterns and trends in the risk factors. Data about attacked trees were provided by Skogsstyrelsen (Swedish Forest Ag

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are considered to play an essential role in the development of forest ecosystems and can protect plant against pathogenic infections. Among other factors, soil pH may affect the successful inoculation of forest seedlings in nurseries. The effect of pH on the growth rate of strains of nine species of edible ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was evaluated in vitro. In the experiments, Boletus edulis, B. aereus, B. pinophilus, B. fragrans, Amanita rubescens, Xerocomus ferrugineus, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius sanguifluus and Suillus luteus were grown in Petri dishes containing modified Melin Norkrans medium and adjusted at seven different pH levels. Colony area was measured at 7-day intervals for 8 weeks. Final fungal biomass and residual pH of the medium at 8th week were also measured. The optimum pH levels and pH tolerance ranges for the tested ECM fungal species are presented and discussed in the text. The results showed that the greatest growth in vitro was produced by A. rubescens and S. luteus at high pH levels (between 6.5-8.5), and by X. ferrugineus at low pH (3.5-6.5). Almost all the strains acidified the medium where they were grown after eight incubation weeks, Se considera que los hongos ectomicorrízicos desempeñan un papel esencial en el desarrollo de los ecosistemas forestales y pueden proteger a las plantas contra infecciones patógenas. Entre otros factores, el pH del suelo puede afectar la inoculación exitosa de plántulas forestales en viveros. Se evaluó in vitro el efecto del pH sobre la tasa de crecimiento de cepas de nueve especies de hongos ectomicorrízicos comestibles (EMC). En los experimentos, se cultivaron Boletus edulis, B. aereus, B. pinophilus, B. fragrans, Amanita rubescens, Xerocomus ferrugineus, Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius sanguifluus y Suillus luteus en placas de Petri que contenían medio Melin Norkrans modificado, y se ajustaron a siete niveles de pH diferentes. El área de la colonia se midió a intervalos de 7 días durante 8 semanas. También se midieron la biomasa fúngica final y el pH residual del medio a la octava semana. Los niveles de pH óptimos y los rangos de tolerancia de pH para las especies de hongos EMC probadas se presentan y analizan en el texto. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor crecimiento in vitro lo produjeron A. rubescens y S. luteus a pH alto (entre 6,5-8,5), y X. ferrugineus a pH bajo (3,5-6,5). Casi todas las cepas acidificaron el medio donde crecieron después de ocho semanas de incubación

Palaeoclimate legacies have been reported to influence microbial communities and carbon (C) stocks even after thousands of years. However, the direct and indirect influences of climate legacies on microbial C processes remain poorly understood and thus limit our capacity to predict how climate legacies regulate C cycling. Here, we conducted microbial, soil and vegetation surveys along a continental latitudinal transect of 4200 km covering a wide range of forest biomes. With these data, we evaluated the potential capacity of climate legacies to predict direct and indirect variations in microbial metabolic quotient (MMQ) across and within three main forest biomes: tropical, subtropical and temperate

Wood density is a fundamental parameter for the accurate esti-mation of tree biomass in forest ecosystems. The semi-evergreen forest of theMexican southeast is characterized by the high diversity of trees, so that it isnecessary to study the variations in wood density. The objective of the studywas to determine the variation in wood density of the dominant species of thesemi-evergreen forest and to generate regression models with wood diameter. Wecollected 3,260 wood samples of 23 species of three diameter categories (thick,medium, and thin). The volume of wood was measured with the fluid displacementtechnique and the dry mass was determined in an oven at 70ºC for 72 hours.Wood density was calculated as the ratio of mass to volume. Wood density variedsignificantly between species,Gymnanthes lucidaSw., being the largest with 0.85g/cm3, andBursera simaruba(L.) Sarg, the smallest with 0.37 g/cm3. Regressionanalysis showed that 20 out of 23 species presented a positive relationship betweenwood density and diameter size. It was concluded that wood density varied byspecies and diameter size of the tree in these forest ecosystems. The resultsare useful for modeling the dynamics of tree biomass accumulation of primaryand secondary forests that are constantly changing in their structure and speciescomposition., La densidad de madera es un parámetro fundamental para laestimación precisa de biomasa arbórea en ecosistemas forestales.La selvasubperennifolia del sureste mexicano se caracteriza por la alta diversidad arbórea,por lo cual es necesario estudiar las variaciones de densidad de madera. El objetivodel estudio fue determinar la variación de densidad de madera de las especiesdominantes de la selva subperennifolia y generar modelos de regresión con elgrosor diamétrico de madera. Se colectaron 3 260 muestras de madera de 23especies, en tres categorías diamétricas (gruesa, mediana y delgada). Se midió elvolumen de madera con la técnica de desplazamiento de fluidos y se determinóla masa seca en un horno a 70ºC por 72 horas. La densidad de madera secalculó como la proporción de masa entre volumen. La densidad de madera variósignificativamente entre las especies, siendo la mayorGymnanthes lucidaSw., con0.85 g/cm3y la menorBursera simaruba(L.) Sarg, con 0.37 g/cm3. El análisis deregresión demostró que 20 de 23 especies presentaron una relación positiva entrela densidad de madera y el tamaño diamétrico. Se concluyó que la densidad dela madera varia por especies y tamaño diamétrico del árbol en estos ecosistemasforestales. Los resultados son útiles para modelar la dinámica de acumulaciónde biomasa arbórea de la vegetación primaria y secundaria que se encuentra enconstantes cambios en su estructura y composición de especies.Palabras clave:Ecosistemas forestales, propiedades de madera, biomasa arbórea,captura de carbono, sureste mexicano

Forest ecosystems play an indispensable role in addressing various pressing sustainability and social-ecological challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. However, global forest loss has been, and still is today, an important issue. Here, based on spatially explicit data, we show that over the past 60 years (1960-2019), the global forest area has declined by 81.7 million ha (i.e. 10% more than the size of the entire Borneo island), with forest loss (437.3 million ha) outweighing forest gain (355.6 million ha). With this forest decline and the population increase (4.68 billion) over the period, the global forest per capita has decreased by over 60%, from 1.4 ha in 1960 to 0.5 ha in 2019. The spatiotemporal pattern of forest change supports the forest transition theory, with forest losses occurring primarily in the lower income countries in the tropics and forest gains in the higher income countries in the extratropics. Furthermore, economic growth has a stronger association with net forest gain than with net forest loss. Our results highlight the need to strengthen the support given to lower income countries, especially in the tropics, to help improve their capacity to minimize or end their forest losses. To help address the displacement of forest losses to the lower income countries in the tropics, higher income nations need to reduce their dependence on imported tropical forest products.

The intensification of forest management over the recent decades, in combination with the effects of a warming climate, leaves forestry and forest management with the challenging task of maintaining forest ecosystems’ further abilities to provide ecosystem services. By systematically reviewing peer- reviewed academic literature this study analyzes the concept of multifunctionality and its application in current forest management in Germany, Sweden, and Finland, its role in climate adaptation strategies and its usage in policy documents. The findings show a discrepancy between the theoretical concept of multifunctionality and its practical implementation. Further it shows that climate change adaptation is not a main concern for multifunctional management as of now. There is an urgent need to bridge the gap between theory and practice and place an increasing emphasis on climate adaptation for future research on forest ecosystems and their management.

The association between ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and trees is at the heart of forest ecosystems. Nowadays, this association is increasingly facing pressures resulting from anthropogenic activities, impacting the structure, biodiversity and functions of ECM fungal communities and their hosts. Here, we review some of the most common anthropogenic activities (i.e. enrichment of atmospheric carbon dioxide, increase of global temperature, atmospheric pollution, nitrogen deposition, use of pesticides, land use management, introduction of invasive species and biodiversity loss) affecting ECM fungi (i.e. species richness, abundance, taxonomy, production of spores and carpophores, and enzymatic activities) and their tree hosts. The review was conducted at different scales, from species to populations and ecosystems and whenever possible, example including boreal, temperate and tropical forests were reported. To conclude, we discussed about the present challenges hindering a better holistic understanding of our future forest ecosystems hosting ECM fungi. Overall, climate change is expected to affect ECM fungi through an alteration of plant metabolism and spatial distribution of trees. Although industrial pollutants and pesticides effects remains less clear at large scale, N-deposition and/or fertilization could induce ECM shifts and alter nutrient cycling. Regarding other anthropogenic parameters (e.g. land use, invasive species), they may affect ECM fungal communities by impacting their diversity, abundance and richness.

As of 2020, the world has an estimated 290 million ha of planted forests and this number is continuously increasing. Of these, 131 million ha are monospecific planted forests under intensive management. Although monospecific planted forests are important in providing timber, they harbor less biodiversity and are potentially more susceptible to disturbances than natural or diverse planted forests. Here, we point out the increasing scientific evidence for increased resilience and ecosystem service provision of functionally and species diverse planted forests (hereafter referred to as diverse planted forests) compared to monospecific ones. Furthermore, we propose five concrete steps to foster the adoption of diverse planted forests: (1) improve awareness of benefits and practical options of diverse planted forests among land-owners, managers, and investors; (2) incentivize tree species diversity in public funding of afforestation and programs to diversify current maladapted planted forests of low diversity; (3) develop new wood-based products that can be derived from many different tree species not yet in use; (4) invest in research to assess landscape benefits of diverse planted forests for functional connectivity and resilience to global-change threats; and (5) improve the evidence base on diverse planted forests, in particular in currently under-represented regions, where new options could be tested.   &nbsp

Soil fauna communities are major drivers of many forest ecosystem processes. Tree species diversity and composition shape soil fauna communities, but their relationships are poorly understood, notably whether or not soil fauna diversity depends on tree species diversity. Here, we characterized soil macrofauna communities from forests composed of either one or three tree species, located in four different climate zones and growing on different soil types. Using multivariate analysis and model averaging we investigated the relative importance of tree species richness, tree functional type (deciduous vs. evergreen), litter quality, microhabitat and microclimatic characteristics as drivers of soil macrofauna community composition and structure. We found that macrofauna communities in mixed forest stands were represented by a higher number of broad taxonomic groups that were more diverse and more evenly represented. We also observed a switch from earthworm-dominated to predator-dominated communities with increasing evergreen proportion in forest stands, which we interpreted as a result of a lower litter quality and a higher forest floor mass. Finally, canopy openness was positively related to detritivore abundance and biomass, leading to higher predator species richness and diversity probably through trophic cascade effects. Interestingly, considering different levels of taxonomic resolution in the analyses highlighted different facets of macrofauna response to tree species richness, likely a result of both different ecological niche range and methodological constraints. Overall, our study supports the positive effects of tree species richness on macrofauna diversity and abundance through multiple changes in resource quality and availability, microhabitat, and microclimate modifications.

The paper is aimed at analysing the dynamics, scale and environmental consequences of fires in natural ecosystems of Ukraine and their relationship with climatic factors.

[EN] Usually, megacities expand without proper planning in a context of demographic growth and are increasingly dependent on the natural resources related to the occupied area. This is a major challenge for the sustainable management of these territories, justifying the need for a better knowledge of land use/land cover (LULC) distribution and characteristics to observe spatial anthropogenic dynamics. In this study, the Bogota river basin and the Bogota megacity were analyzed as a case study. The main objective of this work was to analyze the historical LULC dynamics from 1985 to 2014. Reliable forecasting scenarios were developed using the Land Change Modeler to support sustainable management and planning. Results show an expansion of the Bogota megacity toward the Northeast and an increase of urban areas within the basin. These changes implied a loss of 58% of forest surface, a strategic ecosystem, from 1985 to 2014. This dynamic is expected to continue, with a 50% increase of urban areas between 2012 to 2050, thus the megacity and neighbor cities potentially become an "urban continuum". A replacement of crop and pasture lands near the city is expected, even though Bogota lands are among the best agricultural lands in the Andean region of Colombia.

How, where, and why carbon (C) moves into and out of an ecosystem through time are long-standing questions in biogeochemistry. Here, we bring together hundreds of thousands of C-cycle observations at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, USA, a mid-latitude landscape dominated by 80–120-yr-old closed-canopy forests. These data answered four questions: (1) where and how much C is presently stored in dominant forest types; (2) what are current rates of C accrual and loss; (3) what biotic and abiotic factors contribute to variability in these rates; and (4) how has climate change affected the forest’s C cycle? Harvard Forest is an active C sink resulting from forest regrowth following land abandonment. Soil and tree biomass comprise nearly equal portions of existing C stocks. Net primary production (NPP) averaged 680–750 g C·m−2·yr−1; belowground NPP contributed 38–47% of the total, but with large uncertainty. Mineral soil C measured in the same inventory plots in 1992 and 2013 was too heterogeneous to detect change in soil-C pools; however, radiocarbon data suggest a small but persistent sink of 10–30 g C·m−2·yr−1. Net ecosystem production (NEP) in hardwood stands averaged ~300 g C·m−2·yr−1. NEP in hemlock-dominated forests averaged ~450 g C·m−2·yr−1 until infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid turned these stands into a net C source. Since 2000, NPP has increased by 26%. For the period 1992–2015, NEP increased 93%. The increase in mean annual temperature and growing season length alone accounted for ~30% of the increase in productivity. Interannual variations in GPP and NEP were also correlated with increases in red oak biomass, forest leaf area, and canopy-scale light-use efficiency. Compared to long-term global change experiments at the Harvard Forest, the C sink in regrowing biomass equaled or exceeded C cycle modifications imposed by soil warming, N saturation, and hemlock removal. Results of this synthesis and comparison to simulati

Forest ecosystems fulfil crucial roles in mediating greenhouse gases and in harbouring biodiversity and providing products to humankind, meanwhile they are subjected to challenges from human activities and climate change. To test how prescribed burning and harvest compaction would influence the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in forest ecosystems in the long term, we conducted a series of experiments in a natural forest and a hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantation in subtropical Australia. Those experiments included collecting litter and soil samples from Toohey Forest to examine role of regular patch mosaic prescribed burning in regulating soil C and N pools. In situ incubations in Toohey Forest were used to assess the soil N transformations with time after prescribed burning. 15N natural abundance ([delta-N-15]) of inorganic N pools was used to quantify the responses of soil N transformation processes to elevated soil moisture which was used to mimic heavy rainfall. Collecting soil and foliage samples, measuring tree diameter at breast height over bark (DBHoB) and height in a 17-year-old machinery compaction trail site in a hoop pine plantation, Yarraman State Forest, was used to investigate the long-term impacts of harvesting compaction on soil C and N pools, and on forest productivity. [...], Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Environment and Sc, Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology, Full Text

U okviru ove doktorske disertacije vršeno je istraživanje zajednica makrogljiva u okviru 5 šumskih staništa na Vidliču, Kopaoniku i Tari. Ispitivan je mikodiverzitet sa morfološkog, funkcionalnog i genetskog stanovišta. U istraživanju morološkog i funkcionalnog diverziteta, korišćene su različite klasične metode čiji rezultati su omogućili procenu stanja posmatranih mikocenoza, kao i samih šumskih staništa. Za analizu sastava vrsta u okviru mikocenoza, kao i procenu uticaja abiotičkih faktora na brojnost i sastav vrsta u okviru različitih funkcionalnih grupa, korišćeno je nekoliko statističkih metoda (PCA, PLS, CA i CCA). Osam vrsta, koje su pripadale najrasprostranjenijim i najzastupljenijim vrstama su odabrane za molekularne analize, koje su podrazumevale sekvenciranje ITS regiona rDNK, analizu njihovih polimorfizama kao i filogenetske analize u okviru vrste/roda. U cilju procene zagađenja staništa, u plodnim telima makrogljiva i njihovom supstratu je određen sadržaj metala (atomskom apsorpcionom spektrofotometrijom) i radionuklida (gamaspektrometrijom). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da diverzitet makrogljiva oslikava stanje samog staništa i da dugoročnim monitoringom mogu ukazati na promene u njemu., Within the framework of this doctoral dissertation, monitoring of macrofungal communities, within 5 forest habitats on Vidlič, Kopaonik and Tara, was done. Mycodiversity was investigated from the morphological, functional and genetic point of view. Various classical methods used, enabled the assessment of the condition of macrofungal communities, as well as the observed forest habitats. Several statistical methods (PCA, PLS, CA and CCA) were used to analyze the composition of species within the mycocenosis, as well as the assessment of the effects of abiotic factors on the species richness and species composition within different functional groups.Some of the most represented species have been selected for molecular analyzes, which includedsequencing of the ITS region, the analysis of polymorphisms, as well as phylogenetic analyzes within the species/genus. In order to assess the pollution of habitats, the content of metals (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) and radionuclides (gamma spectrometry) was determined in the sporocarps of macrofungi and their substrate. The obtained results indicate that diversity of macrofungi reflects the state of the habitat itself and that long-term monitoring can indicate changes in it.

ROSSINI, MICOL, open, Remote Sensing (RS) data have been successfully exploited in the last decades to monitor vegetation due to their inherent capacity of providing repeated and spatially-distributed quantitative information about vegetation properties. However, most research focused on the description of the structural and biochemical properties of vegetation rather than on the understanding of its functioning. In the last decade, RS of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (F) emerged as a novel and promising tool for assessing plant functional status. F is a weak signal emitted by the core of the photosynthetic machinery in the red and far-red spectral regions (~650-800 nm) as a side product of light absorption. The potential of F relies on the relationship existing between photochemistry and the energy dissipation pathways: since photochemistry competes with F emission and heat dissipation for the absorbed energy, F can be a direct indicator of plant actual functional state. The main aim of this Ph.D. research was to exploit optical data (i.e., reflectance and fluorescence) to advance the understanding of vegetation functioning and of its variability across space. In particular, the work aimed at better understanding the link between vegetation optical properties, plant traits (PTs) and ecosystem functional properties (EFPs) in a case study represented by a mid-latitude forest ecosystem. At this purpose, innovative RS techniques were exploited to infer information about the vegetation functioning from fine and ultra-fine spectral resolution optical measurements acquired with the HyPlant airborne imaging spectrometer. The analyses were focused on two main work streams: i) the investigation of the spatial relationship between F and EFPs to better understand the variability of the ecosystem functioning at regional scale; ii) the analysis of the potential of F as a synthetic descriptor of the ecosystem functional diversity. Results provided evidence of the effectiveness of F as a tool fo, Negli ultimi decenni, il telerilevamento è stato utilizzato con successo per monitorare la vegetazione grazie alla sua capacità intrinseca di fornire informazioni quantitative ripetute e spazialmente distribuite circa le sue proprietà. Tuttavia, la ricerca si è concentrata prevalentemente sulla descrizione delle proprietà strutturali e biochimiche della vegetazione piuttosto che sulla comprensione del suo funzionamento. Negli ultimi decenni, il telerilevamento della fluorescenza della clorofilla indotta dal sole (F) è emerso come strumento innovativo utile allo studio del funzionamento delle piante. F è un debole segnale emesso nelle regioni spettrali del rosso e infrarosso vicino (~650-800 nm) dal cuore dell’apparato fotosintetico per dissipare l’eccesso di energia assorbita. Il suo potenziale risiede nella relazione esistente tra fotochimica e vie dissipative: poiché la fotochimica compete con la dissipazione sotto forma di F e calore, F può essere un indicatore diretto del funzionamento della fotosintesi. L’obiettivo principale di questo dottorato è stato l’utilizzo di dati ottici (i.e., riflettanza e fluorescenza) per migliorare la comprensione del funzionamento della vegetazione e della sua variabilità spaziale. In particolare, il lavoro si è focalizzato sullo studio del legame tra proprietà ottiche della vegetazione, plant traits (PT) e ecosystem functional properties (EFP) in una foresta di media latitudine. A tale scopo, sono state utilizzate tecniche di telerilevamento innovative per studiare il funzionamento della vegetazione a partire da dati ottici ad altissima risoluzione spettrale acquisiti tramite il sensore aviotrasportato ad immagine HyPlant. Il lavoro si è focalizzato su due obiettivi principali: i) l’analisi della relazione spaziale tra F e EFP per comprendere la variabilità della funzionalità a scala regionale; ii) l’analisi del potenziale di F come indice sintetico della diversità funzionale. I risultati dimostrano l’efficacia dell’utilizzo di F, No, embargoed_20220219, Tagliabue, G

We examine the effect of forest cover change on agricultural productivity using household panel data and remote sensing data on forest change. The focus of the study is rural Indonesia, where deforestation is causing intensive biodiversity loss while agriculture is the main industry. We estimate an agricultural production function and find that farmers in rural Indonesia experienced a reduction in agricultural productivity of 45% between 2001 and 2014 or US$2.63 billion in 2014. In addition, we explore the mechanisms underlying the productivity loss and find that biological pest control is the most plausible explanation., World Development, 114, pp.196-207; 2019

For decades, ecologists have investigated the effects of tree species diversity on tree productivity at different scales and with different approaches ranging from observational to experimental study designs. Using data from five European national forest inventories (16,773 plots), six tree species diversity experiments (584 plots), and six networks of comparative plots (169 plots), we tested whether tree species growth responses to species mixing are consistent and therefore transferrable between those different research approaches. Our results confirm the general positive effect of tree species mixing on species growth (16% on average) but we found no consistency in species‐specific responses to mixing between any of the three approaches, even after restricting comparisons to only those plots that shared similar mixtures compositions and forest types. These findings highlight the necessity to consider results from different research approaches when selecting species mixtures that should maximize positive forest biodiversity and functioning relationships.

Kao jedna od najstarijih grupa fotoautotrofnih mikroorganizama, cijanobakterije predstavljaju široko rasprostranjene prokariote sa raznovrsnim metaboličkim strategijama u cilju preživljavanja i adaptacije na različite uslove životne sredine. Upravo zbog toga, cijanobakterije su značajne kao producenti različitih biološki aktivnih metabolita. Međutim, većina studija o cijanobakterijama uglavnom je vezana za cijanobakterije vodenih ekosistema. Predmet istraživanja ovog rada je utvrđivanje diverziteta autohtonih cijanobakterija šumskih ekosistema i karakterizacija odabranih terestričnih cijanobakterijskih predstavnika planinskih područja Srbije izolovanih tokom trogodišnjeg monitoringa kroz utvrđivanje njihovih osnovnih ekofizioloških, biohemijskih i genetičkih karakteristika. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu su ukazali na diverzitet zemljišnih cijanobakterija šumskih staništa ispitivanih planinskih područja kao i na njihov metabolički diverzitet, odnosno potencijal produkcije različitih bioaktivnih jedinjenja. Na osnovu taksonomski važnih odlika identifikovano je i okarakterisano 20 cijanobakterijskih sojeva za koje je utvrđeno da pripadaju sledećim rodovima: Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium. Identifikacija izolovanih cijanobakterija primenom molekularanog markera 16S rRNK u većini slučajeva (90%) je potvrdila preliminarnu identifikaciju rodova na osnovu morfoloških kriterijuma. U pogledu produkcije biomase dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je produkcija biomase kod odabranih testiranih cijanobakterijskih sojeva zavisila od primenjenih uslova kultivacije. Utvrđeno je da su azot, glukoza i saharoza delovali u pravcu stimulacije produkcije biomase kod velikog broja sojeva. Najveća produkcija biomase detektovana je kod soja Calothrix M2 u prisustvu azota u medijumu. Kod soja Nostoc T18 zabeleženo je najveće povećanje produkcije biomase u prisustvu glukoze i saharoze u medijumu. Takođe, sadržaj fikobiliproteina bio, As one of the oldest groups of photoautotrophic microorganisms, cyanobacteria represent widespread prokaryotes with diverse metabolic strategies in order to survive and adapt to different environmental conditions. For this reason, cyanobacteria are significant as producers of various biologically active metabolites. However, most of the studies are mainly related to cyanobacteria of aquatic ecosystems. The subject of the research of this dissertation is to determine the diversity of autochthonous cyanobacteria of forest ecosystems and to characterize selected terrestrial cyanobacterial representatives of mountainous areas of Serbia isolated during three year monitoring by determining their basic ecophysiological, biochemical and genetic characteristics. The results obtained in this dissertation have show the diversity of soil cyanobacteria of forest habitats of the investigated mountain areas as well as their metabolic diversity and potential to produce various bioactive compounds. Based on taxonomically important features, 20 cyanobacterial strains have been identified to belong to the following genera: Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium. Identification of the isolated cyanobacteria using the molecular marker 16S rRNA in most cases (90%) confirmed the preliminary identification of genera based on morphological criteria. In terms of biomass production, the obtained results showed that the production of biomass in the selected tested cyanobacterial strains hepended on the applied cultivation conditions. It was found that nitrogen, glucose and sucrose acted towards the stimulation of biomass production in a large number of strains. The largest biomass production was detected in strain Calothrix M2 in the presence of nitrogen in the medium. In the presence of glucose and sucrose in the medium the highest increase in biomass production was recorded in cyanobacterial strain Nostoc T18. Also, the

The variability of tree stem phenology plays a critical role in determining the productivity of forest ecosystems. Therefore, we aim to identify the relationships between the timings of cambium phenology, and forest growth in terms of tree-ring width over a long-term scale. A meta-analysis was performed that combined the timings of xylem formation, which were calculated by a tree-ring formation model of the VS (Vaganov-Shashkin)-oscilloscope during the period 1960-2014, and a tree-ring width series at 20 composite sites on the Tibetan Plateau. Both the start and length of the growing season significantly affected the formation of wood at 70% of the 20 composite sites within the study region. A wider tree ring probably resulted from an earlier start and a longer duration of the growing season. The influence of ending dates on tree-ring width was less evident, and more site-dependent. Weak relationships were identified between the start and end of the growing season at 85% of the composite sites. Compared to the monitoring results, which could only detect the relationships between cambium phenology and xylem cell production from a limited number of trees and years, our long-term relationships deepened such connections, and therefore should be used to improve mechanism models for the accurate evaluating and predicting of wood production and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems under current and future climate change.

Increasing numbers of ecosystems globally are at risk of collapse. However, most descriptions of terrestrial ecosystem collapse are post hoc with few empirically based examples of ecosystems in the process of collapse. This limits learning about collapse and impedes development of effective early-warning indicators. Based on multidecadal and multifaceted monitoring, we present evidence that the Australian mainland Mountain Ash ecosystem is collapsing. Collapse is indicated by marked changes in ecosystem condition, particularly the rapid decline in populations of keystone ecosystem structures. There also has been significant decline in biodiversity strongly associated with these structures and disruptions of key ecosystem processes. In documenting the decline of the Mountain Ash ecosystem, we uncovered evidence of hidden collapse. This is where an ecosystem superficially appears to be relatively intact, but a prolonged period of decline coupled with long lag times for recovery of dominant ecosystem components mean that collapse is almost inevitable. In ecosystems susceptible to hidden collapse, management interventions will be required decades earlier than currently perceived by policy makers. Responding to hidden collapse is further complicated by our finding that different drivers produce different pathways to collapse, but these drivers can interact in ways that exacerbate and perpetuate collapse. Management must focus not only on reducing the number of critical stressors influencing an ecosystem but also on breaking feedbacks between stressors. We demonstrate the importance of multidecadal monitoring programs in measuring state variables that can inform quantitative predictions of collapse as well as help identify management responses that can avert system-wide collapse.

Climate warming should result in hotter droughts of unprecedented severity in this century. Such droughts have been linked with massive tree mortality, and data suggest that warming interacts with drought to aggravate plant performance. Yet how forests will respond to hotter droughts remains unclear, as does the suite of mechanisms trees use to deal with hot droughts. We used an ecosystem‐scale manipulation of precipitation and temperature on piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees to investigate nitrogen (N) cycling‐induced mitigation processes related to hotter droughts. We found that while negative impacts on plant carbon and water balance are manifest after prolonged drought, performance reductions were not amplified by warmer temperatures. Rather, increased temperatures for 5 years stimulated soil N cycling under piñon trees and modified tree N allocation for both species, resulting in mitigation of hotter drought impacts on tree water and carbon functions. These findings suggest that adjustments in N cycling are likely after multi‐year warming conditions and that such changes may buffer reductions in tree performance during hotter droughts. The results highlight our incomplete understanding of trees' ability to acclimate to climate change, raising fundamental questions about the resistance potential of forests to long‐term, compound climatic stresses.

Ecosystems around the world generate a wide range of services. Often, there are trade-offs in ecosystem service provision. Managing such trade-offs requires governance of interdependent action situations. We distinguished between (1) enhancing action situations where beneficiaries create, maintain, or improve an ESS and (2) appropriation action situations where actors subtract from a flow of ESS. We classified ESSs in order to identify focal action situations and link them to ESS governance types which are likely to strengthen sustainable ecosystem management. The classification is applied to six forest cases in Asia, Africa and Latin America.Our results confirm that ecosystem management, which more strongly supports the provision of public goods and common pool resources, is often under strong pressure to be transformed into systems that mainly provide private goods. This can be partly explained by incentive constellations in the action situations of public goods and common pool resources. Therefore, governance has to be adapted to specific ESSs. ESS governance needs to identify institutions which best fit to different ESSs and to harmonize them for all the ESSs provided by the system. Our approach helps to understand why institutions fail or succeed in maintaining ESSs.

The understorey harbours a substantial part of vascular plant diversity in temperate forests and plays an important functional role, affecting ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and overstorey regeneration. Global change, however, is putting these understorey communities on trajectories of change, potentially altering and reducing their functioning in the future. Developing mitigation strategies to safeguard the diversity and functioning of temperate forests in the future is challenging and requires improved predictive capacity. Process-based models that predict understorey community composition over time, based on first principles of ecology, have the potential to guide mitigation endeavours but such approaches are rare. Here, we review fourteen understorey modelling approaches that have been proposed during the last three decades. We evaluate their inclusion of mechanisms that are required to predict the impact of global change on understorey communities. We conclude that none of the currently existing models fully accounts for all processes that we deem important based on empirical and experimental evidence. Based on this review, we contend new models are needed to project the complex impacts of global change on forest understoreys. Plant functional traits should be central to such future model developments, as they drive community assembly processes and provide valuable information on the functioning of the understorey. Given the important role of the overstorey, a coupling of understorey models to overstorey models will be essential to predict the impact of global change on understorey composition and structure, and how it will affect the functioning of temperate forests in the future.

The variability of tree stem phenology plays a critical role in determining the productivity of forest ecosystems. Therefore, we aim to identify the relationships between the timings of cambium phenology, and forest growth in terms of tree-ring width over a long-term scale. A meta-analysis was performed that combined the timings of xylem formation, which were calculated by a tree-ring formation model of the VS (Vaganov-Shashkin)-oscilloscope during the period 1960–2014, and a tree-ring width series at 20 composite sites on the Tibetan Plateau. Both the start and length of the growing season significantly affected the formation of wood at 70% of the 20 composite sites within the study region. A wider tree ring probably resulted from an earlier start and a longer duration of the growing season. The influence of ending dates on tree-ring width was less evident, and more site-dependent. Weak relationships were identified between the start and end of the growing season at 85% of the composite sites. Compared to the monitoring results, which could only detect the relationships between cambium phenology and xylem cell production from a limited number of trees and years, our long-term relationships deepened such connections, and therefore should be used to improve mechanism models for the accurate evaluating and predicting of wood production and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems under current and future climate change.

Based on macroecological data, we test the hypothesis whether European tree species of temperate and boreal distribution maintain their water and nutrient supply in the more arid southern margin of their distribution range by shifting to more fertile soils with higher water storage than in their humid core distribution range (cf. soil compensatory effects). To answer this question, we gathered a large dataset with more than 200,000 plots that we related to summer aridity (SA), derived from WorldClim data, as well as soil available water capacity (AWC) and soil nutrient status, derived from the European soil database. The soil compensatory effects on tree species distribution were tested through generalized additive models. The hypothesis of soil compensatory effects on tree species distribution under limiting aridity was supported in terms of statistical significance and plausibility. Compared to a bioclimatic baseline model, inclusion of soil variables systematically improved the models’ goodness of fit. However, the relevance measured as the gain in predictive performance was small, with largest improvements for P. sylvestris, Q. petraea and A. alba. All studied species, except P. sylvestris, preferred high AWC under high SA. For F. sylvatica, P. abies and Q. petraea, the compensatory effect of soil AWC under high SA was even more pronounced on acidic soils. Soil compensatory effects might have decisive implications for tree species redistribution and forest management strategies under anthropogenic climate change. Therefore, soil compensatory effects deserve more intensive investigation, ideally, in studies combining different spatial scales to reduce the uncertainty associated with the precision of soil information.

Climate warming should result in hotter droughts of unprecedented severity in this century. Such droughts have been linked with massive tree mortality, and data suggest that warming interacts with drought to aggravate plant performance. Yet how forests will respond to hotter droughts remains unclear, as does the suite of mechanisms trees use to deal with hot droughts. We used an ecosystem‐scale manipulation of precipitation and temperature on piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees to investigate nitrogen (N) cycling‐induced mitigation processes related to hotter droughts. We found that while negative impacts on plant carbon and water balance are manifest after prolonged drought, performance reductions were not amplified by warmer temperatures. Rather, increased temperatures for 5 years stimulated soil N cycling under piñon trees and modified tree N allocation for both species, resulting in mitigation of hotter drought impacts on tree water and carbon functions. These findings suggest that adjustments in N cycling are likely after multi‐year warming conditions and that such changes may buffer reductions in tree performance during hotter droughts. The results highlight our incomplete understanding of trees' ability to acclimate to climate change, raising fundamental questions about the resistance potential of forests to long‐term, compound climatic stresses.

Міцелій основних видів грибів лісових екосистем України накоплює в собі велику кількість радіоактивної речовини, яку він поглинає з товщі грунту. Встановлено, що розподіл маси міцелію в шарі грунту 0–10 см пропорційно вмісту органічної речовини в грунті. В процесі формування плодового тіла спостерігається високий рівень переходу в нього радіоцезію. Коефіцієнт переходу радіоцезію з грунту в міцелій становить 7–16.5, в глодове тіло 0,8–244., Fungal mycelium of Ukrainian forest ecosystems accumulate a large amount of radioactive substances absorbed from soil. It was found that distribution of mycelium corresponds to organic matter content in soil. During growth of fungi high level of 137Cs transfer is observered the coefficient of transfer of radiocaesium from soil to mycelium is 7–16.5 and to fungi – 0.8–244., Мицелий основных видов грибов лесных экосистем Украины накапливает в себе большое количество радиоактивного вещества, которое они поглощают из толщи почвы. Установлено, что распределение массы мицелия в слое почвы 0–10 см пропорционально содержанию органического вещества в почве. В процессе формирования плодового тела наблюдается высокий уровень переходу в него радиоцезия. Коэффициент перехода радиоцезия из почвы в мицелий составляет 7–16.5, в плодовое тело – 0,8–244.

На основі досліджень встановлено, що накопичення 137Cs у тканинах та органах сосни звичайної в суборах обумовлено рівнями радіоактивного забруднення ґрунту та його гідрологічним режимом. Найбільш радіоактивно забрудненими є асиміляційний апарат та меристема дерева., Установлено, что накопление 137Cs в тканях и органах сосны обыкновенной обусловлено уровнями радиоактивного загрязнения почвы даным радионуклидом и условиями местообитания. Наиболее радиоактивно загряненными являются ассимиляционный аппарат и меристема дерева., Our studies have shown that 137Cs accumulation in tissues and organs of Scotch pine is dependent on radionuclide contamination level of the soil as well as on its hydrologic regime. Assimilation system and pine meristem prove to be the most contaminated.

Розглядається динаміка основних показників населення птахів стиглих дубових лісів у різних районах регіону у зимовий період., Рассматривается динамика основных показателей населения птиц спелых дубовых лесов в различных районах региона в зимний период., The dynamics of the main indices of bird population in ripe oak forests in different parts of the region in winter is considered.

Визначено основні фактори впливу лишайникового покриву на міграцію радіоцезію в лісових екосистемах. Такий вплив виражається у збільшенні коефіцієнтів переходу радіоцезію завдяки хімічній активності лишайників., Определены основные факторы влияния лишайникового покрова на миграцию радиоцезия в лесных экосистемах. Такое влияние выражается в увеличении коэффициентов перехода радиоцезия благодаря химической активности лишайников., Basic factors related to the effects of lichen cover on radiocesium migration in forest ecosystem are determined. The above effects show the increase in radiocesium transfer coefficiency owing to lichen chemical activity.

Розглянуто проблематику створення формалізованих описів шару деревостою лісових екосистем Поліського регіону. Описано врахування антропогенного фактора вираженого забрудненням екосистеми радіоцезієм, який потрапляє з атмосфери на даний ярус., Рассмотрена проблематика создания формализованных описаний древостоя лесных экосистем Полесского региона. Описан подход, позволяющий учитывать антропогенный фактор, выраженный загрязнением экосистемы радиоцезием, поступающим из атмосферы на данный ярус., The problem of creation of formalization description of tree-layer for mathematical modeling of radionuclide migration in Polissya forest ecosystems. The approach that allow to take into account the anthropogenic factor of forest ecosystem pollution, is described.

Визначено основні фактори впливу лишайникового покриву на міграцію радіоцезію в лісових екосистемах. Такий вплив виражається у збільшенні коефіцієнтів переходу радіоцезію завдяки хімічній активності лишайників., Определены основные факторы влияния лишайникового покрова на миграцию радиоцезия в лесных экосистемах. Такое влияние выражается в увеличении коэффициентов перехода радиоцезия благодаря химической активности лишайников., Basic factors related to the effects of lichen cover on radiocesium migration in forest ecosystem are determined. The above effects show the increase in radiocesium transfer coefficiency owing to lichen chemical activity.

На основі досліджень встановлено, що накопичення 137Cs у тканинах та органах сосни звичайної в суборах обумовлено рівнями радіоактивного забруднення ґрунту та його гідрологічним режимом. Найбільш радіоактивно забрудненими є асиміляційний апарат та меристема дерева., Установлено, что накопление 137Cs в тканях и органах сосны обыкновенной обусловлено уровнями радиоактивного загрязнения почвы даным радионуклидом и условиями местообитания. Наиболее радиоактивно загряненными являются ассимиляционный аппарат и меристема дерева., Our studies have shown that 137Cs accumulation in tissues and organs of Scotch pine is dependent on radionuclide contamination level of the soil as well as on its hydrologic regime. Assimilation system and pine meristem prove to be the most contaminated.

Розглянуто проблематику створення формалізованих описів шару деревостою лісових екосистем Поліського регіону. Описано врахування антропогенного фактора вираженого забрудненням екосистеми радіоцезієм, який потрапляє з атмосфери на даний ярус., Рассмотрена проблематика создания формализованных описаний древостоя лесных экосистем Полесского региона. Описан подход, позволяющий учитывать антропогенный фактор, выраженный загрязнением экосистемы радиоцезием, поступающим из атмосферы на данный ярус., The problem of creation of formalization description of tree-layer for mathematical modeling of radionuclide migration in Polissya forest ecosystems. The approach that allow to take into account the anthropogenic factor of forest ecosystem pollution, is described.

Розглядається динаміка основних показників населення птахів стиглих дубових лісів у різних районах регіону у зимовий період., Рассматривается динамика основных показателей населения птиц спелых дубовых лесов в различных районах региона в зимний период., The dynamics of the main indices of bird population in ripe oak forests in different parts of the region in winter is considered.

Визначено основні фактори впливу лишайникового покриву на міграцію радіоцезію в лісових екосистемах. Такий вплив виражається у збільшенні коефіцієнтів переходу радіоцезію завдяки хімічній активності лишайників., Определены основные факторы влияния лишайникового покрова на миграцию радиоцезия в лесных экосистемах. Такое влияние выражается в увеличении коэффициентов перехода радиоцезия благодаря химической активности лишайников., Basic factors related to the effects of lichen cover on radiocesium migration in forest ecosystem are determined. The above effects show the increase in radiocesium transfer coefficiency owing to lichen chemical activity.

Міцелій основних видів грибів лісових екосистем України накоплює в собі велику кількість радіоактивної речовини, яку він поглинає з товщі грунту. Встановлено, що розподіл маси міцелію в шарі грунту 0–10 см пропорційно вмісту органічної речовини в грунті. В процесі формування плодового тіла спостерігається високий рівень переходу в нього радіоцезію. Коефіцієнт переходу радіоцезію з грунту в міцелій становить 7–16.5, в глодове тіло 0,8–244., Fungal mycelium of Ukrainian forest ecosystems accumulate a large amount of radioactive substances absorbed from soil. It was found that distribution of mycelium corresponds to organic matter content in soil. During growth of fungi high level of 137Cs transfer is observered the coefficient of transfer of radiocaesium from soil to mycelium is 7–16.5 and to fungi – 0.8–244., Мицелий основных видов грибов лесных экосистем Украины накапливает в себе большое количество радиоактивного вещества, которое они поглощают из толщи почвы. Установлено, что распределение массы мицелия в слое почвы 0–10 см пропорционально содержанию органического вещества в почве. В процессе формирования плодового тела наблюдается высокий уровень переходу в него радиоцезия. Коэффициент перехода радиоцезия из почвы в мицелий составляет 7–16.5, в плодовое тело – 0,8–244.

Розглянуто проблематику створення формалізованих описів шару деревостою лісових екосистем Поліського регіону. Описано врахування антропогенного фактора вираженого забрудненням екосистеми радіоцезієм, який потрапляє з атмосфери на даний ярус., Рассмотрена проблематика создания формализованных описаний древостоя лесных экосистем Полесского региона. Описан подход, позволяющий учитывать антропогенный фактор, выраженный загрязнением экосистемы радиоцезием, поступающим из атмосферы на данный ярус., The problem of creation of formalization description of tree-layer for mathematical modeling of radionuclide migration in Polissya forest ecosystems. The approach that allow to take into account the anthropogenic factor of forest ecosystem pollution, is described.

Визначено основні фактори впливу лишайникового покриву на міграцію радіоцезію в лісових екосистемах. Такий вплив виражається у збільшенні коефіцієнтів переходу радіоцезію завдяки хімічній активності лишайників., Определены основные факторы влияния лишайникового покрова на миграцию радиоцезия в лесных экосистемах. Такое влияние выражается в увеличении коэффициентов перехода радиоцезия благодаря химической активности лишайников., Basic factors related to the effects of lichen cover on radiocesium migration in forest ecosystem are determined. The above effects show the increase in radiocesium transfer coefficiency owing to lichen chemical activity.