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L'estudi es centra en l'ultrapassament de grups d'ones en dics idealitzats a platges en aigües poc profundes, exposats a l'impacte d'ones compactes i enfocades. Es realitza un anàlisi de dades per investigar l'efecte del punt de focus i la fase, considerant diferents geometries. A més, es proporcionen directrius per optimitzar els assajos de laboratori d'ultrapassament de dics amb ones focalitzades., El estudio se centra en el ultrapasamiento de grupos de olas en diques idealizados en playas en aguas poco profundas, sometidos al impacto de olas compactas y enfocadas. Se realiza un análisis de datos para estudiar el efecto del punto de enfoque y la fase (para geometrías diferentes). Se ofrecen directrices para la optimización de ensayos de laboratorio de sobrepaso de diques con olas focalizadas., The study focuses on the wave overtopping of idealized dikes on beaches in shallow waters, subjected to the impact of compact and focused waves. A data analysis is conducted to examine the effect of the focal point and phase (for different geometries). Guidelines are provided for optimizing laboratory tests of dike overtopping with focused waves.

L'arquitectura és un refugi davant del clima advers. No només crea espais, sinó també temperatures i atmosferes. Davant d'una situació actual d'emergència climàtica, es plantegen nous desafiaments que obliguen a canviar d'enfocament i posar èmfasi en els aspectes de l'arquitectura relacionats amb l'adaptació a l'entorn. El creixent augment de temperatures que comporta el canvi climàtic, entre altres coses, transforma el panorama a la regió del mediterrani. Això porta a qüestionar-se com afrontar aquesta realitat des de l'arquitectura, quins són els desafiaments i quins aspectes cal considerar en el procés de disseny dels edificis a l'àrea del Mediterrani per fer front a aquest canvi. Tot això, potenciant el bioclimatisme als edificis de manera que s'adaptin al clima i la seva variabilitat d'una manera sostenible que respecti l'entorn, sense contribuir a les principals emissions de CO2 causants del canvi climàtic., La arquitectura es un refugio ante el clima adverso. No solo crea espacios, sino temperaturas y atmósferas. Frente a una situación actual de emergéncia climática, se plantean nuevos desafíos que obligan a cambiar de enfoque y poner énfasis en los aspectos de la arquitectura relacionados con su adaptación al entorno. El creciente aumento de temperaturas que trae consigo el cambio climático, entre otras cosas, transforma el panorama en la región del mediterráneo. Esto lleva a cuestionarse cómo afrontar esta realidad desde la arquitectura, cuáles son los desafíos y que aspectos se deben considerar en el proceso de diseño de los edificos en el área del Mediterráneo para hacer frente a este cambio. Todo ello, potenciando el bioclimatismo en los edificios de manera que se adapten al clima y su variabilidad de una manera sostenible que respete el entorno, sin contribuir a las emisiones de CO2 principales causantes del cambio climático., Architecture is a shelter against adverse weather. It not only creates spaces but also temperatures and atmospheres. With the current climate emergency, new challenges arise, creating the necessity of a shift in focus, emphasizing aspects of architecture related to environmental adaptation. The rising temperatures derived from climate change, among other things, are transforming the landscape in the Mediterranean region. This leads to the question of how to face this reality through architecture, what the challenges are, and what aspects need to be considered in the design process of buildings in the Mediterranean area to address this change. All of this while enhancing bioclimatism in buildings, allowing them to adapt to the climate and its variability in a sustainable manner that respects the environment, without contributing to CO2 emissions, the primary drivers of climate change.

Mean sea-level rise (MSLR) will induce shoreline recession, increasing the stress on coastal systems of high socio-economic and environmental values. Localized mega-nourishments are meant to alleviate erosion problems by diffusing alongshore over decades and thus feeding adjacent beaches. The 21-st century morphological evolution of the Delfland coast, where the Sand Engine mega-nourishment was built in 2011, was simulated with the Q2Dmorfo model to assess the Sand Engine capacity to protect the area against the effects of MSLR. The calibrated and validated model was forced with historical wave and sea-level data and MSLR projections until 2100 corresponding to different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results show that the Sand Engine diffusive trend will continue in forthcoming decades, with the feeding effect to adjacent beaches being less noticeable from 2050 onward. Superimposed to this alongshore diffusion, MSLR causes the shoreline to recede because of both passive-flooding and a net offshore sediment transport produced by wave reshaping and gravity. The existing feeding asymmetry enforces more sediment transport to the NE than to the SW, causing the former to remain stable whilst the SW shoreline retreats significantly, especially from 2050 onward. Sediment from the Sand Engine does not reach the beaches located more than 6 km to the SW, with a strong shoreline and profile recession in that area, as well as dune erosion. The uncertainties in the results are dominated by those related to the free model parameters up to 2050 whilst uncertainties in MSLR projections prevail from 2050 to 2100., This work has been funded by the Spanish government through the research projects RTI2018-093941-B-C31 and RTI2018-093941-B-C33 (MINECO/FEDER), Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Rising temperatures, heat wave frequency, and anthropogenic pollution pose significant challenges to urban dwellers’ health. This study aimed to assess the effects of urban conditions on health in three sites in Barcelona, namely the La Pau neighbourhood, a portion of La Dreta de l’Eixample, and El Barri Gotic. The study focused on morphology, use, Sky View Factor, solar reflection, and trees. The objective was to quantify the impacts of Years of life loss and mortality rate and with the endeavour to improve public health. The study found that land use and tree coverage had varying influences on public health outcomes. The abundance of public spaces in La Pau, with its narrower streets and lower traffic intensity, emerged as a significant contributing factor to better air quality. Tree coverage, estimated at 37.6% of La Pau, showed modest preventable mortality from air quality improvements of harmful pollutants - PM2.5, PM10, and NO2. Trees performed better for heat prevention, with 0.69 C° reduction compared to Barcelona’s average tree cover and 0.5 C° less than La Dreta de l’Eixample as calculated through the mean UHI max of the Summer 2015 and compared with the scientific literature. However, the tree coverage estimated at 14.8% for La Dreta and 4.3% for Gotic had a lower impact on heat and their higher emissions levels. Nevertheless, white roofs were found to reduce heat by up to 2.5 C° in the first site and 1.2 degrees in the second. The study provides valuable insights into the effects of urban conditions on health and the potential for health to be used as a trojan horse for environmental and sustainable urban interventions.

El litoral mallorquí s’enfronta a una situació d’alta vulnerabilitat davant l’increment del nivell de la mar, el qual causa impactes en les urbanitzacions costaneres que s’intensifiquen amb el temps. Els informes científics que aborden el canvi climàtic posen a la nostra disposició prediccions que ens permeten conèixer amb antelació els riscos als quals ens enfrontem com a societat. El treball es centra en la badia d’Alcúdia per ser la zona més desfavorable de Mallorca davant la pujada del nivell de la mar. A través de l’anàlisi de la matriu biofísica i històrica, i fruit de l’observació de les diferents solucions que s’estan implementant a escala global, se presenta una proposta d’adaptació per aquest indret. Amb aquest treball volem obrir el debat públic per repensar el nostre model territorial i traçar nous camins cap al futur assegurant la resiliència i estabilitat dels ecosistemes., El litoral mallorquín se enfrenta a una situación de alta vulnerabilidad ante el incremento del nivel del mar, el cual causa impactos en las urbanizaciones costeras que se intensifican con el tiempo. Los informes científicos que abordan el cambio climático ponen a nuestra disposición predicciones que nos permiten conocer con antelación los riesgos a los cuales nos enfrentamos como sociedad. El trabajo se centra en la bahía de Alcúdia por ser la zona más desfavorable de Mallorca ante la subida del nivel del mar. A través del análisis de la matriz biofísica e histórica, y fruto de la observación de las diferentes soluciones que se están implementando a escala global, se presenta una propuesta de adaptación para este lugar. Con este trabajo queremos abrir el debate público para repensar nuestro modelo territorial y trazar nuevos caminos hacia el futuro asegurando la resiliencia y estabilidad de los ecosistemas., The Mallorcan coastline faces a situation of high vulnerability due to the rise of sea level, which causes impacts on coastal developments that intensify over time. Scientific reports on climate change provide predictions that allow us to be aware in advance of the risks we face as a society. The work focuses on the Alcúdia Bay as the most unfavourable area of Mallorca in terms of sea level rise. Through the analysis of the biophysical and historical basis, and observing the different solutions implemented on a global scale, we present different proposals for adapting this area. The aim of this work is to open the public debate in order to rethink our territorial model and map out new paths for the future, ensuring the resilience and stability of ecosystems.

L'objectiu de l'Acord de París (AP) està lluny de ser aconseguit encara amb els compromisos de mitigació presentats en les Contribucions Nacionals Determinades (NDCs). Per a garantir la seva qualitat, en la COP24 es va aprovar el Paris Rulebook, que conté les directrius sobre la “Informació destinada a facilitar la claredat, transparència i comprensió de les NDCs”, que seran obligatòries en el pròxim període d'actualització de les NDCs. Un concepte que podria orientar la “repartició” equitativa de les emissions és el Pressupost de Carboni (PC), enfocament considerat pel Grup de Governança del Canvi Climàtic de la UPC per a dissenyar el Model de Justícia Climàtica (MJC). Aquesta metodologia assigna un percentatge del PC a cada país integrant criteris d'igualtat, responsabilitat històrica, capacitat i dret al desenvolupament. El present treball va abordar aquest context a partir de tres components. Primer, es va avaluar la NDC del Perú en referència a les directrius esmentades del Paris Rulebook, trobant un 68% de compliment. Després, es va aplicar el MJC per a determinar el PC de cada departament del Perú, el valor agregat per regions va indicar xifres del 53.6% per a la costa, 33.5% per a la serra i 12.9% per a la selva. Finalment es van estimar trajectòries de mitigació coherents amb el PC del Perú i el seu NDC. Es va determinar que, assumint una tendència lineal, el compromís de la NDC suposaria un PC de 2798 MtCO2 per a l'objectiu no condicionat i 2486 MtCO2 per a l'objectiu condicionat, xifres que excedeixen àmpliament el PC estimat amb el MJC (1591 MtCO2). No obstant això, en construir un escenari de zero emissions UTCUTS al 2030, aquests valors van canviar a 1462 MtCO2 per a l'objectiu no condicionat i 1340 MtCO2 per a l'objectiu condicionat; mostrant que sí que és possible compatibilitzar el compromís del Perú amb un PC just i ambiciós, en coherència amb l'AP., El objetivo del Acuerdo de París (AP) está lejos de ser alcanzado aún con los compromisos de mitigación presentados en las Contribuciones Nacionales Determinadas (NDCs). Para garantizar su calidad, en la COP24 se aprobó el Paris Rulebook, que contiene las directrices sobre la “Información destinada a facilitar la claridad, transparencia y comprensión de las NDCs”, que serán obligatorias en el próximo periodo de actualización de las NDCs. Un concepto que podría orientar la “repartición” equitativa de las emisiones es el Presupuesto de Carbono (PC), enfoque considerado por el Grupo de Gobernanza del Cambio Climático de la UPC para diseñar el Modelo de Justicia Climática (MJC). Esta metodología asigna un porcentaje del PC a cada país integrando criterios de igualdad, responsabilidad histórica, capacidad y derecho al desarrollo. El presente trabajo abordó este contexto a partir de tres componentes. Primero, se evaluó la NDC del Perú en referencia a las directrices mencionadas del Paris Rulebook, encontrando un 68% de cumplimiento. Luego, se aplicó el MJC para determinar el PC de cada departamento del Perú, el valor agregado por regiones indicó cifras del 53.6% para la costa, 33.5% para la sierra y 12.9% para la selva. Finalmente se estimaron trayectorias de mitigación coherentes con el PC de Perú y su NDC. Se determinó que, asumiendo una tendencia lineal, el compromiso de la NDC supondría un PC de 2798 MtCO2 para el objetivo no condicionado y 2486 MtCO2 para el objetivo condicionado, cifras que exceden ampliamente el PC estimado con el MJC (1591 MtCO2). No obstante, al construir un escenario de cero emisiones UTCUTS al 2030, estos valores cambiaron a 1462 MtCO2 para el objetivo no condicionado y 1340 MtCO2 para el objetivo condicionado; mostrando que sí es posible compatibilizar el compromiso del Perú con un PC justo y ambicioso, en coherencia con el AP., The Paris Agreement target (PA) is far from being achieved even with the mitigation commitments presented in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). To ensure their quality, the Paris Rulebook was approved at COP24, containing guidelines on "Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs", which will be mandatory in the next NDC update period. One concept that could guide the equitable "sharing" of emissions is the Carbon Budget (CB), an approach considered by the UPC Climate Change Governance Group in designing the Climate Justice Model (MJC). This methodology assigns a percentage of the CB to each country integrating criteria of equality, historical responsibility, capacity and right to development. This paper approached this context from three components. First, Peru's NDC was evaluated in reference to the aforementioned guidelines of the Paris Rulebook, finding 68% compliance. Then, the MJC was applied to determine the CB of each department of Peru, the aggregate value by regions indicated 53.6% for the coast, 33.5% for the highlands and 12.9% for the jungle. Finally, mitigation trajectories consistent with Peru's CB and its NDC were estimated. It was determined that, assuming a linear trend, the NDC commitment would imply a Carbon Budget of 2798 MtCO2 for the unconditional target and 2486 MtCO2 for the conditional target, figures that far exceed the CB estimated with the MJC (1591 MtCO2). However, when constructing a LULUCF zero emissions scenario to 2030, these values changed to 1462 MtCO2 for the unconditional target and 1340 MtCO2 for the conditional target; showing that it is possible to make Peru's commitment compatible with a fair and ambitious CB, consistent with the PA.

The enhanced warming trend and precipitation decline in the Mediterranean region make it a climate change hotspot. We compare projections of multiple Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical and future scenario simulations to quantify the impacts of the already changing climate in the region. In particular, we investigate changes in temperature and precipitation during the 21st century following scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for CMIP5 and SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 from CMIP6, as well as for the HighResMIP high-resolution experiments. A model weighting scheme is applied to obtain constrained estimates of projected changes, which accounts for historical model performance and inter-independence in the multi-model ensembles, using an observational ensemble as reference. Results indicate a robust and significant warming over the Mediterranean region during the 21st century over all seasons, ensembles and experiments. The temperature changes vary between CMIPs, CMIP6 being the ensemble that projects a stronger warming. The Mediterranean amplified warming with respect to the global mean is mainly found during summer. The projected Mediterranean warming during the summer season can span from 1.83 to 8.49 ∘C in CMIP6 and 1.22 to 6.63 ∘C in CMIP5 considering three different scenarios and the 50 % of inter-model spread by the end of the century. Contrarily to temperature projections, precipitation changes show greater uncertainties and spatial heterogeneity. However, a robust and significant precipitation decline is projected over large parts of the region during summer by the end of the century and for the high emission scenario (−49 % to −16 % in CMIP6 and −47 % to −22 % in CMIP5). While there is less disagreement in projected precipitation than in temperature between CMIP5 and CMIP6, the latter shows larger precipitation declines in some regions. Results obtained from the model weighting scheme indicate larger warming, The work in this paper was partly supported by the European Commission H2020 project EUCP (grant no. 776613)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Changes in the Earth’s water cycle can be estimated by analyzing sea surface salinity. This variable refects the balance between precipitation and evaporation over the ocean, since the upper layers of the ocean are the most sensitive to atmosphere–ocean interactions. In situ measurements lack spatial and temporal synopticity and are typically acquired at few meters below the surface. Satellite measurements, on the contrary, are synoptic, repetitive and acquired at the surface. Here we show that the satellite-derived sea surface salinity measurements evidence an intensifcation of the water cycle (the freshest waters become fresher and vice-versa) which is not observed at the in-situ nearsurface salinity measurements. The largest positive diferences between surface and near-surface salinity trends are located over regions characterized by a decrease in the mixed layer depth and the sea surface wind speed, and an increase in sea surface temperature, which is consistent with an increased stratifcation of the water column due to global warming. These results highlight the crucial importance of using satellites to unveil critical changes on ocean–atmosphere fuxes., This work was supported in part by the Spanish R&D project L-BAND (ESP2017-89463-C3-1-R), which is funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”, and project INTERACT (PID2020-114623RB-C31), which is funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. , and in part by the Euro-pean Space Agency by means of the Contract SMOS ESL L2OS. We also acknowledge funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). This work is a contribution to CSIC PTI Teledetect., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Els esdeveniments extrems associats amb altes temperatures tenen un impacte en la salut, els seus ecosistemes i, per tant, en l’economia. Com a part del projecte X-ClimPlan, aquest estudi té com a objectiu estudiar les onades de calor a la ciutat de Barcelona entre el 1971 i el 2020, partint de la definició d’onada de calor segons l’AEMET. Això no obstant, aquesta definició té la limitació de referir-se únicament a temperatures màximes. Tot i que aquestes poden tenir greus conseqüències, especialment per cop de calor, els efectes sobre la salut són més acusats en el cas de la calor nocturna, on la impossibilitat de descansar pot provocar empitjorament de malalties respiratòries i cardiovasculars que produeixen morts prematures. Per això, lestudi diferencia entre onades de calor diürnes i nocturnes. Atès que el clima urbà presenta una variació espacial, la investigació parteix de la informació proporcionada per quatre estacions meteorològiques: Observatori Fabra, CMT, Raval i Aeroport, proposant un model OLS per a les quatre estacions i considerant l’any, el mes i el dia del calendari (cd) com a variables explicatives. Tot i que els increments de temperatura difereixen significativament depenent de la localització de l’estació, els resultats expliquen i confirmen que el procés d’escalfament global per sobre dels 2°C tant a les màximes com a les mínimes ja és una realitat a Barcelona. Així mateix, demostra una marcada diferència en els esdeveniments de calor extrema entre diferents ubicacions urbanes; la proximitat al mar, l’altitud, la diferent densitat urbana i la quantitat i la qualitat del verd urbà tenen un efecte determinant en la resiliència a esdeveniments extrems., Extreme events associated with high temperatures impact on the people’s health and their ecosystem, thus the economy. As part of the X-ClimPlan project, this study aims to study heat waves in the city of Barcelona between 1971 and 2020, using the AEMET definition of a heat wave. However that definition refers only to maximum temperatures. High temperatures can have serious consequences in human health, for example, leading to a heat stroke, but it is during nighttime heat, where the inability to rest can worsen respiratory and cardiovascular diseases that cause premature deaths. For this reason, the study differentiates between daytime and nighttime heat waves. Given that the urban climate presents a spatial variation, the research starts with the information provided by four weather stations: Fabra Observatory, CMT, Raval and Airport, and proposes an OLS model for the four stations, considering the year, month and calendar day (cd) as explanatory variables. Even though the temperature in all stations increase, there are differences depending on the location. The results explain and confirm that the process of global warming above 2°C, both in maximum and in minimums, is already a reality in Barcelona. The results also demonstrate a marked difference in extreme heat events between different urban locations; suggesting sea proximity, altitude, different urban density and the quantity and quality of urban greenery have a determining effect on resilience to extreme events., Los eventos extremos asociados con altas temperaturas tienen un impacto en la salud, sus ecosistemas y por tanto en la economía. Como parte del proyecto X-ClimPlan, este estudio tiene como objetivo estudiar las olas de calor en la ciudad de Barcelona entre 1971 y 2020, partiendo de la definición de ola de calor según la AEMET. No obstante, dicha definición tiene la limitación de referirse únicamente a temperaturas máximas. Si bien éstas pueden tener graves consecuencias, especialmente por golpe de calor, los efectos sobre la salud son más acusados en el caso del calor nocturno, donde la imposibilidad de descansar puede provocar empeoramiento de enfermedades respiratorias y cardiovasculares que producen muertes prematuras. Por ello, el estudio diferencia entre olas de calor diurnas y nocturnas. Dado que el clima urbano presenta una variación espacial, la investigación parte de la información proporcionada por cuatro estaciones meteorológicas: Observatorio Fabra, CMT, Raval y Aeropuerto, proponiendo un modelo OLS para las cuatro estaciones y considerando el año, el mes y el día del calendario (cd) como variables explicativas. Aun cuando los incrementos de temperatura difieren significativamente dependiendo de la localización de la estación, los resultados explican y confirman que el proceso de calentamiento global por encima de los 2°C tanto en las máximas como en las mínimas es ya una realidad en Barcelona. Asimismo, demuestra una marcada diferencia en los eventos de calor extremo entre diferentes ubicaciones urbanas; la proximidad al mar, la altitud, la diferente densidad urbana y la cantidad y calidad del verde urbano tienen un efecto determinante en la resiliencia a eventos extremos., Los autores quieren agradecer a Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, por la información proporcionada. También al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España (MINECO) y al Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) que permitieron la realización del proyecto Extreme Spatial and Urban Planning Tool for Episodes of Heat Waves and Flash Floods. Building Resilience for Cities and Regions (X-ClimPlan)., Peer Reviewed

Phytoplankton blooms in the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) can be prolific dimethylsulfide (DMS) producers, thereby influencing regional aerosol formation and cloud radiative forcing. Here we describe the distribution of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) across the Baffin Bay receding ice edge in early summer 2016. Overall, DMS and total DMSP (DMSPt) increased towards warmer waters of Atlantic origin concurrently with more advanced ice-melt and bloom stages. Relatively high DMS and DMSPt (medians of 6.3 and 70 nM, respectively) were observed in the surface layer (0–9 m depth), and very high values (reaching 74 and 524 nM, respectively) at the subsurface biomass maximum (15–30 m depth). Microscopic and pigment analyses indicated that subsurface DMS and DMSPt peaks were associated with Phaeocystis pouchetii, which bloomed in Atlantic-influenced waters and reached unprecedented biomass levels in Baffin Bay. In surface waters, DMS concentrations and DMS:DMSPt ratios were higher in the MIZ (medians of 12 nM and 0.15, respectively) than in fully ice-covered or ice-free conditions, potentially associated with enhanced phytoplanktonic DMSP release and bacterial DMSP cleavage (high dddP:dmdA gene ratios). Mean sea–air DMS fluxes (µmol m–2 d–1) increased from 0.3 in ice-covered waters to 10 in open waters (maximum of 26) owing to concurrent trends in near-surface DMS concentrations and physical drivers of gas exchange. Using remotely sensed sea-ice coverage and a compilation of sea–air DMS flux data, we estimated that the pan-Arctic DMS emission from the MIZ (EDMS, MIZ) was 5–13 Gg S yr–1. North of 80°N, EDMS, MIZ might have increased by around 10 ± 4% yr–1 between 2003 and 2014, likely exceeding open-water emissions in June and July. We conclude that EDMS, MIZ must be taken into account to evaluate plankton-climate feedbacks in the Arctic., We acknowledge funding from AGAUR (Generalitat de Catalunya) Beatriu de Pinós postdoctoral fellowship program (MG), the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada’s New Arctic Frontier (MB), the Canada Research Chair on Ocean Biogeochemistry and Climate and an NSERC Discovery Grant Program and Northern Research Supplement Program (MLe), NETCARE (NSERC Climate Change and Atmospheric Research program, MLe), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF-OCE 1756907, DJK), Marie Curie Actions-International Outgoing Fellowship (PIOF-GA-2013-629378, JD), and ArcticNet (The Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada). This is a contribution to the research program of Québec-Océan and the Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (CNRS-France & Université Laval-Canada)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Aquest document pretén explicar i ajudar a la comprensió del clima a la ciutat de Barcelona utilitzant mètodes estadístics. Mitjançant aquest anàlisi, es realitzaran algunes prediccions de temperatures pels pròxims anys. Tots els mètodes estadístics i eines de càlcul utilitzades per estudiar les diferents variables han sigut descrits abans de l’inici de l’anàlisi. D’altra banda, per posar en context l’estudi de les temperatures i la precipitació acumulada, a la primera part del treball es defineixen les variables meteorològiques més rellevants i els climes existents al planeta Terra, aprofundint sobretot en el clima existent a Barcelona, el Mediterrani. A més, s’analitzen y calculen valors y estadístics per altres variables relacionades amb l’escalfament global i el canvi climàtic, com l’anomalia de la temperatura mitjana global, les emissions de gasos d’efecte hivernacle i el nivell del mar. Per acabar, s’aprofundeix en l’impacte ambiental de l’augment de la temperatura superficial del planeta i en la normativa creada a diferents nivells per intentar mitigar els efectes d’aquests escalfament., Este documento pretende explicar y ayudar a la comprensión del clima en la ciudad de Barcelona usando métodos estadísticos. Mediante este análisis, se realizarán algunas predicciones de temperaturas para los próximos años. Todos los métodos estadísticos y herramientas de cálculo usados para el estudio de las distintas variables han sido descritos antes del inicio del análisis. Por otro lado, para poner en contexto el estudio de las temperaturas y la precipitación acumulada, en la primera parte del trabajo se definen las variables meteorológicas más relevantes y los varios climas existentes en el planeta Tierra, profundizando sobre todo en el clima existente en Barcelona, el Mediterráneo. Además, se analizan y calculan valores y estadísticos para otras variables relacionadas con el calentamiento global y el cambio climático, como la anomalía de la temperatura media global, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y el nivel del mar. Para finalizar, se profundiza en el impacto ambiental del aumento de la temperatura superficial del planeta y en la normativa creada a distintos niveles para intentar mitigar los efectos de este calentamiento., This document aims to explain and help the understanding of the climate in the city of Barcelona using statistical methods. Through this analysis, some temperature predictions will be made for the next few years. All the statistical methods and calculation tools used for the study of the different variables have been described before the beginning of the analysis. On the other hand, to put into context the study of temperatures and accumulated precipitation, in the first part of the work the most relevant meteorological variables and the various climates existing on planet Earth are defined, especially deepening the existing climate in Barcelona, the Mediterranean. In addition, values and statistics are analyzed and calculated for other variables related to global warming and climate change, such as the anomaly of the global mean temperature, greenhouse gas emissions and sea level. Finally, it delves into the environmental impact of the increase in the planet's surface temperature and the regulations created at different levels to try to mitigate the effects of this warming., Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::14 - Vida Submarina

Although Cu/ZnO-based catalysts have been long used for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol, open questions still remain regarding the role and the dynamic nature of the active sites formed at the metal-oxide interface. Here, we apply high-pressure operando spectroscopy methods to well-defined Cu and Cu0.7Zn0.3 nanoparticles supported on ZnO/Al2O3, ¿-Al2O3 and SiO2 to correlate their structure, composition and catalytic performance. We obtain similar activity and methanol selectivity for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and CuZn/SiO2, but the methanol yield decreases with time on stream for the latter sample. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy data reveal the formation of reduced Zn species coexisting with ZnO on CuZn/SiO2. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows Zn surface segregation and the formation of a ZnO-rich shell on CuZn/SiO2. In this work we demonstrate the beneficial effect of Zn, even in diluted form, and highlight the influence of the oxide support and the Cu-Zn interface in the reactivity., This work was funded by the European Research Council under grant ERC-OPERANDOCAT (ERC-725915) and the Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2008 – 390540038—UniSysCat and EXC 1069 - RESOLV. The majority of the XAS work was performed at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (beamline 2–2) of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC02-76SF00515 and by Co-ACCESS (Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division). Additional studies were carried out at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II, IOS and QAS beamlines) of Brookhaven National Laboratory supported by DOE under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. We also acknowledge MAX IV Laboratory (Sweden) for access to the Beamline HIPPIE and Andrey Shavorskiy for his assistance during the NAP-XPS measurements. Max IV is funded by the Swedish Research council under contract 2018-07152, the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems under contract 2018-04969, and Formas under contract 2019-02496. We further thank Olaf Timpe, Stephanie Kühl, and Frank Girgsdies (FHI) for the ICP and some of the XRD measurements and Alba Titze Alonso (RUB) for her assistance with sample preparation., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Microwave radiometry at L-band is sensitive to sea ice thickness (SIT) up to ~ 60 cm. Current methods to infer SIT depend on ice-physical properties and data provided by the ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. However, retrieval accuracy is limited due to seasonally and regionally variable surface conditions during the formation and melting of sea ice. In this work, Arctic sea ice is segmented using a Bayesian unsupervised learning algorithm aiming to recognize spatial patterns by harnessing multi-incidence angle brightness temperature observations. The approach considers both statistical characteristics and spatial correlations of the observations. The temporal stability and separability of classes are analyzed to distinguish ambiguous from well-determined regions. Model uncertainty is quantified from class membership probabilities using information entropy. The presented approach opens up a new scope to improve current SIT retrieval algorithms, and can be particularly beneficial to investigate merged satellite products., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No.713673. It was also funded through the award “Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu” MDM-2016-0600, by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project “L-band” ESP2017-89463-C3-2-R, and the project “Sensing with Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques (SPOT)” RTI2018-099008-B-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Under the influence of global warming, heatwaves are becoming a major threat in many parts of the world, affecting human health and mortality, food security, forest fires, biodiversity, energy consumption, as well as the production and transportation networks. Seasonal forecasting is a promising tool to help mitigate these impacts on society. Previous studies have highlighted some predictive capacity of seasonal forecast systems for specific strong heatwaves such as those of 2003 and 2010. To our knowledge, this study is thus the first of its kind to systematically assess the prediction skill of heatwaves over Europe in a state-of-the-art seasonal forecast system. One major prerequisite to do so is to appropriately define heatwaves. Existing heatwave indices, built to measure heatwave duration and severity, are often designed for specific impacts and thus have limited robustness for an analysis of heatwave variability. In this study, we investigate the seasonal prediction skill of European summer heatwaves in the ECMWF System 5 operational forecast system by means of several dedicated metrics, as well as its added-value compared to a simple statistical model based on the linear trend. We are able to show, for the first time, that seasonal forecasts initialized in early May can provide potentially useful information of summer heatwave propensity, which is the tendency of a season to be predisposed to the occurrence of heatwaves., This work is a contribution to the HyMeX program through the project ERA4CS-MEDSCOPE, co-funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union (Grant agreement 690462). Chloe Prodhomme and Javier García-Serrano were supported by the Spanish Juan de la Cierva (IJCI-2016-30802) and Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2016-21181) programs, respectively. Rachel H. White received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 797961., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This paper documents the global climate model EC-Earth3-AerChem, one of the members of the EC-Earth3 family of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). EC-Earth3-AerChem has interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry and contributes to the Aerosols and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In this paper, we give an overview of the model, describe in detail how it differs from the other EC-Earth3 configurations, and outline the new features compared with the previously documented version of the model (EC-Earth 2.4). We explain how the model was tuned and spun up under preindustrial conditions and characterize the model's general performance on the basis of a selection of coupled simulations conducted for CMIP6. The net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere in the preindustrial control simulation is on average −0.09 W m−2 with a standard deviation due to interannual variability of 0.25 W m−2, showing no significant drift. The global surface air temperature in the simulation is on average 14.08 ∘C with an interannual standard deviation of 0.17 ∘C, exhibiting a small drift of 0.015 ± 0.005 ∘C per century. The model's effective equilibrium climate sensitivity is estimated at 3.9 ∘C, and its transient climate response is estimated at 2.1 ∘C. The CMIP6 historical simulation displays spurious interdecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures, resulting in a large spread across ensemble members and a tendency to underestimate observed annual surface temperature anomalies from the early 20th century onwards. The observed warming of the Southern Hemisphere is well reproduced by the model. Compared with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), the surface air temperature climatology for 1995–2014 has an average bias of −0.86 ± 0.05 ∘C with a standard deviation across ensemble members of 0.35 ∘C in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.29 ± 0.02 ∘C with a c, The development of EC-Earth3 and ECEarth3-AerChem has benefitted from services provided by the ISENES3 project, which received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (grant agreement no. 824084). Jukka-Pekka Keskinen and Risto Makkonen wish to acknowledge the IT Center for Science, Finland (CSC) for software support and computational resources. María Gonçalves-Ageitos and Carlos Pérez García-Pando acknowledge the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) and the Spanish Supercomputing Network (RES) for awarding access to MareNostrum at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). Financial support. Twan van Noije, Tommi Bergman, Philippe Le Sager, and Jost von Hardenberg acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (CRESCENDO, grant agreement no. 641816). María GonçalvesAgeitos and Carlos Pérez García-Pando acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (FRAGMENT, grant agreement no. 773051); the AXA Research Fund; and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant agreement nos. RYC-2015- 18690 and CGL2017-88911-R). Roland Schrödner acknowledges funding from the strategic research area MERGE (Modelling the Regional and Global Earth system)., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.3 - Millorar l’educació, la conscienciació i la capacitat humana i institucional en relació amb la mitigació del canvi climàtic, l’adaptació a aquest, la reducció dels efectes i l’alerta primerenca, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima, Postprint (published version)

Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) has been linked to the observed slowdown of global warming over 1998–2012 through its impact on the tropical Pacific. Given the global importance of tropical Pacific variability, better understanding this Atlantic–Pacific teleconnection is key for improving climate predictions, but the robustness and strength of this link are uncertain. Analyzing a multi-model set of sensitivity experiments, we find that models differ by a factor of 10 in simulating the amplitude of the Equatorial Pacific cooling response to observed AMV warming. The inter-model spread is mainly driven by different amounts of moist static energy injection from the tropical Atlantic surface into the upper troposphere. We reduce this inter-model uncertainty by analytically correcting models for their mean precipitation biases and we quantify that, following an observed 0.26 °C AMV warming, the equatorial Pacific cools by 0.11 °C with an inter-model standard deviation of 0.03 °C., Y.R.-R. was founded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant INADEC (Grant agreement 800154). E.M.-C. acknowledges funding from the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 projects PRIMAVERA (Grant Agreement 641727). X.L. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2016-754433. A.B. and D.N. acknowledge funding from the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 project EUCP (Grant agreement 776613). F.C. and G.D. were supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under the Collaborative Research EaSM2 Grant OCE-1243015 to NCAR and by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office under the Climate Variability and Predictability Program Grant NA13OAR4310138. NCAR is a major facility sponsored by the US NSF under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. Acknowledgments are made for the use of ECMWF’s computing and archive facilities in this research, in particular, P.D. thanks ECMWF for providing computing time in the framework of the special project SPITDAVI. R.E., N.D., L.H., and D.S. were supported by the Met Office Hadley Center 522 Climate Program funded by BEIS and Defra and by the European Commission Horizon 2020 EUCP 523 project (GA 776613). J.L.-P. was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program in the framework of the PRIMAVERA project (Grant Agreement 641727). J.R. and D.H. were funded by NERC via NCAS and the ACSIS project (NE/N018001/1), and JR was also funded by the NERC SMURPHS project (NE/N006054/1). M.M.-R. was funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant FESTIVAL (Grant agreement 797236). E.T. has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie gran, Peer Reviewed, "Article signat per 25 autors/es: Yohan Ruprich-Robert, Eduardo Moreno-Chamarro, Xavier Levine, Alessio Bellucci, Christophe Cassou, Frederic Castruccio, Paolo Davini, Rosie Eade, Guillaume Gastineau, Leon Hermanson, Dan Hodson, Katja Lohmann, Jorge Lopez-Parages, Paul-Arthur Monerie, Dario Nicolì, Said Qasmi, Christopher D. Roberts, Emilia Sanchez-Gomez, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Nick Dunstone, Marta Martin-Rey, Rym Msadek, Jon Robson, Doug Smith & Etienne Tourigny ", Postprint (author's final draft)

Since 2014, the global land and sea surface temperature has scaled 0.23 °C above the decadal average (2009–2018). Reports indicate that Mediterranean Sea temperatures have been rising at faster rates than in the global ocean. Oceanographic time series of physical and biogeochemical data collected from an onboard and a multisensor mooring array in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Blanes submarine canyon, Balearic Sea) during 2009–2018 revealed an abrupt temperature rising since 2014, in line with regional and global warming. Since 2014, the oligotrophic conditions of the water column have intensified, with temperature increasing 0.61 °C on the surface and 0.47 °C in the whole water column in continental shelf waters. Water transparency has increased due to a decrease in turbidity anomaly of −0.1 FTU. Since 2013, inshore chlorophyll a concentration remained below the average (−0.15 mg·l−1) and silicates showed a declining trend. The mixed layer depth showed deepening in winter and remained steady in summer. The net surface heat fluxes did not show any trend linked to the local warming, probably due to the influence of incoming offshore waters produced by the interaction between the Northern Current and the submarine canyon. Present regional and global water heating pattern is increasing the stress of highly diverse coastal ecosystems at unprecedented levels, as reported by the literature. The strengthening of the oligotrophic conditions in the study area may also apply as a cautionary warning to similar coastal ecosystems around the world following the global warming trend., The OOCS was initially funded by the Spanish National Research Project OAMMS Ref. CTM2008-03983 (PI. A.C). The research projects ADEPT Ref. CTM2011-23458 Ref. CTM2008-03983 (PI. F.P) and CONECTA Ref. CTM2014-54648-C2−1-R (PI J.B.C) partially contributed to the OOCS operations., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Average global land and ocean surface temperature has stepped up since 2014 above the average. The Mediterranean Sea temperature follows this global trend. The effects of the warming on coastal areas in the Mediterranean are worrying, as they are biodiversity hotspots. Atypical warmer summer periods in the Mediterranean have been pointed out as potential drivers of massive mortalities of deep-sea organisms. Multi-sensor mooring arrays are fundamental to assess the magnitude and effects of water warming. Analysis of long-term oceanographic and biogeochemical data collected in two fixed coastal observation stations in northwestern Mediterranean Sea reveals that marine oligotrophy has intensified since 2014, with increasing water temperature by 0.25°C, greater transparency and an earlier starting of the summer conditions. Phytoplankton biomass and nutrients show no apparent change of trends. Further studies are required to assess an eventual mismatch between the life cycles of the organisms and the expected environmental conditions. These fixed stations may be considered as reference monitoring locations to assess the effects of water warming on marine ecosystem functioning, Support provided the Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) and the Spanish research projects CTM2008-03983, CTM2011-23458 and CTM2014-54648-C2-1, to keep the OOCS functional between 2009 and 2018, is acknowledged., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

En el entorno global del calentamiento global y la Conferencia de Copenhague, el tema de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero se ha convertido en un foco de atención de todos los países. La UE es la comunidad económica y política más importante. También es una importante organización de emisión de carbono. Cómo hacer frente al consumo de energía, la relación de coordinación entre el crecimiento económico y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero es particularmente importante. Con el desarrollo de las energías renovables, la estructura de consumo de energía de la UE se ha vuelto más diversa. Sin embargo, después de la crisis económica, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero han mostrado una tendencia creciente en los últimos años a medida que la economía se recupera y la demanda de energía se intensifica. Este artículo analiza principalmente las características actuales del consumo de energía, el crecimiento económico y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de los 15 estados miembros de la UE antes de 2004 y los 10 nuevos estados miembros que se unieron después de 2004 en 2007-2017. Primero, use métodos estadísticos descriptivos para estudiar las posibles relaciones entre los tres. Luego use el software SPSS para realizar análisis de regresión lineal múltiple en los tres. Determina la ecuación lineal entre los tres. Al mismo tiempo, se realiza un análisis comparativo del impacto ambiental entre los 15 países de la UE y los otros 10 nuevos estados miembros. Además refleja la diferencia en el desarrollo económico y la protección del medio ambiente entre los países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis de series de tiempo de los datos de los 25 países de la UE, y se obtiene la correlación lineal de los tres datos de 2007 a 2017. Se puede concluir que después de la crisis económica de 2008, los tres datos han caído levemente. Sin embargo, con la recuperación económica de los últimos años, el consumo de energía y las e, En l'entorn global de l'escalfament global i la Conferència de Copenhaguen, el tema de les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle s'ha convertit en un focus d'atenció de tots els països. La UE és la comunitat econòmica i política més important. També és una important organització d'emissió de carboni. Com fer front a el consum d'energia, la relació de coordinació entre el creixement econòmic i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle és particularment important. Amb el desenvolupament de les energies renovables, l'estructura de consum d'energia de la UE s'ha tornat més diversa. No obstant això, després de la crisi econòmica, les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle han mostrat una tendència creixent en els últims anys a mesura que l'economia es recupera i la demanda d'energia s'intensifica. Aquest article analitza principalment les característiques actuals de l'consum d'energia, el creixement econòmic i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle dels 15 estats membres de la UE abans de 2004 i els 10 nous estats membres que es van unir després de 2004 a 2007-2017 . Primer, utilitzeu mètodes estadístics descriptius per estudiar les possibles relacions entre els tres. Després utilitzeu el programari SPSS per realitzar anàlisis de regressió lineal múltiple en els tres. Determina l'equació lineal entre els tres. A el mateix temps, es realitza una anàlisi comparativa de l'impacte ambiental entre els 15 països de la UE i els altres 10 nous estats membres. A més reflecteix la diferència en el desenvolupament econòmic i la protecció de l'entorn entre els països desenvolupats i en desenvolupament. Finalment, es realitza una anàlisi de sèries de temps de les dades dels 25 països de la UE, i s'obté la correlació lineal dels tres dades de 2007 a 2017. Es pot concloure que després de la crisi econòmica de 2008, els tres dades han caigut lleument. No obstant això, amb la recuperació econòmica dels últims anys, el consum d'energia i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle ha, In the global environment of global warming and the Copenhagen Conference, the issue of greenhouse gas emissions has become a focus of attention of all countries. The EU is the most important economic and political community. It is also a major carbon emission organization. How to deal with energy consumption, the coordination relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions is particularly important. With the development of renewable energy, the EU's energy consumption structure has become more diverse. However, after the economic crisis, greenhouse gas emissions have shown an increasing trend in recent years as the economy recovers and the demand for energy intensifies. This article mainly analyzes the current characteristics of energy consumption, economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions from the 15 EU member states before 2004 and the 10 new member states that joined after 2004 in 2007-2017. First, use descriptive statistical methods to study the possible relationships among the three. Then use SPSS software to perform multiple linear regression analysis on the three. Determine the linear equation between the three. At the same time, a comparative analysis of the environmental impact between the EU-15 countries and the other 10 new member states is carried out. It further reflects the difference in economic development and environmental protection between developing and developed countries. Finally, a time series analysis of the data of the 25 EU countries is carried out, and the linear correlation of the three data from 2007 to 2017 is obtained. It can be concluded that after the economic crisis in 2008, all three data have dropped slightly. However, with the economic recovery in recent years, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have shown an upward trend. There is a positive correlation between GDP alone, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The environmental impact of the 10 new EU member states is more serious tha, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant

Cold extremes are anticipated to warm at a faster rate than both hot extremes and average temperatures for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Anomalously warm cold extremes can affect numerous sectors, including human health, tourism and various ecosystems that are sensitive to cold temperatures. Using a selection of global climate models, this paper explores the accelerated warming of seasonal cold extremes relative to seasonal mean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. The potential driving physical mechanisms are investigated by assessing conditions on or prior to the day when the cold extreme occurs to understand how the different environmental fields are related. During winter, North America, Europe and much of Eurasia show amplified warming of cold extremes projected for the late 21st century, compared to the mid-20th century. This is shown to be largely driven by reductions in cold air temperature advection, suggested as a likely consequence of Arctic amplification. In spring and autumn, cold extremes are expected to warm faster than average temperatures for most of the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes to high latitudes, particularly Alaska, northern Canada and northern Eurasia. In the shoulder seasons, projected decreases in snow cover and associated reductions in surface albedo are suggested as the largest contributor affecting the accelerated rates of warming in cold extremes. The key findings of this study improve our understanding of the environmental conditions that contribute to the accelerated warming of cold extremes relative to mean temperatures., This study was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (grant CE170100023). Markus G. Donat received funding from the ARC (grant DE150100456) and the Spanish Ministry for the Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Ramón y Cajal 2017 grant reference RYC-2017-22964. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modelling groups (listed in Table 1 of this paper) for producing and making their model output available., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Resoldre l’actual crisi climàtica és un dels grans reptes que la humanitat té plantejats. L’escalfament global ens situa en un punt d'inflexió, posa en qüestió el model socioeconòmic i fa paleses les desigualtats que aquest model comporta. Les causes d’aquesta crisi estan íntimament relacionades amb el model de desenvolupament capitalista que concep la natura com a recurs. A través d'aquest pensament que planteja la humanitat i el medi com a ens separats, es comprèn la Terra i tot el que en ella viu com a recursos apropiables i explotables i al voltant d'aquesta explotació s’ha creat un fals paradigma de creixement econòmic il·limitat, totalment incompatible amb un planeta finit. El creixement ha anat lligat a un model productiu occidental masculinitzat, que ha oblidat permanentment la seva contrapart, el principi femení, històricament associat a les dones per ser-ne les principals executores. La feminitat entesa com aquell compendi de valors creatius i no violents que manté la vida i s’encarrega de les tasques reproductives i les cures. Com a productes socialment construïts, la dicotomia masculí/femení o valors productius/valors reproductius, ens ajuda a enfocar en clau de gènere la crisi i a analitzar tant les seves causes, com també les conseqüències i els espais de solució. De la mateixa manera que diversos estudis evidencien que les dones pateixen més intensament les conseqüències del canvi climàtic, resulta il·lustratiu veure que els espais de solució com la UNFCCC es troben altament masculinitzats. No tan sols en relació al pensament predominant, sinó també pel nombre de dones que hi participen. Davant la impossibilitat que suposa resoldre una crisi causada pel productivisme masculí imperant mitjançant aquesta mateixa manera d'entendre el món, cal recuperar el principi femení de les cures i plantejar una forma alternativa de relacionar-nos

N2O is a GHG of environmental concern. It is generated from the nitrous material contained in wastewater and is the sixth most important contributor to N2O emissions. There is a great variety of methods to quantify the emission of N2O in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which present variants among them, such as predetermined values and operational data of the plants. In this paper, we compared three different methods to quantify the N2O emission in 2015 from WWTP in two metropolitan areas with high population density: Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (MAB). MAB has advanced treatment plants that remove nutrients from wastewater, and Mexico City has only traditional treatment plants. The N2O emission/inhabitant from WWTPs in MAB (3,214,211 inhabitants served) was 40% lower than the plants in Mexico City (1,806,440 inhabitants served). The MAB emission was 0.009 tCO2e/inhabitant and 0.013 tCO2e/inhabitant in Mexico City; these emission values could be considered statistically different with a risk error of 5%. This difference could be due to the fact that MAB has nutrient removal (42% of inhabitants served), and Mexico City has only traditional treatment plants. The results obtained may be influenced by the default emission factors of each methodology. In addition, per capita protein consumption and water consumption per inhabitant are different parameters that must be considered between these zones to quantify and compare the emission of N2O. The integral methods are closer to the reality of the N2O emission when the operating parameters of each plant and wastewater are considered. There should be more research on the reduction of this GHG in wastewater treatment for a correct quantification of these emissions, and more especially in the estimation of N2O emission factors suitable for each treatment plant and study area., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Nowadays, global warming is in the order of the day, as the majority of the countries are experiencing heat waves and other insalubrious atmospheric phenomena continuously. Some countries in Europe, such as United Kingdom, have recently broken historic high temperature records in winter months, where it is stated that it is the first time registered that they have overcome the 20oC barrier in February. Also, mean temperature has increased of more than 2 oC in more than 80% of the territory in the last 30 years (Met Office, 2019). The consequences of the climate change are so imminent that world-renowned institutions have changed their vision about how can it be tackled, since they now speak about minimising its effects instead of preventing it. Therefore, it is crucial to leave non-renewable energy resources behind or, at least, reduce their use worldwide as much as possible. To do so, Ocean Grazer is a highly-innovative novel technology that pretends to implement a system combining wind and wave power extraction and storage units in order to provide green energy and deliver it to grid according to the demand. In other words, what Ocean Grazer will do is to provide us with electricity coming from renewable energies so that we are able to have a more sustainable future. The purpose of this thesis is to build a model as realistic as possible which is able to maintain the separation between the floaters in a 3D model with an eighteen floater array. To accomplish this objective several models composed of different types of constraints or joints between the hydrodynamic bodies will be simulated. With these simulations, carried out in time domain, the reactions in these constraints, the average power extracted and the displacements of the bodies will be obtained and analysed. Moreover, several issues will be faced, as the asymmetry in power extraction, the instability due to the connections between the pistons and the floaters and the power loss due to the flexibility of, Outgoing

Los cocolitofóridos son fitoplancton calcificante unicelular cosmopolita involucrado en importantes ciclos biogeoquímicos globales. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en los impactos del calentamiento del océano y la acidificación sobre la morfología y la calcificación de los cocolitofóridos, con especial atención a la especie cosmopolita y dominante Emiliania huxleyi. El estudio incluye experimentos de temperatura usando cepas de E. huxleyi aisladas en el noroeste del océano Pacífico, y el análisis de muestras de agua colectadas a lo largo de un transecto que cubre aguas del Golfo de California y del margen NE del oceáno Pacífico. Este tipo de trabajo es oportuno dado que el calentamiento global y el rápido aumento del CO2 antropogénico en la atmósfera tienen consecuencias notables en el medio marino. Para aclarar discrepancias que aparecen en la literatura sobre la respuesta de la calcificación a los cambios de temperatura, comparamos tres cepas de E. huxleyi cultivadas bajo condiciones no limitantes de nutrientes ni de luz, a 10, 15, 20 y 25 ºC de temperatura. Las tres cepas mostraron tasas de crecimiento similares en función de la temperatura, con un óptimo en los 20–25 ºC. Se correlacionaron positivamente con la temperatura: la tasa de producción de cocolitos y de elementos particulados (carbono inorgánico particulado (PIC), carbono orgánico particulado (POC), nitrógeno particulado total (TPN)), la masa y tamaño del cocolito, el ancho del ciclo de elementos del tubo de los cocolitos, el número de cocolitos en la cocosfera, la masa de la cocosfera, y la velocidad de hundimiento y la relación PIC : POC de las células individuales. La correlación entre la producción de PIC y la masa/tamaño del cocolito apoya la noción de que la masa del cocolito se puede usar como proxy para la producción de PIC en muestras de sedimentos. Encontramos que los cocolitos incompetos no se deben a la escasez de tiempo a altas producciones de PIC. Las temperaturas de crecimiento subóptimas a, Coccolithophores are cosmopolitan unicellular calcifying phytoplankton involved in important biogeochemical global cycles. This PhD thesis focuses on the impacts of ocean warming and acidification on the morphology and calcification of coccolithophores, with special attention to the cosmopolitan and dominant species Emiliania huxleyi. The study includes temperature experiments using three strains of E. huxleyi isolated in the NW Pacific Ocean, and the analysis of water samples collected along a transect covering the Gulf of California and NE Pacific margin waters. This type of work is timely since global warming and the rapid increase in anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 have remarkable consequences on the marine environment. To clarify discrepancies featuring in the literature about the calcification response to temperature changes, we compared three strains of E. huxleyi grown under non-limiting nutrient and light conditions, at 10, 15, 20 and 25 ºC of temperature. All three strains displayed similar growth rate versus temperature relationships, with an optimum at 20–25 ºC. Over the sub-optimum to optimum temperature range (10–25 ºC), elemental production (particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), particulate organic carbon (POC), total particulate nitrogen (TPN)), coccolith mass, coccolith size, width of the tube element cycle, number of attached coccoliths per coccosphere, coccosphere mass, individual sinking velocity, individual cell PIC : POC ratio, and coccolith production rate, were positively correlated with temperature. The correlation between PIC production and coccolith mass/size supports the notion that coccolith mass can be used as a proxy for PIC production in sediment samples. We found that incompleteness of coccoliths is not due to time shortage at high PIC production. Sub-optimal growth temperatures lead to an increase in the percentage of malformed coccoliths in a strain-specific fashion. The PIC : POC ratio showed a minimum at optimum growth temperature in

Este TFG presenta un estudio del escenario futuro de emisiones RCP 6.0 (Representative Concentration Pathways) del IPCC mediante la evolución del forzamiento radiativo, las concentraciones y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero que definen este escenario y los factores conductores de las emisiones de CO2 a nivel mundial para el período 2000-2100. Se acota el alcance del estudio a los tres gases que más contribuyen al calentamiento global: CO2, CH4 y N2O. En primer lugar se hace una comparativa de dos bases de datos en relación a la evolución del forzamiento radiativo, la concentración de gases de efecto invernadero y sus emisiones. A continuación se estudia las principales características del escenario así como su metodología de elaboración y finalmente se aplica la Identidad de Kaya para realizar el análisis de los factores conductores de las emisiones de CO2 y de sus tasas de variación (la intensidad de carbono, la intensidad energética, el PIB per cápita y la población) y referenciarlo a los escenarios tendenciales BAU (Business as Usual). Del análisis se concluye que todos los valores obtenidos se encuentran dentro del rango pronosticado por el escenario RCP 6.0, que en general todos los factores conductores siguen la tendencia presentada por los escenarios BAU con la excepción de la intensidad de carbono que disminuye drásticamente desde principios del siglo. Este hecho refleja que este escenario sitúa una transición energética en las décadas 2070-2080, principal estrategia de mitigación para lograr la estabilización de las emisiones.

The paper proposes a new strategy against the global warming, which if applied on large scale is able to turn our cities into green oasis, decreasing their actual carbon footprint and increasing their carbon offset. Our approach is to replace conventional roofs with integrated rooftop greenhouses IRTG, which are connected with the interior of the building by controlled flows of energy, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water. The main IRTG feature is the tight human-plant symbiosis ensured by a two flows ventilation system, conveying O 2 enriched air from RTG to building and CO 2 enriched air from building to RTG. To be applicable at large scale with no particular infrastructure demands, IRTGs systems are provided with renewable energy devices suited to the local climate: heat pumps (water to water for building’s basement and air to air for greenhouse), solar panels, etc. and also with Internet of Things equipment. Such way IRTGs can harvest local renewable energy resources (geo-thermal, solar, wind, etc.), store them and manage them together with the water resources. Besides future dedicated projects, inserting IRTGs into the existing urban infrastructures is possible, depending of the buildings’ condition, so nowadays cities may be gradually turned into Smart Green Skyline Cities., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Bibliografia., RESUMEN Esta tesis se llevó a cabo bajo el proyecto "Acidificación oceánica del Mediterráneo europeo en un clima cambiante (MedSeA, por sus siglas en inglés)", financiado por la Comisión Europea en el marco del Programa 7 (http://medsea-project.eu, número 265103). El proyecto MedSeA estimuló la investigación sobre el efecto combinado del calentamiento de los océanos y la acidificación en la biogeoquímica y los ecosistemas mediterráneos. La presente tesis se centra en los coccolitóforos, un grupo de fitoplancton calcificante fuertemente conectado al clima global a través del ciclo del carbono. Ambos estadios de vida calcificados (heterococolitóforos y holococolitóforos) de estas algas unicelulares se encuentran comúnmente en el Mar Mediterráneo. Aquí, la comunidad en general presenta un alto grado de diversidad de especies, aparentemente más alto que en el Mar Rojo adyacente y el Océano Atlántico. Por otra parte, el Mar Mediterráneo es un área sometida a fuertes oscilaciones estacionales ambientales y presiones antropogénicas. El Mar Mediterráneo està considerado un "punto caliente" para el cambio climático, estando entre las regiones oceánicas bajo un calentamiento y acidificación más rápidos. Se espera que estos procesos provoquen no sólo un aumento de las temperaturas y cambios en el sistema del carbonato, sino también intensificar la estratificación de la columna de agua. Se prevé que tales cambios ambientales influirán en las poblaciones de cocolitóforos, de formas que aún no se entienden. Esta tesis contribuye a la comprensión de las respuestas de los cocolitóforos a un Mar Mediterráneo cambiante basada en i) muestras de agua recogidas a lo largo de un transecto O-E durante el "MedSeA Ocean Research Cruise" (crucero de investigación oceánica de MedSeA) (https://medseaocancruise.wordpress.com), que capturó su población regional y diversidad (Capítulos II, III, IV); y ii) muestras de agua colectadas durante el experimento de mesocosmos "MedSeA Crete" (https://med, SUMMARY This thesis was conducted under the "European Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a changing climate" (MedSeA) project, funded by the European Commission under Framework Program 7 (http://medsea-project.eu; grant number 265103). The MedSeA project stimulated research on the combined effect of ocean warming and acidification on Mediterranean biogeochemistry and ecosystems. The present thesis focuses on coccolithophores, a group of calcifying phytoplankton tightly connected to the global climate through the carbon cycle. Both calcified life stages (heterococcolithophores and holococcolithophores) of these unicellular algae are commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea. Here, the overall community presents a high degree of species diversity, apparently higher than in the adjacent Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean. On the other hand, the Mediterranean Sea is an area subject to strong environmental seasonal oscillations and anthropogenic pressures. The Mediterranean Sea is considered a "hot spot" for climate change, being among the oceanic regions under faster warming and acidification. These processes are expected to cause not only a rise in temperatures and shifts in the carbonate system, but also to enhance water column stratification. It is anticipated that such environmental changes will influence the coccolithophore populations, in ways that are not yet understood. This thesis contributes to the understanding of coccolithophore responses to a changing Mediterranean Sea based on i) water samples collected along a W-E transect during the MedSeA Ocean Research Cruise (https://medseaoceancruise.wordpress.com), which captured their regional population and diversity (Chapters II, III, IV); and ii) water samples collected during the MedSeA Crete mesocosm experiment (https://medseacrete2013.wordpress.com), which tested the combined effects of ocean warming and acidification on the oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean pelagic ecosystem under nutrient limitation (Chapter V). The

Bibliografia., RESUMEN Esta tesis se llevó a cabo bajo el proyecto "Acidificación oceánica del Mediterráneo europeo en un clima cambiante (MedSeA, por sus siglas en inglés)", financiado por la Comisión Europea en el marco del Programa 7 (http://medsea-project.eu, número 265103). El proyecto MedSeA estimuló la investigación sobre el efecto combinado del calentamiento de los océanos y la acidificación en la biogeoquímica y los ecosistemas mediterráneos. La presente tesis se centra en los coccolitóforos, un grupo de fitoplancton calcificante fuertemente conectado al clima global a través del ciclo del carbono. Ambos estadios de vida calcificados (heterococolitóforos y holococolitóforos) de estas algas unicelulares se encuentran comúnmente en el Mar Mediterráneo. Aquí, la comunidad en general presenta un alto grado de diversidad de especies, aparentemente más alto que en el Mar Rojo adyacente y el Océano Atlántico. Por otra parte, el Mar Mediterráneo es un área sometida a fuertes oscilaciones estacionales ambientales y presiones antropogénicas. El Mar Mediterráneo està considerado un "punto caliente" para el cambio climático, estando entre las regiones oceánicas bajo un calentamiento y acidificación más rápidos. Se espera que estos procesos provoquen no sólo un aumento de las temperaturas y cambios en el sistema del carbonato, sino también intensificar la estratificación de la columna de agua. Se prevé que tales cambios ambientales influirán en las poblaciones de cocolitóforos, de formas que aún no se entienden. Esta tesis contribuye a la comprensión de las respuestas de los cocolitóforos a un Mar Mediterráneo cambiante basada en i) muestras de agua recogidas a lo largo de un transecto O-E durante el "MedSeA Ocean Research Cruise" (crucero de investigación oceánica de MedSeA) (https://medseaocancruise.wordpress.com), que capturó su población regional y diversidad (Capítulos II, III, IV); y ii) muestras de agua colectadas durante el experimento de mesocosmos "MedSeA Crete" (https://med, SUMMARY This thesis was conducted under the "European Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a changing climate" (MedSeA) project, funded by the European Commission under Framework Program 7 (http://medsea-project.eu; grant number 265103). The MedSeA project stimulated research on the combined effect of ocean warming and acidification on Mediterranean biogeochemistry and ecosystems. The present thesis focuses on coccolithophores, a group of calcifying phytoplankton tightly connected to the global climate through the carbon cycle. Both calcified life stages (heterococcolithophores and holococcolithophores) of these unicellular algae are commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea. Here, the overall community presents a high degree of species diversity, apparently higher than in the adjacent Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean. On the other hand, the Mediterranean Sea is an area subject to strong environmental seasonal oscillations and anthropogenic pressures. The Mediterranean Sea is considered a "hot spot" for climate change, being among the oceanic regions under faster warming and acidification. These processes are expected to cause not only a rise in temperatures and shifts in the carbonate system, but also to enhance water column stratification. It is anticipated that such environmental changes will influence the coccolithophore populations, in ways that are not yet understood. This thesis contributes to the understanding of coccolithophore responses to a changing Mediterranean Sea based on i) water samples collected along a W-E transect during the MedSeA Ocean Research Cruise (https://medseaoceancruise.wordpress.com), which captured their regional population and diversity (Chapters II, III, IV); and ii) water samples collected during the MedSeA Crete mesocosm experiment (https://medseacrete2013.wordpress.com), which tested the combined effects of ocean warming and acidification on the oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean pelagic ecosystem under nutrient limitation (Chapter V). The

Els inuit, també coneguts com a “esquimals” i que significa “éssers humans”, són un dels pobles indígenes que encara conserven moltes de les seves antigues tradicions. Vivint en perfecta simbiosi amb la naturalesa han sabut aprofitar els escassos recursos que l’Àrtic els ofereix i s’han convertit en l’actualitat en la societat caçadora més avançada del món. Conèixer el passat dels inuit ens permetrà entendre millor el present i futur d’aquest poble, un dels més afectats per l’escalfament global i la contaminació mediambiental que amenacen el nostre planeta.Paraules clau: aculturació, Àrtic, duel cantat, escalfament global, inuit, xamanisme., The Inuit, also known as “Eskimos” and meaning “human beings”, are one of the indigenous peoples who still retain many of their ancient traditions. They living in perfect symbiosis with nature have been able to take advantage of the scarce resources that the Arctic offers them and they have become the most advanced hunter society in the world. Analyzing the past of the Inuit will allow us to better understand the present and future of this people, one of the most affected by global warming and environmental pollution that threatens our planet.Key words: acculturation, Arctic, global warming, Inuit, shamanism, sung duel., Los inuit, también conocidos como “esquimales” y que significa “seres humanos”, son uno de los pueblos indígenas que aún conservan muchas de sus antiguas tradiciones. Viviendo en perfecta simbiosis con la naturaleza han sabido aprovechar los escasos recursos que el Ártico les ofrece y se han convertido en la actualidad en la sociedad cazadora más avanzada del mundo. Conocer el pasado de los inuit nos permitirá entender mejor el presente y futuro de este pueblo, uno de los más afectados por el calentamiento global y la contaminación medioambiental que amenazan nuestro planeta.Palabras clave: aculturación, Ártico, calentamiento global, chamanismo, duelo cantado, inuit.

Des de que l’any 1990 es va publicar el primer informe del Panell Intergovernamental del Canvi Climàtic (en anglès IPCC) quatre més han aparegut (els anys 1995, 2001, 2007 i 2014), els quals ens donen una visió de l’evolució en l’estat del coneixement sobre el canvi climàtic en les diferents etapes d’aquest període 1990-2014. A partir del contingut científic i de les conclusions més destacables recollides en aquests cinc informes, s’ha analitzat l’evolució del coneixement sobre el canvi climàtic, les polítiques i mesures proposades per a combatre’l. En poc més de 20 anys s’ha passat d’una exhaustiva descripció de les bases científiques de l’efecte hivernacle i del canvi climàtic en què es basava l’informe del 1990, amb moltes incerteses i en el què era científicament difícil atribuir a l’ésser humà com a unic responsable d’aquest canvi de clima, al darrer informe del 2014, el qual qualifica d’extremament probable amb un 95% de certesa de que l’escalfaent del planeta és d’origen antròpic, el qual pot esdevenir irreversible si no s’actua de forma urgent en la reducció de les emissions., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Des de que l’any 1990 es va publicar el primer informe del Panell Intergovernamental del Canvi Climàtic (en anglès IPCC) quatre més han aparegut (els anys 1995, 2001, 2007 i 2014), els quals ens donen una visió de l’evolució en l’estat del coneixement sobre el canvi climàtic en les diferents etapes d’aquest període 1990-2014. A partir del contingut científic i de les conclusions més destacables recollides en aquests cinc informes, s’ha analitzat l’evolució del coneixement sobre el canvi climàtic, les polítiques i mesures proposades per a combatre’l. En poc més de 20 anys s’ha passat d’una exhaustiva descripció de les bases científiques de l’efecte hivernacle i del canvi climàtic en què es basava l’informe del 1990, amb moltes incerteses i en el què era científicament difícil atribuir a l’ésser humà com a unic responsable d’aquest canvi de clima, al darrer informe del 2014, el qual qualifica d’extremament probable amb un 95% de certesa de que l’escalfaent del planeta és d’origen antròpic, el qual pot esdevenir irreversible si no s’actua de forma urgent en la reducció de les emissions.

Aquest treball s’identifica com una proposta quantificada, basada en un criteri de justícia climàtica per càpita, de distribució entre els diferents parts-països de la anomenada Convenció Marc de les Nacions Unides pel Canvi Climàtic. L’objectiu és la mitigació d’emissions de gasos d’efecte hivernacle corresponent a l’escenari que compleix el requisit per tal que la temperatura de la superfície de la Terra no sigui superior de 2ºC respecte a la època preindustrial segons l’últim informe d’avaluació del Panel Intergovernamental sobre el Canvi Climàtic. El principal resultat del nostre Model de Justícia Climàtica per càpita és la determinació quantificada de les emissions futures de cadascú dels parts-països. Aquests camins es construeixen amb criteris diferenciats per al conjunt de països que des d’ara i fins al 2025, encara estarien en disposició d’augmentar les seves emissions de CO2; i per al conjunt format pels països que haurien d’implementar polítiques per tal de reduir les seves emissions de forma immediata.

Postprint (published version)

Postprint (published version)

Outgoing

We used a nonintrusive field experiment carried out at six sites – Wales (UK), Denmark (DK), the Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Sardinia (Italy – IT), and Catalonia (Spain – SP) – along a climatic and latitudinal gradient to examine the response of plant species richness and primary productivity to warming and drought in shrubland ecosystems. The warming treatment raised the plot daily temperature by ca. 1 °C, while the drought treatment led to a reduction in soil moisture at the peak of the growing season that ranged from 26% at the SP site to 82% in the NL site. During the 7 years the experiment lasted (1999–2005), we used the pin-point method to measure the species composition of plant communities and plant biomass, litterfall, and shoot growth of the dominant plant species at each site. A significantly lower increase in the number of species pin-pointed per transect was found in the drought plots at the SP site, where the plant community was still in a process of recovering from a forest fire in 1994. No changes in species richness were found at the other sites, which were at a more mature and stable state of succession and, thus less liable to recruitment of new species. The relationship between annual biomass accumulation and temperature of the growing season was positive at the coldest site and negative at the warmest site. The warming treatment tended to increase the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) at the northern sites. The relationship between annual biomass accumulation and soil moisture during the growing season was not significant at the wettest sites, but was positive at the driest sites. The drought treatment tended to reduce the ANPP in the NL, HU, IT, and SP sites. The responses to warming were very strongly related to the Gaussen aridity index (stronger responses the lower the aridity), whereas the responses to drought were not. Changes in the annual aboveground biomass accumulation, litterfall, and, thus, the ANPP, mirrored the intera

Sovint es diu que l'energia nuclear pot ser la solució pel problema de l'escalfament global: l'article presenta dades i raonaments per concloure que, si tota l'electricitat mundial fos d'origen nuclear, l'escalfament global es reduiria tan sols en un 12%. També s'analitzen els subproductes militars de la indústria de l'energia nuclear "civil" i la problemàtica dels residus radioactius de l'energia nuclear de fissió. També s'analitza l'alt grau de dificultats que presenta l'energia nuclear de fusió de la que no hi ha encara seguretat que pugui ser utilitzada en l'àmbit "civil", tot i que ha ho és l'àmbit militar., A menudo se dice que la energía nuclear puede ser la solución al problema del calentamiento global: el artículo presenta datos y razonamientos para concluir que, si toda la electricidad mundial fuese de origen nuclear, el calentamiento global se reduciría tan solo en un 12%. También se analizan los subproductos militares de la industria de la energía nuclear "civil" y la problemática de los residuos radioactivos de la energía nuclear de fisión. También se analiza el alto grado de dificultades que presenta la energía nuclear de fusión de la que no hay todavía seguridad de que pueda ser utilizada en el ámbito "civil", aunque ya lo sea en el ámbito militar., It is often said that nuclear energy could be the solution to the problem of global warming. This article presents data and arguments to show that if all of the electricity worldwide was provided by nuclear energy, global warming would only decrease by 12%. In addition, the military byproducts of the "civil" nuclear energy industry are analysed. The problem of radioactive waste from nuclear fission energy is examined, as are the serious difficulties presented by nuclear fusion energy. There are still no guarantees that nuclear fusion can be safely used in the "civil" sector, even thought it is already used in the military sector., Peer Reviewed

Postprint (author's final draft)

Postprint (author's final draft)