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The objective of this research is to analyze the systems theory, in order to conceive its multidisciplinary application to the field of administrative sciences. The methodology is based on a bibliographic review of a database that allows a systematic identification and selection of sources of information related to systems. The results are based on the development of a logical and sequential scheme, using a dendrogram of variables that facilitates the elimination of redundancies among the various concepts explored. The novelty of the study lies in the development of a cluster of concepts with a cross-cutting approach to planning. The conclusions drawn from this research confirm that organizations are dynamic and changing entities that are inevitably influenced by their operating environment. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction of institutions from systematic perspectives of interrelated and interdependent isomorphisms is highlighted., El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en analizar la teoría de sistemas, para concebir su aplicación multidisciplinaria al campo de las ciencias administrativas. La metodología se basa en revisión bibliográfica de base de datos que permite una identificación y selección sistemática de fuentes de información en relación con los sistemas. Los resultados se basan en el desarrollo de un esquema lógico y secuencial, utilizando un dendrograma que facilita la eliminación de redundancias entre los diversos conceptos explorados. La novedad del estudio radica en el desarrollo de un clúster de conceptos con un corte transversal hacia el enfoque de la planificación. Las conclusiones obtenidas a partir de esta investigación confirman que las organizaciones son entidades dinámicas y cambiantes que se ven inevitablemente influenciadas por su entorno operativo. Además, se destaca la interacción sinérgica de las instituciones desde perspectivas sistemática de isomorfismos interrelacionadas e interdependientes.

Copepods are valuable zooplankton found globally. Fish eat them. Any water ecosystem has food chains and webs. Their diversity and density depend on physicochemical factors. Objective: The Jallo Lake was targeted for the investigation of the spatio-temporal distribution of copepods from January to December 2023. Methods: Copepods were collected from Jallo Park's freshwater with a zooplankton mesh. These organisms were species-classified using conventional keys. Separate water samples were taken to examine physicochemical characteristics. Sedgwick Rafter chamber for species counting. PAST software was used for PCA I & II and CCA. Results: Ten species and their nauplius larvae from seven orders were identified in this study. The study examined conductivity, oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen, pH, and transparency. Air and water temperature was also recorded. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for physicochemical properties, excluding transparency, was statistically significant at (= 0.05, P = 0.000). Copepod variety and density peaked in June and July and dropped in October and December. The dendrogram showed three cluster-level variations. Plotting copepod species and month abundance curves. Principal component analysis (PCA I, PCA II) was used to correlate months, copepod species, and physicochemical parameters. Canonical component analysis (CCA) shows diversity similarities between sites on the same water body and links species abundance to environmental conditions. Conclusions: Only ten copepod species from seven orders and nauplius larvae were isolated from the aquatic body under research during the study months. Copepod diversity and density in freshwater lakes depended on environmental conditions.

[Abstract] Background: Several pelvic area cancers exhibit high incidence rates, and their surgical treatment can result in adverse effects such as urinary and fecal incontinence, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Post-surgery incontinence is a significant concern, with prevalence rates ranging from 25 to 45% for urinary incontinence and 9-68% for fecal incontinence. Cancer survivors are increasingly turning to YouTube as a platform to connect with others, yet caution is warranted as misinformation is prevalent. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the information quality in YouTube videos about post-surgical incontinence after pelvic area cancer surgery. Methods: A YouTube search for "Incontinence after cancer surgery" yielded 108 videos, which were subsequently analyzed. To evaluate these videos, several quality assessment tools were utilized, including DISCERN, GQS, JAMA, PEMAT, and MQ-VET. Statistical analyses, such as descriptive statistics and intercorrelation tests, were employed to assess various video attributes, including characteristics, popularity, educational value, quality, and reliability. Also, artificial intelligence techniques like PCA, t-SNE, and UMAP were used for data analysis. HeatMap and Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram techniques validated the Machine Learning results. Results: The quality scales presented a high level of correlation one with each other (p < 0.01) and the Artificial Intelligence-based techniques presented clear clustering representations of the dataset samples, which were reinforced by the Heat Map and Hierarchical Clustering Dendrogram. Conclusions: YouTube videos on "Incontinence after Cancer Surgery" present a "High" quality across multiple scales. The use of AI tools, like PCA, t-SNE, and UMAP, is highlighted for clustering large health datasets, improving data visualization, pattern recognition, and complex healthcare analysis.

Copepods are valuable zooplankton found globally. Fish eat them. Any water ecosystem has food chains and webs. Their diversity and density depend on physicochemical factors. Objective: The Jallo Lake was targeted for the investigation of the spatio-temporal distribution of copepods from January to December 2023. Methods: Copepods were collected from Jallo Park's freshwater with a zooplankton mesh. These organisms were species-classified using conventional keys. Separate water samples were taken to examine physicochemical characteristics. Sedgwick Rafter chamber for species counting. PAST software was used for PCA I & II and CCA. Results: Ten species and their nauplius larvae from seven orders were identified in this study. The study examined conductivity, oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen, pH, and transparency. Air and water temperature was also recorded. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for physicochemical properties, excluding transparency, was statistically significant at (= 0.05, P = 0.000). Copepod variety and density peaked in June and July and dropped in October and December. The dendrogram showed three cluster-level variations. Plotting copepod species and month abundance curves. Principal component analysis (PCA I, PCA II) was used to correlate months, copepod species, and physicochemical parameters. Canonical component analysis (CCA) shows diversity similarities between sites on the same water body and links species abundance to environmental conditions. Conclusions: Only ten copepod species from seven orders and nauplius larvae were isolated from the aquatic body under research during the study months. Copepod diversity and density in freshwater lakes depended on environmental conditions.

Copepods are valuable zooplankton found globally. Fish eat them. Any water ecosystem has food chains and webs. Their diversity and density depend on physicochemical factors. Objective: The Jallo Lake was targeted for the investigation of the spatio-temporal distribution of copepods from January to December 2023. Methods: Copepods were collected from Jallo Park's freshwater with a zooplankton mesh. These organisms were species-classified using conventional keys. Separate water samples were taken to examine physicochemical characteristics. Sedgwick Rafter chamber for species counting. PAST software was used for PCA I & II and CCA. Results: Ten species and their nauplius larvae from seven orders were identified in this study. The study examined conductivity, oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen, pH, and transparency. Air and water temperature was also recorded. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for physicochemical properties, excluding transparency, was statistically significant at (= 0.05, P = 0.000). Copepod variety and density peaked in June and July and dropped in October and December. The dendrogram showed three cluster-level variations. Plotting copepod species and month abundance curves. Principal component analysis (PCA I, PCA II) was used to correlate months, copepod species, and physicochemical parameters. Canonical component analysis (CCA) shows diversity similarities between sites on the same water body and links species abundance to environmental conditions. Conclusions: Only ten copepod species from seven orders and nauplius larvae were isolated from the aquatic body under research during the study months. Copepod diversity and density in freshwater lakes depended on environmental conditions.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una comparación entre la lectura tradicional y la lectura estilométrica, mostrando las carencias y fortalezas de cada una de ellas. Denominamos lectura tradicional la realizada por el humano y estilométrica aquella que a través de las herramientas de procesamiento de lenguaje natural realiza un ordenador. Para ello se seleccionará un corpus de textos que tanto personas como una inteligencia artificial leerán respondiendo después una serie de preguntas. A través de sus respuestas interpretaremos los datos, que mostrarán que no existe una lectura infinitamente superior a la otra y que la filología necesita ambas para un correcto análisis textual., The objective of this study is to make a comparison between traditional reading and stylometric reading, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. We refer to traditional reading as the one performed by humans, and stylometric reading as the one carried out by a computer using natural language processing tools. To achieve this, a corpus of texts will be selected for both humans and an artificial intelligence to read, followed by answering a series of questions. By interpreting their responses, we will demonstrate that there is no reading method vastly superior to the other, and that philology requires both approaches for a proper textual analysis., Departamento de Literatura Española y Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada, Grado en Español: Lengua y Literatura

Clove “Raja” is one of the local Maluku clove germplasm, which has characteristics similar to cultivated cloves and wild types. Until now, very limited information that are available on the morphological character of clove “Raja”. This study aims to provide basic information on the morphological diversity of “Raja”. The study was conducted at the location of the distribution of cloves “Raja” in Mamala village, Leihitu sub-district, Central Maluku district, Maluku province, in June-August 2022. The descriptors used referred to Tropical Fruit Descriptors, with some modifications. The clove “Raja” that were characterized belonged to the farmers and consisted of 30 accessions of cloves that were over twenty years old. The characterization variables included the characters of trees, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. The results of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) on 30 plant samples based on 54 morphological characters obtained two accession groups with a dissimilarity coefficient of 41%. The results of the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) got a total diversity of 70.5% where the first group consisted of accessions of cloves “Raja” group I having identifiable characters in the form of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf tip shape; while the second group of clove accessions of “Raja” group I in the form of stem circumference, petiole length, flower length, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit weight. Characteristics of accession of “Raja” cloves group II had distinctive morphological traits in the form of crown shape, upper surface of leaves, lower surface of leaves, leaf thickness, leaf texture, old leaf color, shoot color, leaf tip color, leaf aroma, leaf spiciness, flower stalk length, and seed color.

Following Smolin, we proceed to unification of general relativity and quantum theory by operating solely with events, i.e., without appealing to physical systems and space-time. The universe is modelled as a dendrogram (finite tree) expressing the hierarchic relations between events. This is the observational (epistemic) model; the ontic model is based on p-adic numbers (infinite trees). Hence, we use novel mathematics: not only space-time but even real numbers are not in use. Here, the p-adic space (which is zero-dimensional) serves as the base for the holographic image of the universe. In this way our theory is connected with p-adic physics; in particular, p-adic string theory and complex disordered systems (p-adic representation of the Parisi matrix for spin glasses). Our Dendrogramic-Holographic (DH) theory matches perfectly with the Mach's principle and Brans-Dicke theory. We found a surprising informational interrelation between the fundamental constants, h, c, G, and their DH analogues, h(D), c(D), G(D). DH theory is part of Wheeler's project on the information restructuring of physics. It is also a step towards the Unified Field theory. The universal potential V is nonlocal, but this is relational DH nonlocality. V can be coupled to the Bohm quantum potential by moving to the real representation. This coupling enhances the role of the Bohm potential.

Following Smolin, we proceed to unification of general relativity and quantum theory by operating solely with events, i.e., without appealing to physical systems and space-time. The universe is modelled as a dendrogram (finite tree) expressing the hierarchic relations between events. This is the observational (epistemic) model; the ontic model is based on p-adic numbers (infinite trees). Hence, we use novel mathematics: not only space-time but even real numbers are not in use. Here, the p-adic space (which is zero-dimensional) serves as the base for the holographic image of the universe. In this way our theory is connected with p-adic physics; in particular, p-adic string theory and complex disordered systems (p-adic representation of the Parisi matrix for spin glasses). Our Dendrogramic-Holographic (DH) theory matches perfectly with the Mach's principle and Brans-Dicke theory. We found a surprising informational interrelation between the fundamental constants, h, c, G, and their DH analogues, h(D), c(D), G(D). DH theory is part of Wheeler's project on the information restructuring of physics. It is also a step towards the Unified Field theory. The universal potential V is nonlocal, but this is relational DH nonlocality. V can be coupled to the Bohm quantum potential by moving to the real representation. This coupling enhances the role of the Bohm potential.

Hierarchical clustering is one of the most popular techniques in unsupervised segmentation. However, since it has quadratic complexity as it is based on pairwise distance matrix construction, it tends to be less used with really large data cases. CURE clustering tackles this challenge by accelerating the process through a first hierarchical clustering over a smaller sample from which a set of representative points of resulting clusters is obtained and used to estimate the cluster shape. A KNN process with those representative points allows completing the cluster assignment to the remaining points. This clustering technique scales the hierarchical clustering to large datasets. This work is in continuation of the earlier research, Bootstrap-CURE which uses repeated samples in the first part of the process and gains both robustness and representativeness. Also, the proposed approach uses a criterion for automatic identification of the number of clusters from a dendrogram, so that the bootstrap samples can be automatically processed. In this paper, the concept of shrinkage is proposed as a hyperparameter to the Bootstrap-CURE clustering approach. The inclusion of shrinkage brings the proposed clustering technique closer to the original CURE clustering. The impact of shrinkage on the overall performance of Bootstrap-CURE is further explored. A real-life use case from 3D printers is presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed clustering., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Following Smolin, we proceed to unification of general relativity and quantum theory by operating solely with events, i.e., without appealing to physical systems and space-time. The universe is modelled as a dendrogram (finite tree) expressing the hierarchic relations between events. This is the observational (epistemic) model; the ontic model is based on p-adic numbers (infinite trees). Hence, we use novel mathematics: not only space-time but even real numbers are not in use. Here, the p-adic space (which is zero-dimensional) serves as the base for the holographic image of the universe. In this way our theory is connected with p-adic physics; in particular, p-adic string theory and complex disordered systems (p-adic representation of the Parisi matrix for spin glasses). Our Dendrogramic-Holographic (DH) theory matches perfectly with the Mach's principle and Brans-Dicke theory. We found a surprising informational interrelation between the fundamental constants, h, c, G, and their DH analogues, h(D), c(D), G(D). DH theory is part of Wheeler's project on the information restructuring of physics. It is also a step towards the Unified Field theory. The universal potential V is nonlocal, but this is relational DH nonlocality. V can be coupled to the Bohm quantum potential by moving to the real representation. This coupling enhances the role of the Bohm potential.

Following Smolin, we proceed to unification of general relativity and quantum theory by operating solely with events, i.e., without appealing to physical systems and space-time. The universe is modelled as a dendrogram (finite tree) expressing the hierarchic relations between events. This is the observational (epistemic) model; the ontic model is based on p-adic numbers (infinite trees). Hence, we use novel mathematics: not only space-time but even real numbers are not in use. Here, the p-adic space (which is zero-dimensional) serves as the base for the holographic image of the universe. In this way our theory is connected with p-adic physics; in particular, p-adic string theory and complex disordered systems (p-adic representation of the Parisi matrix for spin glasses). Our Dendrogramic-Holographic (DH) theory matches perfectly with the Mach's principle and Brans-Dicke theory. We found a surprising informational interrelation between the fundamental constants, h, c, G, and their DH analogues, h(D), c(D), G(D). DH theory is part of Wheeler's project on the information restructuring of physics. It is also a step towards the Unified Field theory. The universal potential V is nonlocal, but this is relational DH nonlocality. V can be coupled to the Bohm quantum potential by moving to the real representation. This coupling enhances the role of the Bohm potential.

Following Smolin, we proceed to unification of general relativity and quantum theory by operating solely with events, i.e., without appealing to physical systems and space-time. The universe is modelled as a dendrogram (finite tree) expressing the hierarchic relations between events. This is the observational (epistemic) model; the ontic model is based on p-adic numbers (infinite trees). Hence, we use novel mathematics: not only space-time but even real numbers are not in use. Here, the p-adic space (which is zero-dimensional) serves as the base for the holographic image of the universe. In this way our theory is connected with p-adic physics; in particular, p-adic string theory and complex disordered systems (p-adic representation of the Parisi matrix for spin glasses). Our Dendrogramic-Holographic (DH) theory matches perfectly with the Mach's principle and Brans-Dicke theory. We found a surprising informational interrelation between the fundamental constants, h, c, G, and their DH analogues, h(D), c(D), G(D). DH theory is part of Wheeler's project on the information restructuring of physics. It is also a step towards the Unified Field theory. The universal potential V is nonlocal, but this is relational DH nonlocality. V can be coupled to the Bohm quantum potential by moving to the real representation. This coupling enhances the role of the Bohm potential.

Agglomerative hierarchical clustering has become a common tool for the analysis and visualization of data, thus being present in a large amount of scientific research and predating all areas of bioinformatics and computational biology. In this work, we focus on a critical problem, the nonuniqueness of the clustering when there are tied distances, for which several solutions exist but are not implemented in most hierarchical clustering packages. We analyze the magnitude of this problem in one particular setting: the clustering of microsatellite markers using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. To do so, we have calculated the fraction of publications at the Scopus database in which more than one hierarchical clustering is possible, showing that about 46% of the articles are affected. Additionally, to show the problem from a practical point of view, we selected two opposite examples of articles that have multiple solutions: one with two possible dendrograms, and the other with more than 2.5 million different possible hierarchical clusterings.© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.

This research paper is devoted to the application of cluster analysis for evaluating samples of soft spring wheat by elements of crop structure. The purpose of the study is to analyse the intraspecific and interspecific variability of morphological features of samples of spring wheat of various ecological and geographical origin according to 8 morphological features. Observations were carried out in 2018-2020 in the training and experimental production centre “Doslidne pole” of the Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaev. The cluster analysis of the collection of spring wheat samples, which included 76 samples of various ecological and geographical origin, allowed the study to assess the following features: the presence of awns, the colour of awns, the colour of ear scales, the pubescence of leaves, the pubescence of the subcrown internode, the pubescence of the ear internode, the colour of caryopsis, the colour of straw. The results of analysis of the phylogeny of various types of spring wheat by cluster analysis using morphological markers to determine homogeneous groups are presented, and the affected tree of systematic formation of clustering groups is established. Based on the cluster analysis, two separate groups of soft spring wheat samples were identified according to the complex of plant productivity elements. Samples are grouped into each cluster depending on the quantitative characteristics of the crop structure and their interaction with each other. In general, all samples over the years of study showed good results, namely based on “colour of awns”, of particular note are the samples of the Tr. persicumspecies. According to the results obtained, all samples have good indicators, and cluster analysis of soft spring wheat samples allowed identifying groups of plants that exceed the parent forms in the optimal set of economically valuable traits, which would allow for a more purposeful selection of valuable forms based on certain tr, Стаття присвячена застосуванню кластерного аналізу для оцінки зразків м'якої ярої пшениці за елементами структури врожаю. Метою дослідження є аналіз внутрішньовидової та міжвидової мінливості морфологічних ознак колекційних зразків пшениці ярої різного еколого-географічного походження за 8 морфологічними ознаками. Спостереження проводилися в 2018–2020 роках у навчально-дослідному виробничому центрі «Дослідне поле» Харківського національного аграрного університету ім. В.В. Докучаєва. Проведений кластерний аналіз колекції зразків пшениці ярої, до якої ввійшло 76 зразків різного еколого-географічного походження, дозволив одержати оцінку таких ознак: наявність остюків, забарвлення остюків, забарвлення колосових лусок, опушеність листків, опушеність стеблового міжвузля, опушеність колосового міжвузля, забарвлення зернівки, забарвлення соломини. Викладено результати аналізу філогенії різних видів пшениці ярої методом кластерного аналізу з використанням морфологічних маркерів з метою визначення однорідних груп і сформовано уражене дерево систематичного утворення кластеризаційних груп. За результатами проведеного кластерного аналізу виділено дві окремі групи зразків пшениці ярої м’якої за комплексом елементів продуктивності рослини. У кожен кластер зразки групуються залежно від кількісних ознак структури урожаю і їх взаємодії один з одним. Загалом усі зразки за роки дослідження показали гарні результати, а саме за ознакою «забарвлення остюків», особливо варто відмітити зразки виду Tr. persicum. Відповідно до отриманих результатів роботи всі зразки мають гарні показники, і кластерний аналіз зразків м'якої ярої пшениці дозволив виділити групи рослин, що перевершують батьківські форми по оптимальному набору господарсько-цінних ознак, що дозволить більш цілеспрямовано вести відбір цінних форм за певними ознаками.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and quantify the genetic divergence between accessions of cowpea, aiming to identify the characters that most contribute to diversity and select superior parents. Seventy-six cowpea accessions were evaluated using 19 descriptors that were also utilized to estimate genetic diversity using the Shannon-Weaver index. Phenology and production data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and were subjected to Pearson’s correlation test. The descriptors flower color, pod color, and seed brightness showed greater variability in the quantification of genetic diversity. The genotypes Das Almas, Galanjão, selected from CE-13, 7907-Purple Hull and Caupi Branco should be incorporated into cowpea breeding programs as they exhibit desirable agronomic characters. Crossings involving the genotype 7907-Purple Hull with Das Almas and Galanjão are indicated, which could result in obtaining superior genotypes in terms of precocity and grain yield., El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y cuantificar la divergencia genética entre accesiones de fríjol caupí, para identificar los caracteres que más contribuyen a la diversidad y seleccionar padres superiores. Se evaluaron 76 accesiones de fríjol caupí utilizando 19 descriptores, que también fueron usados para estimar la diversidad genética utilizando el índice de Shannon-Weaver. Los datos de fenología y producción se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y se sometieron a la prueba de correlación de Pearson. Los descriptores color de flor, color de vaina y brillo de semilla presentaron mayor variabilidad en la cuantificación de la diversidad genética. Los genotipos Das Almas, Galanjão, seleccionado de CE-13, 7907-Purple Hull y Caupi Branco deben incorporarse a los programas de mejoramiento del frijol caupí ya que presentan características agronómicas deseables. Los cruces que involucran el genotipo 7907-Purple Hull con Das Almas y Galanjão están indicados con el objetivo de obtener genotipos superiores en términos de precocidad y rendimiento de grano.

It is an annual crop of temperate and semi-warm environments with clay and sandy soils. There are wild populations in Mexico that in pre-Columbian times allowed the selection of plants with larger fruit that did not disperse the seed. Domesticated varieties, compared to wild ones, have larger seeds, more compact inflorescence, closed calyces, longer flower, apical dominance, uniformity in flowering and ripening periods. Chia contains between 9 and 23% protein, 26-41% carbohydrates and 30 to 33%oil, 40%dietary fiber and calcium and a high antioxidant content. It has acquired great importance because it is considered a functional food. There is consensus on the importance of the study and conservation of plant genetic resources. The objective of this research was to characterize the morphological diversity of 31 chia genotypes based on the variations identified between wild and domesticated populations. It was observed that the presence of anthocyanins is characteristic of wild plants, as well as the presence of open calyx, which is related to the dispersal of the seeds;these were smaller and darker,and their calyces were short and opened when ripe. The size of the seed and the weight of a thousand seeds are highly correlated with the yield per plant. Domesticated plants presented closed calyx, without anthocyanin coloration, reduction of pubescence in most of the plant, larger inflorescence, greater number of florets, greater seed weight, higher yield. Domesticated, semi-domesticated and wild populations were characterized and grouped. The wild ones have an open calyx. The semi-domesticated ones are similar tothe cultivated ones but have an open calyx. The domesticated ones had apical dominance, greater size of spike and closed calyx, Es un cultivo anual deambientes templados y semicálidos con suelos arcillosos y arenosos.Existen poblaciones silvestres en México queen tiempos precolombinos permitieronseleccionar plantas con fruto más grandeque no dispersarala semilla. Las variedades domesticadas, comparadas con las silvestres, tienen semillas de mayor tamaño, inflorescencia más compacta, cálices cerrados, flor más larga,dominancia apical, uniformidad en los periodos de floración y maduración. La chía contiene entre 9 y 23% de proteína, 26-41% de carbohidratos y de 30 a 33% de aceite,40% de fibra dietética y calcioyun alto contenido de antioxidantes. Ha adquirido gran importancia porque se considera un alimento funcional.Existe consenso sobre la importancia del estudio y conservación de los recursos fitogenéticos.El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la diversidad morfológica de 31 genotipos de chía con base en las variaciones identificadas entre poblacionessilvestresy domesticadas.Se observó que la presencia de antocianinas es característica de plantas silvestres, así como la presencia de cáliz abierto, que está relacionado con la dispersión de las semillas;estas fueron más pequeñas y oscuras y sus cálices fueron cortos y se abrieron al madurar. El tamaño de la semilla y el peso de mil semillas estánaltamente correlacionado con el rendimiento por planta.Las plantas domesticadas presentaron cáliz cerrado, sin coloración por antocianinas, reducción de la pubescencia en la mayor parte de la planta, inflorescencia más grande, mayor número de floretes, mayor peso de semilla, mayor rendimiento.Se caracterizaron y agruparon poblaciones domesticadas, semidomesticadas y silvestres. Las silvestres presentan cáliz abierto. Las semidomesticadas son semejantes a las cultivadas pero presentan cáliz abierto. Las domesticadas tuvierondominancia apical, mayor tamaño de espiga y cáliz cerrado.

It is an annual crop of temperate and semi-warm environments with clay and sandy soils. There are wild populations in Mexico that in pre-Columbian times allowed the selection of plants with larger fruit that did not disperse the seed. Domesticated varieties, compared to wild ones, have larger seeds, more compact inflorescence, closed calyces, longer flower, apical dominance, uniformity in flowering and ripening periods. Chia contains between 9 and 23% protein, 26-41% carbohydrates and 30 to 33%oil, 40%dietary fiber and calcium and a high antioxidant content. It has acquired great importance because it is considered a functional food. There is consensus on the importance of the study and conservation of plant genetic resources. The objective of this research was to characterize the morphological diversity of 31 chia genotypes based on the variations identified between wild and domesticated populations. It was observed that the presence of anthocyanins is characteristic of wild plants, as well as the presence of open calyx, which is related to the dispersal of the seeds;these were smaller and darker,and their calyces were short and opened when ripe. The size of the seed and the weight of a thousand seeds are highly correlated with the yield per plant. Domesticated plants presented closed calyx, without anthocyanin coloration, reduction of pubescence in most of the plant, larger inflorescence, greater number of florets, greater seed weight, higher yield. Domesticated, semi-domesticated and wild populations were characterized and grouped. The wild ones have an open calyx. The semi-domesticated ones are similar tothe cultivated ones but have an open calyx. The domesticated ones had apical dominance, greater size of spike and closed calyx, Es un cultivo anual deambientes templados y semicálidos con suelos arcillosos y arenosos.Existen poblaciones silvestres en México queen tiempos precolombinos permitieronseleccionar plantas con fruto más grandeque no dispersarala semilla. Las variedades domesticadas, comparadas con las silvestres, tienen semillas de mayor tamaño, inflorescencia más compacta, cálices cerrados, flor más larga,dominancia apical, uniformidad en los periodos de floración y maduración. La chía contiene entre 9 y 23% de proteína, 26-41% de carbohidratos y de 30 a 33% de aceite,40% de fibra dietética y calcioyun alto contenido de antioxidantes. Ha adquirido gran importancia porque se considera un alimento funcional.Existe consenso sobre la importancia del estudio y conservación de los recursos fitogenéticos.El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la diversidad morfológica de 31 genotipos de chía con base en las variaciones identificadas entre poblacionessilvestresy domesticadas.Se observó que la presencia de antocianinas es característica de plantas silvestres, así como la presencia de cáliz abierto, que está relacionado con la dispersión de las semillas;estas fueron más pequeñas y oscuras y sus cálices fueron cortos y se abrieron al madurar. El tamaño de la semilla y el peso de mil semillas estánaltamente correlacionado con el rendimiento por planta.Las plantas domesticadas presentaron cáliz cerrado, sin coloración por antocianinas, reducción de la pubescencia en la mayor parte de la planta, inflorescencia más grande, mayor número de floretes, mayor peso de semilla, mayor rendimiento.Se caracterizaron y agruparon poblaciones domesticadas, semidomesticadas y silvestres. Las silvestres presentan cáliz abierto. Las semidomesticadas son semejantes a las cultivadas pero presentan cáliz abierto. Las domesticadas tuvierondominancia apical, mayor tamaño de espiga y cáliz cerrado.

Hierarchical clustering is one of the most preferred choices to understand the underlying structure of a dataset and defining typologies, with multiple applications in real life. Among the existing clustering algorithms, the hierarchical family is one of the most popular, as it permits to understand the inner structure of the dataset and find the number of clusters as an output, unlike popular methods, like k-means. One can adjust the granularity of final clustering to the goals of the analysis themselves. The number of clusters in a hierarchical method relies on the analysis of the resulting dendrogram itself. Experts have criteria to visually inspect the dendrogram and determine the number of clusters. Finding automatic criteria to imitate experts in this task is still an open problem. But, dependence on the expert to cut the tree represents a limitation in real applications like the fields industry 4.0 and additive manufacturing. This paper analyses several cluster validity indexes in the context of determining the suitable number of clusters in hierarchical clustering. A new Cluster Validity Index (CVI) is proposed such that it properly catches the implicit criteria used by experts when analyzing dendrograms. The proposal has been applied on a range of datasets and validated against experts ground-truth overcoming the results obtained by the State of the Art and also significantly reduces the computational cost ., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Clustering is one of the most popular artificial intelligence techniques which aims at identifying groups of similar objects or patterns in the data. While there are multiple clustering techniques available in the literature, hierarchical clustering remains to be one of the most powerful and preferred choices to unveil the internal structure of the data in the form of a tree. The hierarchical clustering processes provide a dendrogram as the main output, which shows the inner similarities structure of the dataset. Deciding the correct number of clusters emerging from the dendrogram is, however, still an open problem and it remains at the disposal of human expertise in assessing the dendrogram. It is often impractical to assume that a human expert is available and with sufficient domain knowledge or technical skills to correctly determine the right number of clusters. Additionally, the dependency on a human expert also limits the practical applications of eventual automatic uses of hierarchical clustering in real-time scenarios where the objective is to capture the true nature of data that other clustering schemes often fail to do. The human judgment about dendrogram also brings the inherently human nature of variability that might vary from situation to situation, but in general, the expert assessment of dendrograms introduces some extra considerations which overcome the strict evaluation of a utility function, and that might be interesting to catch. Hence, correctly capturing and programming a method to deduce the number of clusters from a dendrogram as experts do becomes tricky.This research investigates how a human expert decides the best cut of the tree and determines the right number of clusters in a hierarchical clustering setting and proposes a new criterion that catches the human hidden criteria in this task. The research involves taking a hundred samples from real-time industrial data and takes assistance from human experts in determining the number of clust

Oreochromis niloticus fish collected from Yalelo Fishery, Fwanyanga Fishery and Choombwe Fishery of Lake Kariba were investigated by multivariate analysis of 23 morphometric measurements and 7 meristic counts. Dendrograms were used to delineate the sampled specimens using PC-ORDTM Software and the differences among strains were tested using One-way ANOVA in Statistix 9 Software (P = 0.05). Meristic analysis did not show a high divergence among the strains while morphometric analysis showed that the sampled fish could be characterized into three different strains. These results showed that the tested fish samples could be grouped into 3 types based on morphometric characters. The morphometric differences among the sampled O. niloticus strains may have appeared due to genetic differences among the collected specimens.

Six accessions of cassava viz., C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1), C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1), C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C5 (MNS-AICRP) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) maintained in the field genebank of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananathapuram were subjected for molecular analysis using 5 selected ISSR primers. UBC 808 produced highest number of bands (12) and UBC 817 produced the lowest number of bands (3) while UBC 845 is not amplified. The percentage polymorphism of the ISSR primers studied ranged from 33.3% - 100%. UBC 817 recorded the lowest polymorphism (33.3%) and UBC 808 recorded the highest Polymorphism (100%). The similarity coefficient based on ISSR markers ranged from 0.55 to 0.86. The dendrogram generated using UPGMA cluster analysis separated the 6 accessions of cassava in to 3 major groups with 2 accessions each. The accessions C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP) formed a ball cluster with 86% genetic similarity were found to be highly related. Likewise, C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) also formed a ball cluster showing 86% genetic similarity. C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) recorded 80% genetic relatedness with C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). Likewise, C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) also showed 80% genetic similarity with each other. C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) recorded only 67% genetic relatedness with C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). However, the two accessions C3 and C6 of the landrace Pullad Kappa got separated with only 67% genetic similarity. The dendrogram generated grouped the accessions and species on the basis of Nei genetic distance using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The results of the study indicated that the primers selected for the present study will be useful

Six accessions of cassava viz., C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1), C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1), C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C5 (MNS-AICRP) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) maintained in the field genebank of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananathapuram were subjected for molecular analysis using 5 selected ISSR primers. UBC 808 produced highest number of bands (12) and UBC 817 produced the lowest number of bands (3) while UBC 845 is not amplified. The percentage polymorphism of the ISSR primers studied ranged from 33.3% - 100%. UBC 817 recorded the lowest polymorphism (33.3%) and UBC 808 recorded the highest Polymorphism (100%). The similarity coefficient based on ISSR markers ranged from 0.55 to 0.86. The dendrogram generated using UPGMA cluster analysis separated the 6 accessions of cassava in to 3 major groups with 2 accessions each. The accessions C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP) formed a ball cluster with 86% genetic similarity were found to be highly related. Likewise, C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) also formed a ball cluster showing 86% genetic similarity. C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) recorded 80% genetic relatedness with C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). Likewise, C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) also showed 80% genetic similarity with each other. C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) recorded only 67% genetic relatedness with C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). However, the two accessions C3 and C6 of the landrace Pullad Kappa got separated with only 67% genetic similarity. The dendrogram generated grouped the accessions and species on the basis of Nei genetic distance using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The results of the study indicated that the primers selected for the present study will be useful

Six accessions of cassava viz., C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1), C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1), C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C5 (MNS-AICRP) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) maintained in the field genebank of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananathapuram were subjected for molecular analysis using 5 selected ISSR primers. UBC 808 produced highest number of bands (12) and UBC 817 produced the lowest number of bands (3) while UBC 845 is not amplified. The percentage polymorphism of the ISSR primers studied ranged from 33.3% - 100%. UBC 817 recorded the lowest polymorphism (33.3%) and UBC 808 recorded the highest Polymorphism (100%). The similarity coefficient based on ISSR markers ranged from 0.55 to 0.86. The dendrogram generated using UPGMA cluster analysis separated the 6 accessions of cassava in to 3 major groups with 2 accessions each. The accessions C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP) formed a ball cluster with 86% genetic similarity were found to be highly related. Likewise, C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) also formed a ball cluster showing 86% genetic similarity. C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) recorded 80% genetic relatedness with C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). Likewise, C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) also showed 80% genetic similarity with each other. C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) recorded only 67% genetic relatedness with C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). However, the two accessions C3 and C6 of the landrace Pullad Kappa got separated with only 67% genetic similarity. The dendrogram generated grouped the accessions and species on the basis of Nei genetic distance using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The results of the study indicated that the primers selected for the present study will be useful

Oreochromis niloticus fish collected from Yalelo Fishery, Fwanyanga Fishery and Choombwe Fishery of Lake Kariba were investigated by multivariate analysis of 23 morphometric measurements and 7 meristic counts. Dendrograms were used to delineate the sampled specimens using PC-ORDTM Software and the differences among strains were tested using One-way ANOVA in Statistix 9 Software (P = 0.05). Meristic analysis did not show a high divergence among the strains while morphometric analysis showed that the sampled fish could be characterized into three different strains. These results showed that the tested fish samples could be grouped into 3 types based on morphometric characters. The morphometric differences among the sampled O. niloticus strains may have appeared due to genetic differences among the collected specimens.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) obtained from the nasal cavity of participants and investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates from Sokoto state, Nigeria. Methods: Nasal swabs of both nares were obtained from 378 participants across three study centers within the six-month study period. The Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered were characterized, and their resistance phenotype determined in conjunction with MRSA prevalence. Results: Phenotypic screening of isolates obtained in this study revealed a total of 131 (17.3%) coagulase-positive Staphylococci out of 756 samples. Of this number, there were 81 (61.8%) S. aureus , 36 (27.5%) Staphylococcus intermedius , 6 (4.5%) Staphylococcus hyicus, and 8 (6.1%) Staphylococcus schleiferi . Conclusion: This study found a prevalence of 61.8% and 46.9% of S. aureus and MRSA among the studied hospitals in Sokoto state, thus demonstrating that the nares of the hospital populace are not free from S. aureus and MRSA colonization., Ziel: Ziel der Studie war es, die Prävalenz von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) aus der Nasenhöhle der Teilnehmer zu bestimmen und die Antibiotika-Resistenz-Profile der Isolate aus dem Bundesstaat Sokoto, Nigeria, zu untersuchen. Methode: Von 378 Teilnehmern aus drei Studienzentren wurden im Verlauf von 6 Monaten Abstriche aus beiden Nares entnommen. Die gewonnenen Staphylococcus aureus -Isolate wurden charakterisiert und ihr Resistenz-Phänotyp in Verbindung mit der MRSA-Prävalenz bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Das phänotypische Screening der Isolate ergab 131 Koagulase-positive Staphylokokken, davon 81 Staphylococcus aureus (61,8%), 36 Staphylococcus intermedius (27,5%), 6 Staphylococcus hyicus (4,5%) und 8 Staphylococcus schleiferi (6,1%). Schlussfolgerung: Die Studie zeigt eine relative Prävalenzrate von 61,8% und 46,9% von S. aureus und MRSA unter den untersuchten Krankenhäusern im Bundesstaat Sokoto, was darauf schließen lässt, dass die Nasen der Krankenhausbevölkerung nicht frei von S. aureus und MRSA-Kolonisation sind.

Six accessions of cassava viz., C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1), C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1), C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C5 (MNS-AICRP) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) maintained in the field genebank of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananathapuram were subjected for molecular analysis using 5 selected ISSR primers. UBC 808 produced highest number of bands (12) and UBC 817 produced the lowest number of bands (3) while UBC 845 is not amplified. The percentage polymorphism of the ISSR primers studied ranged from 33.3% - 100%. UBC 817 recorded the lowest polymorphism (33.3%) and UBC 808 recorded the highest Polymorphism (100%). The similarity coefficient based on ISSR markers ranged from 0.55 to 0.86. The dendrogram generated using UPGMA cluster analysis separated the 6 accessions of cassava in to 3 major groups with 2 accessions each. The accessions C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP) formed a ball cluster with 86% genetic similarity were found to be highly related. Likewise, C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) also formed a ball cluster showing 86% genetic similarity. C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) recorded 80% genetic relatedness with C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). Likewise, C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) also showed 80% genetic similarity with each other. C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) recorded only 67% genetic relatedness with C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). However, the two accessions C3 and C6 of the landrace Pullad Kappa got separated with only 67% genetic similarity. The dendrogram generated grouped the accessions and species on the basis of Nei genetic distance using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The results of the study indicated that the primers selected for the present study will be useful

The paper presents a comparison of the two languages Python and R related to the classification tools and demonstrates the differences in their syntax and graphical output. It indicates the functionality of R and Python packages {dendextend} and scipy.cluster as effective tools for the dendrogram modelling by the algorithms of sorting and ranking datasets. R and Python programming languages have been tested on a sample dataset including marine geological measurements. The work aims to detect how bathymetric data change along the 25 bathymetric profiles digitized across the Mariana Trench. The methodology includes performed hierarchical cluster analysis with dendrograms and plotted clustermap with marginal dendrograms. The statistical libraries include Matplotlib, SciPy, NumPy, Pandas by Python and {dendextend}, {pvclust}, {magrittr} by R. The dendrograms were compared by the model-simulated clusters of the bathymetric ranges. The results show three distinct groups of the profiles sorted by the elevation ranges with maximal depths detected in a group of profiles 19-21. The dendrogram visualization in a cluster analysis demonstrates the effective representation of the data sorting, grouping and classifying by the machine learning algorithms. The programming codes presented in this study enable to sort a dataset in a similar research aimed to group data based on the similarity of attributes. Effective visualization by dendrograms is a useful modelling tool for the geospatial management where data ranking is required. Plotting dendrograms by R, comparing to Python, presented functional and sophisticated algorithms, refined design control and fine graphical data output. The interdisciplinary nature of this work consists in application of the coding algorithms for spatial data analysis., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Oreochromis niloticus fish collected from Yalelo Fishery, Fwanyanga Fishery and Choombwe Fishery of Lake Kariba were investigated by multivariate analysis of 23 morphometric measurements and 7 meristic counts. Dendrograms were used to delineate the sampled specimens using PC-ORDTM Software and the differences among strains were tested using One-way ANOVA in Statistix 9 Software (P = 0.05). Meristic analysis did not show a high divergence among the strains while morphometric analysis showed that the sampled fish could be characterized into three different strains. These results showed that the tested fish samples could be grouped into 3 types based on morphometric characters. The morphometric differences among the sampled O. niloticus strains may have appeared due to genetic differences among the collected specimens.

Oreochromis niloticus fish collected from Yalelo Fishery, Fwanyanga Fishery and Choombwe Fishery of Lake Kariba were investigated by multivariate analysis of 23 morphometric measurements and 7 meristic counts. Dendrograms were used to delineate the sampled specimens using PC-ORDTM Software and the differences among strains were tested using One-way ANOVA in Statistix 9 Software (P = 0.05). Meristic analysis did not show a high divergence among the strains while morphometric analysis showed that the sampled fish could be characterized into three different strains. These results showed that the tested fish samples could be grouped into 3 types based on morphometric characters. The morphometric differences among the sampled O. niloticus strains may have appeared due to genetic differences among the collected specimens.

Oreochromis niloticus fish collected from Yalelo Fishery, Fwanyanga Fishery and Choombwe Fishery of Lake Kariba were investigated by multivariate analysis of 23 morphometric measurements and 7 meristic counts. Dendrograms were used to delineate the sampled specimens using PC-ORDTM Software and the differences among strains were tested using One-way ANOVA in Statistix 9 Software (P = 0.05). Meristic analysis did not show a high divergence among the strains while morphometric analysis showed that the sampled fish could be characterized into three different strains. These results showed that the tested fish samples could be grouped into 3 types based on morphometric characters. The morphometric differences among the sampled O. niloticus strains may have appeared due to genetic differences among the collected specimens.

[cat] L’anàlisi de conglomerats és un mètode multivariant que té com a objectiu principal identificar grups d’objectes amb característiques similars dins d’una base de dades numèriques. Actualment però, aquesta branca de l’estadística està desenvolupant mètodes que permetin l’anàlisi de bases de dades mixtes, per tal de poder utilitzar tant les variables descriptives numèriques com les categòriques dels diversos objectes. Aquests criteris d’agrupació es poden classificar en dos grans grups: els mètodes jeràrquics i els no jeràrquics. En el següent treball es realitza una clusterització de les dades dels clients d’un majorista de ferreteria industrial a fi de poder-los agrupar en varis grups homogenis, mitjançant dos mètodes d’agrupació: el mètode de Ward i el Partition Around Medoids. A fi de poder crear aquests grups és necessari calcular un coeficient de similitud per tal de conèixer les distàncies entre els individus. Així doncs, s’utilitzarà el coeficient de Gower, ja que permet tractar amb dades numèriques i categòriques a la vegada. No obstant, també es realitzarà un anàlisi de sensibilitat d’aquesta mesura per tal de comprovar la seva robustesa., eng] Traditionally, the cluster analysis has only been used in numerical data bases with the main objective being the identification of object groups with similar characteristics within those databases. This is an on-growing branch of statistics science that tries to incorporate methods that allow us to perform this mix database object categorization. In this project we will be carrying out a cluster analysis of an industrial hardware wholesaler’s client information. By doing so, we can recognize those that follow specific patterns of behaviour, which will allow us to perform a more accurate follow-up and segment the price cut campaigns according to their own interests. For us to accomplish this objective, we have opted for the use of both a hierarchical aggregation method and a non-hierarchical one: the Ward and the Partition Around Medoids methods, respectively. However, for us to be able to create these groups we need to calculate a similarity coefficient for us to know the distances between the various individuals. In this study, we have opted for the use of the Grower coefficient, seeing as it allows us to handle numerical and categorical data at the same time. Hereunder is the detailed explanation of the client characterisation process, starting with the creation of the database and following up with the description of the various groups used. A Grower distance sensibility analysis is also included for the validation of the solidness of this measure.

In model studies, a careful consideration of uncertainty is needed. Parameter and data uncertainty can be explored by sampling, but model structure uncertainty is more challenging to capture since the underlying hypotheses of many models are not directly clear. This study explores whether model structure can be inferred from model output. We created a dendrogram (family tree) based on model structure using a modular modelling framework. Subsequently, we created dendrograms based on model output. We determined the correlation between both dendrograms to analysed if model structure families could be inferred from model output. Results from this experiment over 671 climate instances showed that the performance of the inference depends on the type of output evaluated, and the climate. However, the performance of the inference is overall low, implying that model structure cannot be inferred from model output. These results demonstrate the need to further investigate opportunities to sample model space.

Six accessions of cassava viz., C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1), C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1), C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C5 (MNS-AICRP) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) maintained in the field genebank of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananathapuram were subjected for molecular analysis using 5 selected ISSR primers. UBC 808 produced highest number of bands (12) and UBC 817 produced the lowest number of bands (3) while UBC 845 is not amplified. The percentage polymorphism of the ISSR primers studied ranged from 33.3% - 100%. UBC 817 recorded the lowest polymorphism (33.3%) and UBC 808 recorded the highest Polymorphism (100%). The similarity coefficient based on ISSR markers ranged from 0.55 to 0.86. The dendrogram generated using UPGMA cluster analysis separated the 6 accessions of cassava in to 3 major groups with 2 accessions each. The accessions C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP) formed a ball cluster with 86% genetic similarity were found to be highly related. Likewise, C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) also formed a ball cluster showing 86% genetic similarity. C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5) and C4 (Karutha Malabar) recorded 80% genetic relatedness with C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). Likewise, C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) also showed 80% genetic similarity with each other. C2 (Devan Kappa - SRA-13-1) and C6 (Pullad Kappa) recorded only 67% genetic relatedness with C3 (Pullad Kappa - MNS-13-5), C4 (Karutha Malabar), C1 (Narrow leaved - MNS-13-1) and C5 (MNS-AICRP). However, the two accessions C3 and C6 of the landrace Pullad Kappa got separated with only 67% genetic similarity. The dendrogram generated grouped the accessions and species on the basis of Nei genetic distance using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The results of the study indicated that the primers selected for the present study will be useful

This thesis provides a new hierarchical clustering algorithm for graphs, named Paris, which can be interpreted through the modularity score and its resolution parameter. The algorithm is agglomerative and based on a simple distance between clusters induced by the probability of sampling node pairs. It tries to approximate the optimal partitions with respect to the modularity score at any resolution in one run. In addition to the Paris hierarchical algorithm, this thesis proposes four algorithms that compute rankings of the sharpest clusters, clusterings and resolutions by processing the hierarchy output by Paris. These algorithms are based on a new measure of stability for clusterings, named sharp-score. Key outcomes of these four algorithms are the possibility to rank clusters, detect sharpest clusterings scale, go beyond the resolution limit and detect relevant resolutions. All these algorithms have been tested on both synthetic and real datasets to illustrate the efficiency of their approaches., Denna avhandling ger en ny hierarkisk klusteralgoritm för grafer, som heter Paris, vilket kan tolkas av modularitetsresultatet och dess upplösningsparameter. Algoritmen är agglomerativ och är baserad på ett enda avstånd mellan kluster som induceras av sannolikheten för sampling av nodpar. Det försöker att approximera de optimala partitionerna vid vilken upplösning som helst i en körning. Förutom en hierarkisk algoritm föreslår denna avhandling fyra algoritmer som beräknar rankningar av de bästa grupperna, kluster och resolutioner genom att bearbeta hierarkiproduktionen i Paris. Dessa algoritmer bygger på ett nytt koncept av klusterstabilitet, kallad sharpscore. Viktiga resultat av dessa fyra algoritmer är förmågan att rangordna kluster, upptäcka bästa klusterskala, gå utöver upplösningsgränsen och upptäcka de mest relevanta resolutionerna. Alla dessa algoritmer har testats på både syntetiska och verkliga datamängder för att illustrera effektiviteten i deras metoder.

The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between the spatial distribution of the selected medical equipment and the preventable mortality rate in the regions of the Slovak Republic. The main analytical approach is carried out through the cluster analysis based on a Euclidean distance technique in order to get similarity of the administrative divisions in form of a district and a pseudot2 approach aimed at the determination of a number of the districts in a cluster. A number of medical equipment had a rising tendency from the year 2008. The most extreme position according to a localisation distribution of the computed tomographs and the magnetic resonance imaging scanners is held by the Košice IV District at the level of 7.50630. From an angle of view of the preventable mortality, the Piešt’any District holds the most extreme position peaking at the level of 10.97969 for the female sex and the Kežmarok District with the value of 9.44088. The study has the significant dissemination outputs for health policy interventions, especially to draw up regional health plans for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging deployment, mainly in locations with a high preventable mortality rate for both sexes. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between the spatial distribution of the selected medical equipment and the preventable mortality rate in the regions of the Slovak Republic. The main analytical approach is carried out through the cluster analysis based on a Euclidean distance technique in order to get similarity of the administrative divisions in form of a district and a pseudot2 approach aimed at the determination of a number of the districts in a cluster. A number of medical equipment had a rising tendency from the year 2008. The most extreme position according to a localisation distribution of the computed tomographs and the magnetic resonance imaging scanners is held by the Košice IV District at the level of 7.50630. From an angle of view of the preventable mortality, the Piešt’any District holds the most extreme position peaking at the level of 10.97969 for the female sex and the Kežmarok District with the value of 9.44088. The study has the significant dissemination outputs for health policy interventions, especially to draw up regional health plans for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging deployment, mainly in locations with a high preventable mortality rate for both sexes. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This thesis provides a new hierarchical clustering algorithm for graphs, named Paris, which can be interpreted through the modularity score and its resolution parameter. The algorithm is agglomerative and based on a simple distance between clusters induced by the probability of sampling node pairs. It tries to approximate the optimal partitions with respect to the modularity score at any resolution in one run. In addition to the Paris hierarchical algorithm, this thesis proposes four algorithms that compute rankings of the sharpest clusters, clusterings and resolutions by processing the hierarchy output by Paris. These algorithms are based on a new measure of stability for clusterings, named sharp-score. Key outcomes of these four algorithms are the possibility to rank clusters, detect sharpest clusterings scale, go beyond the resolution limit and detect relevant resolutions. All these algorithms have been tested on both synthetic and real datasets to illustrate the efficiency of their approaches., Denna avhandling ger en ny hierarkisk klusteralgoritm för grafer, som heter Paris, vilket kan tolkas av modularitetsresultatet och dess upplösningsparameter. Algoritmen är agglomerativ och är baserad på ett enda avstånd mellan kluster som induceras av sannolikheten för sampling av nodpar. Det försöker att approximera de optimala partitionerna vid vilken upplösning som helst i en körning. Förutom en hierarkisk algoritm föreslår denna avhandling fyra algoritmer som beräknar rankningar av de bästa grupperna, kluster och resolutioner genom att bearbeta hierarkiproduktionen i Paris. Dessa algoritmer bygger på ett nytt koncept av klusterstabilitet, kallad sharpscore. Viktiga resultat av dessa fyra algoritmer är förmågan att rangordna kluster, upptäcka bästa klusterskala, gå utöver upplösningsgränsen och upptäcka de mest relevanta resolutionerna. Alla dessa algoritmer har testats på både syntetiska och verkliga datamängder för att illustrera effektiviteten i deras metoder.

Background: The global market has an increasing demand for buffalo by-products due to their unique nutritional characteristics. Many buffalo herds lack suitable breeding control programs, hindering the implementation of selection programs. Objective: To evaluate milk production per lactation (MP), lactation length (LL), and calving interval (CI) of a herd of crossbred Murrah buffaloes to support buffalo clustering according to their potential. Methods: Data from 543 lactations between 2002 and 2014 from 105 crossbred Murrah female buffaloes were used. Data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. Results: The first components (PCs) were responsible for 92.32% of the total variation, of which 61.45 and 30.87% were explained by the first (PC1) and second (PC2) components, respectively. The cluster analysis allowed three female buffalo groups according to their potentials. Conclusion: Buffalo farmers can make decisions on nutritional, reproductive management and cow culling based on grouping., Resumo Antecedentes: A demanda por produtos de origem do leite de búfalas no mercado mundial tem crescido em virtude de suas características nutricionais singulares. Grande parte dos rebanhos de búfalos não possuem controle zootécnicos adequados, dificultando a implementação de programas de seleção. Objetivo: Analisar conjuntamente as características produção de leite por lactação (MP), duração da lactação (LL) e intervalo de partos (CI) para subsidiar a classificação das búfalas de acordo com seu potencial. Métodos: Para esse estudo, 543 dados de lactação de 105 búfalas mestiças Murrah foram coletadas entre 2002 e 2014. Os dados foram analisados por análises de componentes principais (PCA) e análises de cluster. Resultados: Os primeiros componentes (PCs) foram responsáveis por 92.32% da variação total, dos quais 61.45 e 30.87% foram explicados pelo primeiro (PC1) e segundo (PC2) componentes, respectivamente. A análise de cluster permitiu a formação de três grupos de búfalas de acordo com o potencial das características estudadas. Conclusão: Baseado nesses agrupamentos, os produtores podem tomar decisões específicas quanto aos manejos nutricional e reprodutivo, e sobre o descarte de búfalas, de acordo com os agrupamentos., Resumen Antecedentes: La demanda de productos de leche de búfala en el mercado mundial viene creciendo en virtud de sus características nutricionales únicas. La mayoría de los hatos bufalinos no tienen adecuados controles, lo que dificulta la implementación de programas de selección. Objetivo: Analizar la producción de leche por lactancia (MP), duración de la lactancia (LL) y el intervalo entre partos (CI) para apoyar la clasificación de búfalos según su potencial. Métodos: Se recogieron 543 registros de lactancia de 105 búfalas Murrah mestizas entre los años 2002 y 2014. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y análisis de conglomerados. Resultados: Los primeros componentes (PCs) fueron responsables del 92.32% de la variación total, de los cuales 61.45 y 30.87% fueron explicados por el primer (PC1) y segundo (PC2) componentes, respectivamente. El análisis de conglomerados permitió la formación de tres grupos de búfalas, según su potencial. Conclusión: Los productores pueden tomar decisiones específicas con respecto a la gestión nutricional, reproductiva, y el descarte de hembras bufalinas basados en estas agrupaciones.

Background: The global market has an increasing demand for buffalo by-products due to their unique nutritional characteristics. Many buffalo herds lack suitable breeding control programs, hindering the implementation of selection programs. Objective: To evaluate milk production per lactation (MP), lactation length (LL), and calving interval (CI) of a herd of crossbred Murrah buffaloes to support buffalo clustering according to their potential. Methods: Data from 543 lactations between 2002 and 2014 from 105 crossbred Murrah female buffaloes were used. Data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. Results: The first components (PCs) were responsible for 92.32% of the total variation, of which 61.45 and 30.87% were explained by the first (PC1) and second (PC2) components, respectively. The cluster analysis allowed three female buffalo groups according to their potentials. Conclusion: Buffalo farmers can make decisions on nutritional, reproductive management and cow culling based on grouping., Resumo Antecedentes: A demanda por produtos de origem do leite de búfalas no mercado mundial tem crescido em virtude de suas características nutricionais singulares. Grande parte dos rebanhos de búfalos não possuem controle zootécnicos adequados, dificultando a implementação de programas de seleção. Objetivo: Analisar conjuntamente as características produção de leite por lactação (MP), duração da lactação (LL) e intervalo de partos (CI) para subsidiar a classificação das búfalas de acordo com seu potencial. Métodos: Para esse estudo, 543 dados de lactação de 105 búfalas mestiças Murrah foram coletadas entre 2002 e 2014. Os dados foram analisados por análises de componentes principais (PCA) e análises de cluster. Resultados: Os primeiros componentes (PCs) foram responsáveis por 92.32% da variação total, dos quais 61.45 e 30.87% foram explicados pelo primeiro (PC1) e segundo (PC2) componentes, respectivamente. A análise de cluster permitiu a formação de três grupos de búfalas de acordo com o potencial das características estudadas. Conclusão: Baseado nesses agrupamentos, os produtores podem tomar decisões específicas quanto aos manejos nutricional e reprodutivo, e sobre o descarte de búfalas, de acordo com os agrupamentos., Resumen Antecedentes: La demanda de productos de leche de búfala en el mercado mundial viene creciendo en virtud de sus características nutricionales únicas. La mayoría de los hatos bufalinos no tienen adecuados controles, lo que dificulta la implementación de programas de selección. Objetivo: Analizar la producción de leche por lactancia (MP), duración de la lactancia (LL) y el intervalo entre partos (CI) para apoyar la clasificación de búfalos según su potencial. Métodos: Se recogieron 543 registros de lactancia de 105 búfalas Murrah mestizas entre los años 2002 y 2014. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y análisis de conglomerados. Resultados: Los primeros componentes (PCs) fueron responsables del 92.32% de la variación total, de los cuales 61.45 y 30.87% fueron explicados por el primer (PC1) y segundo (PC2) componentes, respectivamente. El análisis de conglomerados permitió la formación de tres grupos de búfalas, según su potencial. Conclusión: Los productores pueden tomar decisiones específicas con respecto a la gestión nutricional, reproductiva, y el descarte de hembras bufalinas basados en estas agrupaciones.

The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the entry of entrepreneurial subjects into the sphere of organic farming in the Czech Republic. Primary data for the research was obtained from a questionnaire survey carried out in 2016 through an internal communication system of the PRO BIO Association, comprising 481 operators in the field of organic farming in the Czech Republic. The research questions mainly concerned the reason for entering the sphere of organic farming, and what influenced this decision, the motivation of entrepreneurs to stay in organic farming and what could possibly be the reason for their departure from this sector of business. Another part of the research questions related to the knowledge about organic farming in the establishment of their business. a combination of factors that are important in deciding on entry into the industry and subsequent stay was found., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the entry of entrepreneurial subjects into the sphere of organic farming in the Czech Republic. Primary data for the research was obtained from a questionnaire survey carried out in 2016 through an internal communication system of the PRO BIO Association, comprising 481 operators in the field of organic farming in the Czech Republic. The research questions mainly concerned the reason for entering the sphere of organic farming, and what influenced this decision, the motivation of entrepreneurs to stay in organic farming and what could possibly be the reason for their departure from this sector of business. Another part of the research questions related to the knowledge about organic farming in the establishment of their business. a combination of factors that are important in deciding on entry into the industry and subsequent stay was found., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the entry of entrepreneurial subjects into the sphere of organic farming in the Czech Republic. Primary data for the research was obtained from a questionnaire survey carried out in 2016 through an internal communication system of the PRO BIO Association, comprising 481 operators in the field of organic farming in the Czech Republic. The research questions mainly concerned the reason for entering the sphere of organic farming, and what influenced this decision, the motivation of entrepreneurs to stay in organic farming and what could possibly be the reason for their departure from this sector of business. Another part of the research questions related to the knowledge about organic farming in the establishment of their business. a combination of factors that are important in deciding on entry into the industry and subsequent stay was found., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the entry of entrepreneurial subjects into the sphere of organic farming in the Czech Republic. Primary data for the research was obtained from a questionnaire survey carried out in 2016 through an internal communication system of the PRO BIO Association, comprising 481 operators in the field of organic farming in the Czech Republic. The research questions mainly concerned the reason for entering the sphere of organic farming, and what influenced this decision, the motivation of entrepreneurs to stay in organic farming and what could possibly be the reason for their departure from this sector of business. Another part of the research questions related to the knowledge about organic farming in the establishment of their business. a combination of factors that are important in deciding on entry into the industry and subsequent stay was found.

A number of concerns persist regarding (i) how functional spaces should be quantified, (ii) how phylogenetic richness should be calculated, (iii) and how functional beta diversity should be calculated. Because all current methods have their shortcomings we think that analytical choices are as much a matter of knowing the limitations of the data and knowing the working hypothesis. Only then can one follow their personal choice, weighing up the shortcomings of different methods that, at the end of the day, usually produce qualitatively similar results.

A number of concerns persist regarding (i) how functional spaces should be quantified, (ii) how phylogenetic richness should be calculated, (iii) and how functional beta diversity should be calculated. Because all current methods have their shortcomings we think that analytical choices are as much a matter of knowing the limitations of the data and knowing the working hypothesis. Only then can one follow their personal choice, weighing up the shortcomings of different methods that, at the end of the day, usually produce qualitatively similar results.

Studies on genetic diversity in Pennisetum germplasm are the promising opportunities for the use of un-domesticated materials for improving pearl millet varieties. DNA based markers have now emerged as a potential genomic tool for estimation of genetic diversity among various cultivars and varietal identification. In present study, genetic diversity among 49 stay green inbreds of pearl millet was studied using simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Twenty nine polymorphic SSR primers, identified after initial screening of 70, were used to study diversity among these lines. A total of 108 alleles were amplified, collectively yielding unique SSR profiles for all the 49 inbreds. The average number of SSR alleles per locus was 3.72, with a range from 2 to 13. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values of various SSR loci across all the 49 inbreds ranged from 0.14 to 0.87 with an average of 0.51 per lo-cus. This indicated sufficient diversity among the 49 pearl millet inbreds and total 5 out of 29 polymorphic SSR loci, namely Xpsmp2070, Xpsmp2001, Xpsmp2008, Xpsmp2066, Xpsmp2072 revealed PIC values above 0.70, can be considered highly useful for differentiation of pearl millet inbred lines. The lowest PIC value (0.47) for linkage group 7 showed comparatively conserved nature of this linkage group A dendrogram obtained using WARD’s minimum variance method further delineates 49 inbreds into 8 major clusters, and the clustering pattern corroborated with their pedigree and characteristics traits.

BackgroundHierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) is a widely used classificatory technique in many areas of scientific knowledge. Applications usually yield a dendrogram from an HCA run over a given data set, using a grouping algorithm and a similarity measure. However, even when such parameters are fixed, ties in proximity (i.e. two equidistant clusters from a third one) may produce several different dendrograms, having different possible clustering patterns (different classifications). This situation is usually disregarded and conclusions are based on a single result, leading to questions concerning the permanence of clusters in all the resulting dendrograms; this happens, for example, when using HCA for grouping molecular descriptors to select that less similar ones in QSAR studies.ResultsRepresenting dendrograms in graph theoretical terms allowed us to introduce four measures of cluster frequency in a canonical way, and use them to calculate cluster frequencies over the set of all possible dendrograms, taking all ties in proximity into account. A toy example of well separated clusters was used, as well as a set of 1666 molecular descriptors calculated for a group of molecules having hepatotoxic activity to show how our functions may be used for studying the effect of ties in HCA analysis. Such functions were not restricted to the tie case; the possibility of using them to derive cluster stability measurements on arbitrary sets of dendrograms having the same leaves is discussed, e.g. dendrograms from variations of HCA parameters. It was found that ties occurred frequently, some yielding tens of thousands of dendrograms, even for small data sets.ConclusionsOur approach was able to detect trends in clustering patterns by offering a simple way of measuring their frequency, which is often very low. This would imply, that inferences and models based on descriptor classifications (e.g. QSAR) are likely to be biased, thereby requiring an assessment of their reliability. Mo

The research of the utilization of fuel power-engineering resources of Cherkassy region’s districts by the cluster’s analysis method with the aim of finding the homogeneous groups of districts for evaluating the efficiency of fuel powerengineering resources utilization is conducted., Проведено исследование использования топливно-энергетических ресурсов районов Черкасской области методом кластерного анализа с целью определения однородных групп районов для оценки эффективности использования топливно-энергетических ресурсов., Проведено дослідження використання паливно-енергетичних ресурсів районів Черкаської області методом кластерного аналізу з метою визначення однорідних груп районів для оцінювання ефективності використання паливно-енергетичних ресурсів.