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This is a qualitative study, and the purpose is to investigate whether hybrid work is a successful way of working in matters of conflict, leadership, and control. The two questions that form the basis of the analysis are I: What does hybrid work mean and how does this affect employees in practice? And II: What impact does hybrid work have on leadership? The essay was written on behalf of and in collaboration with a Swedish government authority. The purpose of the essay has been developed in collaboration with the authority. Semi-structured interviews have been the main approach to data collection. The interviews took place at the relevant authority with both employees and managers. Thematic analysis based on Braune and Clark’s six steps (2006) has been carried out to analyze the data and to produce the results on which the study is based. The main results that emerged are that hybrid work based on several factors entails both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the results that emerged were that change in leadership is central to hybrid work and that it requires more from managers to adapt to this. There have also been results about loss of control for both managers and employees, as well as both a positive and negative impact on mood due to hybrid work.

This is a qualitative study, and the purpose is to investigate whether hybrid work is a successful way of working in matters of conflict, leadership, and control. The two questions that form the basis of the analysis are I: What does hybrid work mean and how does this affect employees in practice? And II: What impact does hybrid work have on leadership? The essay was written on behalf of and in collaboration with a Swedish government authority. The purpose of the essay has been developed in collaboration with the authority. Semi-structured interviews have been the main approach to data collection. The interviews took place at the relevant authority with both employees and managers. Thematic analysis based on Braune and Clark’s six steps (2006) has been carried out to analyze the data and to produce the results on which the study is based. The main results that emerged are that hybrid work based on several factors entails both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the results that emerged were that change in leadership is central to hybrid work and that it requires more from managers to adapt to this. There have also been results about loss of control for both managers and employees, as well as both a positive and negative impact on mood due to hybrid work.

Introduction: The Swedish version of the patient-reported Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measures (CORE-OM) has demonstrated high reliability and acceptable convergent validity in explanatory factor analyses. However, the fundamental scale properties have not yet been validated according to item response theory. The aim of this study was to analyze the measurement properties of the Swedish CORE-OM in a cohort of psychiatric out-patients with depression and anxiety in a multicultural area and to explore combinations of items based on shorter versions of the scale (CORE-10, CORE-6D) to improve measurement properties. Methods: Data from CORE-OM assessments of 337 patients were analyzed using Rasch analysis. The patients had a mean age of 30 +/- 14 years, the majority were women (72%). Requirements for measurement properties were checked: overall model fit, item fit residuals, targeting, internal consistency, differential item functioning and thresholds. Sensitivity to change was also analyzed. Results: The CORE-OM showed high internal consistency (person separation index = 0.947) and adequate targeting, but there was overall model misfit (item trait interaction chi(2) = 917.53, p < 0.001), indication of local dependency, and differential item functioning in 9 items. The risk items showed problems with disordered thresholds. The emotional component of the shorter CORE-6D showed the best fit for our sample. Adding 3 items to include depressive and trauma-related content resulted in a unidimensional 8-item set with acceptable reliability, model fit, targeting and sensitivity to change. Conclusion: For out-patients with diagnosed depression or anxiety in a multicultural area, the Swedish CORE-OM showed high internal consistency, but also validity problems. Based on the shorter CORE-6D version, a unidimensional 8-item set could be an alternative brief measure of psychological distress for this population, but further validity studies are required. Qualit

Objective: To analyze definitions and related requirements, processes, and operationalization of person-centered goal-setting in the physiotherapy research literature; to discuss those findings in relation to underlying principles of person-centeredness; and to provide an initial framework for how person-centered goal-setting could be conceptualized and operationalized in physiotherapy. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the databases: CINAHL, PubMed, PEDro, PsycINFO, REHABdata and Scopus. A content analysis was performed on how person-centered goal-setting was described. Results: A total of 21 articles were included in the content analysis. Five categories were identified: 1) Understanding goals that are meaningful to the patients; 2) Setting goals in collaboration; 3) Facing challenges with person-centered goal-setting; 4) Developing skills by experiences and education; and 5) Changing interaction and reflective practice. These categories were abstracted into two higher-ordered interlaced themes: 1) To seek mutual understanding of what is meaningful to the patient; and 2) To refine physiotherapy interaction skills, which we suggest would be useful for further conceptualization. Conclusion: In this analysis, we interpreted person-centered goal-setting in physiotherapy as a process of interaction toward a mutual understanding of what is meaningful to the patient. Future research may explore how to integrate mindful listening, embodied interaction and continuous ethical reflection with different assessments and treatment methods.

Objective: To analyze definitions and related requirements, processes, and operationalization of person-centered goal-setting in the physiotherapy research literature; to discuss those findings in relation to underlying principles of person-centeredness; and to provide an initial framework for how person-centered goal-setting could be conceptualized and operationalized in physiotherapy. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the databases: CINAHL, PubMed, PEDro, PsycINFO, REHABdata and Scopus. A content analysis was performed on how person-centered goal-setting was described. Results: A total of 21 articles were included in the content analysis. Five categories were identified: 1) Understanding goals that are meaningful to the patients; 2) Setting goals in collaboration; 3) Facing challenges with person-centered goal-setting; 4) Developing skills by experiences and education; and 5) Changing interaction and reflective practice. These categories were abstracted into two higher-ordered interlaced themes: 1) To seek mutual understanding of what is meaningful to the patient; and 2) To refine physiotherapy interaction skills, which we suggest would be useful for further conceptualization. Conclusion: In this analysis, we interpreted person-centered goal-setting in physiotherapy as a process of interaction toward a mutual understanding of what is meaningful to the patient. Future research may explore how to integrate mindful listening, embodied interaction and continuous ethical reflection with different assessments and treatment methods.

Inledning/Bakgrund: ALS är en obotlig neurodegenerativ sjukdom med ett progressivt förlopp där skelettmuskulaturen förtvinas vilket sedermera leder till förlamning och slutligen döden. Vanligtvis inträffar döden inom två till fyra år. Idag saknas dessutom botande behandling, varför åtgärderna riktas till symtomlindring, kompensation för förlorade funktioner och att upprätthållabästa möjliga livskvalitet, vilket enligt Næss beskrivs som att ha goda värderingar om livet. Syfte: Ur ett patientperspektiv belysa upplevelser som påverkar livskvalitet vid ALS. Metod: Litteraturstudien sammanställdes genom Polit och Becks (2017) nio steg med datainsamling från Cinahl, PsycInfo och PubMed. Resultatet innefattar åtta kvalitativa artiklar, två kvantitativa och en artikel av mixad metod. Resultat: I litteraturstudiens resultat identifierades två huvudkategorier; En lidande resa och Meningsfullhet med underkategorierna En börda för omgivningen och Ett begränsat liv. Slutsats: Litteraturstudiens resultat visade att upplevelser som påverkar livskvalitet vid ALS är individuella och flerdimensionella. Upplevelser som bidrog till nedsatt livskvalitet var överrepresenterade och beskrevs som en lidande resa innefattande omvälvande känslor under sjukdomsförloppet, med uppfattningen om att vara en börda och att vara begränsad i livet till följd av funktionsnedsättningar. Trots det kunde patienterna lära sig hantera sjukdomen och meningsfullhet upplevdes. Sjuksköterskan bör således tillhandahålla stöd för sjukdomshantering för att bidra till ökad livskvalitet

Inledning/Bakgrund: ALS är en obotlig neurodegenerativ sjukdom med ett progressivt förlopp där skelettmuskulaturen förtvinas vilket sedermera leder till förlamning och slutligen döden. Vanligtvis inträffar döden inom två till fyra år. Idag saknas dessutom botande behandling, varför åtgärderna riktas till symtomlindring, kompensation för förlorade funktioner och att upprätthållabästa möjliga livskvalitet, vilket enligt Næss beskrivs som att ha goda värderingar om livet. Syfte: Ur ett patientperspektiv belysa upplevelser som påverkar livskvalitet vid ALS. Metod: Litteraturstudien sammanställdes genom Polit och Becks (2017) nio steg med datainsamling från Cinahl, PsycInfo och PubMed. Resultatet innefattar åtta kvalitativa artiklar, två kvantitativa och en artikel av mixad metod. Resultat: I litteraturstudiens resultat identifierades två huvudkategorier; En lidande resa och Meningsfullhet med underkategorierna En börda för omgivningen och Ett begränsat liv. Slutsats: Litteraturstudiens resultat visade att upplevelser som påverkar livskvalitet vid ALS är individuella och flerdimensionella. Upplevelser som bidrog till nedsatt livskvalitet var överrepresenterade och beskrevs som en lidande resa innefattande omvälvande känslor under sjukdomsförloppet, med uppfattningen om att vara en börda och att vara begränsad i livet till följd av funktionsnedsättningar. Trots det kunde patienterna lära sig hantera sjukdomen och meningsfullhet upplevdes. Sjuksköterskan bör således tillhandahålla stöd för sjukdomshantering för att bidra till ökad livskvalitet

Antalet HIV-positiva personer i världen ökar och sjuksköterskor behöver därför ha adekvat kunskap kring hur det är att leva med humant immunbristvirus (HIV). Att leva med HIV som ungdom och ung vuxen kan upplevas vara extra svårt då dessa individer befinner sig i en känslig övergångsålder. Syftet till denna litteraturstudie var därför att belysa ungdomars och unga vuxnas upplevelser av att leva med humant immunbristvirus (HIV). Studien är en allmän litteraturstudie där en innehållsanalys användes för att få fram resultatet. Totalt identifierades tio olika kategorier vilka resulterade i fyra teman: När livet stannar upp, Jag i relation till andra, Sjukvårdsrelaterade faktorer och När livet går vidare. Att leva med HIV som ungdom och ung vuxen upplevdes vara svårt och påverkades av stigmatisering i samhället. Hemlighetshållande av diagnosen kunde påverka den sexuella hälsan och läkemedelsföljsamheten. Relationerna till sjukvårdspersonalen upplevdes vara betydelsefulla vilket tillsammans med stödgrupper kunde bidra till ett ökat självförtroende och acceptans kring sjukdomen. Rätt kunskap om HIV och ett holistiskt synsätt är vitalt för att sjuksköterskor ska kunna ge en personcentrerad omvårdnad till dessa ungdomar. Mer forskning kring upplevelsen av att leva med HIV behövs., The number of HIV-positive individuals in the world is increasing and nurses therefore need adequate knowledge about living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Living with HIV as a youth and young adult can be hard since these individuals are in a sensitive transition age. The purpose of this literature study was to highlight the experiences of living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a youth and young adult. This study is a general literature study where a content analysis was used to reach the results. Ten different categories were identified which resulted in four themes: When life stops, I in relations to others, Health-care related factors and When life goes on. Living with HIV as a youth was found to be difficult and was affected by stigmatization in society. Trying to keep the diagnosis a secret could affect sexual health and drug adherence. Relationships with healthcare professionals were found to be significant, which together with support groups could contribute to increased self-confidence and acceptance about the disease. It’s vital for nurses to have correct knowledge about HIV and a holistic approach to be able to provide a person-centred care. More research on the experience of living with HIV is needed.

Antalet HIV-positiva personer i världen ökar och sjuksköterskor behöver därför ha adekvat kunskap kring hur det är att leva med humant immunbristvirus (HIV). Att leva med HIV som ungdom och ung vuxen kan upplevas vara extra svårt då dessa individer befinner sig i en känslig övergångsålder. Syftet till denna litteraturstudie var därför att belysa ungdomars och unga vuxnas upplevelser av att leva med humant immunbristvirus (HIV). Studien är en allmän litteraturstudie där en innehållsanalys användes för att få fram resultatet. Totalt identifierades tio olika kategorier vilka resulterade i fyra teman: När livet stannar upp, Jag i relation till andra, Sjukvårdsrelaterade faktorer och När livet går vidare. Att leva med HIV som ungdom och ung vuxen upplevdes vara svårt och påverkades av stigmatisering i samhället. Hemlighetshållande av diagnosen kunde påverka den sexuella hälsan och läkemedelsföljsamheten. Relationerna till sjukvårdspersonalen upplevdes vara betydelsefulla vilket tillsammans med stödgrupper kunde bidra till ett ökat självförtroende och acceptans kring sjukdomen. Rätt kunskap om HIV och ett holistiskt synsätt är vitalt för att sjuksköterskor ska kunna ge en personcentrerad omvårdnad till dessa ungdomar. Mer forskning kring upplevelsen av att leva med HIV behövs., The number of HIV-positive individuals in the world is increasing and nurses therefore need adequate knowledge about living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Living with HIV as a youth and young adult can be hard since these individuals are in a sensitive transition age. The purpose of this literature study was to highlight the experiences of living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a youth and young adult. This study is a general literature study where a content analysis was used to reach the results. Ten different categories were identified which resulted in four themes: When life stops, I in relations to others, Health-care related factors and When life goes on. Living with HIV as a youth was found to be difficult and was affected by stigmatization in society. Trying to keep the diagnosis a secret could affect sexual health and drug adherence. Relationships with healthcare professionals were found to be significant, which together with support groups could contribute to increased self-confidence and acceptance about the disease. It’s vital for nurses to have correct knowledge about HIV and a holistic approach to be able to provide a person-centred care. More research on the experience of living with HIV is needed.

Between a worker and an employer there is a relationship that builds on loyalty. This requirement of loyalty means that the worker should not do anything that could harm the employer. This could lead to limitations in the workers right to express themself. In todys society social media is a big part of peoples life. Within the public sector there is freedom of speech accordning to the Constitution of Sweden, this does not apply for the privat sector. For workers within the private sector there is the right to critisise as an incentive to the demand of loyalty. The purpose of the thesis is to review the right to critisise and its relationship with the demand of loyalty. The method for the thesis is legal dogmatic method. The result of the thesis is that the the right to critisise has four evaluation criterias, the critieras are that the employer has to bring the criticism internal, the purpose with the criticism, if the worker has a position of trust and if the worker has followed the reprimand they have been given by the employer. This shows that the worker can go public with criticism if the purpose is to highlight anomalys at the workplace, but first the criticism has to go through the employer. This means a limitation in a workers acting on social medias. By courtcases you can see a problem with the lack of knowledge about what a worker can write on social media. You can also see a problem for temporary employees who writes on social media about their work.

Between a worker and an employer there is a relationship that builds on loyalty. This requirement of loyalty means that the worker should not do anything that could harm the employer. This could lead to limitations in the workers right to express themself. In todys society social media is a big part of peoples life. Within the public sector there is freedom of speech accordning to the Constitution of Sweden, this does not apply for the privat sector. For workers within the private sector there is the right to critisise as an incentive to the demand of loyalty. The purpose of the thesis is to review the right to critisise and its relationship with the demand of loyalty. The method for the thesis is legal dogmatic method. The result of the thesis is that the the right to critisise has four evaluation criterias, the critieras are that the employer has to bring the criticism internal, the purpose with the criticism, if the worker has a position of trust and if the worker has followed the reprimand they have been given by the employer. This shows that the worker can go public with criticism if the purpose is to highlight anomalys at the workplace, but first the criticism has to go through the employer. This means a limitation in a workers acting on social medias. By courtcases you can see a problem with the lack of knowledge about what a worker can write on social media. You can also see a problem for temporary employees who writes on social media about their work.

Centrala begrepp: Organisationskultur, servicekultur, medarbetarskap, mellanchef, servicefokuserad strategi Syfte: Att med en fallstudie undersöka mellanchefens roll i att implementera en strategi genom sitt ledarskap i en större organisation. Studien fokuserar på butikschefens komplexa roll som mellanchef för att titta närmare på hur direktiv från ledningen och personalen hanteras. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer använts som metod för insamlingen av empiri och har ett konstruktionistiskt synsätt. Empiri: Valet av fallstudieföretag gjordes utifrån deras servicefokuserade strategi och för att organisationen var tillräckligt stor för att passa studiens syfte. Empirin utgjordes av tio kvalitativa intervjuer varav sju stycken utfördes med butikschefer, en med regionchef och två från koncernledningen. Teoretiska perspektiv: Organisationskultur presenteras för att se hur det genom rekrytering och socialisation av medarbetare fungerar som ett styrinstrument. För att avgränsa ett bredare begrepp som organisationskultur lyfts servicekultur. Medarbetarskap avser hur ledaren arbetar med sin arbetsgrupp och anlägger på så sätt ett smalare perspektiv än servicekultur. Dessa perspektiv formas av varandra. Slutsatser: Fallstudieföretaget har en servicefokuserad strategi som butikschefen påverkar genom rekrytering, socialisation och användandet av styrinstrument. Dessa faktorer skapar i sin tur en servicekultur. Butikscheferna hanterar resultatorienterade faktorer från företaget och relationsorienterade faktorer från sina medarbetare genom tydlig kommunikation av butikens mål och uppmuntran av sina anställda.

Centrala begrepp: Organisationskultur, servicekultur, medarbetarskap, mellanchef, servicefokuserad strategi Syfte: Att med en fallstudie undersöka mellanchefens roll i att implementera en strategi genom sitt ledarskap i en större organisation. Studien fokuserar på butikschefens komplexa roll som mellanchef för att titta närmare på hur direktiv från ledningen och personalen hanteras. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer använts som metod för insamlingen av empiri och har ett konstruktionistiskt synsätt. Empiri: Valet av fallstudieföretag gjordes utifrån deras servicefokuserade strategi och för att organisationen var tillräckligt stor för att passa studiens syfte. Empirin utgjordes av tio kvalitativa intervjuer varav sju stycken utfördes med butikschefer, en med regionchef och två från koncernledningen. Teoretiska perspektiv: Organisationskultur presenteras för att se hur det genom rekrytering och socialisation av medarbetare fungerar som ett styrinstrument. För att avgränsa ett bredare begrepp som organisationskultur lyfts servicekultur. Medarbetarskap avser hur ledaren arbetar med sin arbetsgrupp och anlägger på så sätt ett smalare perspektiv än servicekultur. Dessa perspektiv formas av varandra. Slutsatser: Fallstudieföretaget har en servicefokuserad strategi som butikschefen påverkar genom rekrytering, socialisation och användandet av styrinstrument. Dessa faktorer skapar i sin tur en servicekultur. Butikscheferna hanterar resultatorienterade faktorer från företaget och relationsorienterade faktorer från sina medarbetare genom tydlig kommunikation av butikens mål och uppmuntran av sina anställda.

The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction in sign language in a classroom in the special school for deaf and hard of hearing pupils. Three questions are of particular interest: What characterizes interaction in educational situations where the whole class is present compared to half the class and when the pupils in small groups are solving problems given by the teacher? How are a hearing and a deaf teacher interacting in the classroom? And How are boys and girls interacting in different educational situations? Theoretically the study is based on an educational interaction model. Of particular interest in this model are restrictive and permissive aspects of teaching and factors stimulating pupil participation. Symbolic interactionism has been used in the interpretation of face-to-face interaction in sign language. Video recordings of classroom interaction in natural sciences were documented in a class in the special school comprising 17 pupils and three teachers. A total of seven lessons were recorded consisting of whole class teaching, half class teaching and problem solving in small groups. Of the pupils ten were girls and seven were boys and of the teachers one was hearing and one was deaf. The third teacher was only temporarily in the class and was not included in the analysis. The recorded material was transcribed and analyzed in six steps. The results show that the teachers are most restrictive in whole class teaching while there is more participation from the pupils in half class teaching. In the small group problem solving the teachers seem to be more interested in the group process than in getting an answer to the problem. This gives a lot of room for individual actions and interaction of a relational kind rather than educational. There tend to be some visible differences between the hearing and the deaf teacher. The former uses a more individual approach towards the pupils, I-Gaze, which leaves room for the pupils to be engaged in other activi

The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction in sign language in a classroom in the special school for deaf and hard of hearing pupils. Three questions are of particular interest: What characterizes interaction in educational situations where the whole class is present compared to half the class and when the pupils in small groups are solving problems given by the teacher? How are a hearing and a deaf teacher interacting in the classroom? And How are boys and girls interacting in different educational situations? Theoretically the study is based on an educational interaction model. Of particular interest in this model are restrictive and permissive aspects of teaching and factors stimulating pupil participation. Symbolic interactionism has been used in the interpretation of face-to-face interaction in sign language. Video recordings of classroom interaction in natural sciences were documented in a class in the special school comprising 17 pupils and three teachers. A total of seven lessons were recorded consisting of whole class teaching, half class teaching and problem solving in small groups. Of the pupils ten were girls and seven were boys and of the teachers one was hearing and one was deaf. The third teacher was only temporarily in the class and was not included in the analysis. The recorded material was transcribed and analyzed in six steps. The results show that the teachers are most restrictive in whole class teaching while there is more participation from the pupils in half class teaching. In the small group problem solving the teachers seem to be more interested in the group process than in getting an answer to the problem. This gives a lot of room for individual actions and interaction of a relational kind rather than educational. There tend to be some visible differences between the hearing and the deaf teacher. The former uses a more individual approach towards the pupils, I-Gaze, which leaves room for the pupils to be engaged in other activi

The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction in sign language in a classroom in the special school for deaf and hard of hearing pupils. Three questions are of particular interest: What characterizes interaction in educational situations where the whole class is present compared to half the class and when the pupils in small groups are solving problems given by the teacher? How are a hearing and a deaf teacher interacting in the classroom? And How are boys and girls interacting in different educational situations? Theoretically the study is based on an educational interaction model. Of particular interest in this model are restrictive and permissive aspects of teaching and factors stimulating pupil participation. Symbolic interactionism has been used in the interpretation of face-to-face interaction in sign language. Video recordings of classroom interaction in natural sciences were documented in a class in the special school comprising 17 pupils and three teachers. A total of seven lessons were recorded consisting of whole class teaching, half class teaching and problem solving in small groups. Of the pupils ten were girls and seven were boys and of the teachers one was hearing and one was deaf. The third teacher was only temporarily in the class and was not included in the analysis. The recorded material was transcribed and analyzed in six steps. The results show that the teachers are most restrictive in whole class teaching while there is more participation from the pupils in half class teaching. In the small group problem solving the teachers seem to be more interested in the group process than in getting an answer to the problem. This gives a lot of room for individual actions and interaction of a relational kind rather than educational. There tend to be some visible differences between the hearing and the deaf teacher. The former uses a more individual approach towards the pupils, I-Gaze, which leaves room for the pupils to be engaged in other activi

The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction in sign language in a classroom in the special school for deaf and hard of hearing pupils. Three questions are of particular interest: What characterizes interaction in educational situations where the whole class is present compared to half the class and when the pupils in small groups are solving problems given by the teacher? How are a hearing and a deaf teacher interacting in the classroom? And How are boys and girls interacting in different educational situations? Theoretically the study is based on an educational interaction model. Of particular interest in this model are restrictive and permissive aspects of teaching and factors stimulating pupil participation. Symbolic interactionism has been used in the interpretation of face-to-face interaction in sign language. Video recordings of classroom interaction in natural sciences were documented in a class in the special school comprising 17 pupils and three teachers. A total of seven lessons were recorded consisting of whole class teaching, half class teaching and problem solving in small groups. Of the pupils ten were girls and seven were boys and of the teachers one was hearing and one was deaf. The third teacher was only temporarily in the class and was not included in the analysis. The recorded material was transcribed and analyzed in six steps. The results show that the teachers are most restrictive in whole class teaching while there is more participation from the pupils in half class teaching. In the small group problem solving the teachers seem to be more interested in the group process than in getting an answer to the problem. This gives a lot of room for individual actions and interaction of a relational kind rather than educational. There tend to be some visible differences between the hearing and the deaf teacher. The former uses a more individual approach towards the pupils, I-Gaze, which leaves room for the pupils to be engaged in other activi

The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction in sign language in a classroom in the special school for deaf and hard of hearing pupils. Three questions are of particular interest: What characterizes interaction in educational situations where the whole class is present compared to half the class and when the pupils in small groups are solving problems given by the teacher? How are a hearing and a deaf teacher interacting in the classroom? And How are boys and girls interacting in different educational situations? Theoretically the study is based on an educational interaction model. Of particular interest in this model are restrictive and permissive aspects of teaching and factors stimulating pupil participation. Symbolic interactionism has been used in the interpretation of face-to-face interaction in sign language. Video recordings of classroom interaction in natural sciences were documented in a class in the special school comprising 17 pupils and three teachers. A total of seven lessons were recorded consisting of whole class teaching, half class teaching and problem solving in small groups. Of the pupils ten were girls and seven were boys and of the teachers one was hearing and one was deaf. The third teacher was only temporarily in the class and was not included in the analysis. The recorded material was transcribed and analyzed in six steps. The results show that the teachers are most restrictive in whole class teaching while there is more participation from the pupils in half class teaching. In the small group problem solving the teachers seem to be more interested in the group process than in getting an answer to the problem. This gives a lot of room for individual actions and interaction of a relational kind rather than educational. There tend to be some visible differences between the hearing and the deaf teacher. The former uses a more individual approach towards the pupils, I-Gaze, which leaves room for the pupils to be engaged in other activi

The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction in sign language in a classroom in the special school for deaf and hard of hearing pupils. Three questions are of particular interest: What characterizes interaction in educational situations where the whole class is present compared to half the class and when the pupils in small groups are solving problems given by the teacher? How are a hearing and a deaf teacher interacting in the classroom? And How are boys and girls interacting in different educational situations? Theoretically the study is based on an educational interaction model. Of particular interest in this model are restrictive and permissive aspects of teaching and factors stimulating pupil participation. Symbolic interactionism has been used in the interpretation of face-to-face interaction in sign language. Video recordings of classroom interaction in natural sciences were documented in a class in the special school comprising 17 pupils and three teachers. A total of seven lessons were recorded consisting of whole class teaching, half class teaching and problem solving in small groups. Of the pupils ten were girls and seven were boys and of the teachers one was hearing and one was deaf. The third teacher was only temporarily in the class and was not included in the analysis. The recorded material was transcribed and analyzed in six steps. The results show that the teachers are most restrictive in whole class teaching while there is more participation from the pupils in half class teaching. In the small group problem solving the teachers seem to be more interested in the group process than in getting an answer to the problem. This gives a lot of room for individual actions and interaction of a relational kind rather than educational. There tend to be some visible differences between the hearing and the deaf teacher. The former uses a more individual approach towards the pupils, I-Gaze, which leaves room for the pupils to be engaged in other activi

Byggnads- och servicesektorn står idag för nästan 40 % av Sveriges energianvändning. Därför är det mycket betydelsefullt att minska energiförbrukningen för byggnader. Idag finns det tekniker som gör det möjligt att bygga hus med en energiförbrukning lägre än 40 kWh/m². Ändå byggs det oftast enligt konventionella principer och med traditionella värmekällor. En av anledningarna kan vara att Boverkets byggregler inte har så höga krav. Ett annat skäl kan vara att det krävs kunskap och engagemang för att bygga lågenergihus som till exempel passivhus. Det är en relativt ny teknik att bygga hus på för byggare Sverige och många har inte kunskapen. Det som skiljer ett passivhus från konventionellt byggda hus är att passivhus inte har något värmesystem. Radhusen i Lindås som är byggda enligt passivhusstandard drar i genomsnitt en tredjedel av vad normala nybyggda radhus gör. Med tanke på de höga energipriserna borde det vara viktigt att sänka energikostnaderna genom att bygga hus som ger lägre driftskostnader. Förbrukningen av energi påverkar utöver kostnaderna även vår miljö vilket också borde vara ett incitament till att bygga mer energisnåla byggnader, som exempelvis passivhus. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förstå varför fastighetsbolag och byggbolag väljer att bygga eller inte bygga passivhus vid en bestämd nybyggnation. Vi har kommit fram till att det finns en skepticism mot passivhuskonceptet som beror på okunskap och dåliga erfarenheter av tidigare innovationer. Det finns även lagar och regler som påverkar hur hus byggs i Sverige. Intresset för energieffektivisering har ökat de senaste åren men passivhus är fortfarande ett väldigt nytt koncept vilket gör att branschen är försiktig. Idag är passivhus en aning dyrare att bygga än konventionella hus och eftersom avkastningen ofta är avgörande vid ett beslut om nybyggnation väljer många att bygga det billigare alternativet.

This is a project in Entrepreneurship and Creativity on masters’ degree. The purpose was to verify whether the Swedish retail trade within the beauty care business was ready for an in-troduction of colour cosmetics. Through the qualitative research grounded theory, I made several phone interviews with independence retail traders within the Swedish beauty care business. The selection of respondents is based on statistical facts and geographic coverage of Swedish beauty care shops. My results manifest that consumers requests colour cosmetics in the shops, however, this products are not deliverd by retailers. Yet, I consider that Swedish retail traders are ready for an introduction of colour cosmetics since they have a great interest of both the products and the ethnic market. With focus to obtain knowledge about the products and the upcoming ethnicmarket they can fulfill their consumers’ requests.

This is a project in Entrepreneurship and Creativity on masters’ degree. The purpose was to verify whether the Swedish retail trade within the beauty care business was ready for an in-troduction of colour cosmetics. Through the qualitative research grounded theory, I made several phone interviews with independence retail traders within the Swedish beauty care business. The selection of respondents is based on statistical facts and geographic coverage of Swedish beauty care shops. My results manifest that consumers requests colour cosmetics in the shops, however, this products are not deliverd by retailers. Yet, I consider that Swedish retail traders are ready for an introduction of colour cosmetics since they have a great interest of both the products and the ethnic market. With focus to obtain knowledge about the products and the upcoming ethnicmarket they can fulfill their consumers’ requests.

RNA interference is a naturally occurring process of gene silencing that reduces the expression of the gene from which the RNA sequence is derived, when added in a double-stranded form. RNA interference works as defense against viruses and transposons. The aim of this study was to optimize a protocol for RNA interference in mouse mammary epithelial HC11 cells by using different controls, and finally to silence the drug transporter BCRP to do an uptake-study with the BCRP-substrate mitoxantrone. The optimization of the protocol was performed with four different lipids, as well as sicontrol tox, negative control and a positive control Cyclophilin B. Sicontrol tox and the negative control were assessed with ATP determination. Real time PCR was performed to check the down-regulation of Cyclophilin B after RNAi treatment of the HC11 cells. The results of the optimization protocol showed that transfection for 48 h in the presence of lipid nr 1 diluted 1:4 times works best for transfection in HC11 cells. Cyclophilin B was down-regulated about 90 % with this protocol, and BCRP was down-regulated 80 %. The uptake-study with mitoxantrone showed that the BCRP gene silenced cells accumulated the double amount of mitoxantrone as compared to controls. In conclusion, the obtained results provide a promising model for screening BCRP substrates, which can be used to examine other transporters in mammary epithelial cells, as well.