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Denna studie söker undersöka huruvida det kan ha funnits något historiskt samband mellan bostäders lokalisering och vindriktningen i förhållande till industrier. Frågan ställs också huruvida arbetarbostäders och tjänstemannabostäders historiska lokalisering kan skönjas i dagens socioekonomisk-geografiska situation. En jämförelse görs mellan arbetarbostäders och tjänstemannabostäders lokalisering i förhållande till industrierna runt sekelskiftet 1900 i tre svenska samhällen: Fagersta, Uppsala och Västerås. Industriernas och bostädernas lokalisering undersöks med hjälp av skriftliga källor och jämförs med varandra med hjälp av en kartanalys genom GIS. Bostädernas lokalisering analyseras därefter i förhållande till vindriktningen från industrierna. Vindriktningen undersöks genom historiska data från Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. En analys görs sedan med data om medianinkomsten i samhällenas demografiska statistikområden år 2020 från Statistiska centralbyrån för att få fram huruvida det finns något mönster i vilka områden som historiskt och i dag har svagare socioekonomisk status. Studien upptäcker ett visst mönster mellan bostäders lokalisering i förhållande till vindriktningen ifrån industrierna samt en svag tendens till att 2020 års socioekonomiskt svagare områden stämmer överens med de historiska bostadsområdena.

Issue Online: 18 March 2014; Version of Record online: 18 March 2014; Accepted manuscript online: 01 November 2013; Manuscript accepted: 15 October 2013; Manuscript revised: 11 October 2013; Manuscript received: 04 June 2013, Intersubnuclear neurons in the caudal division of the spinal trigeminal nucleus that project to the principal nucleus (Pr5) play an active role in shaping the receptive fields of other neurons, at different levels in the ascending sensory system that processes information originating from the vibrissae. Using retrograde labeling and digital reconstruction, we investigated the morphometry and topology of the dendritic trees of these neurons and the changes induced by long-term experience-dependent plasticity in adult male rats. Primary afferent input was either eliminated by transection of the right infraorbital nerve (IoN), or selectively altered by repeated whisker clipping on the right side. These neurons do not display asymmetries between sides in basic metric and topologic parameters (global number of trees, nodes, spines or dendritic ends), although neurons on the left tend to have longer terminal segments. Ipsilaterally, both deafferentation (IoN transection) and deprivation (whisker trimming) reduced the density of spines, and the former also caused a global increase in total dendritic length and a relative increase in more complex arbors. Contralaterally, deafferentation reduced more complex dendritic trees, and caused a moderate decline in dendritic length and spatial reach, and a loss of spines in number and density. Deprivation caused a similar, but more profound, effect on spines. Our findings provide original quantitative descriptions of a scarcely known cell population, and show that denervation- or deprivation-derived plasticity is expressed not only by neurons at higher levels of the sensory pathways, but also by interneurons in key local circuits for subcortical sensory processing., Depto. de Análisis Matemático y Matemática Aplicada, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

Die Studie vergleicht alltägliche Diskriminierungserfahrungen in unterschiedlichen Lebensbereichen sowie Reaktionsstrategien der Betroffenen entlang von Geschlecht, Rassismus, Behinderung, sexueller Orientierung, Gewicht und weiteren Merkmalen. Zusätzlich werden Einstellungen zu Antidiskriminierungspolitik dargestellt. Dabei zeigen sich starke Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Sachsen und anderen Bundesländern. Die Studie verweist auf rechtliche Schutzlücken sowie mangelnde Unterstützungsstrukturen für Betroffene und basiert auf einer Betroffenen- sowie einer sachsen- und bundesweiten Bevölkerungsbefragung. Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Wissenschaftler:innen als auch an interessierte Praktiker:innen der Antidiskriminierungsarbeit., This study compares everyday experiences of discrimination in different areas of life and the response strategies of those affected along the dimensions of gender, racism, disability, sexual orientation and weight, among others. In addition, it presents attitudes towards anti-discrimination policies. There are strong similarities between Saxony and other federal states. The study highlights gaps in legal protection and a lack of support structures for those affected and is based on a survey of those affected and a national population survey, including one conducted in Saxony. The book is aimed at both academics and practitioners of anti-discrimination work.

Objective: This paper examines gender differences in the labour market integration of newly arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the heterogeneity in employment rates among female refugees. Background: Previous research has demonstrated that refugee women are disadvantaged on the labour market not only compared to their male counterparts, but also compared to other immigrant women. So far, however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the specific disadvantages of refugee women. Method: Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we analyse the labour market participation of refugees who migrated to Germany between 2013 and 2017. To test our theoretical assumptions, we apply logistic regressions. Results: Our results show that compositional differences in qualifications, family structure, institutional support, and networks can partly explain the gender gap in labour force participation that disadvantage refugee women. We find substantial variation in the importance of different determinants for the labour market outcomes of men and women. Conclusion: As the gender gaps in labour supply could be fully attributed to the theoretical mechanisms offered in the literature, further research is needed to disentangle female refugees' employment behaviour., Fragestellung: Der Artikel untersucht Geschlechterunterschiede bei der Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von jüngst nach Deutschland eingereisten Geflüchteten unter Berücksichtigung ihres mitgebrachten Arbeitskräfteangebotes. Wir berücksichtigen dabei speziell die Vielfalt innerhalb der Gruppe geflüchteter Frauen. Hintergrund: Bisherige Forschung machte deutlich, dass weibliche Geflüchtete bei der Arbeitsmarktteilhabe nicht nur im Vergleich zu männlichen Geflüchteten, sondern auch verglichen mit anderen migrantischen Frauen benachteiligt sind. Zuweilen vernachlässigte diese Forschung jedoch die Heterogenität der Gruppe geflüchteter Frauen und lieferte nur begrenzte Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der Mechanismen, die solche spezifischen Benachteiligungen verursachen. Methode: Unter Verwendung von Daten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP Befragung von Geflüchteten analysieren wir die Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von Geflüchteten, die zwischen 2013 und 2017 nach Deutschland migrierten. Zur Überprüfung unserer theoretischen Annahmen nutzen wir logistische Regressionen. Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass klassische Humankapitaltheorien nicht geeignet sind, um den Großteil der Geschlechterunterschiede bei Geflüchteten zu erklären. Während Sorgeverpflichtungen gegenüber insbesondere Kindern unter drei Jahren die geringere Arbeitsmarktteilhabe von weiblichen Geflüchteten erschweren, scheint die Geschlechterrollenorientierung der Geflüchteten selbst keinen Effekt darauf zu haben. Schlussfolgerung: Die Geschlechterunterschiede in der Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung konnten nicht vollständig auf die in der Literatur angebotenen Erklärungsansätze zurückgeführt werden, weshalb weitere Forschung notwendig ist, um die spezifischen Herausforderungen geflüchteter Frauen zu erklären.

Based on a theatrical performance starring a group of socially disadvantaged people, this article will critically analyse the process of collective creation of the play and the reactions it elicited from the audience. The objective of the contribution is to debate the transformative potential of this type of experiences in relation to the deconstruction of prejudices about the protagonists. The reflective framework is constituted by Lévinas’ (1999) notion of recognition in ethics, arguing that it is precisely the interaction (in this case, between audience and cast) the vehicle for the ethical transformation of subjectivities and dialogic perceptions. Furthermore, since the experience studied is of an artistic nature, the conceptual framework will be nourished by authors such as Brecht, Rancière and Adorno, who have contributed significantly to reflection on the social function of art, a fundamental question in this study., Partiendo de un espectáculo teatral protagonizado por un grupo de personas en situación de vulnerabilidad social, este artículo discute críticamente tanto el proceso de creación colectiva de la obra como las reacciones que suscitó en el público, con el objetivo de debatir el potencial transformador de este tipo de experiencias en cuanto a la subjetividad ética y de deconstrucción de prejuicios sobre los colectivos que las protagonizan. El marco reflexivo lo constituye la noción de reconocimiento en la ética de Lévinas (1999), argumentándose que es precisamente la interacción (en este caso, entre público y elenco) la que vehicula la transformación ética de subjetividades y percepciones dialógicas. Asimismo, y dado que la experiencia estudiada es de naturaleza artística y educativa, se nutrirá el bagaje conceptual con autores como Brecht, Rancière o Adorno, que han contribuido notablemente al pensamiento sobre la función social del arte, interrogante fundamental en este estudio.

Der Beitrag betrachtet die Bedeutung von Generationenbeziehungen von als sozial benachteiligt geltenden Eltern und Jugendlichen im Kontext der Übergangsgestaltung von der Schule ins nachschulische Leben. Mittels eines biografischen Forschungsansatzes wird danach gefragt, welche (un-)bewältigten biografischen Themen der Eltern sich in expliziten oder impliziten Delegationsaufträgen niederschlagen und wie diese die Übergangsgestaltung ihrer Kinder beeinflussen., This article examines the importance of generational relationships between parents and adolescents who are considered socially in the context of transitions from school to post-school life. Using a biographical research approach, I ask which (un-)mastered biographical issues of parents influence the transition of their children and how these are reflected in explicit or implicit delegation orders.

This study explores data form the Survey of Income and Living Condition (SILC), related to factors contributing to unmet healthcare needs in Ireland. We analysed predisposing, enabling and needs factors by building predictive models and measured the predictor importance by sensitivity analysis. Results show that critical factors for meeting the healthcare needs include financial status, degree of urbanization, indicatorsof social exclusion and deprivations, and self-perceived general health condition. Identifying and quantifying those factors form raw data may facilitate decision making in the domain.

Persistently low employment of women in some countries can still be ascribed to a traditional perception of women’s role in society. According to observed data and prevailing social and cultural norms, women have been bearing the primary burdens of housework, childcare, and other family responsibilities. The unequal share of care responsibilities between women and men further worsens the disadvantages of women in balancing public and private life, with an impact on their employment and health outcomes. In this paper we investigate the role of family responsibilities in shaping employment and health outcomes by gender, in Italy and France, during and after the economic downturn. We use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for the time windows of 2007-2010 and 2011-2014. Our results support that gender differences in the share of responsibilities roles in the public and private sphere influence the employability and health perception of women.

Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. In this context, the aim of this article, drawing on SILC micro data, is to assess the underlying causes of severe material deprivation in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between employed and unemployed workers. The results show that employed workers face a much greater risk of severe material deprivation if they are positioned in the so-called secondary labour market; while the unemployed with low capital accumulation and those living in households with low work intensity face the highest risks of all. North Macedonia’s adjustment mechanisms do help cushion the consequences, but the article concludes with several policy recommendations for additional action to reduce severe material deprivation covering: education and training; active labour market policies; unionisation and collective bargaining; wage subsidies and taxation; and a statutory minimum wage.

The aim of this paper is to assess the cost of eliminating the at-risk-of-poverty rate, based on the Lorenz curve approach (the Gini coefficient, the Kakwani progressivity coefficient). A set of new equations that allow to find a link between cost of closing the relative poverty gap and income inequality is proposed. The main finding is that, after the initial allocation of social benefits, the share of benefits that are still needed to close the relative poverty gap in the pre-government income is a function not only of the at-risk-of-poverty rate, but also of the relative poverty line, the Gini coefficient of income of the poor, and the Kakwani progressivity coefficient of extra benefits. The empirical application of the methodology adopted is illustrated with the use of EU household sample (the data is derived from the EU-Survey on Income and Living Conditions). In line with the suggested decomposition, in the research sample ranking countries according to the at-risk-of-poverty rate does not coincide with the way they are sorted by the share of extra benefits.

There is significant heterogeneity in actual skill use within occupations even though occupations are differentiated by the task workers should perform during work. Using data on 12 countries which are available both in the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies survey and International Social Survey Program, we show that women use their cognitive skills less than men even within the same occupation. The gap in skill intensity cannot be explained by differences in worker characteristics or in cognitive skills. Instead, we show that living in a partnership significantly increases the skill use of men compared with women. We argue that having a partner affects skill use through time allocation as the gender penalty of partnered women is halved once we control for working hours and hours spent on housework. Finally, we do not find evidence of workplace discrimination against women.

In Indonesia, there is a regulation on confiscation of confiscated goods which does not provide any objection from the owner of the confiscated goods for the state. This condition is also experienced by recipients of fiduciary guarantees who are disadvantaged because fiduciary objects are confiscated for the state based on court decisions in forestry crimes, mineral and coal crimes and oil and gas crimes. The research method used is social legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is the concept approach, social legal research approach and comparative approach. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Data obtained by interview, observation, and literature study. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study found that the regulation on the legal status of goods guaranteed by fiduciaries that were confiscated by the state was not based on justice, because in these arrangements there were no objections that could be submitted by recipients of fiduciary guarantees or third parties who had good faith against fiduciary objects that were seized by the court. In addition, in Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees, it is stated that the responsibility of the fiduciary giver to the fiduciary guarantee object is to continue to follow the fiduciary guarantee object, and the fiduciary recipient is not liable for the consequences of the actions or omissions of the Fiduciary Giver, whether arising from contractual relations or arising from unlawful acts in connection with the use and transfer of objects that are the object of Fiduciary Guarantees.

In Indonesia, there is a regulation on confiscation of confiscated goods which does not provide any objection from the owner of the confiscated goods for the state. This condition is also experienced by recipients of fiduciary guarantees who are disadvantaged because fiduciary objects are confiscated for the state based on court decisions in forestry crimes, mineral and coal crimes and oil and gas crimes. The research method used is social legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is the concept approach, social legal research approach and comparative approach. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Data obtained by interview, observation, and literature study. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study found that the regulation on the legal status of goods guaranteed by fiduciaries that were confiscated by the state was not based on justice, because in these arrangements there were no objections that could be submitted by recipients of fiduciary guarantees or third parties who had good faith against fiduciary objects that were seized by the court. In addition, in Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees, it is stated that the responsibility of the fiduciary giver to the fiduciary guarantee object is to continue to follow the fiduciary guarantee object, and the fiduciary recipient is not liable for the consequences of the actions or omissions of the Fiduciary Giver, whether arising from contractual relations or arising from unlawful acts in connection with the use and transfer of objects that are the object of Fiduciary Guarantees.

Socioeconomic deprivation can create adverse conditions with direct impacts on the development of children. The Early Childhood Deprivation Index (ECDI) shows that there are significant differences in the extent of deprivation of young children (aged 0 to 5 years) among the counties in California. Our research shows that the cost of childcare forms a significant proportion of family income among low- and middle-income families. It indicates that families can pay for a high proportion of such costs if they could access the available federal and state government entitlements. A universal high-quality early childhood education system brings about an efficient way of providing the childcare without the unnecessary cost of employing a means-tested entitlement mechanism.  However, even with universal early childhood education, families need support to be able to take advantage of the program, since pre-schooling will be on a voluntary basis. It is therefore important that in addition to providing education universally- communities, and the state make every effort to increase the ability of California families to benefit from this important opportunity.

Pashto landay is a great and delicious asset of folk literature that has not only gained fame and importance in the Pashtoon community, but is now emerging day by day as a good and beautiful poem in the field of international literature. Pashto landay of Pashto oral literature is a short and meaningful poem that is free from rhyme, but in terms of weight it is equal to the fifth long syllable of free poetry. The stress comes on the fourth syllable of each column. The first hemistich is nine syllables and the second one is thirteen syllables and ends with an independent sound. In this brief article it hasn’t discussed on the framework of landay, but the content of landay which are the voice of the heart of the Pashtoon people are analyzed from the perspective of psychology. Pashtoons who have suffered many hardships throughout their lives have been deprived of the lawful pleasures of life due to the influence of their imposed culture and all their deprivations have been pushed from the conscious to the unconscious. As a result, they have told their deprivation in landay as a poem and made themselves happy and encouraged. These problems and deprivations are different and discussing them all is beyond the scope of an article. In order to attract the attention of researchers to this topic in the future, some obvious aspects related to human psychology have been discussed. MOTIVE OF ESSAY WRITING The poem is discussed from two aspects one is the form and the other is the content. In Pashto literature there have been many discussions about poetry framework in general, but its content has not been discussed as much as it should be. In today's modern literature the psychological aspect is relatively new and important, so this aspect is stronger than others in Pashto literature, because the Pashtoon are more oppressed than any other people, so this was the reason why I wrote this article. It has come so that readers of other languages will be informed about the deprivations

In Indonesia, there is a regulation on confiscation of confiscated goods which does not provide any objection from the owner of the confiscated goods for the state. This condition is also experienced by recipients of fiduciary guarantees who are disadvantaged because fiduciary objects are confiscated for the state based on court decisions in forestry crimes, mineral and coal crimes and oil and gas crimes. The research method used is social legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is the concept approach, social legal research approach and comparative approach. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Data obtained by interview, observation, and literature study. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study found that the regulation on the legal status of goods guaranteed by fiduciaries that were confiscated by the state was not based on justice, because in these arrangements there were no objections that could be submitted by recipients of fiduciary guarantees or third parties who had good faith against fiduciary objects that were seized by the court. In addition, in Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees, it is stated that the responsibility of the fiduciary giver to the fiduciary guarantee object is to continue to follow the fiduciary guarantee object, and the fiduciary recipient is not liable for the consequences of the actions or omissions of the Fiduciary Giver, whether arising from contractual relations or arising from unlawful acts in connection with the use and transfer of objects that are the object of Fiduciary Guarantees.

In Indonesia, there is a regulation on confiscation of confiscated goods which does not provide any objection from the owner of the confiscated goods for the state. This condition is also experienced by recipients of fiduciary guarantees who are disadvantaged because fiduciary objects are confiscated for the state based on court decisions in forestry crimes, mineral and coal crimes and oil and gas crimes. The research method used is social legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is the concept approach, social legal research approach and comparative approach. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Data obtained by interview, observation, and literature study. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study found that the regulation on the legal status of goods guaranteed by fiduciaries that were confiscated by the state was not based on justice, because in these arrangements there were no objections that could be submitted by recipients of fiduciary guarantees or third parties who had good faith against fiduciary objects that were seized by the court. In addition, in Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees, it is stated that the responsibility of the fiduciary giver to the fiduciary guarantee object is to continue to follow the fiduciary guarantee object, and the fiduciary recipient is not liable for the consequences of the actions or omissions of the Fiduciary Giver, whether arising from contractual relations or arising from unlawful acts in connection with the use and transfer of objects that are the object of Fiduciary Guarantees.

In Indonesia, there is a regulation on confiscation of confiscated goods which does not provide any objection from the owner of the confiscated goods for the state. This condition is also experienced by recipients of fiduciary guarantees who are disadvantaged because fiduciary objects are confiscated for the state based on court decisions in forestry crimes, mineral and coal crimes and oil and gas crimes. The research method used is social legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is the concept approach, social legal research approach and comparative approach. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Data obtained by interview, observation, and literature study. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study found that the regulation on the legal status of goods guaranteed by fiduciaries that were confiscated by the state was not based on justice, because in these arrangements there were no objections that could be submitted by recipients of fiduciary guarantees or third parties who had good faith against fiduciary objects that were seized by the court. In addition, in Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees, it is stated that the responsibility of the fiduciary giver to the fiduciary guarantee object is to continue to follow the fiduciary guarantee object, and the fiduciary recipient is not liable for the consequences of the actions or omissions of the Fiduciary Giver, whether arising from contractual relations or arising from unlawful acts in connection with the use and transfer of objects that are the object of Fiduciary Guarantees.

Objective: To examine the perinatal outcomes of women who experience social disadvantage using population-based perinatal data collected between 1999 and 2016. Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting: Victoria, Australia. Population or Sample: A total of 1 188 872 singleton births were included. Methods: Cohort study using routinely collected perinatal data. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine associations between social disadvantage and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes with confidence limits set at 99%. Time-trend analysis for perinatal outcomes was performed in relation to area-level disadvantage measures. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of maternal admission to intensive care unit (ICU), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and caesarean section, perinatal mortality, preterm birth, low birthweight (LBW), and admission to special care nursery/neonatal intensive care unit (SCN/NICU). Results: Social disadvantage was associated with higher odds of adverse perinatal outcomes. Disadvantaged women were more likely to be admitted to ICU, have a PPH or experience perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) and their neonates were more likely to be admitted to SCN/NICU, be born preterm and be LBW. A persistent social gradient existed across time for the most disadvantaged women for all outcomes except caesarean section. Conclusions: Social disadvantage has a marked negative impact on perinatal outcomes. This aligns with national and international evidence regarding the impact of disadvantage. Strategies that improve access to, and reduce fragmentation in, maternity care in addition to initiatives that address the social determinants of health may contribute to improving perinatal outcomes for socially disadvantaged women.

Objective: To examine the perinatal outcomes of women who experience social disadvantage using population-based perinatal data collected between 1999 and 2016. Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting: Victoria, Australia. Population or Sample: A total of 1 188 872 singleton births were included. Methods: Cohort study using routinely collected perinatal data. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine associations between social disadvantage and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes with confidence limits set at 99%. Time-trend analysis for perinatal outcomes was performed in relation to area-level disadvantage measures. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of maternal admission to intensive care unit (ICU), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and caesarean section, perinatal mortality, preterm birth, low birthweight (LBW), and admission to special care nursery/neonatal intensive care unit (SCN/NICU). Results: Social disadvantage was associated with higher odds of adverse perinatal outcomes. Disadvantaged women were more likely to be admitted to ICU, have a PPH or experience perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) and their neonates were more likely to be admitted to SCN/NICU, be born preterm and be LBW. A persistent social gradient existed across time for the most disadvantaged women for all outcomes except caesarean section. Conclusions: Social disadvantage has a marked negative impact on perinatal outcomes. This aligns with national and international evidence regarding the impact of disadvantage. Strategies that improve access to, and reduce fragmentation in, maternity care in addition to initiatives that address the social determinants of health may contribute to improving perinatal outcomes for socially disadvantaged women.

The five senses are something we rely on to perceive our external world. Through an architectural sense, meditative and relaxing experiences establish themselves. How one is influenced by their surroundings a sense of self sparks a connection between body and place. Architecture, along with the phenomenon of synesthesia, brings another level of understanding of the world. With architectural spaces that enclose and water, a sense can be amplified and advanced to the forefront of the accompanying senses. Through the perception of one sense through another, the question of how the senses are in association with each other arises. With being submerged underground, a meditative refuge for the self embodies the five senses and the sense - less. Sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound work collectively to convey the experience of synesthesia. The perception of senses through another creates unique experiences and evokes self awareness.

Objective: To examine the perinatal outcomes of women who experience social disadvantage using population-based perinatal data collected between 1999 and 2016. Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting: Victoria, Australia. Population or Sample: A total of 1 188 872 singleton births were included. Methods: Cohort study using routinely collected perinatal data. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine associations between social disadvantage and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes with confidence limits set at 99%. Time-trend analysis for perinatal outcomes was performed in relation to area-level disadvantage measures. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of maternal admission to intensive care unit (ICU), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and caesarean section, perinatal mortality, preterm birth, low birthweight (LBW), and admission to special care nursery/neonatal intensive care unit (SCN/NICU). Results: Social disadvantage was associated with higher odds of adverse perinatal outcomes. Disadvantaged women were more likely to be admitted to ICU, have a PPH or experience perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) and their neonates were more likely to be admitted to SCN/NICU, be born preterm and be LBW. A persistent social gradient existed across time for the most disadvantaged women for all outcomes except caesarean section. Conclusions: Social disadvantage has a marked negative impact on perinatal outcomes. This aligns with national and international evidence regarding the impact of disadvantage. Strategies that improve access to, and reduce fragmentation in, maternity care in addition to initiatives that address the social determinants of health may contribute to improving perinatal outcomes for socially disadvantaged women.

Flooding is and remains to be a serious hazard to human society, with about one in five people globally living within 1 in 100 year flood risk areas. Previous research shows that there are social and economic inequalities in flood exposure, with deprived groups often being more at risk. Exposure studies investi- gated a variety of socioeconomic characteristics over the years by overlaying social data with modelled flood hazard areas. New studies reveal, however, that there can be significant socioeconomic differences between populations in theoretical hazard zones, as predicted by flood models, and flooded areas during extreme events. Despite this, case studies are still rare and are mainly limited to the United States. This thesis explores how material deprivation differs between modelled and flooded areas during the 2007 floods in Gloucester and Kingston upon Hull in the United Kingdom. During this extreme event, more advantaged areas experienced more flooding, both inside and outside the modelled flood hazard zones. In Gloucester, more deprived areas were covered by the modelled hazard map but were not flooded during this event. This work sheds light on the importance of using both hazard models and maps of real events when studying flood exposure. Without considering how social and economic factors can interplay with exposure to natural hazards, disaster management strategies will not be able to protect all vulnerable groups.

Poverty prevents children from being able to fulfill their basic rights such as their need to learn, access to basic services, obtain a better education and participate in society. This research was conducted to examine the multidimensional child poverty. The results showed that the percentage of children living in multidimensional poverty was 35,54 percent. In the age group of 0-6 years, the dimension that was most deprived was health, while in the age group of 7-17 years, the dimension that was most deprived was food. On average, 32,9 percent of children aged 0-6 years are deprived in two or more dimensions, and 33.9 percent of children aged 7-17 years are deprived in two or more dimensions of basic needs. This study used logistic regression as a research method to identified the probability of child being poor. The result showed that the number of children, occupation of the household head, region, education of the household head and gender of the household head were significant variables affecting children's likelihood of being poor, as well as the interaction variables between the number of children*occupation of household head, the number of children*region and the number of children*education of household head. However, the gender of the kids variables did not have a significant effect.

Social inequity in healthcare persists even in countries with universal healthcare. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme aims to reduce healthcare inequities. This paper provides a detailed description of the programme. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) was used to structure the description. The programme theory was outlined using elements from the British Medical Research Council’s framework, including identifying barriers to healthcare, synthesising evidence, describing the theoretical framework, creating a logic model, and engaging stakeholders. In the Social Health Bridge-Building Programme, student volunteers accompany individuals to healthcare appointments and provide social support before, during, and after the visit. The programme is rooted in a recovery-oriented approach, emphasising personal resources and hope. The programme finds support in constructs within the health literacy framework. Student volunteers serve as health literacy mediators, supporting individuals in navigating the healthcare system while gaining knowledge and skills. This equips students for their forthcoming roles as healthcare professionals, and potentially empowers them to develop and implement egalitarian initiatives within the healthcare system, including initiatives that promote organisational health literacy responsiveness. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme is a promising initiative that aims to improve equity in healthcare by addressing individual, social, and systemic barriers to healthcare. The programme’s description will guide forthcoming evaluations of its impact., Social inequity in healthcare persists even in countries with universal healthcare. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme aims to reduce healthcare inequities. This paper provides a detailed description of the programme. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) was used to structure the description. The programme theory was outlined using elements from the British Medical Research Council’s framework, including identifying barriers to healthcare, synthesising evidence, describing the theoretical framework, creating a logic model, and engaging stakeholders. In the Social Health Bridge-Building Programme, student volunteers accompany individuals to healthcare appointments and provide social support before, during, and after the visit. The programme is rooted in a recovery-oriented approach, emphasising personal resources and hope. The programme finds support in constructs within the health literacy framework. Student volunteers serve as health literacy mediators, supporting individuals in navigating the healthcare system while gaining knowledge and skills. This equips students for their forthcoming roles as healthcare professionals, and potentially empowers them to develop and implement egalitarian initiatives within the healthcare system, including initiatives that promote organisational health literacy responsiveness. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme is a promising initiative that aims to improve equity in healthcare by addressing individual, social, and systemic barriers to healthcare. The programme’s description will guide forthcoming evaluations of its impact. Keywords: inequity; inequality; deprivation; healthcare; student volunteer; complex intervention; programme theory

The present research aims to explore the representation and portrayal of women in the selected poems of Jayanta Mahapatra, one of India’s most profound and prolific contemporary English poets. His compelling depictions of women often encompass and transcend the boundaries of traditional Indian cultural norms and societal structures, thus requiring a detailed, nuanced investigation. His poems deal with the alienation of women from themselves and from the society.  The atrocities that are exerted on women is explicitly exposed by the poet. They were not only termed as weaker sex by the patriarchal society but also made them as such. The poet stands by the deprived section of the society and acts as a voice of them, as the silent screaming is not heard by the world.  His works serve as a bridge between the world of man and the world of woman. The pivotal focus of this study is an examination of Mahapatra’s depiction of women, ranging from symbolizing pure innocence and tradition to epitomizing complex modern experiences and gendered identity. The research critically investigates how the poet’s use of imagery, metaphors, and symbolic language paints a vivid picture of women across his poems, thereby adding another dimension to the thematic concerns of his poetic oeuvre. Moreover, the paper scrutinizes the elements of socio-cultural context, gender constructs, and feminist perspectives within Mahapatra's poetic descriptions. Through this examination, it seeks to analyze the intertwining of the personal, social, and cultural experiences of women in the poet's picturization. The study further delves into Mahapatra's poetry’s use of nature and its metaphorical connections to femininity, while considering Indian societal realities and dynamics. Mahapatra’s depiction of women in his poetry transcends from being merely characters to profound representations of societal paradigms and discourses, reflecting the inherent challenges and conflicts that women face in a pat

The present research aims to explore the representation and portrayal of women in the selected poems of Jayanta Mahapatra, one of India’s most profound and prolific contemporary English poets. His compelling depictions of women often encompass and transcend the boundaries of traditional Indian cultural norms and societal structures, thus requiring a detailed, nuanced investigation. His poems deal with the alienation of women from themselves and from the society.  The atrocities that are exerted on women is explicitly exposed by the poet. They were not only termed as weaker sex by the patriarchal society but also made them as such. The poet stands by the deprived section of the society and acts as a voice of them, as the silent screaming is not heard by the world.  His works serve as a bridge between the world of man and the world of woman. The pivotal focus of this study is an examination of Mahapatra’s depiction of women, ranging from symbolizing pure innocence and tradition to epitomizing complex modern experiences and gendered identity. The research critically investigates how the poet’s use of imagery, metaphors, and symbolic language paints a vivid picture of women across his poems, thereby adding another dimension to the thematic concerns of his poetic oeuvre. Moreover, the paper scrutinizes the elements of socio-cultural context, gender constructs, and feminist perspectives within Mahapatra's poetic descriptions. Through this examination, it seeks to analyze the intertwining of the personal, social, and cultural experiences of women in the poet's picturization. The study further delves into Mahapatra's poetry’s use of nature and its metaphorical connections to femininity, while considering Indian societal realities and dynamics. Mahapatra’s depiction of women in his poetry transcends from being merely characters to profound representations of societal paradigms and discourses, reflecting the inherent challenges and conflicts that women face in a pat

Objective: To examine the perinatal outcomes of women who experience social disadvantage using population-based perinatal data collected between 1999 and 2016. Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting: Victoria, Australia. Population or Sample: A total of 1 188 872 singleton births were included. Methods: Cohort study using routinely collected perinatal data. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine associations between social disadvantage and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes with confidence limits set at 99%. Time-trend analysis for perinatal outcomes was performed in relation to area-level disadvantage measures. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of maternal admission to intensive care unit (ICU), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and caesarean section, perinatal mortality, preterm birth, low birthweight (LBW), and admission to special care nursery/neonatal intensive care unit (SCN/NICU). Results: Social disadvantage was associated with higher odds of adverse perinatal outcomes. Disadvantaged women were more likely to be admitted to ICU, have a PPH or experience perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) and their neonates were more likely to be admitted to SCN/NICU, be born preterm and be LBW. A persistent social gradient existed across time for the most disadvantaged women for all outcomes except caesarean section. Conclusions: Social disadvantage has a marked negative impact on perinatal outcomes. This aligns with national and international evidence regarding the impact of disadvantage. Strategies that improve access to, and reduce fragmentation in, maternity care in addition to initiatives that address the social determinants of health may contribute to improving perinatal outcomes for socially disadvantaged women.

Kinder in sozioökonomisch benachteiligten Familien weisen eine höhere Gefährdung auf, später Suchtprobleme zu entwickeln. Trotzdem werden diese Familien von Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention nur wenig erreicht. Welches sind die Hintergründe? Wie können Akteur:innen der Praxis und Politik dies ändern? Das vorliegende Buch zeigt: Es handelt sich um eine heterogene Gruppe. Über eine verstärkte intersektorale Zusammenarbeit des Gesundheits- und Sozialwesens kann die Erreichbarkeit verbessert werden. Der grösste Hebel liegt darin, die soziale Lage und die Lebensverhältnisse dieser Familien anzuheben. Beachtet werden muss auch das unterschiedliche Vorgehen der Familien bei der Suche nach (Gesundheits-)Informationen und ihre Handlungsstrategien, die sie zum Schutz vor Stigmatisierung anwenden. Fachexpert:innen und Politiker:innen reflektieren die Studienergebnisse und ordnen ein. So wird in einem Dialog zwischen Forschung und Praxis aufgezeigt, mit welchen Strategien die suchtpräventive und gesundheitsförderliche Versorgung sozioökonomisch benachteiligter Familien an Suchtpräventionsstellen, im Schul- und Freizeitbereich, im Sozialwesen und in Sozial- und Gesundheitspolitik sichergestellt werden kann.

Objective: To examine the perinatal outcomes of women who experience social disadvantage using population-based perinatal data collected between 1999 and 2016. Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting: Victoria, Australia. Population or Sample: A total of 1 188 872 singleton births were included. Methods: Cohort study using routinely collected perinatal data. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine associations between social disadvantage and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes with confidence limits set at 99%. Time-trend analysis for perinatal outcomes was performed in relation to area-level disadvantage measures. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of maternal admission to intensive care unit (ICU), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and caesarean section, perinatal mortality, preterm birth, low birthweight (LBW), and admission to special care nursery/neonatal intensive care unit (SCN/NICU). Results: Social disadvantage was associated with higher odds of adverse perinatal outcomes. Disadvantaged women were more likely to be admitted to ICU, have a PPH or experience perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death) and their neonates were more likely to be admitted to SCN/NICU, be born preterm and be LBW. A persistent social gradient existed across time for the most disadvantaged women for all outcomes except caesarean section. Conclusions: Social disadvantage has a marked negative impact on perinatal outcomes. This aligns with national and international evidence regarding the impact of disadvantage. Strategies that improve access to, and reduce fragmentation in, maternity care in addition to initiatives that address the social determinants of health may contribute to improving perinatal outcomes for socially disadvantaged women.

Pashto landay is a great and delicious asset of folk literature that has not only gained fame and importance in the Pashtoon community, but is now emerging day by day as a good and beautiful poem in the field of international literature. Pashto landay of Pashto oral literature is a short and meaningful poem that is free from rhyme, but in terms of weight it is equal to the fifth long syllable of free poetry. The stress comes on the fourth syllable of each column. The first hemistich is nine syllables and the second one is thirteen syllables and ends with an independent sound. In this brief article it hasn’t discussed on the framework of landay, but the content of landay which are the voice of the heart of the Pashtoon people are analyzed from the perspective of psychology. Pashtoons who have suffered many hardships throughout their lives have been deprived of the lawful pleasures of life due to the influence of their imposed culture and all their deprivations have been pushed from the conscious to the unconscious. As a result, they have told their deprivation in landay as a poem and made themselves happy and encouraged. These problems and deprivations are different and discussing them all is beyond the scope of an article. In order to attract the attention of researchers to this topic in the future, some obvious aspects related to human psychology have been discussed. MOTIVE OF ESSAY WRITING The poem is discussed from two aspects one is the form and the other is the content. In Pashto literature there have been many discussions about poetry framework in general, but its content has not been discussed as much as it should be. In today's modern literature the psychological aspect is relatively new and important, so this aspect is stronger than others in Pashto literature, because the Pashtoon are more oppressed than any other people, so this was the reason why I wrote this article. It has come so that readers of other languages will be informed about the deprivations

We conducted a field study at a music festival to examine effects of naturally occurring sleep deficits and substance intoxication on false memory formation and susceptibility to suggestion, using two paradigms. In a misinformation task, sleep restriction was associated with increased levels of susceptibility to suggestion and false alarms to nonsuggestive questions for a virtual reality eyewitness scenario. Use of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamines was also related to increased false alarms to nonsuggestive questions, indicating that such questions might be sensitive to use of those drugs. In an implantation paradigm, neither sleep restriction, substances, nor exposure to fake social media content increased the likelihood of falsely believing or recollecting a purportedly experienced festival event. However, some people came to falsely believe (13%, n = 30) or falsely remember (6%, n = 14) the false suggested event. Findings indicate that some established lab effects can also be observed in a less controlled environment.

In this course, we will discuss the microbial physiology and genetics of stress responses in aquatic ecosystems, astrobiology, bacterial pathogenesis and other environments. We will learn about classical and novel methods utilized by researchers to uncover bacterial mechanisms induced under both general and environment-specific stresses. Finally, we will compare and contrast models for bacterial stress responses to gain an understanding of distinct mechanisms of survival and of why there are differences among bacterial genera. This course is one of many Advanced Undergraduate Seminars offered by the Biology Department at MIT. These seminars are tailored for students with an interest in using primary research literature to discuss and learn about current biological research in a highly interactive setting.

In this course, we will discuss the microbial physiology and genetics of stress responses in aquatic ecosystems, astrobiology, bacterial pathogenesis and other environments. We will learn about classical and novel methods utilized by researchers to uncover bacterial mechanisms induced under both general and environment-specific stresses. Finally, we will compare and contrast models for bacterial stress responses to gain an understanding of distinct mechanisms of survival and of why there are differences among bacterial genera. This course is one of many Advanced Undergraduate Seminars offered by the Biology Department at MIT. These seminars are tailored for students with an interest in using primary research literature to discuss and learn about current biological research in a highly interactive setting.

This research uses high resolution satellite images in combination with an unsupervised Convolutional Neural Network Autoencoder to identify features that can be used to cluster different built environment typologies. Previous remote sensing research uses ground truth data which for some areas is not available or needs manually labeled training data. This research attempts to circumvent the issue of information scarcity in order to create a methodology that can be applied on any city as long as satellite images are available. From the resulting clusters, clusters can be selected which represent areas with high levels of deprivation which in turn can help identifying the deprived areas., Engineering and Policy Analysis

Pashto landay is a great and delicious asset of folk literature that has not only gained fame and importance in the Pashtoon community, but is now emerging day by day as a good and beautiful poem in the field of international literature. Pashto landay of Pashto oral literature is a short and meaningful poem that is free from rhyme, but in terms of weight it is equal to the fifth long syllable of free poetry. The stress comes on the fourth syllable of each column. The first hemistich is nine syllables and the second one is thirteen syllables and ends with an independent sound. In this brief article it hasn’t discussed on the framework of landay, but the content of landay which are the voice of the heart of the Pashtoon people are analyzed from the perspective of psychology. Pashtoons who have suffered many hardships throughout their lives have been deprived of the lawful pleasures of life due to the influence of their imposed culture and all their deprivations have been pushed from the conscious to the unconscious. As a result, they have told their deprivation in landay as a poem and made themselves happy and encouraged. These problems and deprivations are different and discussing them all is beyond the scope of an article. In order to attract the attention of researchers to this topic in the future, some obvious aspects related to human psychology have been discussed. MOTIVE OF ESSAY WRITING The poem is discussed from two aspects one is the form and the other is the content. In Pashto literature there have been many discussions about poetry framework in general, but its content has not been discussed as much as it should be. In today's modern literature the psychological aspect is relatively new and important, so this aspect is stronger than others in Pashto literature, because the Pashtoon are more oppressed than any other people, so this was the reason why I wrote this article. It has come so that readers of other languages will be informed about the deprivations

Social inequity in healthcare persists even in countries with universal healthcare. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme aims to reduce healthcare inequities. This paper provides a detailed description of the programme. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) was used to structure the description. The programme theory was outlined using elements from the British Medical Research Council’s framework, including identifying barriers to healthcare, synthesising evidence, describing the theoretical framework, creating a logic model, and engaging stakeholders. In the Social Health Bridge-Building Programme, student volunteers accompany individuals to healthcare appointments and provide social support before, during, and after the visit. The programme is rooted in a recovery-oriented approach, emphasising personal resources and hope. The programme finds support in constructs within the health literacy framework. Student volunteers serve as health literacy mediators, supporting individuals in navigating the healthcare system while gaining knowledge and skills. This equips students for their forthcoming roles as healthcare professionals, and potentially empowers them to develop and implement egalitarian initiatives within the healthcare system, including initiatives that promote organisational health literacy responsiveness. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme is a promising initiative that aims to improve equity in healthcare by addressing individual, social, and systemic barriers to healthcare. The programme’s description will guide forthcoming evaluations of its impact., Social inequity in healthcare persists even in countries with universal healthcare. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme aims to reduce healthcare inequities. This paper provides a detailed description of the programme. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) was used to structure the description. The programme theory was outlined using elements from the British Medical Research Council’s framework, including identifying barriers to healthcare, synthesising evidence, describing the theoretical framework, creating a logic model, and engaging stakeholders. In the Social Health Bridge-Building Programme, student volunteers accompany individuals to healthcare appointments and provide social support before, during, and after the visit. The programme is rooted in a recovery-oriented approach, emphasising personal resources and hope. The programme finds support in constructs within the health literacy framework. Student volunteers serve as health literacy mediators, supporting individuals in navigating the healthcare system while gaining knowledge and skills. This equips students for their forthcoming roles as healthcare professionals, and potentially empowers them to develop and implement egalitarian initiatives within the healthcare system, including initiatives that promote organisational health literacy responsiveness. The Social Health Bridge-Building Programme is a promising initiative that aims to improve equity in healthcare by addressing individual, social, and systemic barriers to healthcare. The programme’s description will guide forthcoming evaluations of its impact. Keywords: inequity; inequality; deprivation; healthcare; student volunteer; complex intervention; programme theory

In Indonesia, there is a regulation on confiscation of confiscated goods which does not provide any objection from the owner of the confiscated goods for the state. This condition is also experienced by recipients of fiduciary guarantees who are disadvantaged because fiduciary objects are confiscated for the state based on court decisions in forestry crimes, mineral and coal crimes and oil and gas crimes. The research method used is social legal research, using the constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is the concept approach, social legal research approach and comparative approach. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Data obtained by interview, observation, and literature study. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study found that the regulation on the legal status of goods guaranteed by fiduciaries that were confiscated by the state was not based on justice, because in these arrangements there were no objections that could be submitted by recipients of fiduciary guarantees or third parties who had good faith against fiduciary objects that were seized by the court. In addition, in Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees, it is stated that the responsibility of the fiduciary giver to the fiduciary guarantee object is to continue to follow the fiduciary guarantee object, and the fiduciary recipient is not liable for the consequences of the actions or omissions of the Fiduciary Giver, whether arising from contractual relations or arising from unlawful acts in connection with the use and transfer of objects that are the object of Fiduciary Guarantees.

In the case of the 2017 Grenfell Tower, the fire affected those who were already socio-economically underprivileged. Many residents of the Grenfell tower did not just become homeless or lost personal belongings, approximately two-thirds suffer from post-traumatic stress. Such layered and systemic disparities in the built environment as well as their consequence are often obscure due to systems’ complexity and dependency on external influences. Disparities and potential effects remain largely hidden. Disparities have been found to be particularly present on six planes: sound, reflection, social, exchange, recreation, and accessibility. Together the disparities on the planes form an assemblage of disparity. The asymmetric condition of disparities depends on the degree of affluence and deprivation of the analysed territory or machine. Disparities express themselves as asymmetric membranes, which can be both material and immaterial. To a largely extent they determine the accessibility to the membrane’s territory – which may or may not perpetuate existing disparities. The intent of the design is to address the existing dichotomy and polarity between territories of affluence and deprivation, to challenge asymmetric membranes that perpetuate deep-rooted disparities. The middleground acts as its own agent, its own territory, that provides continuous impulses challenging existing disparities. The middleground itself, ironically, also consists of a sequence of asymmetric membranes. These membranes, however, intend to address and potentially disrupt the disparities found on the six planes. The middleground aims to challenge the trends of perpetual inequalities, fragmentation, and exclusivity. Designing the middleground as a multiplicity of membranes creates a sequence of spaces that mediate in varying degrees between public and private. This proof-of-concept intends to show how the middleground approach can promote inclusivity on the various planes, Architectural Design Crossover, Heterogeneous London, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Architectural Design Crossovers

In the last decades, due to a number of reasons, cities have become more diverse than ever. This diversity, although an “inherent characteristic” is not always perceived as positive, especially in the so-called deprived areas, which mainly consist of multicultural, low-income social groups, having serious implications not only on how people live together in space, but also on the actions taken to “minimize” the differences. Research increasingly shows that low neighbourhood status, poverty, stigmatization of lower income areas with high concentration of ethnic minority households, and racial discrimination have a great impact on how inhabitants of an area perceive and interact with one another. And Rotterdam South is a prominent example of this situation. Afrikaanderwijk is one of those hyper-diverse and socio-spatially segregated neighbourhoods, where spatial interventions in the public space are necessary, in order for co-existence to be ensured. Investigating the city from the perspective of hyper-diversity and acknowledging it as a given, the current project aimed at contributing to redefining the public space, in Afrikaanderwijk, where conflicting interests between local authorities, people of power and local inhabitants regularly occur, in order to ensure social cohesion and create a common identity for all. In this process, a number of methods were used to conclude to the spatial interventions in the public space, with the use of design principles proving to be one of the most important in bridging research and design and creating the basis for the design interventions that focus on local-based alternatives to the demolition and renovation plans of the municipality. Thus, this thesis, through spatial interventions, and taking into account the needs and identities of different social groups, aimed at enabling the participation of people from different socio-economic statuses, lifestyles, attitudes and activities to in, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Urbanism

BackgroundAltered DNA methylation (DNAm) may be one pathway through which early-life adversity (ELA) contributes to adverse mental and physical health outcomes. This study investigated whether the presence versus absence of ELA experiences reflecting the dimensions of threat and deprivation were associated with epigenome-wide DNAm cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a community-based sample of children and adolescents.MethodsIn 113 youths aged 8-16 years with wide variability in ELA, we examined associations of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional; indicating threat-related experiences) and neglect (emotional, physical; indicating deprivation-related experiences) with DNAm assessed with the Illumina EPIC BeadChip array, with DNA derived from saliva. In cross-sectional epigenome-wide analyses, we investigated associations of lifetime abuse and neglect with DNAm at baseline. In longitudinal epigenome-wide analyses, we examined whether experiencing abuse and neglect over an approximately 2-year follow-up were each associated with change in DNAm from baseline to follow-up.ResultsIn cross-sectional analyses adjusting for lifetime experience of neglect, lifetime experience of abuse was associated with DNAm for four cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG) sites (cg20241299: coefficient = 0.023, SE = 0.004; cg08671764: coefficient = 0.018, SE = 0.003; cg27152686: coefficient = - 0.069, SE = 0.012; cg24241897: coefficient = - 0.003, SE = 0.001; FDR < .05). In longitudinal analyses, experiencing neglect over follow-up was associated with an increase in DNAm for one CpG site, adjusting for abuse over follow-up (cg03135983: coefficient = 0.036, SE = 0.006; FDR < .05).ConclusionsIn this study, we identified examples of epigenetic patterns associated with ELA experiences of threat and deprivation that were already observable in youth. We provide novel evidence for change in DNAm over time in relation to ongoing adversity and that experiences reflecting distinct ELA dim

Targeting is a core element of anti-poverty program design, with benefits typically targeted to those most “deprived" in some sense (e.g., consumption, wealth). A large literature in economics examines how to best identify these households feasibly at scale, usually via proxy means tests (PMTs). We ask a different question, namely, whether targeting the most deprived has the greatest social welfare benefit: in particular, are the most deprived those with the largest treatment effects or do the “poorest of the poor" sometimes lack the circumstances and complementary inputs or skills to take full advantage of assistance? We explore this potential trade-off in the context of an NGO cash transfer program in Kenya, utilizing recent advances in machine learning (ML) methods (specifically, generalized random forests) to learn PMTs that target both a) deprivation and b) high conditional average treatment effects across several policy-relevant outcomes. We found that targeting solely on the basis of deprivation is generally not attractive in a social welfare sense, even when the social planner's preferences are highly redistributive. We show that a planner using simpler prediction models, based on OLS or less sophisticated ML approaches, could reach divergent conclusions. We discuss implications for the design of real-world anti-poverty programs at scale.

This article explores the issue of "geography of education" focusing on the pivotal contribution of place to one's education. The geographic location of schools and the administrative organisation of local authorities that are responsible for state schools in England create sociospatial inequalities that are associated with individual life‐course trajectories and can contribute to the intergenerational transfer of disadvantage. This article focuses on Latvian migrant families for whom better status often can be achieved through being included in the education system of the country. Therefore, the educational achievement of the children who speak Latvian at home but live and attend schools in England is the main focus of this article. The academic attainment of these children is well below not only the national average across all levels of compulsory education but also compared to both monolingual English speakers and all pupils speaking English as an additional language. The article provides evidence that in addition to the sociodemographic individual and family‐level factors geography also plays a significant role in explaining the educational achievement gaps. As the descriptive quantitative analysis of the geographical and educational data indicates, Latvian children are disproportionally present in local authorities where there is a relatively high proportion of low‐quality schools, a higher‐than‐average proportion of individuals with low qualifications and those in low‐qualified jobs.

In der Glorifizierung des Berufsbildungssystems der Schweiz bleibt oftmals ungenannt, wie viel Mühe einzelne Jugendliche zu bewältigen haben, bis sie einen Ausbildungsplatz erhalten. Von der Bildungspolitik als "gefährdet" eingestuft, verfügen sie nicht nur über geringere Ausbildungschancen, auch stehen sie Lehrpersonen und Berufsberatungen gegenüber, die grundsätzlich an ihrer Ausbildungsreife zweifeln. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigt der Autor, weshalb sich "gefährdete" Jugendliche in der Beratungspraxis des Übergangssystems oft querstellen: Sich zu widersetzen ist schließlich die einzige verbleibende Möglichkeit, um den eigenen Werdegang aller Ungleichheit zum Trotz mitzugestalten.

Rassismus ist politisch und das Politische ist geprägt von Rassismus. In vielen Teilen der deutschen Gesellschaft stehen sich Befürworter*innen der Homogenität und Vielfaltsbegeisterte unversöhnlich gegenüber. Der Autor analysiert die posthomogene Gesellschaft und zeigt, dass rassistische Politiken zum Kerngeschäft der Verfechter*innen der Homogenität gehören. Seine postkoloniale Kritik untersucht die tieferliegenden Gründe hierfür und liefert zugleich eine kritische Intervention in die (politik-)wissenschaftliche Forschung. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Rassismus weit mehr ist als Diskriminierung und Benachteiligung: Rassismus ist eine politische Ideologie.

While there is a growing body of research on Ciganos/Roma in Portugal, little is known about how Cigano youth transition into adulthood. In this article, we address this gap by drawing on a qualitative study on the transitions of young Ciganos living in Cascais, a coastal municipality in the Lisbon district. Using a multi‐method approach, we explore the life course trajectories of Cigano youth within the areas of education, livelihoods, and marriage, and how these areas shape their transition experiences. The empirical material shows that the transition into adulthood of Cigano youth is influenced by broader structural and socio‐cultural factors. Processes of socialization, ethnicity, and gender restrict young Ciganos’ participation in education and formal labor markets, which increases their vulnerability to marginalization and exclusion in society. Cigano youth, however, initiate different pathways in their life trajectories to achieve adulthood. By focusing on the voices of Cigano youth, we challenge the homogenization of their lives in Portugal and highlight how social age and linked lives shape their transitions into adulthood.

This paper investigates changes over the period 2005 to 2014 in material deprivation dynamics of social risk groups in 11 European countries covering a range of welfare regimes. The period covered experienced dramatic economic change, encompassing periods of boom, the Great Recession and early recovery. Social risk groups are defined as groups which differ in the challenges that they face in converting resources into desired outcomes. The comparative element of the paper allows us to assess whether certain welfare regimes were better at protecting more vulnerable groups. Results, based on the longitudinal component of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and on analysis of deprivation dynamics between pairs of years, showed large inequality between groups in the risk of persistent deprivation - with lone parents and people with disability most at risk in all countries. Variation across welfare regimes was restricted to the contrast between the liberal and the remaining regimes. Countries belonging to the former regime (UK and Ireland) were distinctive in showing the largest social risk gap in persistent deprivation and were the only ones which experienced substantial polarisation between groups with the Great Recession.

Es zeigte sich bereits vor der Corona-Krise, dass Menschen mit Behinderungen spezifischen Hürden beim Zugang zu gesundheitlichen Diensten und Einrichtungen begegnen, die auf eine strukturelle Benachteiligung im Gesundheitswesen hinweisen. COVID-19 verschärft die Barrieren und Benachteiligungen nun aufgrund knapper werdender Ressourcen und führt gleichzeitig dazu, dass sich Menschen mit Behinderungen in einer besonderen Gefährdungslage befinden. Sie sind teilweise aufgrund ihrer Beeinträchtigungen, aber gerade auch aufgrund diskriminierender struktureller Bedingungen im Gesundheitswesen einem größeren Risiko ausgesetzt, schwerer an COVID-19 zu erkranken und gar zu sterben. Nach dem Antrag der Beschwerdeführenden betrifft die Verfassungsbeschwerde "die staatlichen Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung der durch das COVID-19 ausgelösten Pandemie und die Untätigkeit der Bundesregierung, Vorkehrungen zu treffen, um die Beschwerdeführenden vor Benachteiligungen wegen ihrer Behinderung und in Zusammenhang mit ihrem Alter im Rahmen der gesundheitlichen Versorgung zu schützen".

In Krisenzeiten, in denen es zu einer Knappheit an lebensrettenden Ressourcen kommen kann, stellt sich die Frage, wie diese Ressourcen in einer den Grund- und Menschenrechten verpflichteten Gesellschaft zu verteilen sind. Bisher gibt es keine gesetzliche Regelung zu den Kriterien der Verteilungsentscheidungen in einer solchen Situation. In der Pandemie wurde auf die fachlichen Empfehlungen der Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI) Bezug genommen.