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1. “Type D” killer whale genomes reveal long-term small population size and low genetic diversity

Author: Foote, Andrew D, Alexander, Alana, Ballance, Lisa T, Constantine, Rochelle, Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Bárbara, Guinet, Christophe, Robertson, Kelly M, Sinding, Mikkel-holger S, Sironi, Mariano, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John, Towers, Jared R, Wellard, Rebecca, Pitman, Robert L, Morin, Phillip A, Foote, Andrew D, Alexander, Alana, Ballance, Lisa T, Constantine, Rochelle, Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Bárbara, Guinet, Christophe, Robertson, Kelly M, Sinding, Mikkel-holger S, Sironi, Mariano, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John, Towers, Jared R, Wellard, Rebecca, Pitman, Robert L, and Morin, Phillip A
Abstract: Genome sequences can reveal the extent of inbreeding in small populations. Here, we present the first genomic characterization of type D killer whales, a distinctive eco/morphotype with a circumpolar, subantarctic distribution. Effective population size is the lowest estimated from any killer whale genome and indicates a severe population bottleneck. Consequently, type D genomes show among the highest level of inbreeding reported for any mammalian species (FROH ≥ 0.65). Detected recombination cross-over events of different haplotypes are up to an order of magnitude rarer than in other killer whale genomes studied to date. Comparison of genomic data from a museum specimen of a type D killer whale that stranded in New Zealand in 1955, with 3 modern genomes from the Cape Horn area, reveals high covariance and identity-by-state of alleles, suggesting these genomic characteristics and demographic history are shared among geographically dispersed social groups within this morphotype. Limitations to the insights gained in this study stem from the nonindependence of the 3 closely related modern genomes, the recent coalescence time of most variation within the genomes, and the nonequilibrium population history which violates the assumptions of many model-based methods. Long-range linkage disequilibrium and extensive runs of homozygosity found in type D genomes provide the potential basis for both the distinctive morphology, and the coupling of genetic barriers to gene flow with other killer whale populations.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Long-term stability in the circumpolar foraging range of a Southern Ocean predator between the eras of whaling and rapid climate change

Author: Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., Carroll, Emma L., Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., and Carroll, Emma L.
Abstract: Significance Assessing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems is challenging due to its remoteness. Large-scale datasets that allow comparison between present-day conditions and those prior to large-scale ecosystem disturbances caused by humans (e.g., fishing/whaling) are rare. We infer the contemporary offshore foraging distribution of a marine predator, southern right whales (n = 1,002), using a customized stable isotope-based assignment approach based on biogeochemical models of the Southern Ocean. We then compare the contemporary distributions during the late austral summer and autumn to whaling catch data representing historical distributions during the same seasons. We show remarkable consistency of mid-latitude distribution across four centuries but shifts in foraging grounds in the past 30 y, particularly in the high latitudes that are likely driven by climate-associated alterations in prey availability. Abstract Assessing environmental changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems is difficult due to its remoteness and data sparsity. Monitoring marine predators that respond rapidly to environmental variation may enable us to track anthropogenic effects on ecosystems. Yet, many long-term datasets of marine predators are incomplete because they are spatially constrained and/or track ecosystems already modified by industrial fishing and whaling in the latter half of the 20th century. Here, we assess the contemporary offshore distribution of a wide-ranging marine predator, the southern right whale (SRW, Eubalaena australis), that forages on copepods and krill from ~30°S to the Antarctic ice edge (>60°S). We analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 1,002 skin samples from six genetically distinct SRW populations using a customized assignment approach that accounts for temporal and spatial variation in the Southern Ocean phytoplankton isoscape. Over the past three decades, SRWs increased their use of mid-latitude foraging grounds in the south Atlantic and southwest (SW
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Long-term stability in the circumpolar foraging range of a Southern Ocean predator between the eras of whaling and rapid climate change

Author: Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., Carroll, Emma L., Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., and Carroll, Emma L.
Abstract: Significance Assessing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems is challenging due to its remoteness. Large-scale datasets that allow comparison between present-day conditions and those prior to large-scale ecosystem disturbances caused by humans (e.g., fishing/whaling) are rare. We infer the contemporary offshore foraging distribution of a marine predator, southern right whales (n = 1,002), using a customized stable isotope-based assignment approach based on biogeochemical models of the Southern Ocean. We then compare the contemporary distributions during the late austral summer and autumn to whaling catch data representing historical distributions during the same seasons. We show remarkable consistency of mid-latitude distribution across four centuries but shifts in foraging grounds in the past 30 y, particularly in the high latitudes that are likely driven by climate-associated alterations in prey availability. Abstract Assessing environmental changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems is difficult due to its remoteness and data sparsity. Monitoring marine predators that respond rapidly to environmental variation may enable us to track anthropogenic effects on ecosystems. Yet, many long-term datasets of marine predators are incomplete because they are spatially constrained and/or track ecosystems already modified by industrial fishing and whaling in the latter half of the 20th century. Here, we assess the contemporary offshore distribution of a wide-ranging marine predator, the southern right whale (SRW, Eubalaena australis), that forages on copepods and krill from ~30°S to the Antarctic ice edge (>60°S). We analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 1,002 skin samples from six genetically distinct SRW populations using a customized assignment approach that accounts for temporal and spatial variation in the Southern Ocean phytoplankton isoscape. Over the past three decades, SRWs increased their use of mid-latitude foraging grounds in the south Atlantic and southwest (SW
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Long-term stability in the circumpolar foraging range of a Southern Ocean predator between the eras of whaling and rapid climate change

Author: Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., Carroll, Emma L., Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., and Carroll, Emma L.
Abstract: Significance Assessing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems is challenging due to its remoteness. Large-scale datasets that allow comparison between present-day conditions and those prior to large-scale ecosystem disturbances caused by humans (e.g., fishing/whaling) are rare. We infer the contemporary offshore foraging distribution of a marine predator, southern right whales (n = 1,002), using a customized stable isotope-based assignment approach based on biogeochemical models of the Southern Ocean. We then compare the contemporary distributions during the late austral summer and autumn to whaling catch data representing historical distributions during the same seasons. We show remarkable consistency of mid-latitude distribution across four centuries but shifts in foraging grounds in the past 30 y, particularly in the high latitudes that are likely driven by climate-associated alterations in prey availability. Abstract Assessing environmental changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems is difficult due to its remoteness and data sparsity. Monitoring marine predators that respond rapidly to environmental variation may enable us to track anthropogenic effects on ecosystems. Yet, many long-term datasets of marine predators are incomplete because they are spatially constrained and/or track ecosystems already modified by industrial fishing and whaling in the latter half of the 20th century. Here, we assess the contemporary offshore distribution of a wide-ranging marine predator, the southern right whale (SRW, Eubalaena australis), that forages on copepods and krill from ~30°S to the Antarctic ice edge (>60°S). We analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 1,002 skin samples from six genetically distinct SRW populations using a customized assignment approach that accounts for temporal and spatial variation in the Southern Ocean phytoplankton isoscape. Over the past three decades, SRWs increased their use of mid-latitude foraging grounds in the south Atlantic and southwest (SW
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. 'Type D' killer whale genomes reveal long-term small population size and low genetic diversity

Author: Foote, Andrew D, Alexander, Alana, Ballance, Lisa T, Constantine, Rochelle, Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Bárbara, Guinet, Christophe, Robertson, Kelly M, Sinding, Mikkel-holger S, Sironi, Mariano, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John, Towers, Jared R, Wellard, Rebecca, Pitman, Robert L, Morin, Phillip A, Foote, Andrew D, Alexander, Alana, Ballance, Lisa T, Constantine, Rochelle, Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Bárbara, Guinet, Christophe, Robertson, Kelly M, Sinding, Mikkel-holger S, Sironi, Mariano, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John, Towers, Jared R, Wellard, Rebecca, Pitman, Robert L, and Morin, Phillip A
Abstract: Genome sequences can reveal the extent of inbreeding in small populations. Here, we present the first genomic characterization of type D killer whales, a distinctive eco/morphotype with a circumpolar, subantarctic distribution. Effective population size is the lowest estimated from any killer whale genome and indicates a severe population bottleneck. Consequently, type D genomes show among the highest level of inbreeding reported for any mammalian species (FROH ≥ 0.65). Detected recombination cross-over events of different haplotypes are up to an order of magnitude rarer than in other killer whale genomes studied to date. Comparison of genomic data from a museum specimen of a type D killer whale that stranded in New Zealand in 1955, with 3 modern genomes from the Cape Horn area, reveals high covariance and identity-by-state of alleles, suggesting these genomic characteristics and demographic history are shared among geographically dispersed social groups within this morphotype. Limitations to the insights gained in this study stem from the nonindependence of the 3 closely related modern genomes, the recent coalescence time of most variation within the genomes, and the nonequilibrium population history which violates the assumptions of many model-based methods. Long-range linkage disequilibrium and extensive runs of homozygosity found in type D genomes provide the potential basis for both the distinctive morphology, and the coupling of genetic barriers to gene flow with other killer whale populations.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Long-term stability in the circumpolar foraging range of a Southern Ocean predator between the eras of whaling and rapid climate change

Author: Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., Carroll, Emma L., Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A. C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., and Carroll, Emma L.
Abstract: Significance Assessing change in Southern Ocean ecosystems is challenging due to its remoteness. Large-scale datasets that allow comparison between present-day conditions and those prior to large-scale ecosystem disturbances caused by humans (e.g., fishing/whaling) are rare. We infer the contemporary offshore foraging distribution of a marine predator, southern right whales (n = 1,002), using a customized stable isotope-based assignment approach based on biogeochemical models of the Southern Ocean. We then compare the contemporary distributions during the late austral summer and autumn to whaling catch data representing historical distributions during the same seasons. We show remarkable consistency of mid-latitude distribution across four centuries but shifts in foraging grounds in the past 30 y, particularly in the high latitudes that are likely driven by climate-associated alterations in prey availability. Abstract Assessing environmental changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems is difficult due to its remoteness and data sparsity. Monitoring marine predators that respond rapidly to environmental variation may enable us to track anthropogenic effects on ecosystems. Yet, many long-term datasets of marine predators are incomplete because they are spatially constrained and/or track ecosystems already modified by industrial fishing and whaling in the latter half of the 20th century. Here, we assess the contemporary offshore distribution of a wide-ranging marine predator, the southern right whale (SRW, Eubalaena australis), that forages on copepods and krill from ~30°S to the Antarctic ice edge (>60°S). We analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 1,002 skin samples from six genetically distinct SRW populations using a customized assignment approach that accounts for temporal and spatial variation in the Southern Ocean phytoplankton isoscape. Over the past three decades, SRWs increased their use of mid-latitude foraging grounds in the south Atlantic and southwest (SW
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Long-term stability in the circumpolar foraging range of a Southern Ocean predator between the eras of whaling and rapid climate change

Author: Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A.C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., Carroll, Emma L., Derville, Solène, Torres, Leigh G., Newsome, Seth D., Somes, Christopher J., Valenzuela, Luciano O., Vander Zanden, Hannah B., Baker, C. Scott, Bérubé, Martine, Busquets-Vass, Geraldine, Carlyon, Kris, Childerhouse, Simon J., Constantine, Rochelle, Dunshea, Glenn, Flores, Paulo A.C., Goldsworthy, Simon D., Graham, Brittany, Groch, Karina, Gröcke, Darren R., Harcourt, Robert, Hindell, Mark A., Hulva, Pavel, Jackson, Jennifer A., Kennedy, Amy S., Lundquist, David, Mackay, Alice I., Neveceralova, Petra, Oliveira, Larissa, Ott, Paulo H., Palsbøll, Per J., Patenaude, Nathalie J., Rowntree, Victoria, Sironi, Mariano, Vermeuelen, Els, Watson, Mandy, Zerbini, Alexandre N., and Carroll, Emma L.
Abstract: Assessing environmental changes in Southern Ocean ecosystems is difficult due to its remoteness and data sparsity. Monitoring marine predators that respond rapidly to environmental variation may enable us to track anthropogenic effects on ecosystems. Yet, many long-term datasets of marine predators are incomplete because they are spatially constrained and/or track ecosystems already modified by industrial fishing and whaling in the latter half of the 20th century. Here, we assess the contemporary offshore distribution of a wide-ranging marine predator, the southern right whale (SRW, Eubalaena australis), that forages on copepods and krill from ~30°S to the Antarctic ice edge (>60°S). We analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope values of 1,002 skin samples from six genetically distinct SRW populations using a customized assignment approach that accounts for temporal and spatial variation in the Southern Ocean phytoplankton isoscape. Over the past three decades, SRWs increased their use of mid-latitude foraging grounds in the south Atlantic and southwest (SW) Indian oceans in the late austral summer and autumn and slightly increased their use of high-latitude (>60°S) foraging grounds in the SW Pacific, coincident with observed changes in prey distribution and abundance on a circumpolar scale. Comparing foraging assignments with whaling records since the 18th century showed remarkable stability in use of mid-latitude foraging areas. We attribute this consistency across four centuries to the physical stability of ocean fronts and resulting productivity in mid-latitude ecosystems of the Southern Ocean compared with polar regions that may be more influenced by recent climate change.
Published: 2023

8. 'Type D' killer whale genomes reveal long-term small population size and low genetic diversity

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Alexander, Alana, Ballance, Lisa T., Constantine, Rochelle, Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Bárbara, Guinet, Christophe, Robertson, Kelly M., Sinding, Mikkel Holger S., Sironi, Mariano, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John, Towers, Jared R., Wellard, Rebecca, Pitman, Robert L., Morin, Phillip A., Foote, Andrew D., Alexander, Alana, Ballance, Lisa T., Constantine, Rochelle, Galletti Vernazzani Muñoz, Bárbara, Guinet, Christophe, Robertson, Kelly M., Sinding, Mikkel Holger S., Sironi, Mariano, Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John, Towers, Jared R., Wellard, Rebecca, Pitman, Robert L., and Morin, Phillip A.
Abstract: Genome sequences can reveal the extent of inbreeding in small populations. Here, we present the first genomic characterization of type D killer whales, a distinctive eco/morphotype with a circumpolar, subantarctic distribution. Effective population size is the lowest estimated from any killer whale genome and indicates a severe population bottleneck. Consequently, type D genomes show among the highest level of inbreeding reported for any mammalian species (FROH ≥ 0.65). Detected recombination cross-over events of different haplotypes are up to an order of magnitude rarer than in other killer whale genomes studied to date. Comparison of genomic data from a museum specimen of a type D killer whale that stranded in New Zealand in 1955, with 3 modern genomes from the Cape Horn area, reveals high covariance and identity-by-state of alleles, suggesting these genomic characteristics and demographic history are shared among geographically dispersed social groups within this morphotype. Limitations to the insights gained in this study stem from the nonindependence of the 3 closely related modern genomes, the recent coalescence time of most variation within the genomes, and the nonequilibrium population history which violates the assumptions of many model-based methods. Long-range linkage disequilibrium and extensive runs of homozygosity found in type D genomes provide the potential basis for both the distinctive morphology, and the coupling of genetic barriers to gene flow with other killer whale populations.
Published: 2023

9. Biogeography in the deep:Hierarchical population genomic structure of two beaked whale species

Author: Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Aguilar de Soto, Natacha, McCarthy, Morgan L., Morin, Phillip A., Rosso, Massimiliano, Dalebout, Merel, Davison, Nicholas, Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Brownlow, Andrew, Burns, Daniel, Caurant, Florence, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Demaret, Fabien, Dreyer, Sascha, Ðuras, Martina, Durban, John W., Frantzis, Alexandros, Freitas, Luis, Genty, Gabrielle, Galov, Ana, Hansen, Sabine S., Kitchener, Andrew C., Martin, Vidal, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Montano, Valeria, Moulins, Aurelie, Olavarría, Carlos, Poole, M. Michael, Reyes Suárez, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Ryan, Conor, Schiavi, Agustina, Tepsich, Paola, Urban R., Jorge, West, Kristi, Olsen, Morten Tange, Carroll, Emma L., Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Aguilar de Soto, Natacha, McCarthy, Morgan L., Morin, Phillip A., Rosso, Massimiliano, Dalebout, Merel, Davison, Nicholas, Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Brownlow, Andrew, Burns, Daniel, Caurant, Florence, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Demaret, Fabien, Dreyer, Sascha, Ðuras, Martina, Durban, John W., Frantzis, Alexandros, Freitas, Luis, Genty, Gabrielle, Galov, Ana, Hansen, Sabine S., Kitchener, Andrew C., Martin, Vidal, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Montano, Valeria, Moulins, Aurelie, Olavarría, Carlos, Poole, M. Michael, Reyes Suárez, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Ryan, Conor, Schiavi, Agustina, Tepsich, Paola, Urban R., Jorge, West, Kristi, Olsen, Morten Tange, and Carroll, Emma L.
Abstract: The deep sea is the largest ecosystem on Earth, yet little is known about the processes driving patterns of genetic diversity in its inhabitants. Here, we investigated the macro- and microevolutionary processes shaping genomic population structure and diversity in two poorly understood, globally distributed, deep-sea predators: Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). We used double-digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) and whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequencing to characterise genetic patterns using phylogenetic trees, cluster analysis, isolation-by-distance, genetic diversity and differentiation statistics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; Blainville's n = 43 samples, SNPs=13988; Cuvier's n = 123, SNPs= 30479) and mitogenomes (Blainville's n = 27; Cuvier's n = 35) revealed substantial hierarchical structure at a global scale. Both species display significant genetic structure between the Atlantic, Indo-Pacific and in Cuvier's, the Mediterranean Sea. Within major ocean basins, clear differentiation is found between genetic clusters on the east and west sides of the North Atlantic, and some distinct patterns of structure in the Indo-Pacific and Southern Hemisphere. We infer that macroevolutionary processes shaping patterns of genetic diversity include biogeographical barriers, highlighting the importance of such barriers even to highly mobile, deep-diving taxa. The barriers likely differ between the species due to their thermal tolerances and evolutionary histories. On a microevolutionary scale, it seems likely that the balance between resident populations displaying site fidelity, and transient individuals facilitating gene flow, shapes patterns of connectivity and genetic drift in beaked whales. Based on these results, we propose management units to facilitate improved conservation measures for these elusive species.
Published: 2022

10. Biogeography in the deep:Hierarchical population genomic structure of two beaked whale species

Author: Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Aguilar de Soto, Natacha, McCarthy, Morgan L., Morin, Phillip A., Rosso, Massimiliano, Dalebout, Merel, Davison, Nicholas, Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Brownlow, Andrew, Burns, Daniel, Caurant, Florence, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Demaret, Fabien, Dreyer, Sascha, Ðuras, Martina, Durban, John W., Frantzis, Alexandros, Freitas, Luis, Genty, Gabrielle, Galov, Ana, Hansen, Sabine S., Kitchener, Andrew C., Martin, Vidal, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Montano, Valeria, Moulins, Aurelie, Olavarría, Carlos, Poole, M. Michael, Reyes Suárez, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Ryan, Conor, Schiavi, Agustina, Tepsich, Paola, Urban R., Jorge, West, Kristi, Olsen, Morten Tange, Carroll, Emma L., Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Aguilar de Soto, Natacha, McCarthy, Morgan L., Morin, Phillip A., Rosso, Massimiliano, Dalebout, Merel, Davison, Nicholas, Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Brownlow, Andrew, Burns, Daniel, Caurant, Florence, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Demaret, Fabien, Dreyer, Sascha, Ðuras, Martina, Durban, John W., Frantzis, Alexandros, Freitas, Luis, Genty, Gabrielle, Galov, Ana, Hansen, Sabine S., Kitchener, Andrew C., Martin, Vidal, Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Montano, Valeria, Moulins, Aurelie, Olavarría, Carlos, Poole, M. Michael, Reyes Suárez, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Ryan, Conor, Schiavi, Agustina, Tepsich, Paola, Urban R., Jorge, West, Kristi, Olsen, Morten Tange, and Carroll, Emma L.
Abstract: The deep sea is the largest ecosystem on Earth, yet little is known about the processes driving patterns of genetic diversity in its inhabitants. Here, we investigated the macro- and microevolutionary processes shaping genomic population structure and diversity in two poorly understood, globally distributed, deep-sea predators: Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). We used double-digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) and whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequencing to characterise genetic patterns using phylogenetic trees, cluster analysis, isolation-by-distance, genetic diversity and differentiation statistics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; Blainville's n = 43 samples, SNPs=13988; Cuvier's n = 123, SNPs= 30479) and mitogenomes (Blainville's n = 27; Cuvier's n = 35) revealed substantial hierarchical structure at a global scale. Both species display significant genetic structure between the Atlantic, Indo-Pacific and in Cuvier's, the Mediterranean Sea. Within major ocean basins, clear differentiation is found between genetic clusters on the east and west sides of the North Atlantic, and some distinct patterns of structure in the Indo-Pacific and Southern Hemisphere. We infer that macroevolutionary processes shaping patterns of genetic diversity include biogeographical barriers, highlighting the importance of such barriers even to highly mobile, deep-diving taxa. The barriers likely differ between the species due to their thermal tolerances and evolutionary histories. On a microevolutionary scale, it seems likely that the balance between resident populations displaying site fidelity, and transient individuals facilitating gene flow, shapes patterns of connectivity and genetic drift in beaked whales. Based on these results, we propose management units to facilitate improved conservation measures for these elusive species.
Published: 2022

11. Runs of homozygosity in killer whale genomes provide a global record of demographic histories

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Philiip A, Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, and Morin, Philiip A
Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigated whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity and ROH length distributions, using a global data set of 26 genomes representative of geographic and ecotypic variation in this species, and two F1 admixed individuals with Pacific-Atlantic parentage. We first reconstructed demographic history for each population as changes in effective population size through time using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) method. We found a subset of populations declined in effective population size during the Late Pleistocene, while others had more stable demography. Genomes inferred to have undergone ancestral declines in effective population size, were autozygous at hundreds of short ROH (<1 Mb), reflecting high background relatedness due to coalescence of haplotypes deep within the pedigree. In contrast, longer and therefore younger ROH (>1.5 Mb) were found in low latitude populations, and populations of known conservation concern. These include a Scottish killer whale, for which 37.8% of the autosomes were comprised of ROH >1.5 Mb in length. The fate of this population, in which only two adult males have been sighted in the past five years, and zero fecundity over the last two decades, may be inextricably linked to its demographic history and consequential inbreeding depression.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. Cetacean conservation planning in a global diversity hotspot: dealing with uncertainty and data deficiencies

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, Constantine, Rochelle, Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Many cetacean species are at risk from anthropogenic disturbances including climate change, pollution, and habitat degradation. Identifying cetacean hotspots for conservation management is therefore required. Aotearoa–New Zealand waters are used by 53% of the world’s cetacean species and are a global cetacean diversity hotspot. Using geographic predictions of cetacean taxa, we aimed to identify important areas within New Zealand waters using two methods: estimates of cetacean richness and a spatial prioritization analysis. For both methods, we investigated how varying levels of uncertainty in predictions of the taxa’ occurrence layers would affect our interpretation of cetacean hotspots. Despite some marked spatial differences in distribution of important areas for cetacean diversity, both methods, across all uncertainty scenarios, highlighted six distinct deep offshore regions as important habitat. Generally, inshore areas had lower richness estimates than offshore areas, but these remain important for conservation for species with limited ranges (e.g., the endemic Māui and Hector’s dolphins), and in some places had similar richness values to offshore hotspots. Furthermore, inshore hotspots had lower uncertainty in predicted taxa distribution and richness estimates. The use of two different uncertainty estimates allows the integration of distributional information from differing sources (different modeling methods with varying numbers of cetacean records) to be integrated in a robust and conservative way. Identification of cetacean hotspots with varying levels of uncertainty provides a robust and efficient step toward prioritizing areas for conservation management in a participatory process.
Published: 2021
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13. Combining Regional Habitat Selection Models for Large-Scale Prediction: Circumpolar Habitat Selection of Southern Ocean Humpback Whales

Author: Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, Constantine, Rochelle, Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Machine learning algorithms are often used to model and predict animal habitat selection—the relationships between animal occurrences and habitat characteristics. For broadly distributed species, habitat selection often varies among populations and regions; thus, it would seem preferable to fit region- or population-specific models of habitat selection for more accurate inference and prediction, rather than fitting large-scale models using pooled data. However, where the aim is to make range-wide predictions, including areas for which there are no existing data or models of habitat selection, how can regional models best be combined? We propose that ensemble approaches commonly used to combine different algorithms for a single region can be reframed, treating regional habitat selection models as the candidate models. By doing so, we can incorporate regional variation when fitting predictive models of animal habitat selection across large ranges. We test this approach using satellite telemetry data from 168 humpback whales across five geographic regions in the Southern Ocean. Using random forests, we fitted a large-scale model relating humpback whale locations, versus background locations, to 10 environmental covariates, and made a circumpolar prediction of humpback whale habitat selection. We also fitted five regional models, the predictions of which we used as input features for four ensemble approaches: an unweighted ensemble, an ensemble weighted by environmental similarity in each cell, stacked generalization, and a hybrid approach wherein the environmental covariates and regional predictions were used as input features in a new model. We tested the predictive performance of these approaches on an independent validation dataset of humpback whale sightings and whaling catches. These multiregional ensemble approaches resulted in models with higher predictive performance than the circumpolar naive model. These approaches can be used to incorporate regional variatio
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Runs of homozygosity in killer whale genomes provide a global record of demographic histories

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Philiip A, Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, and Morin, Philiip A
Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigated whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity and ROH length distributions, using a global data set of 26 genomes representative of geographic and ecotypic variation in this species, and two F1 admixed individuals with Pacific-Atlantic parentage. We first reconstructed demographic history for each population as changes in effective population size through time using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) method. We found a subset of populations declined in effective population size during the Late Pleistocene, while others had more stable demography. Genomes inferred to have undergone ancestral declines in effective population size, were autozygous at hundreds of short ROH (<1 Mb), reflecting high background relatedness due to coalescence of haplotypes deep within the pedigree. In contrast, longer and therefore younger ROH (>1.5 Mb) were found in low latitude populations, and populations of known conservation concern. These include a Scottish killer whale, for which 37.8% of the autosomes were comprised of ROH >1.5 Mb in length. The fate of this population, in which only two adult males have been sighted in the past five years, and zero fecundity over the last two decades, may be inextricably linked to its demographic history and consequential inbreeding depression.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Cetacean conservation planning in a global diversity hotspot: dealing with uncertainty and data deficiencies

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, Constantine, Rochelle, Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Many cetacean species are at risk from anthropogenic disturbances including climate change, pollution, and habitat degradation. Identifying cetacean hotspots for conservation management is therefore required. Aotearoa–New Zealand waters are used by 53% of the world’s cetacean species and are a global cetacean diversity hotspot. Using geographic predictions of cetacean taxa, we aimed to identify important areas within New Zealand waters using two methods: estimates of cetacean richness and a spatial prioritization analysis. For both methods, we investigated how varying levels of uncertainty in predictions of the taxa’ occurrence layers would affect our interpretation of cetacean hotspots. Despite some marked spatial differences in distribution of important areas for cetacean diversity, both methods, across all uncertainty scenarios, highlighted six distinct deep offshore regions as important habitat. Generally, inshore areas had lower richness estimates than offshore areas, but these remain important for conservation for species with limited ranges (e.g., the endemic Māui and Hector’s dolphins), and in some places had similar richness values to offshore hotspots. Furthermore, inshore hotspots had lower uncertainty in predicted taxa distribution and richness estimates. The use of two different uncertainty estimates allows the integration of distributional information from differing sources (different modeling methods with varying numbers of cetacean records) to be integrated in a robust and conservative way. Identification of cetacean hotspots with varying levels of uncertainty provides a robust and efficient step toward prioritizing areas for conservation management in a participatory process.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. Combining Regional Habitat Selection Models for Large-Scale Prediction: Circumpolar Habitat Selection of Southern Ocean Humpback Whales

Author: Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, Constantine, Rochelle, Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Machine learning algorithms are often used to model and predict animal habitat selection—the relationships between animal occurrences and habitat characteristics. For broadly distributed species, habitat selection often varies among populations and regions; thus, it would seem preferable to fit region- or population-specific models of habitat selection for more accurate inference and prediction, rather than fitting large-scale models using pooled data. However, where the aim is to make range-wide predictions, including areas for which there are no existing data or models of habitat selection, how can regional models best be combined? We propose that ensemble approaches commonly used to combine different algorithms for a single region can be reframed, treating regional habitat selection models as the candidate models. By doing so, we can incorporate regional variation when fitting predictive models of animal habitat selection across large ranges. We test this approach using satellite telemetry data from 168 humpback whales across five geographic regions in the Southern Ocean. Using random forests, we fitted a large-scale model relating humpback whale locations, versus background locations, to 10 environmental covariates, and made a circumpolar prediction of humpback whale habitat selection. We also fitted five regional models, the predictions of which we used as input features for four ensemble approaches: an unweighted ensemble, an ensemble weighted by environmental similarity in each cell, stacked generalization, and a hybrid approach wherein the environmental covariates and regional predictions were used as input features in a new model. We tested the predictive performance of these approaches on an independent validation dataset of humpback whale sightings and whaling catches. These multiregional ensemble approaches resulted in models with higher predictive performance than the circumpolar naive model. These approaches can be used to incorporate regional variatio
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

17. Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Author: Grace, Molly K., Akcakaya, H. Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L., Brooks, Thomas M., Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A., Long, Barney, Mallon, David P., Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Paul Rodriguez, Jon, Stephenson, P. J., Stuart, Simon N., Young, Richard P., Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis MD D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J., Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A., Boughton, Raoul K., Brockmann, H. Jane, Buckley, Hannah L., Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Santiago Cano-Alonso, Luis, Carmichael, Ruth H., Carrero, Christina, P Carroll, John, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G., Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A., Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C., Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Di Febbraro, Mirko, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M., Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael RJ J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C., Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah, Godfrey, Stephanie S., Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A., Grant, Tandora D., Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J., van Grunsven, Roy HA A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C., Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christian A., Hall, Madison B., Hallerman, Eric M., Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A., Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia KD D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaunda-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T., de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C., Marinari, Paul E., Martin, Gabriel M., Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip JK K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J., Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M., Laura Morales, Carolina, Mumu, Nazia Naoreen, Negrao, Raquel, Anh, Ha Nguyen, Niloy, Md Nazmul Hasan, Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsenigo, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Portela, Rita de Cassia Quitete D. C. Q., Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G., Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H., Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C., Rivers, Malin C., Rogers, Luke Rollie, da Rosa, Patricia, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, de Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J., Sanjuan, Tatiana, Dos Santos, Amanda Souza, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Schutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P., Shuey, John A., Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P., Smith, David R., Spaet, Julia LY Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Hoang, Trinh-Dinh, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usmani, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J., Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R., van Weerd, Merlijn, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean WH H., Young, Stuart, Grace, Molly K., Akcakaya, H. Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L., Brooks, Thomas M., Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A., Long, Barney, Mallon, David P., Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Paul Rodriguez, Jon, Stephenson, P. J., Stuart, Simon N., Young, Richard P., Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis MD D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J., Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A., Boughton, Raoul K., Brockmann, H. Jane, Buckley, Hannah L., Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Santiago Cano-Alonso, Luis, Carmichael, Ruth H., Carrero, Christina, P Carroll, John, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G., Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A., Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C., Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Di Febbraro, Mirko, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M., Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael RJ J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C., Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah, Godfrey, Stephanie S., Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A., Grant, Tandora D., Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J., van Grunsven, Roy HA A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C., Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christian A., Hall, Madison B., Hallerman, Eric M., Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A., Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia KD D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaunda-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T., de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C., Marinari, Paul E., Martin, Gabriel M., Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip JK K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J., Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M., Laura Morales, Carolina, Mumu, Nazia Naoreen, Negrao, Raquel, Anh, Ha Nguyen, Niloy, Md Nazmul Hasan, Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsenigo, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Portela, Rita de Cassia Quitete D. C. Q., Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G., Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H., Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C., Rivers, Malin C., Rogers, Luke Rollie, da Rosa, Patricia, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, de Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J., Sanjuan, Tatiana, Dos Santos, Amanda Souza, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Schutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P., Shuey, John A., Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P., Smith, David R., Spaet, Julia LY Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Hoang, Trinh-Dinh, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usmani, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J., Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R., van Weerd, Merlijn, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean WH H., and Young, Stuart
Abstract: Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

18. Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Author: Grace, Molly K, Akcakaya, H Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L, Brooks, Thomas M, Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A, Long, Barney, Mallon, David P, Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E.J., Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Stephenson, P J, Stuart, Simon N, Young, Richard P, Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis M.D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J, Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A.V., Boughton, Raoul K, Brockmann, H Jane, Buckley, Hannah L, Burfield, Ian J, Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Cano-Alonso, Luis Santiago, Carmichael, Ruth H, Carrero, Christina, Carroll, John P, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G, Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A, Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C, Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Febbraro, Mirko Di, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M, Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael R.J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C, Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ullah Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar, Godfrey, Stephanie S, Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A, Grant, Tandora D, Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J, van Grunsven, Roy H.A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C, Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christina, Hagen, Christian A, Hall, Madison B, Hallerman, Eric, Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A, Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia K.D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaundra-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T, de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Jr., Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C, Marinari, Paul E, Martin, Gabriel M, Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip J.K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J, Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M, Morales, Carolina Laura, Mumu, Nazia Noareen, Negrao, Raquel, Nguyen, Anh Ha, Niloy, Nazmul Hasan, Md., Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsengio, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Quitete Portela, Rita de Cassia, Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G, Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H, Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C, Rivers, Malin C, Rogers, Luke Rollie, Rosa, Patricia Da, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne J, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J, Sanjuan, Tatiana, Souza dos Santos, Amanda, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Shutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P, Shuey, John A, Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P, Smith, David R, Spaet, Julia L.Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Trinh-Dinh, Hoang, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usami, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M, Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J, Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R, Weerd, Merlijin van, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean W.H., Young, Stuart, Grace, Molly K, Akcakaya, H Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L, Brooks, Thomas M, Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A, Long, Barney, Mallon, David P, Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E.J., Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Stephenson, P J, Stuart, Simon N, Young, Richard P, Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis M.D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J, Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A.V., Boughton, Raoul K, Brockmann, H Jane, Buckley, Hannah L, Burfield, Ian J, Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Cano-Alonso, Luis Santiago, Carmichael, Ruth H, Carrero, Christina, Carroll, John P, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G, Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A, Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C, Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Febbraro, Mirko Di, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M, Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael R.J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C, Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ullah Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar, Godfrey, Stephanie S, Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A, Grant, Tandora D, Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J, van Grunsven, Roy H.A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C, Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christina, Hagen, Christian A, Hall, Madison B, Hallerman, Eric, Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A, Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia K.D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaundra-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T, de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Jr., Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C, Marinari, Paul E, Martin, Gabriel M, Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip J.K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J, Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M, Morales, Carolina Laura, Mumu, Nazia Noareen, Negrao, Raquel, Nguyen, Anh Ha, Niloy, Nazmul Hasan, Md., Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsengio, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Quitete Portela, Rita de Cassia, Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G, Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H, Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C, Rivers, Malin C, Rogers, Luke Rollie, Rosa, Patricia Da, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne J, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J, Sanjuan, Tatiana, Souza dos Santos, Amanda, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Shutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P, Shuey, John A, Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P, Smith, David R, Spaet, Julia L.Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Trinh-Dinh, Hoang, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usami, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M, Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J, Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R, Weerd, Merlijin van, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean W.H., and Young, Stuart
Abstract: Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has
Published: 2021

19. Cetacean conservation planning in a global diversity hotspot: dealing with uncertainty and data deficiencies

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, Constantine, Rochelle, Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Many cetacean species are at risk from anthropogenic disturbances including climate change, pollution, and habitat degradation. Identifying cetacean hotspots for conservation management is therefore required. Aotearoa–New Zealand waters are used by 53% of the world’s cetacean species and are a global cetacean diversity hotspot. Using geographic predictions of cetacean taxa, we aimed to identify important areas within New Zealand waters using two methods: estimates of cetacean richness and a spatial prioritization analysis. For both methods, we investigated how varying levels of uncertainty in predictions of the taxa’ occurrence layers would affect our interpretation of cetacean hotspots. Despite some marked spatial differences in distribution of important areas for cetacean diversity, both methods, across all uncertainty scenarios, highlighted six distinct deep offshore regions as important habitat. Generally, inshore areas had lower richness estimates than offshore areas, but these remain important for conservation for species with limited ranges (e.g., the endemic Māui and Hector’s dolphins), and in some places had similar richness values to offshore hotspots. Furthermore, inshore hotspots had lower uncertainty in predicted taxa distribution and richness estimates. The use of two different uncertainty estimates allows the integration of distributional information from differing sources (different modeling methods with varying numbers of cetacean records) to be integrated in a robust and conservative way. Identification of cetacean hotspots with varying levels of uncertainty provides a robust and efficient step toward prioritizing areas for conservation management in a participatory process.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Combining Regional Habitat Selection Models for Large-Scale Prediction: Circumpolar Habitat Selection of Southern Ocean Humpback Whales

Author: Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, Constantine, Rochelle, Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Machine learning algorithms are often used to model and predict animal habitat selection—the relationships between animal occurrences and habitat characteristics. For broadly distributed species, habitat selection often varies among populations and regions; thus, it would seem preferable to fit region- or population-specific models of habitat selection for more accurate inference and prediction, rather than fitting large-scale models using pooled data. However, where the aim is to make range-wide predictions, including areas for which there are no existing data or models of habitat selection, how can regional models best be combined? We propose that ensemble approaches commonly used to combine different algorithms for a single region can be reframed, treating regional habitat selection models as the candidate models. By doing so, we can incorporate regional variation when fitting predictive models of animal habitat selection across large ranges. We test this approach using satellite telemetry data from 168 humpback whales across five geographic regions in the Southern Ocean. Using random forests, we fitted a large-scale model relating humpback whale locations, versus background locations, to 10 environmental covariates, and made a circumpolar prediction of humpback whale habitat selection. We also fitted five regional models, the predictions of which we used as input features for four ensemble approaches: an unweighted ensemble, an ensemble weighted by environmental similarity in each cell, stacked generalization, and a hybrid approach wherein the environmental covariates and regional predictions were used as input features in a new model. We tested the predictive performance of these approaches on an independent validation dataset of humpback whale sightings and whaling catches. These multiregional ensemble approaches resulted in models with higher predictive performance than the circumpolar naive model. These approaches can be used to incorporate regional variatio
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. Runs of homozygosity in killer whale genomes provide a global record of demographic histories

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Philiip A, Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, and Morin, Philiip A
Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigated whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity and ROH length distributions, using a global data set of 26 genomes representative of geographic and ecotypic variation in this species, and two F1 admixed individuals with Pacific-Atlantic parentage. We first reconstructed demographic history for each population as changes in effective population size through time using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) method. We found a subset of populations declined in effective population size during the Late Pleistocene, while others had more stable demography. Genomes inferred to have undergone ancestral declines in effective population size, were autozygous at hundreds of short ROH (<1 Mb), reflecting high background relatedness due to coalescence of haplotypes deep within the pedigree. In contrast, longer and therefore younger ROH (>1.5 Mb) were found in low latitude populations, and populations of known conservation concern. These include a Scottish killer whale, for which 37.8% of the autosomes were comprised of ROH >1.5 Mb in length. The fate of this population, in which only two adult males have been sighted in the past five years, and zero fecundity over the last two decades, may be inextricably linked to its demographic history and consequential inbreeding depression.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Runs of homozygosity in killer whale genomes provide a global record of demographic histories

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Philiip A, Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, and Morin, Philiip A
Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigated whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity and ROH length distributions, using a global data set of 26 genomes representative of geographic and ecotypic variation in this species, and two F1 admixed individuals with Pacific-Atlantic parentage. We first reconstructed demographic history for each population as changes in effective population size through time using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) method. We found a subset of populations declined in effective population size during the Late Pleistocene, while others had more stable demography. Genomes inferred to have undergone ancestral declines in effective population size, were autozygous at hundreds of short ROH (<1 Mb), reflecting high background relatedness due to coalescence of haplotypes deep within the pedigree. In contrast, longer and therefore younger ROH (>1.5 Mb) were found in low latitude populations, and populations of known conservation concern. These include a Scottish killer whale, for which 37.8% of the autosomes were comprised of ROH >1.5 Mb in length. The fate of this population, in which only two adult males have been sighted in the past five years, and zero fecundity over the last two decades, may be inextricably linked to its demographic history and consequential inbreeding depression.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. Cetacean conservation planning in a global diversity hotspot: dealing with uncertainty and data deficiencies

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, Constantine, Rochelle, Stephenson, Fabrice, Hewitt, Judi E., Torres, Leigh G., Mouton, Theophile, Brough, Tom, Goetz, Kimberly T., Lundquist, Carolyn J., Macdiarmid, Alison B., Ellis, Joanne, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Many cetacean species are at risk from anthropogenic disturbances including climate change, pollution, and habitat degradation. Identifying cetacean hotspots for conservation management is therefore required. Aotearoa–New Zealand waters are used by 53% of the world’s cetacean species and are a global cetacean diversity hotspot. Using geographic predictions of cetacean taxa, we aimed to identify important areas within New Zealand waters using two methods: estimates of cetacean richness and a spatial prioritization analysis. For both methods, we investigated how varying levels of uncertainty in predictions of the taxa’ occurrence layers would affect our interpretation of cetacean hotspots. Despite some marked spatial differences in distribution of important areas for cetacean diversity, both methods, across all uncertainty scenarios, highlighted six distinct deep offshore regions as important habitat. Generally, inshore areas had lower richness estimates than offshore areas, but these remain important for conservation for species with limited ranges (e.g., the endemic Māui and Hector’s dolphins), and in some places had similar richness values to offshore hotspots. Furthermore, inshore hotspots had lower uncertainty in predicted taxa distribution and richness estimates. The use of two different uncertainty estimates allows the integration of distributional information from differing sources (different modeling methods with varying numbers of cetacean records) to be integrated in a robust and conservative way. Identification of cetacean hotspots with varying levels of uncertainty provides a robust and efficient step toward prioritizing areas for conservation management in a participatory process.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. Combining Regional Habitat Selection Models for Large-Scale Prediction: Circumpolar Habitat Selection of Southern Ocean Humpback Whales

Author: Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, Constantine, Rochelle, Reisinger, Ryan R., Friedlaender, Ari S., Zerbini, Alexandre N., Palacios, Daniel M., Andrews-goff, Virginia, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Double, Mike, Findlay, Ken, Garrigue, Claire, How, Jason, Jenner, Curt, Jenner, Micheline-nicole, Mate, Bruce, Rosenbaum, Howard C., Seakamela, S. Mduduzi, and Constantine, Rochelle
Abstract: Machine learning algorithms are often used to model and predict animal habitat selection—the relationships between animal occurrences and habitat characteristics. For broadly distributed species, habitat selection often varies among populations and regions; thus, it would seem preferable to fit region- or population-specific models of habitat selection for more accurate inference and prediction, rather than fitting large-scale models using pooled data. However, where the aim is to make range-wide predictions, including areas for which there are no existing data or models of habitat selection, how can regional models best be combined? We propose that ensemble approaches commonly used to combine different algorithms for a single region can be reframed, treating regional habitat selection models as the candidate models. By doing so, we can incorporate regional variation when fitting predictive models of animal habitat selection across large ranges. We test this approach using satellite telemetry data from 168 humpback whales across five geographic regions in the Southern Ocean. Using random forests, we fitted a large-scale model relating humpback whale locations, versus background locations, to 10 environmental covariates, and made a circumpolar prediction of humpback whale habitat selection. We also fitted five regional models, the predictions of which we used as input features for four ensemble approaches: an unweighted ensemble, an ensemble weighted by environmental similarity in each cell, stacked generalization, and a hybrid approach wherein the environmental covariates and regional predictions were used as input features in a new model. We tested the predictive performance of these approaches on an independent validation dataset of humpback whale sightings and whaling catches. These multiregional ensemble approaches resulted in models with higher predictive performance than the circumpolar naive model. These approaches can be used to incorporate regional variatio
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Author: Grace, Molly K., Akcakaya, H. Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L., Brooks, Thomas M., Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A., Long, Barney, Mallon, David P., Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Paul Rodriguez, Jon, Stephenson, P. J., Stuart, Simon N., Young, Richard P., Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis MD D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J., Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A., Boughton, Raoul K., Brockmann, H. Jane, Buckley, Hannah L., Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Santiago Cano-Alonso, Luis, Carmichael, Ruth H., Carrero, Christina, P Carroll, John, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G., Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A., Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C., Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Di Febbraro, Mirko, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M., Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael RJ J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C., Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah, Godfrey, Stephanie S., Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A., Grant, Tandora D., Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J., van Grunsven, Roy HA A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C., Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christian A., Hall, Madison B., Hallerman, Eric M., Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A., Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia KD D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaunda-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T., de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C., Marinari, Paul E., Martin, Gabriel M., Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip JK K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J., Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M., Laura Morales, Carolina, Mumu, Nazia Naoreen, Negrao, Raquel, Anh, Ha Nguyen, Niloy, Md Nazmul Hasan, Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsenigo, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Portela, Rita de Cassia Quitete D. C. Q., Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G., Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H., Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C., Rivers, Malin C., Rogers, Luke Rollie, da Rosa, Patricia, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, de Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J., Sanjuan, Tatiana, Dos Santos, Amanda Souza, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Schutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P., Shuey, John A., Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P., Smith, David R., Spaet, Julia LY Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Hoang, Trinh-Dinh, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usmani, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J., Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R., van Weerd, Merlijn, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean WH H., Young, Stuart, Grace, Molly K., Akcakaya, H. Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L., Brooks, Thomas M., Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A., Long, Barney, Mallon, David P., Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Paul Rodriguez, Jon, Stephenson, P. J., Stuart, Simon N., Young, Richard P., Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis MD D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J., Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A., Boughton, Raoul K., Brockmann, H. Jane, Buckley, Hannah L., Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Santiago Cano-Alonso, Luis, Carmichael, Ruth H., Carrero, Christina, P Carroll, John, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G., Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A., Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C., Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Di Febbraro, Mirko, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M., Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael RJ J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C., Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah, Godfrey, Stephanie S., Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A., Grant, Tandora D., Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J., van Grunsven, Roy HA A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C., Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christian A., Hall, Madison B., Hallerman, Eric M., Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A., Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia KD D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaunda-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T., de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C., Marinari, Paul E., Martin, Gabriel M., Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip JK K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J., Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M., Laura Morales, Carolina, Mumu, Nazia Naoreen, Negrao, Raquel, Anh, Ha Nguyen, Niloy, Md Nazmul Hasan, Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsenigo, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Portela, Rita de Cassia Quitete D. C. Q., Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G., Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H., Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C., Rivers, Malin C., Rogers, Luke Rollie, da Rosa, Patricia, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, de Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J., Sanjuan, Tatiana, Dos Santos, Amanda Souza, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Schutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P., Shuey, John A., Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P., Smith, David R., Spaet, Julia LY Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Hoang, Trinh-Dinh, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usmani, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J., Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R., van Weerd, Merlijn, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean WH H., and Young, Stuart
Abstract: Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has
Published: 2021

26. Speciation in the deep:genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu

Author: Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martin, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, Olsen, Morten Tange, Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martin, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, and Olsen, Morten Tange
Published: 2021

27. Runs of homozygosity in killer whale genomes provide a global record of demographic histories

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Martin, Sarah L. Fordyce, Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A., Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Martin, Sarah L. Fordyce, Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, and Morin, Phillip A.
Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigated whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity and ROH length distributions, using a global data set of 26 genomes representative of geographic and ecotypic variation in this species, and two F1 admixed individuals with Pacific-Atlantic parentage. We first reconstructed demographic history for each population as changes in effective population size through time using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) method. We found a subset of populations declined in effective population size during the Late Pleistocene, while others had more stable demography. Genomes inferred to have undergone ancestral declines in effective population size, were autozygous at hundreds of short ROH (<1 Mb), reflecting high background relatedness due to coalescence of haplotypes deep within the pedigree. In contrast, longer and therefore younger ROH (>1.5 Mb) were found in low latitude populations, and populations of known conservation concern. These include a Scottish killer whale, for which 37.8% of the autosomes were comprised of ROH >1.5 Mb in length. The fate of this population, in which only two adult males have been sighted in the past five years, and zero fecundity over the last two decades, may be inextricably linked to its demographic history and consequential inbreeding depression.
Published: 2021

28. Speciation in the deep:genomics and morphology reveal a new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon eueu

Author: Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martin, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, Olsen, Morten Tange, Carroll, Emma L., McGowen, Michael R., McCarthy, Morgan L., Marx, Felix G., Aguilar, Natacha, Dalebout, Merel L., Dreyer, Sascha, Gaggiotti, Oscar E., Hansen, Sabine S., van Helden, Anton, Onoufriou, Aubrie B., Baird, Robin W., Baker, C. Scott, Berrow, Simon, Cholewiak, Danielle, Claridge, Diane, Constantine, Rochelle, Davison, Nicholas J., Eira, Catarina, Fordyce, R. Ewan, Gatesy, John, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, Martin, Vidal, Mead, James G., Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A., Morin, Phillip A., Reyes, Cristel, Rogan, Emer, Rosso, Massimiliano, Silva, Mónica A., Springer, Mark S., Steel, Debbie, and Olsen, Morten Tange
Published: 2021

29. Runs of homozygosity in killer whale genomes provide a global record of demographic histories

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Martin, Sarah L. Fordyce, Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A., Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Martin, Sarah L. Fordyce, Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B. W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, and Morin, Phillip A.
Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigated whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity and ROH length distributions, using a global data set of 26 genomes representative of geographic and ecotypic variation in this species, and two F1 admixed individuals with Pacific-Atlantic parentage. We first reconstructed demographic history for each population as changes in effective population size through time using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) method. We found a subset of populations declined in effective population size during the Late Pleistocene, while others had more stable demography. Genomes inferred to have undergone ancestral declines in effective population size, were autozygous at hundreds of short ROH (<1 Mb), reflecting high background relatedness due to coalescence of haplotypes deep within the pedigree. In contrast, longer and therefore younger ROH (>1.5 Mb) were found in low latitude populations, and populations of known conservation concern. These include a Scottish killer whale, for which 37.8% of the autosomes were comprised of ROH >1.5 Mb in length. The fate of this population, in which only two adult males have been sighted in the past five years, and zero fecundity over the last two decades, may be inextricably linked to its demographic history and consequential inbreeding depression.
Published: 2021

30. Runs of homozygosity in killer whale genomes provide a global record of demographic histories

Author: Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B.W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, Morin, Phillip A., Foote, Andrew D., Hooper, Rebecca, Alexander, Alana, Baird, Robin W., Baker, Charles Scott, Ballance, Lisa, Barlow, Jay, Brownlow, Andrew, Collins, Tim, Constantine, Rochelle, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Davison, Nicholas J., Durban, John W., Esteban, Ruth, Excoffier, Laurent, Fordyce Martin, Sarah L., Forney, Karin A., Gerrodette, Tim, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Guinet, Christophe, Hanson, M. Bradley, Li, Songhai, Martin, Michael D., Robertson, Kelly M., Samarra, Filipa I. P., de Stephanis, Renaud, Tavares, Sara B., Tixier, Paul, Totterdell, John A., Wade, Paul, Wolf, Jochen B.W., Fan, Guangyi, Zhang, Yaolei, and Morin, Phillip A.
Abstract: Runs of homozygosity (ROH) occur when offspring inherit haplotypes that are identical by descent from each parent. Length distributions of ROH are informative about population history; specifically, the probability of inbreeding mediated by mating system and/or population demography. Here, we investigate whether variation in killer whale (Orcinus orca) demographic history is reflected in genome-wide heterozygosity and ROH length distributions, using a global dataset of 26 genomes representative of geographic and ecotypic variation in this species, and two F1 admixed individuals with Pacific-Atlantic parentage. We first reconstruct demographic history for each population as changes in effective population size through time using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) method. We find a subset of populations declined in effective population size during the Late Pleistocene, while others had more stable demography. Genomes inferred to have undergone ancestral declines in effective population size, were autozygous at hundreds of short ROH (<1Mb), reflecting high background relatedness due to coalescence of haplotypes deep within the pedigree. In contrast, longer and therefore younger ROH (>1.5 Mb) were found in low latitude populations, and populations of known conservation concern. These include a Scottish killer whale, for which 37.8% of the autosomes were comprised of ROH >1.5 Mb in length. The fate of this population, in which only two adult males have been sighted in the past five years, and zero fecundity over the last two decades, may be inextricably linked to its demographic history and consequential inbreeding depression.
Published: 2021

31. Migratory insights from singing humpback whales recorded around central New Zealand

Author: Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, Garland, Ellen C., Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, and Garland, Ellen C.
Abstract: The migration routes of wide-ranging species can be difficult to study, particularly at sea. In the western South Pacific, migratory routes of humpback whales between breeding and feeding areas are unclear. Male humpback whales sing a population-specific song, which can be used to match singers on migration to a breeding population. To investigate migratory routes and breeding area connections, passive acoustic recorders were deployed in the central New Zealand migratory corridor (2016); recorded humpback whale song was compared to song from the closest breeding populations of East Australia and New Caledonia (2015–2017). Singing northbound whales migrated past New Zealand from June to August via the east coast of the South Island and Cook Strait. Few song detections were made along the east coast of the North Island. New Zealand song matched New Caledonia song, suggesting a migratory destination, but connectivity to East Australia could not be ruled out. Two song types were present in New Zealand, illustrating the potential for easterly song transmission from East Australia to New Caledonia in this shared migratory corridor. This study enhances our understanding of western South Pacific humpback whale breeding population connectivity, and provides novel insights into the dynamic transmission of song culture.
Published: 2020
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32. Modelling the spatial distribution of cetaceans in New Zealand waters

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., Sarmento Cabral, Juliano, Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., and Sarmento Cabral, Juliano
Abstract: Aim Cetaceans are inherently difficult to study due to their elusive, pelagic and often highly migratory nature. New Zealand waters are home to 50% of the world's cetacean species, but their spatial distributions are poorly known. Here, we model distributions of 30 cetacean taxa using an extensive at‐sea sightings dataset (n > 14,000) and high‐resolution (1 km2) environmental data layers. Location New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Methods Two models were used to predict probability of species occurrence based on available sightings records. For taxa with <50 sightings (n = 15), Relative Environmental Suitability (RES), and for taxa with ≥50 sightings (n = 15), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models were used. Independently collected presence/absence data were used for further model evaluation for a subset of taxa. Results RES models for rarely sighted species showed reasonable fits to available sightings and stranding data based on literature and expert knowledge on the species' autecology. BRT models showed high predictive power for commonly sighted species (AUC: 0.79–0.99). Important variables for predicting the occurrence of cetacean taxa were temperature residuals, bathymetry, distance to the 500 m isobath, mixed layer depth and water turbidity. Cetacean distribution patterns varied from highly localised, nearshore (e.g., Hector's dolphin), to more ubiquitous (e.g., common dolphin) to primarily offshore species (e.g., blue whale). Cetacean richness based on stacked species occurrence layers illustrated patterns of fewer inshore taxa with localised richness hotspots, and higher offshore richness especially in locales of the Macquarie Ridge, Bounty Trough and Chatham Rise. Main conclusions Predicted spatial distributions fill a major knowledge gap towards informing future assessments and conservation planning for cetaceans in New Zealand's extensive EEZ. While sightings datasets were not spatially comprehensive for any taxa, these two best available appro
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

33. Migratory insights from singing humpback whales recorded around central New Zealand

Author: Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, Garland, Ellen C., Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, and Garland, Ellen C.
Abstract: The migration routes of wide-ranging species can be difficult to study, particularly at sea. In the western South Pacific, migratory routes of humpback whales between breeding and feeding areas are unclear. Male humpback whales sing a population-specific song, which can be used to match singers on migration to a breeding population. To investigate migratory routes and breeding area connections, passive acoustic recorders were deployed in the central New Zealand migratory corridor (2016); recorded humpback whale song was compared to song from the closest breeding populations of East Australia and New Caledonia (2015–2017). Singing northbound whales migrated past New Zealand from June to August via the east coast of the South Island and Cook Strait. Few song detections were made along the east coast of the North Island. New Zealand song matched New Caledonia song, suggesting a migratory destination, but connectivity to East Australia could not be ruled out. Two song types were present in New Zealand, illustrating the potential for easterly song transmission from East Australia to New Caledonia in this shared migratory corridor. This study enhances our understanding of western South Pacific humpback whale breeding population connectivity, and provides novel insights into the dynamic transmission of song culture.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

34. Modelling the spatial distribution of cetaceans in New Zealand waters

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., Sarmento Cabral, Juliano, Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., and Sarmento Cabral, Juliano
Abstract: Aim Cetaceans are inherently difficult to study due to their elusive, pelagic and often highly migratory nature. New Zealand waters are home to 50% of the world's cetacean species, but their spatial distributions are poorly known. Here, we model distributions of 30 cetacean taxa using an extensive at‐sea sightings dataset (n > 14,000) and high‐resolution (1 km2) environmental data layers. Location New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Methods Two models were used to predict probability of species occurrence based on available sightings records. For taxa with <50 sightings (n = 15), Relative Environmental Suitability (RES), and for taxa with ≥50 sightings (n = 15), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models were used. Independently collected presence/absence data were used for further model evaluation for a subset of taxa. Results RES models for rarely sighted species showed reasonable fits to available sightings and stranding data based on literature and expert knowledge on the species' autecology. BRT models showed high predictive power for commonly sighted species (AUC: 0.79–0.99). Important variables for predicting the occurrence of cetacean taxa were temperature residuals, bathymetry, distance to the 500 m isobath, mixed layer depth and water turbidity. Cetacean distribution patterns varied from highly localised, nearshore (e.g., Hector's dolphin), to more ubiquitous (e.g., common dolphin) to primarily offshore species (e.g., blue whale). Cetacean richness based on stacked species occurrence layers illustrated patterns of fewer inshore taxa with localised richness hotspots, and higher offshore richness especially in locales of the Macquarie Ridge, Bounty Trough and Chatham Rise. Main conclusions Predicted spatial distributions fill a major knowledge gap towards informing future assessments and conservation planning for cetaceans in New Zealand's extensive EEZ. While sightings datasets were not spatially comprehensive for any taxa, these two best available appro
Published: 2020
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35. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems.

Author: Hindell, Mark A, Hindell, Mark A, Reisinger, Ryan R, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A, Trathan, Philip N, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Van de Putte, Anton P, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, PJ Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D, Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A, Hindell, Mark A, Reisinger, Ryan R, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A, Trathan, Philip N, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Van de Putte, Anton P, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, PJ Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D, and Raymond, Ben
Abstract: Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
Published: 2020

36. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project.

Author: Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P, Reisinger, Ryan R, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A, Jonsen, Ian D, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, Philip N, Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, PJ, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P, Reisinger, Ryan R, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A, Jonsen, Ian D, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, Philip N, Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, PJ, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
Published: 2020

37. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project

Author: Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A.
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
Published: 2020

38. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author: Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P. J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E., Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P. J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E., Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., and Raymond, Ben
Abstract: Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub- Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
Published: 2020

39. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author: Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Schytte Blix, Arnoldus, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J.M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P.J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E.I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, Jose C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Schytte Blix, Arnoldus, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J.M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P.J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E.I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, Jose C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., and Raymond, Ben
Abstract: Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
Published: 2020

40. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project

Author: Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A.
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
Published: 2020

41. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems.

Author: Hindell, Mark A, Hindell, Mark A, Reisinger, Ryan R, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A, Trathan, Philip N, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Van de Putte, Anton P, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, PJ Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D, Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A, Hindell, Mark A, Reisinger, Ryan R, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A, Trathan, Philip N, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Van de Putte, Anton P, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, PJ Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D, and Raymond, Ben
Abstract: Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
Published: 2020

42. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project.

Author: Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P, Reisinger, Ryan R, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A, Jonsen, Ian D, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, Philip N, Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, PJ, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P, Reisinger, Ryan R, Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P, Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A, Jonsen, Ian D, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G, Trathan, Philip N, Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G, Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N, Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert JM, Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, PJ, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T, Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D, Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T, Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R, Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L, Kovacs, Kit M, Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D, Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B, Makhado, Azwianewi B, Márquez, Maria EI, McDonald, Birgitte I, McMahon, Clive R, Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W, Nordøy, Erling S, Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A, Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G, Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C, Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
Published: 2020

43. Migratory insights from singing humpback whales recorded around central New Zealand

Author: Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, Garland, Ellen C., Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, and Garland, Ellen C.
Abstract: The migration routes of wide-ranging species can be difficult to study, particularly at sea. In the western South Pacific, migratory routes of humpback whales between breeding and feeding areas are unclear. Male humpback whales sing a population-specific song, which can be used to match singers on migration to a breeding population. To investigate migratory routes and breeding area connections, passive acoustic recorders were deployed in the central New Zealand migratory corridor (2016); recorded humpback whale song was compared to song from the closest breeding populations of East Australia and New Caledonia (2015–2017). Singing northbound whales migrated past New Zealand from June to August via the east coast of the South Island and Cook Strait. Few song detections were made along the east coast of the North Island. New Zealand song matched New Caledonia song, suggesting a migratory destination, but connectivity to East Australia could not be ruled out. Two song types were present in New Zealand, illustrating the potential for easterly song transmission from East Australia to New Caledonia in this shared migratory corridor. This study enhances our understanding of western South Pacific humpback whale breeding population connectivity, and provides novel insights into the dynamic transmission of song culture.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Modelling the spatial distribution of cetaceans in New Zealand waters

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., Sarmento Cabral, Juliano, Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., and Sarmento Cabral, Juliano
Abstract: Aim Cetaceans are inherently difficult to study due to their elusive, pelagic and often highly migratory nature. New Zealand waters are home to 50% of the world's cetacean species, but their spatial distributions are poorly known. Here, we model distributions of 30 cetacean taxa using an extensive at‐sea sightings dataset (n > 14,000) and high‐resolution (1 km2) environmental data layers. Location New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Methods Two models were used to predict probability of species occurrence based on available sightings records. For taxa with <50 sightings (n = 15), Relative Environmental Suitability (RES), and for taxa with ≥50 sightings (n = 15), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models were used. Independently collected presence/absence data were used for further model evaluation for a subset of taxa. Results RES models for rarely sighted species showed reasonable fits to available sightings and stranding data based on literature and expert knowledge on the species' autecology. BRT models showed high predictive power for commonly sighted species (AUC: 0.79–0.99). Important variables for predicting the occurrence of cetacean taxa were temperature residuals, bathymetry, distance to the 500 m isobath, mixed layer depth and water turbidity. Cetacean distribution patterns varied from highly localised, nearshore (e.g., Hector's dolphin), to more ubiquitous (e.g., common dolphin) to primarily offshore species (e.g., blue whale). Cetacean richness based on stacked species occurrence layers illustrated patterns of fewer inshore taxa with localised richness hotspots, and higher offshore richness especially in locales of the Macquarie Ridge, Bounty Trough and Chatham Rise. Main conclusions Predicted spatial distributions fill a major knowledge gap towards informing future assessments and conservation planning for cetaceans in New Zealand's extensive EEZ. While sightings datasets were not spatially comprehensive for any taxa, these two best available appro
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project

Author: Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A.
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
Published: 2020

46. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author: Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P. J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E., Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P. J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Michael E., Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., and Raymond, Ben
Abstract: Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub- Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
Published: 2020

47. Migratory insights from singing humpback whales recorded around central New Zealand

Author: Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, Garland, Ellen C., Warren, Victoria E., Constantine, Rochelle, Noad, Michael, Garrigue, Claire, and Garland, Ellen C.
Abstract: The migration routes of wide-ranging species can be difficult to study, particularly at sea. In the western South Pacific, migratory routes of humpback whales between breeding and feeding areas are unclear. Male humpback whales sing a population-specific song, which can be used to match singers on migration to a breeding population. To investigate migratory routes and breeding area connections, passive acoustic recorders were deployed in the central New Zealand migratory corridor (2016); recorded humpback whale song was compared to song from the closest breeding populations of East Australia and New Caledonia (2015–2017). Singing northbound whales migrated past New Zealand from June to August via the east coast of the South Island and Cook Strait. Few song detections were made along the east coast of the North Island. New Zealand song matched New Caledonia song, suggesting a migratory destination, but connectivity to East Australia could not be ruled out. Two song types were present in New Zealand, illustrating the potential for easterly song transmission from East Australia to New Caledonia in this shared migratory corridor. This study enhances our understanding of western South Pacific humpback whale breeding population connectivity, and provides novel insights into the dynamic transmission of song culture.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

48. Modelling the spatial distribution of cetaceans in New Zealand waters

Author: Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., Sarmento Cabral, Juliano, Stephenson, Fabrice, Goetz, Kimberly, Sharp, Ben R., Mouton, Theophile, Beets, Fenna L., Roberts, Jim, Macdiarmid, Alison B., Constantine, Rochelle, Lundquist, Carolyn J., and Sarmento Cabral, Juliano
Abstract: Aim Cetaceans are inherently difficult to study due to their elusive, pelagic and often highly migratory nature. New Zealand waters are home to 50% of the world's cetacean species, but their spatial distributions are poorly known. Here, we model distributions of 30 cetacean taxa using an extensive at‐sea sightings dataset (n > 14,000) and high‐resolution (1 km2) environmental data layers. Location New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Methods Two models were used to predict probability of species occurrence based on available sightings records. For taxa with <50 sightings (n = 15), Relative Environmental Suitability (RES), and for taxa with ≥50 sightings (n = 15), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models were used. Independently collected presence/absence data were used for further model evaluation for a subset of taxa. Results RES models for rarely sighted species showed reasonable fits to available sightings and stranding data based on literature and expert knowledge on the species' autecology. BRT models showed high predictive power for commonly sighted species (AUC: 0.79–0.99). Important variables for predicting the occurrence of cetacean taxa were temperature residuals, bathymetry, distance to the 500 m isobath, mixed layer depth and water turbidity. Cetacean distribution patterns varied from highly localised, nearshore (e.g., Hector's dolphin), to more ubiquitous (e.g., common dolphin) to primarily offshore species (e.g., blue whale). Cetacean richness based on stacked species occurrence layers illustrated patterns of fewer inshore taxa with localised richness hotspots, and higher offshore richness especially in locales of the Macquarie Ridge, Bounty Trough and Chatham Rise. Main conclusions Predicted spatial distributions fill a major knowledge gap towards informing future assessments and conservation planning for cetaceans in New Zealand's extensive EEZ. While sightings datasets were not spatially comprehensive for any taxa, these two best available appro
Published: 2020
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49. The retrospective analysis of Antarctic tracking data project

Author: Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Van de Putte, Anton P., Reisinger, Ryan R., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Hückstädt, Luis A., Jonsen, Ian D., Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Trathan, Philip N., Wotherspoon, Simon, Ainley, David G., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Blix, Arnoldus Schytte, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Crawford, Robert J. M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, Nico de Bruyn, P. J., Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O’B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E. I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, José C., Raymond, Ben, and Hindell, Mark A.
Abstract: The Retrospective Analysis of Antarctic Tracking Data (RAATD) is a Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research project led jointly by the Expert Groups on Birds and Marine Mammals and Antarctic Biodiversity Informatics, and endorsed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. RAATD consolidated tracking data for multiple species of Antarctic meso- and top-predators to identify Areas of Ecological Significance. These datasets and accompanying syntheses provide a greater understanding of fundamental ecosystem processes in the Southern Ocean, support modelling of predator distributions under future climate scenarios and create inputs that can be incorporated into decision making processes by management authorities. In this data paper, we present the compiled tracking data from research groups that have worked in the Antarctic since the 1990s. The data are publicly available through biodiversity.aq and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. The archive includes tracking data from over 70 contributors across 12 national Antarctic programs, and includes data from 17 predator species, 4060 individual animals, and over 2.9 million observed locations.
Published: 2020

50. Tracking of marine predators to protect Southern Ocean ecosystems

Author: Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Schytte Blix, Arnoldus, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J.M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P.J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E.I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, Jose C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., Raymond, Ben, Hindell, Mark A., Reisinger, Ryan R., Ropert-Coudert, Yan, Hückstädt, Luis A., Trathan, Philip N., Bornemann, Horst, Charrassin, Jean-Benoît, Chown, Steven L., Costa, Daniel P., Danis, Bruno, Lea, Mary-Anne, Thompson, David, Torres, Leigh G., Van de Putte, Anton P., Alderman, Rachael, Andrews-Goff, Virginia, Arthur, Ben, Ballard, Grant, Bengtson, John, Bester, Marthán N., Schytte Blix, Arnoldus, Boehme, Lars, Bost, Charles-André, Boveng, Peter, Cleeland, Jaimie, Constantine, Rochelle, Corney, Stuart, Crawford, Robert J.M., Dalla Rosa, Luciano, de Bruyn, P.J. Nico, Delord, Karine, Descamps, Sébastien, Double, Mike, Emmerson, Louise, Fedak, Mike, Friedlaender, Ari, Gales, Nick, Goebel, Mike, Goetz, Kimberly T., Guinet, Christophe, Goldsworthy, Simon D., Harcourt, Rob, Hinke, Jefferson T., Jerosch, Kerstin, Kato, Akiko, Kerry, Knowles R., Kirkwood, Roger, Kooyman, Gerald L., Kovacs, Kit M., Lawton, Kieran, Lowther, Andrew D., Lydersen, Christian, Lyver, Phil O'B., Makhado, Azwianewi B., Márquez, Maria E.I., McDonald, Birgitte I., McMahon, Clive R., Muelbert, Monica, Nachtsheim, Dominik, Nicholls, Keith W., Nordøy, Erling S., Olmastroni, Silvia, Phillips, Richard A., Pistorius, Pierre, Plötz, Joachim, Pütz, Klemens, Ratcliffe, Norman, Ryan, Peter G., Santos, Mercedes, Southwell, Colin, Staniland, Iain, Takahashi, Akinori, Tarroux, Arnaud, Trivelpiece, Wayne, Wakefield, Ewan, Weimerskirch, Henri, Wienecke, Barbara, Xavier, Jose C., Wotherspoon, Simon, Jonsen, Ian D., and Raymond, Ben
Abstract: Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40°S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.
Published: 2020

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