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This course is an intensive seminar on the foundations of analytic philosophy for first-year graduate students. A large selection of classic texts, such as Frege's Foundations of Arithmetic, Russell's Problems of Philosophy, and Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, is covered in this course.

Este trabajo se propone discutir el problema de la inflación en la Argentina desde una perspectiva discursiva, preguntándose por qué la hipótesis monetarista –según la cual la única causa de la inflación es la emisión monetaria– se ha expandido en los imaginarios sociales, más allá de las críticas recibidas, y por qué como visión alternativa tiende a imponerse la hipótesis monopólica u oligopólica –según la cual la causa de la inflación es la avidez de empresarios concentrados–. Se pretende dar respuesta a estas preguntas a partir de un marco teórico sostenido en la problematización de los decibles sociales, la construcción de agenda y la consolidación de sentidos comunes, de una pequeña muestra de la importancia de los debates económicos en Argentina a partir del análisis de tapas de diarios de circulación nacional y de una lectura de tipo cualitativo de comunicados en la red social Twitter por parte de políticos, dirigentes, intelectuales y comunicadores. El principal resultado es que estas hipótesis tienden a imponerse por sobre otras porque, al identificar la causa a un culpable –en un caso el Estado, en el otro los empresarios– se vuelven políticamente efectivas., This paper intends to discuss inflation in Argentina from a discursive insight, asking why the monetarist hypothesis (which establishes that the only cause of inflation is monetary emission) has expanded broadly in spite of the criticisms it has received, and why the alternative perspective that emerges socially is the monopolistic one (according to which the cause of inflation is the businessmen's greed). These questions are answered through the formulation of a theoretical framework that recalls social sayables, agenda-settings, and the consolidation of common senses, a small sample of the relevance of economic debates in Argentina based on the analysis of the front-pages of national circulation newspapers, and a qualitative reading of Tweeter-posts by politicians, leaders, intellectuals, and communicators. The main result is that these hypotheses tend to lead above others because, as they identify causation as guilt (on the one side, the state; on the other side, businessmen), they become politically effective.

Objective: In this article, the significance of health and health practices in a group of artisanal fishermen from Yucatan, Mexico, are analyzed from the theory of social representations. Methodology: With aqualitative approach and ethnographic design, indirect observation was carried out in social networks (Facebook), direct observation in the community, and interviews with 10 artisanal fishermen, having as an axis of conversation discomfort, well-being and affectivity. Collection ended when saturation was reached. The information was typedfor later content analysis using the ATLAS.ti 8 program. Results: The representative content is obscured by the dominant medical discourse, which emphasizes diseaseand its treatment. The body becomes the repository of discomfort. At the same time, it serves as the object that reflects it. At the affective level, there is a contradiction between living happily without worries and living with the fear and uncertainty of having a good catch or returning home. Conclusion: The discourse on fishermen’shealth protects contextual references that are built on an economic foundation that obscures the fishermen’s problems., Objetivo: este artigo analisa os significados e práticas de saúde de um grupo de pescadores artesanais em Yucatán, México, utilizando a teoria das representações sociais. Metodologia: com uma abordagem qualitativa e desenho etnográfico, foi realizada observação indireta em redes sociais (Facebook), observação direta na comunidade e entrevistas com 10 pescadores artesanais, sendo o eixo da conversa o desconforto, o bem-estar e a afetividade. A coleta terminou quando a saturação foi atingida. O material foi transcrito para posterior análise de conteúdo utilizando o software ATLAS.ti 8. Resultados: o conteúdo representativo parece ser atravessado pelo discurso médico hegemônico, que enfatiza a doença e sua cura. O corpo se torna o repositório do desconforto. Ao mesmo tempo, ele serve como o objeto que o reflete. No nível afetivo, há uma contradição entre viver feliz e despreocupado e o medo e a incerteza de ter uma boa pescaria ou voltar para casa. Conclusão: o discurso da saúde dos pescadores salvaguarda referências contextuais que são construídas sobre uma base econômica que invisibiliza o desconforto dos pescadores., Objetivo: en este artículo se analizan desde la teoría de las representaciones sociales los significados y las prácticas de la salud en un grupo de pescadores artesanales de Yucatán, México. Metodología: con un enfoque cualitativo y diseño etnográfico se realizó observación indirecta en redes sociales (Facebook), observación directa en la comunidad y entrevistas a 10 pescadores artesanales, teniendo como eje de conversación el malestar, el bienestar y la afectividad. La recolección finalizó al llegar a la saturación. El material fue transcrito para su posterior análisis de contenido mediante el software ATLAS.ti 8. Resultados: el contenido representacional aparece atravesado por el discurso médico hegemónico, que enfatiza la enfermedad y su curación. El cuerpo se convierte en el repositorio de los malestares. Al mismo tiempo, funge como el objeto que la refleja. A nivel afectivo, se encuentra una contradicción entre vivir feliz y sin preocupaciones junto con el miedo e incertidumbre por tener una buena pesca o regresar a casa. Conclusión: el discurso de la salud de los pescadores resguarda referentes contextuales que se construyen sobre una base económica que invisibiliza los malestares del pescador.

This paper demonstrates the influence of common sense on the perception of facts from the past. In order to understand the mechanisms of reduction, instrumentalisation and banalisation of the Holocaust in popular culture, we need to understand the influence of common sense on the understanding and misunderstanding of the past, represented in this paper by the testimonies of the massacre of 1500 Jews in the forest of Niesłusz-Rudzica.The main premise of the paper is that common sense is the dominant form of knowledge and the description of reality, which is reproduced by the mechanisms at function in popular culture. This paper is an example of ‘archaeological’ work in this context.

The idea of ​​an aesthetics of existence deals first with meditation. Namely, the reflection on the one hand of what we call aesthetics, on the other of what we call existence, and again this consideration includes the relationship of one with the other. According to its origin, the term aesthetic [aisthēsis] means to perceive, feel or hear something. The word existence [existemi], according to its origin, means something that exists, something that is there. Thus existence also means being there. The aesthetics of existence means then, first of all, the perception of existence., La idea de una estética de la existencia aborda en primer lugar la meditación. A saber, la reflexión por un lado de lo que llamamos estética, por otro de lo que llamamos existencia, y de nuevo esta consideración incluye la relación de lo uno con lo otro. Según su origen, el término estética [aisthēsis] significa percibir, sentir o escuchar algo. La palabra existencia [existemi], según su origen, significa algo que existe, algo que está ahí. Así la existencia quiere decir también estar ahí. La estética de la existencia significa entonces, en primer lugar, la percepción de la existencia.

Studien undersöker hur den belgiska filosofen Isabelle Stengers kosmopolitiska förslag kan fungera som en litteraturvetenskaplig analysmetod i läsandet av Agneta Enckells diktsamlingar skrivna 1983–2014. Stengers kosmopolitik utgör en praktikernas ekologi som syftar till att sakta ner tänkandet genom att svetsa samman common sense med fantasi. Hon återaktiverar begreppet ”common sense” från den brittiske matematikern och filosofen Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Common sense innebär att man är uppmärksam på hur varje situation genererar ett grubblande. Fantasi är å sin sida ett föreställningssprång som sätter tanken i rörelse med situationens möjlighet. Det innebär också att man tar risker, att man öppnar sig för ett krävande och obligatoriskt sammanhang utan garantier. Metoden är alltså en närläsning och en sammansvetsning av common sense och fantasi. Agneta Enckell är en finlandssvensk poet född 1957 i Helsingfors. Hon debuterade 1983 och har gett ut nio diktsamlingar, varav den senaste (med eget namn, utan namn, ditt namn): dikter (2020) inte ingår i denna studie. Enckells dikter utforskar språket i vardande, i det oartikulerade eller i det vibrerande, tveksamma rörelser före sömn och uppvaknande, mellan en fysisk och en ihågkommen plats, mellan ord och andetag, ibland i en början, i ett språng eller i en bristning. Dikterna utspelar sig runt Östersjön, svävande strax under vattenytan, på papperet eller på ytan eller från hudens hål, under ett fall eller i sprickan av en sten., The study explores how the cosmopolitical proposal of the Belgian phi­losopher Isabelle Stengers can function as a method of literary analysis when reading the works of the Finnish-Swedish poet, Agneta Enckell. Stengers’ cosmopolitics constitutes an ecology of practices that aims to slow down thinking by weldning common sense and imagination. She reactivates the term “common sense” from the British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Common sense entails paying due atten­tion to how every situation generates a brooding. Imagination, on the other hand, is a leap of inspiration that ignites the mind with possibilities within a given situation. This, subsequently, also means risking oneself, opening oneself up to a demanding and obligatory context with no guar­antees. The method is thus a close reading and welding of common sense and imagination. Agneta Enckell is a Finnish-Swedish poet born in Helsinki in 1957. She made her debut in 1983 and has published nine poetry collections, the most recent work (med eget namn, utan namn, ditt namn): dikter (2020) is not included in this study. Enckell’s poems explore language in the making, in the inarticulate or in the vibrating, hesitant movements before sleep and awakening, between a physical and a remembered place, between words and the breath, sometimes in a beginning, in a leap or in a rupture. The scenes are set around the Baltic Sea, hovering just below the water’s surface, on the paper or on the surface or from the holes of the skin, during a fall or in the crack of a stone.

Studien undersöker hur den belgiska filosofen Isabelle Stengers kosmopolitiska förslag kan fungera som en litteraturvetenskaplig analysmetod i läsandet av Agneta Enckells diktsamlingar skrivna 1983–2014. Stengers kosmopolitik utgör en praktikernas ekologi som syftar till att sakta ner tänkandet genom att svetsa samman common sense med fantasi. Hon återaktiverar begreppet ”common sense” från den brittiske matematikern och filosofen Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Common sense innebär att man är uppmärksam på hur varje situation genererar ett grubblande. Fantasi är å sin sida ett föreställningssprång som sätter tanken i rörelse med situationens möjlighet. Det innebär också att man tar risker, att man öppnar sig för ett krävande och obligatoriskt sammanhang utan garantier. Metoden är alltså en närläsning och en sammansvetsning av common sense och fantasi. Agneta Enckell är en finlandssvensk poet född 1957 i Helsingfors. Hon debuterade 1983 och har gett ut nio diktsamlingar, varav den senaste (med eget namn, utan namn, ditt namn): dikter (2020) inte ingår i denna studie. Enckells dikter utforskar språket i vardande, i det oartikulerade eller i det vibrerande, tveksamma rörelser före sömn och uppvaknande, mellan en fysisk och en ihågkommen plats, mellan ord och andetag, ibland i en början, i ett språng eller i en bristning. Dikterna utspelar sig runt Östersjön, svävande strax under vattenytan, på papperet eller på ytan eller från hudens hål, under ett fall eller i sprickan av en sten., The study explores how the cosmopolitical proposal of the Belgian phi­losopher Isabelle Stengers can function as a method of literary analysis when reading the works of the Finnish-Swedish poet, Agneta Enckell. Stengers’ cosmopolitics constitutes an ecology of practices that aims to slow down thinking by weldning common sense and imagination. She reactivates the term “common sense” from the British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Common sense entails paying due atten­tion to how every situation generates a brooding. Imagination, on the other hand, is a leap of inspiration that ignites the mind with possibilities within a given situation. This, subsequently, also means risking oneself, opening oneself up to a demanding and obligatory context with no guar­antees. The method is thus a close reading and welding of common sense and imagination. Agneta Enckell is a Finnish-Swedish poet born in Helsinki in 1957. She made her debut in 1983 and has published nine poetry collections, the most recent work (med eget namn, utan namn, ditt namn): dikter (2020) is not included in this study. Enckell’s poems explore language in the making, in the inarticulate or in the vibrating, hesitant movements before sleep and awakening, between a physical and a remembered place, between words and the breath, sometimes in a beginning, in a leap or in a rupture. The scenes are set around the Baltic Sea, hovering just below the water’s surface, on the paper or on the surface or from the holes of the skin, during a fall or in the crack of a stone.

Studien undersöker hur den belgiska filosofen Isabelle Stengers kosmopolitiska förslag kan fungera som en litteraturvetenskaplig analysmetod i läsandet av Agneta Enckells diktsamlingar skrivna 1983–2014. Stengers kosmopolitik utgör en praktikernas ekologi som syftar till att sakta ner tänkandet genom att svetsa samman common sense med fantasi. Hon återaktiverar begreppet ”common sense” från den brittiske matematikern och filosofen Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Common sense innebär att man är uppmärksam på hur varje situation genererar ett grubblande. Fantasi är å sin sida ett föreställningssprång som sätter tanken i rörelse med situationens möjlighet. Det innebär också att man tar risker, att man öppnar sig för ett krävande och obligatoriskt sammanhang utan garantier. Metoden är alltså en närläsning och en sammansvetsning av common sense och fantasi. Agneta Enckell är en finlandssvensk poet född 1957 i Helsingfors. Hon debuterade 1983 och har gett ut nio diktsamlingar, varav den senaste (med eget namn, utan namn, ditt namn): dikter (2020) inte ingår i denna studie. Enckells dikter utforskar språket i vardande, i det oartikulerade eller i det vibrerande, tveksamma rörelser före sömn och uppvaknande, mellan en fysisk och en ihågkommen plats, mellan ord och andetag, ibland i en början, i ett språng eller i en bristning. Dikterna utspelar sig runt Östersjön, svävande strax under vattenytan, på papperet eller på ytan eller från hudens hål, under ett fall eller i sprickan av en sten., The study explores how the cosmopolitical proposal of the Belgian phi­losopher Isabelle Stengers can function as a method of literary analysis when reading the works of the Finnish-Swedish poet, Agneta Enckell. Stengers’ cosmopolitics constitutes an ecology of practices that aims to slow down thinking by weldning common sense and imagination. She reactivates the term “common sense” from the British philosopher Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Common sense entails paying due atten­tion to how every situation generates a brooding. Imagination, on the other hand, is a leap of inspiration that ignites the mind with possibilities within a given situation. This, subsequently, also means risking oneself, opening oneself up to a demanding and obligatory context with no guar­antees. The method is thus a close reading and welding of common sense and imagination. Agneta Enckell is a Finnish-Swedish poet born in Helsinki in 1957. She made her debut in 1983 and has published nine poetry collections, the most recent work (med eget namn, utan namn, ditt namn): dikter (2020) is not included in this study. Enckell’s poems explore language in the making, in the inarticulate or in the vibrating, hesitant movements before sleep and awakening, between a physical and a remembered place, between words and the breath, sometimes in a beginning, in a leap or in a rupture. The scenes are set around the Baltic Sea, hovering just below the water’s surface, on the paper or on the surface or from the holes of the skin, during a fall or in the crack of a stone.

I juli 2019 försågs förskolan med en ny läroplan och med den ett utökat minoritetsuppdrag, vilket i korthet innebär att förskolan ska bidra till att skydda och främja de nationella minoriteternas språk och kulturer. Tidigare forskning pekar på att läroplansändringar om de nationella minoriteterna haft liten inverkan på ämnesinnehållet inom utbildningssystemet och att det finns svårigheter kopplade till att implementera kultur- och språkrelaterade policyer i förskolan. Syftet med föreliggande studie är därför att genom förskolepersonals förståelser lyfta fram dilemmatiska aspekter i förskolans minoritetsuppdrag. En tonvikt har placerats vid den nationella minoriteten romer, vilket delvis motiveras genom en webbenkät som distribuerats i studiens startskede. Av de fem nationella minoriteterna hade färst respondenter berört romer i förskolans utbildning. För en fördjupad förståelse och för att generera mer data hölls två fokusgruppsintervjuer med totalt sex informanter och en kompletterande individuell intervju med ytterligare en informant. Eftersom studien undersökt ett känsligt ämne genomsyras den av reflexivitet och etiska överväganden. Den data som genererats har analyserats och diskuterats med hjälp av Michael Billigs begreppsapparat ideologiska dilemman, med fokus på sunt förnuft och motstridigheter. Det sunda förnuftet säger att förskolans minoritetsuppdrag är viktigt för att bevara ett kulturarv, revitalisera minoritetsspråken och motverka fördomar. Motstridigheterna består i att arbetet med Sveriges nationella minoriteter och minoritetsspråk villkoras på grund av prioriteringar och rangordningar, resonemanget ”inget minoritetsbarn – inget minoritetsuppdrag”, en rädsla för att göra fel och en strävan att undvika konflikter. Genom en analytisk diskussion påträffas fyra dilemmatiska aspekter i skärningspunkterna mellan 1) ideologier som förskolan förväntas förmedla och ideologier om förskolan som institution, 2) en strävan att revitalisera minoritetsspråken och at, In July 2019, the preschool was provided a new curriculum and with it an extended minority assignment. In short, this assignment means that the preschool shall protect and promote the languages and cultures of the Swedish national minorities. Previous research indicates that curriculum changes regarding the national minorities generally have little impact on the subject content within the education system and that there are difficulties linked to implementing policies about language and culture in preschool. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to highlight dilemmatic aspects in the preschool's minority assignment through preschool personnel's understandings. An emphasis is placed on the national minority Roma, which is partly motivated by a web survey that was distributed in the initial stages of the study. Out of the five national minorities, the fewest respondents had referenced Roma people in the preschool’s education. For a deeper understanding, and to generate more data, two focus group interviews with a total of six informants and a supplementary individual interview with yet another informant were held. Since a sensitive subject is being examined, the study is permeated by reflexivity and ethical considerations. The data generated has been analyzed and discussed using Michael Billig's theoretical approach to ideological dilemmas, with a focus on common sense and contrary themes. What passes as common sense is that the preschool's minority assignment is important to preserve a cultural heritage, revitalize the minority languages and counter prejudice. The contrary themes regard conditions for working with the Swedish national minorities and minority languages, such as priorities and rankings, the reasoning "no minority child – no minority assignment", a fear of making mistakes, and avoiding conflicts. Through an analytical discussion, four dilemmatic aspects are found in the intersections between 1) ideologies that the preschool is expected to convey and i

Is it possible to draw a border line between ontology and epistemology? A positive answer to this question looks attractive, mainly because it reflects convictions deeply entrenched in our common sense view of the world. However, anyone wishing to clarify the distinction between the ontological and the epistemological dimensions meets problems. This is due to the fact that the separation between factual and conceptual is not clean, but rather fuzzy. It is certainly correct to state that science means to offer correct information about the world, but the extent to which it succeeds in accomplishing this task is always questionable. We cannot claim that the picture provided by today science - our current scientific image of the world - is absolutely correct, because the history of science itself shows us that any such statement is likely to be rejected by future generations. While it may be recognized that science purports to offer a correct description of the real world, the past experience should also prompt us to accept its claims sub condicione, and to view them as merely provisional.

This article analyzes the main explanatory models of the Argentine genocide (1976-1983) between 1983 and 2015, understanding that the disputes over the sense of the past are articulated with the common sense of present society, enabling particular modes of appropriation or alienation of those experiences For this purpose, the category of structure of meaning has been constructed in order to account for the central conflict in each narrative, identifying the different elements that compose it and their relationships. In the period analyzed, four structures of meaning were identified: “two demons” and “pacification”, characterized by a binary explanation; “Genocide,” which proposes a historization that transcends the military dictatorship, and “state terrorism”, which articulates the previous ones., Este artículo analiza los principales modelos explicativos del genocidio argentino (1976-1983) entre 1983 y 2015, entendiendo que las disputas por el sentido del pasado se articulan con el sentido común de la sociedad presente, posibilitando modos particulares de apropiación o ajenización de esas experiencias. Para ello se ha construido la categoría estructura de sentido con el objetivo de dar cuenta del conflicto central en cada narrativa, identificando los distintos elementos que la componen y sus relaciones. En el periodo analizado se identificaron cuatro estructuras de sentido: “dos demonios” y “pacificación”, caracterizadas por una explicación de carácter binario; “genocidio” que propone una historización que trasciende la dictadura militar; y “terrorismo de Estado”, que reformula las dos primeras incorporando elementos de la tercera.

In this paper I will argue that some of the contradictions in the Problem of the Many occur since we're dealing with two different types of concepts of a cloud, one that is 'common-sense', and one that is 'scientific'. I will borrow from Noam Chomsky’s distinction between common-sense concepts, which are understood intuitively and are usually human-centric, and scientific concepts, which are carefully constructed and aspire to be objective. The common-sense concept of a cloud has certain properties (such as having a sharp boundary) which contradict some found in the scientific concept (such as having a vague boundary), and this is the source of some contradictions found within the Problem of the Many. I will propose that in the future we should approach the problem with this in mind, and not treat it as if we're dealing with only one concept of a cloud, but instead, several.

In this thesis, I make a case for the reasonableness of conservatism and its application to the political philosophical project of identifying the kinds of institutions that beings like us should have. The recent political philosophical literature on conservatism, largely under the influence of Michael Oakeshott, has focused on potential justifications for status quo bias, holding that conservatism is a commitment to conserving the value that individuals find in existing institutions and practices. But, I claim, because individuals and their practices may conflict, they are apt to value institutions differently, and so status quo bias cannot amount to a universalizable reason to be conservative. Having established this, I go on to argue that, inspired by a careful reading of Edmund Burke, conservatism is better understood as a commitment to realising a distinctively conservative value, order, and that this has various implications for political philosophy. On this view, institutions (in the broadest sense, from our systems of law and politics to our customs and concepts) capture the historical experience of society, the accuracy to reality of which is, I claim (on a reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein) apprehensible by common sense, at least under certain conditions of order. Thus, order is conservative (of historical experience), and conservatism is a commitment to realising order. Normatively, then, I further claim that conservatism is universally motivated, because order is a basic good for beings like us. Access to historical experience is valuable both intrinsically, because as naturally social beings we rely on institutions to capture and convey accurate information about the world and society in which we live, and instrumentally, in that this information is useful for any projects we might conceive as individuals and collectively. In the final chapter, I apply this idea of conservatism to various issues in political philosophy. My aim is not to directly rebut obje

Dins la filosofia catalana contemporània, Francesc Xavier Llorens i Barba (1820-1872) ha tingut un paper central. Aprofitant el bicentenari del seu naixement i la recent edició de les lliçons d’història de la filosofia que va impartir a la Universitat de Barcelona el curs 1855-1856, fem una aproximació a la manera com el seu llegat ha estat interpretat i llegit des de perspectives diverses per: Josep Torras i Bages, Francesc Pujols, Jaume Serra i Húnter i Joan Crexells, entre d’altres. També ens proposem de mostrar la seva centralitat en la filosofia acadèmica catalana dels segles xix i xx., In the Catalan contemporary philosophy Francesc Xavier Llorens i Barba (1820-1872) has been an essential autor. In the occasion of the bicentennial of his birth and the recent edition of his course on the History of Philosophy at Barcelona’s University in the school year 1855-1856, in this paper we make an approach to the way like his legacy has been interpreted and read from different perspectives by Josep Torras i Bages, Francesc Pujols, Jaume Serra Hunter and Joan Crexells, among others. We also make known his significance in Catalan academic philosophy in the 19th and 20th century.

Dins la filosofia catalana contemporània, Francesc Xavier Llorens i Barba (1820-1872) ha tingut un paper central. Aprofitant el bicentenari del seu naixement i la recent edició de les lliçons d’història de la filosofia que va impartir a la Universitat de Barcelona el curs 1855-1856, fem una aproximació a la manera com el seu llegat ha estat interpretat i llegit des de perspectives diverses per: Josep Torras i Bages, Francesc Pujols, Jaume Serra i Húnter i Joan Crexells, entre d’altres. També ens proposem de mostrar la seva centralitat en la filosofia acadèmica catalana dels segles xix i xx., In the Catalan contemporary philosophy Francesc Xavier Llorens i Barba (1820-1872) has been an essential autor. In the occasion of the bicentennial of his birth and the recent edition of his course on the History of Philosophy at Barcelona’s University in the school year 1855-1856, in this paper we make an approach to the way like his legacy has been interpreted and read from different perspectives by Josep Torras i Bages, Francesc Pujols, Jaume Serra Hunter and Joan Crexells, among others. We also make known his significance in Catalan academic philosophy in the 19th and 20th century.

In this paper I will argue that some of the contradictions in the Problem of the Many occur since we're dealing with two different types of concepts of a cloud, one that is 'common-sense', and one that is 'scientific'. I will borrow from Noam Chomsky’s distinction between common-sense concepts, which are understood intuitively and are usually human-centric, and scientific concepts, which are carefully constructed and aspire to be objective. The common-sense concept of a cloud has certain properties (such as having a sharp boundary) which contradict some found in the scientific concept (such as having a vague boundary), and this is the source of some contradictions found within the Problem of the Many. I will propose that in the future we should approach the problem with this in mind, and not treat it as if we're dealing with only one concept of a cloud, but instead, several.

Common sense is knowledge that most humans have, but machines do not. Generally, computer knowledge bases make use of positive (known) knowledge. However, in addition to positive common sense knowledge, there is also negative. Negative knowledge represent facts that are known to be untrue, like "a cat does not have fins". This knowledge is important in order for a machine to make assumptions the same way a human does. This research proposes ways to combine and organize the positive and negative knowledge tuples in a unified way. The two main ways that are looked into are table-like and graph-like organizations. These are analyzed based on different requirements and important queries are defined. Based on the requirements a recommendation is made. The research also takes a look at a solution that makes use of complex number space and suggest how this solution could be further researched and improved in the future., CSE3000 Research Project, Computer Science and Engineering

This study takes phenomenological formulations of schizophrenia as disturbance of common-sense organisation (Stanghellini, 2004; Thoma & Fuchs, 2018b) to pursue an ethnomethodological reading of schizophrenic language-in-interaction. It integrates phenomenological readings of schizophrenia as self disturbance with interactional analyses of intersubjectivity to suggest that schizophrenic heterogeneity might receive account in terms of a loss of integration between five global domains of meaning: the phenomenological-experiential, the domain of interactional haecceity, the distal-discursive domain, the determinate order and a fifth, which lies beyond these other four. It performs exploratory analysis on seven interviews with schizophrenia diagnosees. This focal project is motivated within a wider frame that conceptualizes schizophrenia as phenomena of disrupted meaning, leading to a critical examination of the schizophrenia construct through a lens of language-in-interaction, where schizophrenic dysfunction is used to reverse engineer understandings of normative language function. The direction of enquiry is from those breaches of meaning coordination that occur in schizophrenia towards an understanding of the processes of everyday achievement, coordination, and maintenance of a meaningful world-in-common within the natural attitude. The approach taken foregrounds phenomena of intersubjectivity and social organisation of common sense. Integration of Husserlian phenomenology and ethnomethodological enquiry is attempted via Schutz’s recommendation of complementary method. Transcripts of semi structured interviews with schizophrenia diagnosees are analysed in ways that frame schizophrenic concretism in terms of dynamic equilibration between linguistically-mediated abstract world formations and coordinated immediacies of the interactional situation. Schizophrenic autism is considered as disturbed equilibration between an ‘encysted’ subjectivity and dynamics of intersubjec

The problem of demarcating science from nonscience is generally regarded as being unsolved. This dissertation executes an analytical process of elimination of different demarcation proposals put forward since the professionalisation of the philosophy of science, explaining why each of those proposals is unsatisfactory or incomplete. Then, it executes an alternative multicriterial scientific demarcation project proposed by Mahner (2007, pp. 521–22; 2013, pp. 29–43). This project allows for the demarcation not only of science from pseudoscience, but also from other non-scientific fields. In this way, this work accomplishes an intensional scientific demarcation, for the first time in the history of the philosophy of science. This demarcation is a directly applicable practical decision procedure and tool to assess the scientificity or non-scientificity of disciplines, theories, cognitive fields, practices, attitudes, testimonies, etc., able in principle to be utilised and applied in any context, for example by governments, regulatory agencies, courts, tribunals, and health care and education providers.

Este trabajo intenta responder a la pregunta de cuál es el lugar –si acaso hay alguno– que el sentido común de los juristas ocupa en la teoría alexyana de los principios formales, particularmente, respecto de la presunción de constitucionalidad de la ley. La respuesta es que (i) la teoría de Alexy capta los aspectos nucleares de ese sentido común, inclusive (ii) contribuye a refinar algunos aspectos del mismo, sin embargo, (iii) todo lo anterior se oscurece si en el análisis se incluye a la fórmula del peso interpretándola como el reflejo exacto de la teoría alexyana., This paper tries to answer the question of what is the place –if there is any– that the common sense of jurists occupies in the Alexyan theory of formal principles, particularly, regarding the presumption of constitutionality of the law. The answer is that (i) Alexy’s theory captures the core aspects of that common sense, indeed, (ii) it contributes to refining some aspects of it, however, (iii) all of the above is obscured if the weight formula is included in the analysis, interpreting it as the exact reflection of the Alexyan theory.

In this article I deal with the topic of perceptual self-awareness, focusing on whether a plausible account of sensory self-perception having exterior sensations as its objects requires sensible species representing these acts. I first introduce Aristotle’s two distinct views from On the Soul and On Sleep and Waking as defining the scholastic status quaestionis, then bring in Francisco Suárez’s (1548–1617), Bartholomeo Mastri’s (1602–1673) and Bonaventura Belluto’s (1600–1676), and Hugh McCaghwell’s (1571–1626) accounts. I show, first, that Suárez’s view, which cannot be substantiated by Scotus’s littera, is rejected by Mastri/Belluto and by McCaghwell in one of his conclusions. Second, I argue that McCaghwell’s second tenet is to be assessed as Suarezian. This shows that Suárez’s philosophy of perception was positively received also by seventeenth-century Scotists., Este artículo trata la cuestión de la autoconciencia sensible, específicamente la cuestión de si una teoría plausible de la autopercepción sensible que requiere sensaciones externas como objetos implica que se necesiten a su vez especies sensibles que representen esos actos. Introduciré en primer términos dos perspectivas distintas de Aristóteles, tomadas de Sobre el alma y Del sueño y la vigilia (las que definen el status quaestionis escolástico). En segundo lugar trataré los enfoques de Francisco Suárez (1548-1617), Bartolomeo Mastri (1602-1673) y Bonaventura Belluto (1600-1676), y Hugo McCaghwell (1571-1626). Mostraré primero que la postura de Suárez –que no puede corroborarse con los textos de Escoto– es rechazada por Mastri/Belluto y por McCaghwell en una de sus conclusiones. Después argüiré que la segunda conclusión de McCaghwell debe ser tenida por suareciana. Esto muestra que la filosofía de la percepción de Suárez fue recibida con aprobación también por los escotistas del s.XVII.

We have many beliefs, yet we cannot immediately show sufficient supporting evidence for many of them, nor are we able to point to reliable sources from which many of our beliefs originate. Take for example beliefs such as that I am awake, that I like coffee, or that studying philosophy is not forbidden by law. Nonetheless, we hold on to such beliefs and we do not seem to be unreasonable for doing so. Epistemic conservatism can explain why this is so. This principle says that if a person, S, in fact believes a proposition, P, then S is epistemically justified in holding on to the belief that P unless there is something that defeats this justification. Although there a number of arguments in favour of conservatism –such as that it is cognitive efficient and explains our intuitions about lost evidence and memory beliefs, many philosophers think epistemic conservatism is implausible. Among them are Richard Foley, Hamid Vahid, David Christensen, Richard Feldman, and Matthew Frise. In this dissertation I have evaluated their objections against epistemic conservatism, subsequently formulating the following eight criteria for a plausible version thereof: Criterion 1: avoiding infinite regression A plausible principle of justification does not require a person S to believe an infinite number of propositions in order for a belief that P to be justified for S. Criterion 2: avoiding circularity A plausible principle of justification avoids circularity, such that the belief that P is not justified by a chain of reasons that is grounded in the belief that P itself. Criterion 3: avoiding arbitrariness A plausible principle of justification is able to explain the difference between a justified and an unjustified belief. Criterion 4: avoiding the fallacy ad ignorantiam A plausible principle of justification avoids arbitrariness as a consequence of the fallacy ad ignorantiam. This means that the principle explains the difference between passing judgment and suspending judgment. Crite

This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers' perspectives on the role of homework in year-one children's learning of number. In order to ensure cultural integrity, data were analysed independently by two colleagues in each context. Analyses yielded three broad but cross-culturally common themes reflecting culturally situated notions of common sense. These concerned the existence of homework, the purpose of homework and the role of parents in homework's completion. While homework was unproblematic for all English teachers, half the Swedish cohort spoke against it, arguing that variation in home background would compromise principles of equity. All teachers who set homework, whether English or Swedish, spoke of homework as a means of supporting children at risk of falling behind their peers, a process by which children practice routine skills. English teachers' homework-related justifications were located in a discourse of target setting that was invisible in the Swedish.

The vindication of common sense as the justificatory background of action and thought is problematic given the general and vague character of its alleged rules and the way in which they have to be properly interpreted by the agent. In turn, this affects whether it is possible to do philosophy using common sense and whether there is something distinctive about it., La reivindicación del sentido común como el trasfondo justificativo para la acción y el pensamiento es problemática dado el carácter general y vago de sus supuestas reglas y la manera en que tienen que ser interpretadas adecuadamente por el agente. Esta cuestión tiene consecuencias a la hora de determinar si es posible hacer filosofía desde el sentido común y si hay algo característico cuando lo hacemos.

In my master’s degree project in Design at Konstfack, completed and presented during the spring semester of 2022, I combine three of my competencies: Applied knowledge in industrial design, textile and pattern construction and textile materials science. The project was carried out in contact with many different actors, in the industrial design field as well as the textile field. 92% of the garments we wash, we wash unnecessarily. Many garments are washed after just one use. Washing less reduces the wear and tear of the fabric. If we extend the life of the garment by one year, we can reduce our carbon footprint by 25%. Sweat is one of the main reasons why we wash, although the whole fabric does not need to be cleaned. Based on the collected user data, the armpit was identified as one of the primary problem areas. I am developing an absorbent patch for the armpit. This product consists of circular textile materials, in symbiosis with function and shape. The product’s imprint is traceable, as well as transparent in manufacturing. With this absorbing patch, I want to contribute to a sustainable change in the fast-fashion industry by affecting design thinking, demand and consumerism. This project focuses on how we can practice washing less, by identifying behavior patterns, material research in textiles and circular design in product development. Last but not least it is a close study of a product category and how it can be developed. Hence the title: VETT. - “common sense”.

Common sense is knowledge that most humans have, but machines do not. Generally, computer knowledge bases make use of positive (known) knowledge. However, in addition to positive common sense knowledge, there is also negative. Negative knowledge represent facts that are known to be untrue, like "a cat does not have fins". This knowledge is important in order for a machine to make assumptions the same way a human does. This research proposes ways to combine and organize the positive and negative knowledge tuples in a unified way. The two main ways that are looked into are table-like and graph-like organizations. These are analyzed based on different requirements and important queries are defined. Based on the requirements a recommendation is made. The research also takes a look at a solution that makes use of complex number space and suggest how this solution could be further researched and improved in the future., CSE3000 Research Project, Computer Science and Engineering

In my master’s degree project in Design at Konstfack, completed and presented during the spring semester of 2022, I combine three of my competencies: Applied knowledge in industrial design, textile and pattern construction and textile materials science. The project was carried out in contact with many different actors, in the industrial design field as well as the textile field. 92% of the garments we wash, we wash unnecessarily. Many garments are washed after just one use. Washing less reduces the wear and tear of the fabric. If we extend the life of the garment by one year, we can reduce our carbon footprint by 25%. Sweat is one of the main reasons why we wash, although the whole fabric does not need to be cleaned. Based on the collected user data, the armpit was identified as one of the primary problem areas. I am developing an absorbent patch for the armpit. This product consists of circular textile materials, in symbiosis with function and shape. The product’s imprint is traceable, as well as transparent in manufacturing. With this absorbing patch, I want to contribute to a sustainable change in the fast-fashion industry by affecting design thinking, demand and consumerism. This project focuses on how we can practice washing less, by identifying behavior patterns, material research in textiles and circular design in product development. Last but not least it is a close study of a product category and how it can be developed. Hence the title: VETT. - “common sense”.

Este trabajo intenta responder a la pregunta de cuál es el lugar –si acaso hay alguno– que el sentido común de los juristas ocupa en la teoría alexyana de los principios formales, particularmente, respecto de la presunción de constitucionalidad de la ley. La respuesta es que (i) la teoría de Alexy capta los aspectos nucleares de ese sentido común, inclusive (ii) contribuye a refinar algunos aspectos del mismo, sin embargo, (iii) todo lo anterior se oscurece si en el análisis se incluye a la fórmula del peso interpretándola como el reflejo exacto de la teoría alexyana., This paper tries to answer the question of what is the place –if there is any– that the common sense of jurists occupies in the Alexyan theory of formal principles, particularly, regarding the presumption of constitutionality of the law. The answer is that (i) Alexy’s theory captures the core aspects of that common sense, indeed, (ii) it contributes to refining some aspects of it, however, (iii) all of the above is obscured if the weight formula is included in the analysis, interpreting it as the exact reflection of the Alexyan theory.

In this article I deal with the topic of perceptual self-awareness, focusing on whether a plausible account of sensory self-perception having exterior sensations as its objects requires sensible species representing these acts. I first introduce Aristotle’s two distinct views from On the Soul and On Sleep and Waking as defining the scholastic status quaestionis, then bring in Francisco Suárez’s (1548–1617), Bartholomeo Mastri’s (1602–1673) and Bonaventura Belluto’s (1600–1676), and Hugh McCaghwell’s (1571–1626) accounts. I show, first, that Suárez’s view, which cannot be substantiated by Scotus’s littera, is rejected by Mastri/Belluto and by McCaghwell in one of his conclusions. Second, I argue that McCaghwell’s second tenet is to be assessed as Suarezian. This shows that Suárez’s philosophy of perception was positively received also by seventeenth-century Scotists., Este artículo trata la cuestión de la autoconciencia sensible, específicamente la cuestión de si una teoría plausible de la autopercepción sensible que requiere sensaciones externas como objetos implica que se necesiten a su vez especies sensibles que representen esos actos. Introduciré en primer términos dos perspectivas distintas de Aristóteles, tomadas de Sobre el alma y Del sueño y la vigilia (las que definen el status quaestionis escolástico). En segundo lugar trataré los enfoques de Francisco Suárez (1548-1617), Bartolomeo Mastri (1602-1673) y Bonaventura Belluto (1600-1676), y Hugo McCaghwell (1571-1626). Mostraré primero que la postura de Suárez –que no puede corroborarse con los textos de Escoto– es rechazada por Mastri/Belluto y por McCaghwell en una de sus conclusiones. Después argüiré que la segunda conclusión de McCaghwell debe ser tenida por suareciana. Esto muestra que la filosofía de la percepción de Suárez fue recibida con aprobación también por los escotistas del s.XVII.

This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers' perspectives on the role of homework in year-one children's learning of number. In order to ensure cultural integrity, data were analysed independently by two colleagues in each context. Analyses yielded three broad but cross-culturally common themes reflecting culturally situated notions of common sense. These concerned the existence of homework, the purpose of homework and the role of parents in homework's completion. While homework was unproblematic for all English teachers, half the Swedish cohort spoke against it, arguing that variation in home background would compromise principles of equity. All teachers who set homework, whether English or Swedish, spoke of homework as a means of supporting children at risk of falling behind their peers, a process by which children practice routine skills. English teachers' homework-related justifications were located in a discourse of target setting that was invisible in the Swedish.

ESG (Environmental, social, and corporate governance) parameters are involved in investing-related decision-making. DESG (Dominantly ESG) related investing represents a complex tasks studied under severe information shortages. NESG (Non-dominantly ESG) investing either ignores ESG parameters completely or it takes it as less important. ESG investing is partially DESG and partially NESG. A very simple fuzzy reasoning algorithm is used to find out the similarity between DESG and NESG in this paper. A similarity graphs is generated. An edge represents a fuzzy similarity between two nodes / conditional statements. Each statement specifies fuzzy conditions under which some DESG/NESG tools are mutually similar or totally dissimilar. Examples of investing tools are Developed Markets, Emerging Markets Small Caps, Sustainability Index and Environmental Social Governance Index. The following five parameters of investing tools are Risk, Cost, Return, Drop, and Correlation. Low pairwise fuzzy similarities between DESG and NESG are detected.

This article compares the ways in which two scholars, the anthropologist Kate Crehan and the philosopher Diego Fusaro, analyze Gramsci’s thought, verifying its current relevance and effectiveness in interpreting populism. In Crehan’s recent Gramscian studies the categories of senso comune and buon senso become crucial. Crehan utilizes categories such as “culture” and senso comune to explain both the Tea Party experience and Donald Trump’s election. Fusaro, on the contrary, is an Italian public intellectual who declares himself a sovereignist and who often includes, among the theoretical references of Italian contemporary sovereignism, the author of Quaderni del carcere. In the book Antonio Gramsci: la passione di essere nel mondo, Fusaro aims to demonstrate how Gramsci’s reflections arise within the theoretical horizon of philosophical idealism, both as regards his views on politics and the economy and his conception of culture: in Fusaro’s opinion, Gramsci is still relevant today because he is anti-capitalist and because he is not hostile, idealistically, to the family and to the establishment of a popular and national state. However, a limitation of Antonio Gramsci: la passione di essere nel mondo is the reductiveness of Gramsci’s conception of culture.

ESG (Environmental, social, and corporate governance) parameters are involved in investing-related decision-making. DESG (Dominantly ESG) related investing represents a complex tasks studied under severe information shortages. NESG (Non-dominantly ESG) investing either ignores ESG parameters completely or it takes it as less important. ESG investing is partially DESG and partially NESG. A very simple fuzzy reasoning algorithm is used to find out the similarity between DESG and NESG in this paper. A similarity graphs is generated. An edge represents a fuzzy similarity between two nodes / conditional statements. Each statement specifies fuzzy conditions under which some DESG/NESG tools are mutually similar or totally dissimilar. Examples of investing tools are Developed Markets, Emerging Markets Small Caps, Sustainability Index and Environmental Social Governance Index. The following five parameters of investing tools are Risk, Cost, Return, Drop, and Correlation. Low pairwise fuzzy similarities between DESG and NESG are detected.

ESG (Environmental, social, and corporate governance) parameters are involved in investing-related decision-making. DESG (Dominantly ESG) related investing represents a complex tasks studied under severe information shortages. NESG (Non-dominantly ESG) investing either ignores ESG parameters completely or it takes it as less important. ESG investing is partially DESG and partially NESG. A very simple fuzzy reasoning algorithm is used to find out the similarity between DESG and NESG in this paper. A similarity graphs is generated. An edge represents a fuzzy similarity between two nodes / conditional statements. Each statement specifies fuzzy conditions under which some DESG/NESG tools are mutually similar or totally dissimilar. Examples of investing tools are Developed Markets, Emerging Markets Small Caps, Sustainability Index and Environmental Social Governance Index. The following five parameters of investing tools are Risk, Cost, Return, Drop, and Correlation. Low pairwise fuzzy similarities between DESG and NESG are detected.

The appearance of COVID-19 brought with it effects on all levels of the way of life of humanity. This essay wants to cover and analyze political decisions during this juncture, especially, about political figures of rulers as is the paradoxical case of the current President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador AMLO, who served and conducted himself with an ad hoc and sui generistreatment. in the face of the pandemic situation, this with his designs assumed thoughts, behaviors, and actions of a personalistic nature, which only came to attack the lives and fundamental rights of Mexicans (such as the right to life, autonomy, among others). So, with his position and subsequent public acts he demonstrated an unfathomable incompetence, a transgressive management about respect for the fundamental rights of his fellow citizens and himself. The result obtained from the article reflects and evidences the lack of interest in both the right to life, dignity, social welfare, and human solidarity. As a preliminary conclusion, the phenomenal so-called political personalism was observed analytically, which has become a characteristic of the particularized governance, charisma and leadership that have been installed in certain democratic nations. &nbsp, La aparición del COVID-19 trajo consigo afectaciones en todos los niveles del modo de vida de la humanidad. Este ensayo quiere abarcar y analizar decisiones políticas durante esta coyuntura, especialmente, acerca de figuras políticas de gobernantes como lo es el caso paradójico del actual Presidente de México Andrés Manuel López Obrador AMLO, quien fungió y se condujo con un tratamiento ad hoc y sui generis ante la situación de pandemia; éste con sus designios asumió pensares, conductas y acciones de carácter personalista, que solo vinieron a atentar contra las vidas y los derechos fundamentales de los mexicanos (como el derecho a la vida, autonomía, entre otros). De forma que con su postura y posteriores actos públicos demostró una impericia insondable, un manejo transgresor acerca del respeto por los derechos fundamentales de sus conciudadanos y de sí mismo. El resultado obtenido del artículo refleja y evidencia la carencia de interés tanto por el derecho por la vida, la dignidad, el bienestar social como la solidaridad humana. Como conclusión preliminar se observó analíticamente el fenoménico denominado: personalismo político, el cual se ha constituido en una característica de las gobernanzas particularizadas, de carisma y liderazgos que se han instalado en determinadas naciones democráticas.

This article compares the ways in which two scholars, the anthropologist Kate Crehan and the philosopher Diego Fusaro, analyze Gramsci’s thought, verifying its current relevance and effectiveness in interpreting populism. In Crehan’s recent Gramscian studies the categories of senso comune and buon senso become crucial. Crehan utilizes categories such as “culture” and senso comune to explain both the Tea Party experience and Donald Trump’s election. Fusaro, on the contrary, is an Italian public intellectual who declares himself a sovereignist and who often includes, among the theoretical references of Italian contemporary sovereignism, the author of Quaderni del carcere. In the book Antonio Gramsci: la passione di essere nel mondo, Fusaro aims to demonstrate how Gramsci’s reflections arise within the theoretical horizon of philosophical idealism, both as regards his views on politics and the economy and his conception of culture: in Fusaro’s opinion, Gramsci is still relevant today because he is anti-capitalist and because he is not hostile, idealistically, to the family and to the establishment of a popular and national state. However, a limitation of Antonio Gramsci: la passione di essere nel mondo is the reductiveness of Gramsci’s conception of culture.

This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers’ perspectives on the role of homework in year-one children’s learning of number. In order to ensure cultural integrity, data were analysed independently by two colleagues in each context. Analyses yielded three broad but cross-culturally common themes reflecting culturally situated notions of common sense. These concerned the existence of homework, the purpose of homework and the role of parents in homework’s completion. While homework was unproblematic for all English teachers, half the Swedish cohort spoke against it, arguing that variation in home background would compromise principles of equity. All teachers who set homework, whether English or Swedish, spoke of homework as a means of supporting children at risk of falling behind their peers, a process by which children practice routine skills. English teachers’ homework-related justifications were located in a discourse of target setting that was invisible in the Swedish., FoNS - Foundational Number Sense

This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers’ perspectives on the role of homework in year-one children’s learning of number. In order to ensure cultural integrity, data were analysed independently by two colleagues in each context. Analyses yielded three broad but cross-culturally common themes reflecting culturally situated notions of common sense. These concerned the existence of homework, the purpose of homework and the role of parents in homework’s completion. While homework was unproblematic for all English teachers, half the Swedish cohort spoke against it, arguing that variation in home background would compromise principles of equity. All teachers who set homework, whether English or Swedish, spoke of homework as a means of supporting children at risk of falling behind their peers, a process by which children practice routine skills. English teachers’ homework-related justifications were located in a discourse of target setting that was invisible in the Swedish., FoNS - Foundational Number Sense

This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers' perspectives on the role of homework in year-one children's learning of number. In order to ensure cultural integrity, data were analysed independently by two colleagues in each context. Analyses yielded three broad but cross-culturally common themes reflecting culturally situated notions of common sense. These concerned the existence of homework, the purpose of homework and the role of parents in homework's completion. While homework was unproblematic for all English teachers, half the Swedish cohort spoke against it, arguing that variation in home background would compromise principles of equity. All teachers who set homework, whether English or Swedish, spoke of homework as a means of supporting children at risk of falling behind their peers, a process by which children practice routine skills. English teachers' homework-related justifications were located in a discourse of target setting that was invisible in the Swedish.

This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers' perspectives on the role of homework in year-one children's learning of number. In order to ensure cultural integrity, data were analysed independently by two colleagues in each context. Analyses yielded three broad but cross-culturally common themes reflecting culturally situated notions of common sense. These concerned the existence of homework, the purpose of homework and the role of parents in homework's completion. While homework was unproblematic for all English teachers, half the Swedish cohort spoke against it, arguing that variation in home background would compromise principles of equity. All teachers who set homework, whether English or Swedish, spoke of homework as a means of supporting children at risk of falling behind their peers, a process by which children practice routine skills. English teachers' homework-related justifications were located in a discourse of target setting that was invisible in the Swedish.

This paper presents an exploratory study of English and Swedish teachers' perspectives on the role of homework in year-one children's learning of number. In order to ensure cultural integrity, data were analysed independently by two colleagues in each context. Analyses yielded three broad but cross-culturally common themes reflecting culturally situated notions of common sense. These concerned the existence of homework, the purpose of homework and the role of parents in homework's completion. While homework was unproblematic for all English teachers, half the Swedish cohort spoke against it, arguing that variation in home background would compromise principles of equity. All teachers who set homework, whether English or Swedish, spoke of homework as a means of supporting children at risk of falling behind their peers, a process by which children practice routine skills. English teachers' homework-related justifications were located in a discourse of target setting that was invisible in the Swedish.

This article provides a Marxist analysis of the concept of ‘common sense’. It traces the evolution of this concept – through various philosophers from Aristotle to Thomas Paine – in order to throw light on Gramsci’s own radical mobilization of the notion of ‘common sense’ as a mode of thought, and the role it plays in his broader philo-sophical system of class consciousness and hegemony. The piece seeks to both appreciate the revolutionary aspects of Gramsci’s analysis of ‘common sense’ but also to draw attention to some of its limitations. Building on this, the final part examines the way in which ‘common sense’ as a concept has been mobilized – contra Gramsci – by the ruling classes of our own epoch; how it becomes a key component in the ‘political correctness gone mad’ narrative and a way, therefore, of justifying some of the most reactionary initiatives – from the xenophobia which feeds anti-immigrant bigotry to the neoliberal austerity measures which have flayed the living standards of those at the bottom in order to enshrine the wealth of those at the top.

Il presente contributo cerca di approfondire lo studio del concetto di gruppo subalterno nel pensiero di Gramsci a partire dalla lettura del monografico Quaderno 25. Il lemma subalterno assume, all’interno della riflessione carceraria gramsciana, un ruolo abba-stanza significativo, soprattutto in relazione al concetto di egemonia. Il presente concetto infatti lo troviamo alla base delle riflessioni compiute dal filosofo sardo in merito allo studio sulla natura e la formazione delle due classi che subiscono in maniera diretta l’azione egemonica della classe dominante: i contadini e gli operai. L’indagine attorno al concetto di subalterno ci consente inoltre di allargare il discorso oltre al quaderno monografico ad esso dedicato per creare dei collegamenti con le note ed i paragrafi contenuti nei Quaderni 13, 19 e 27 dedicati a Machiavelli e la poli-tica, al Risorgimento e al folklore, tutti utili per studiare la formazione di questi gruppi. Sull’azione politica dei subalterni non si è potuto poi non fare riferimento al saggio pre-carcerario Alcuni temi sulla quistione meridionale, dove emerge con chiarezza ed una certa insistenza la necessità di organizzare politicamente il blocco operaio-agrario ai fini di instaurare una nuova egemonia comunista. Abstract This contribution seeks to deepen the study of the concept of the subordinate group in Gramsci’s thought starting from a reading of the monographic Notebook 25. Within Gramsci’s prison reflection, the lemma “subaltern” takes on a quite significant role, especially in relation to the concept of hegemony. Indeed, we find this concept at the basis of his reflections regarding the study of the nature and formation of the two classes that directly undergo the hegemonic action of the ruling class: the peasants and the workers. The investigation regarding the concept of subaltern also allows a broadening of the discussion beyond the monographic Notebook 25, devoted to it, to create links with those paragraphs of Notebooks

This is the abstract of a review in English by Robert P. Jackson of the book by Kate Crehan, Gramsci’s Common Sense. Inequality and its Narratives (Durham, Duke University Press 2016).

This is an abstract of the entry on “Common sense” (translated into English) published in the Dizionario gramsciano (Gramsci Dictionary). There exist more than one “common senses” distinguishable by area, social stratum and period, continually enriched with scientific notions, and standing in-between folklore and the philosophy of the scholars. It is a “disorderly aggregate of philosophical conceptions” in which “whatever one likes” may be found. It must be subjected to critique, since it is often connotated by the various forms of conservatism. It is a social group’s most wide-spread and often implicit ideology, and dialectically related to philosophy, meaning that a social group that aligns itself with the subalterns must enter into a dialectical relation with common sense in a mutually transformative way. Differently from Bukharin’s approach, the critique of common sense, Gramsci states, must be one of the starting points for a compendium of Marxism: forcing the introduction of new truths into common sense is proof of its capacity for expansion. At stake is the transformation of the subalterns’ conception of the world, by and through launching a struggle for hegemony involving a new common sense, culture and philosophy which, together, form a mass ideology which rendering politically possible the intellectual progress of the mass.

El trabajo analiza la relación entre sentido común, lenguaje y acción política o hegemonía en Gramsci. El objetivo es mostrar cómo la acción política es la disputa por el sentido común de la sociedad con el fin de construir una sociedad nueva. Esto no es posible sin la construcción de un nuevo lenguaje político que estructure una visión del mundo alternativa a la hegemónica. Para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto se muestra la doble acepción que presenta el concepto de sentido común en Gramsci y su relación con el lenguaje, se escudriña el concepto de hegemonía y se muestra que la construcción de un sentido común nuevo requiere del papel de los intelectuales en interacción dialéctica con las masas. Metodológicamente, se ha acudido a la obra fragmentaria de Gramsci y a dos antologías. El carácter fragmentario implica un gran ejercicio de cotejo de textos, abstracción y de síntesis, debido a la a-sistematicidad de su obra. Al final, se presentan las conclusiones y se abren algunas vías de investigación., This article analyze the relationship between common sense, language and political action or hegemony in Gramsci. The objective is to show how political action is the dispute over the common sense of society in order to build a new society. This is not possible without the construction of a new political language that structures an alternative world view to hegemonic. To achieve the proposed objective, the double meaning of the concept of common sense in Gramsci and its relation to language is shown, the concept of hegemony is scrutinized and it is shown that the construction of a new common sense requires the role of intellectuals in dialectical interaction with the masses. Methodologically, have been used the Gramsci´s work and two anthologies. The fragmentary character implies a great exercise of collation of texts, abstraction and synthesis, due to the a-systematicity of his work. In the end, the conclusions are presented and some research channels are opened.

Despite the ever-growing advances in artificial intelligence (AI), common sense acquisition and reasoning is still comparingly in their early stages to other fields in AI. To further advance this field, it is necessary to collect large amounts of common sense facts or tacit knowledge to train such AI models. One effective way is to use crowdsourcing and games to make the collection process both widely available and fun at the same time. Currently, there are no tools to collect discriminative tacit knowledge efficiently and accurately. In this work, we propose FindItOut: a crowdsourcing tacit knowledge elicitation solution with multiplayer gamification and images to collect general-purpose and discriminative tacit knowledge. We show that using FindItOut, we can both efficiently and accurately collect discriminative tacit knowledge while also being fun and engaging., https://finditout.vercel.app Publicly accessible link to FindItOut game, CSE3000 Research Project, Computer Science and Engineering

Kant’s chapter “On the Typic of the Pure Practical Power of Judgement” is one of the most obscure passages of the Critique of Practical Reason and it has often been regarded as a mere appendix. However, it deals with a fundamental question, namely, how can the pure practical law be applied to particular cases. In this paper, I would like to make an original contribution towards a better understanding of this chapter by comparing it to the Schematism chapter on the basis of their analogical relation and suggesting how the reference to a sensus communis could help in solving the (unsolved) aim of the Typic chapter.

From an overview of philosophy, it can be said all issues are controversial. An example of this kind of never-ending controversy is the free will debate. The originality of Revisionism proposed by Vargas (2007, 2013) is to establish a position within the debate after having reviewed the terms in which it is discussed. His Revisionism focuses especially on reviewing how the different philosophical positions of the debate are linked to the intuitions or preconceptions of common sense. Vargas argues that common sense —as a preconception— has incompatibilistic elements that ought to be accepted when making a diagnosis. However, at a prescriptive level, the theory that ought to be adopted in philosophy is compatibilism. Thereby, Vargas proposes a hybrid Revisionism. By reading Wittgenstein from a neo-Pyrrhonic orientation, I propose to reconsider the role of disagreement in the philosophical debate and the approach to common sense in order to argue that it is a plural set of practices rather than a preconception. These practices determine different contexts for the use of concepts, in which both deterministic and indeterministic positions can make sense. This pluralistic view of common sense also modifies the place of philosophy and the kind of disagreement faced in the debate., En una descripción general de la filosofía, se puede decir que todos los temas son controvertidos. Un ejemplo de este tipo de controversia interminable es el debate sobre el libre albedrío. La originalidad del Revisionismo propuesto por Vargas (2007, 2013) consiste en fijar una posición dentro del debate después de haber revisado los términos en los que se discute. Su revisionismo se centra especialmente en examinar cómo las diferentes posiciones filosóficas del debate están vinculadas a las intuiciones o preconceptos del sentido común. Vargas argumenta que el sentido común —como preconcepción— posee elementos incompatibilistas que deben ser aceptados a la hora de hacer un diagnóstico. Sin embargo, en un nivel prescriptivo, la teoría que debe ser adoptada en filosofía es el compatibilismo. De este modo, Vargas ofrece un revisionismo híbrido. A partir de una lectura neopirrónica de Wittgenstein, propongo reconsiderar el papel del desacuerdo en el debate filosófico y revisar la aproximación al sentido común para argumentar que es un conjunto plural de prácticas. Estas prácticas determinan diferentes contextos para el uso de conceptos, en los que pueden tener sentido posiciones tanto deterministas como indeterministas. Esta visión plural del sentido común también modifica el lugar de la filosofía y el tipo de desacuerdo enfrentado en el debate.

Kant’s chapter “On the Typic of the Pure Practical Power of Judgement” is one of the most obscure passages of the Critique of Practical Reason and it has often been regarded as a mere appendix. However, it deals with a fundamental question, namely, how can the pure practical law be applied to particular cases. In this paper, I would like to make an original contribution towards a better understanding of this chapter by comparing it to the Schematism chapter on the basis of their analogical relation and suggesting how the reference to a sensus communis could help in solving the (unsolved) aim of the Typic chapter.