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This paper explores the link between the metaphoric structure TIME IS SPACE and time perception in bilinguals. While there appear to be fundamental commonalities in the way humans perceive and experience time regardless of language background, language-specific spatiotemporal metaphors can give rise to differences between populations, under certain conditions. Little is known, however, about how bilinguals experience time, and the specific factors that may modulate bilingual temporal processing. Here, we address this gap by examining L1 Spanish – L2 Swedish bilinguals in a psychophysical task. Results show that duration estimation of dynamic spatial configurations analogous to L2-specific temporal metaphors is modulated by L2 proficiency. In contrast, duration estimation of spatial configurations analogous to the L1 metaphorical expressions appears to be modulated by the age of L2 acquisition. These findings are discussed in terms of associative learning and cognitive restructuring in the bilingual mind.

This research aims to apply the US Army concept of spiritual readiness to help Christians manage emotional stress in a civilian context through an online community. This project invites disconnected Christians to join an online community where they can address negative emotions by developing self-awareness of their maladaptive thinking and embody the theological virtues of faith, hope, and love. This approach assists individuals in building emotional resilience, a concept emphasized in the military. This project addresses five negative emotions (anger, shame, sadness, fear, and loneliness) by replacing them with positive emotions taught in the Bible. The project consists of eight weekly sessions, each addressing one of the five negative emotions and three theological virtues. Through engaging discussions and a connection with God, participants develop their coping mechanisms. Each session will involve collaborative discussions on familiar subjects, encouraging self-reflection and a deeper understanding of the topics. Through fostering spirituality within a group environment, individuals can learn from one another to develop coping strategies for negative emotions linked to challenging situations. This research project has two primary implications. Firstly, it develops a virtual program to overcome the geographical limitations that disconnect Christians so they can experience deep fellowship without the need for in-person interaction. Secondly, it pioneers the use of a non-traditional approach to spirituality, focusing on the practical aspects of biblical teachings.

Cognitive restructuring is a well-established mental health technique for amending automatic thoughts, which are distorted and biased beliefs about a situation, into objective and balanced thoughts. Since virtual agents can be used anytime and anywhere, they are expected to perform cognitive restructuring without being influenced by medical infrastructure or patients' stigma toward mental illness. Unfortunately, since the quantitative analysis of human-agent interaction is still insufficient, the effect on the user's cognitive state remains unclear. We collected interaction data between virtual agents and users to observe the mood improvements associated with changes in automatic thoughts that occur in user cognition and addressed the following two points: (1) implementation of a virtual agent that helps a user identify and evaluate automatic thoughts; (2) identification of the relationship between a user's facial expressions and the extent of the mood improvement subjectively felt by users during the human-agent interaction. We focus on these points because cognitive restructuring by a human therapist starts by identifying automatic thoughts and seeking sufficient evidence to find balanced thoughts (evaluation of automatic thoughts). Therapists also use such non-verbal behaviors as facial expressions to detect changes in a user's mood, which is an important indicator for guidance. Based on the results of this analysis, we provide a technical guidance framework that fully automates the identification and evaluation of automatic thoughts to achieve a virtual agent that can interact with users by taking into account their verbal and non-verbal behaviors in face-to-face situations. This research supports the possibility of improving the effectiveness of mental health care in cognitive restructuring using virtual agents., identifier:2624-9898

Studierende stellen aufgrund der spezifischen Herausforderungen dieses Lebensabschnittes eine besonders vulnerable Population hinsichtlich der Beeinträchtigung der psychischen Gesundheit dar. So leiden Studierende vor allem unter Stress-, Angst- und Depressionserleben sowie defizitärer Schlafqualität. Als zusätzliche Belastung hat sich die Covid-19 Pandemie erwiesen, welche durch ihre einzigartigen Stressoren zu einem gravierenden Zuwachs an psychischen Symptomen beiträgt. Niederschwellige und online-basierte Interventionen zur Förderung der mentalen Gesundheit Studierender erhalten somit einmal mehr besondere Relevanz. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Evaluation eines zweiwöchigen App-basierten Stressmanagementtrainings für Studierende, welches mit einer aktiven Kontrollgruppe verglichen wurde. Hierfür wurden Veränderungen vom ersten zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt (vor und nach der Intervention) hinsichtlich des chronischen Stresserlebens, des Stresserlebens nach einer akuten Stressinduktion, Angst und Depression sowie Schlafqualität untersucht. Teilnehmende der Experimentalgruppe (n= 23) bearbeiteten im Rahmen kognitiver Umstrukturierung ein 7-Spaltenprotokoll, wohingegen die aktive Kontrollgruppe (n= 25) ein Videospiel durchführte. Die kognitive Umstrukturierung konnte keine signifikanten Verbesserungen des chronischen Stresses, des Angsterlebens und der Schlafqualität bewirken. Allerdings kann von einer signifikanten Reduktion der Stressreaktion nach akuter Stressinduktion in der Experimentalgruppe berichtet werden. Auch das depressive Erleben verbesserte sich signifikant, jedoch war die kognitive Umstrukturierung gegenüber dem Videospiel hierbei nicht überlegen. Diese Studie liefert somit erste Hinweise darauf, dass eine App-basierte kognitive Umstrukturierung auch über einen kurzen Zeitraum von zwei Wochen besonders für akutes Stresserleben und depressives Erleben positive Effekte erzielen könnte. Vor allem angesichts fehlender Effekte für chronischen Str, Students represent a particularly vulnerable population regarding mental health problems, because of numerous specific challenges in this stage of life. In particular, several studies have shown, that students have an increased prevalence of psychological stress symptoms including insomnia, anxiety and depression. The Covid-19 pandemic has proven to be an additional burden contributing to a serious increase in mental health symptoms due to its unique stressors. Therefore, low-threshold and online-based interventions gain special relevance to promote students' mental health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a two-week app-based stress management training for students in comparison with an active control group. On a daily base, participants in the experimental group (n= 23) completed a 7-column protocol as part of cognitive restructuring over the course of 2 weeks, whereas the active control group (n= 25) completed a video game. Chronic and acute stress, anxiety, depression and sleep quality were assessed at baseline and after the two week intervention period. Participants in the cognitive restructuring group showed a significant reduction in the stress response after an acute stress induction compared to the control group. Furthermore, both interventions were able to significantly reduce depression but failed to produce significant improvements in chronic stress and anxiety. Finally, the video-game group showed a significant improvement in sleep quality. Taken together this study provides initial evidence that app-based cognitive restructuring could achieve positive effects even over a short period of two weeks, especially for acute stress and depressive symptoms., Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected all areas of health care. Primary care practices are on the front lines for patients seeking health care during this period. Understanding clinical and administrative staff members' strategies for managing the broad-ranging changes to primary care service delivery is important for the support of workforce well-being, burnout, and commitment to primary care.MethodsThirty-three staff members from 8 practices within a single health care system completed short, semistructured interviews from May 11, 2020 to July 20, 2020. Interviews were coded using a combination of conventional and directed content analysis.ResultsThemes emerged from the data that mapped onto the Job Demands-Control-Social Support model. Participants reported that every aspect of primary care service delivery needed to be adapted for COVID-19, which increased their job demands significantly. Several also described pride in their development of new skills, and in most interviews, they expressed that the experience brought staff together. Staff engaged in active cognitive reframing of events during the interviews as they coped with increased workplace stress. However, as the pandemic changed from an acute stress event to a chronic stressor, staff were more likely to indicate signs of burnout.ConclusionsPrimary care teams absorbed tremendous burdens during COVID-19 but also found that some stress was offset by increased support from management and colleagues, belief in their own necessity, and new development opportunities. Considering high prepandemic strain levels, the ability of primary care teams to persist under these conditions might erode as the crisis becomes an enduring challenge.

Cognitive restructuring is a well-established mental health technique for amending automatic thoughts, which are distorted and biased beliefs about a situation, into objective and balanced thoughts. Since virtual agents can be used anytime and anywhere, they are expected to perform cognitive restructuring without being influenced by medical infrastructure or patients' stigma toward mental illness. Unfortunately, since the quantitative analysis of human-agent interaction is still insufficient, the effect on the user's cognitive state remains unclear. We collected interaction data between virtual agents and users to observe the mood improvements associated with changes in automatic thoughts that occur in user cognition and addressed the following two points: (1) implementation of a virtual agent that helps a user identify and evaluate automatic thoughts; (2) identification of the relationship between a user's facial expressions and the extent of the mood improvement subjectively felt by users during the human-agent interaction. We focus on these points because cognitive restructuring by a human therapist starts by identifying automatic thoughts and seeking sufficient evidence to find balanced thoughts (evaluation of automatic thoughts). Therapists also use such non-verbal behaviors as facial expressions to detect changes in a user's mood, which is an important indicator for guidance. Based on the results of this analysis, we provide a technical guidance framework that fully automates the identification and evaluation of automatic thoughts to achieve a virtual agent that can interact with users by taking into account their verbal and non-verbal behaviors in face-to-face situations. This research supports the possibility of improving the effectiveness of mental health care in cognitive restructuring using virtual agents.

Studierende stellen aufgrund der spezifischen Herausforderungen dieses Lebensabschnittes eine besonders vulnerable Population hinsichtlich der Beeinträchtigung der psychischen Gesundheit dar. So leiden Studierende vor allem unter Stress-, Angst- und Depressionserleben sowie defizitärer Schlafqualität. Als zusätzliche Belastung hat sich die Covid-19 Pandemie erwiesen, welche durch ihre einzigartigen Stressoren zu einem gravierenden Zuwachs an psychischen Symptomen beiträgt. Niederschwellige und online-basierte Interventionen zur Förderung der mentalen Gesundheit Studierender erhalten somit einmal mehr besondere Relevanz. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Evaluation eines zweiwöchigen App-basierten Stressmanagementtrainings für Studierende, welches mit einer aktiven Kontrollgruppe verglichen wurde. Hierfür wurden Veränderungen vom ersten zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt (vor und nach der Intervention) hinsichtlich des chronischen Stresserlebens, des Stresserlebens nach einer akuten Stressinduktion, Angst und Depression sowie Schlafqualität untersucht. Teilnehmende der Experimentalgruppe (n= 23) bearbeiteten im Rahmen kognitiver Umstrukturierung ein 7-Spaltenprotokoll, wohingegen die aktive Kontrollgruppe (n= 25) ein Videospiel durchführte. Die kognitive Umstrukturierung konnte keine signifikanten Verbesserungen des chronischen Stresses, des Angsterlebens und der Schlafqualität bewirken. Allerdings kann von einer signifikanten Reduktion der Stressreaktion nach akuter Stressinduktion in der Experimentalgruppe berichtet werden. Auch das depressive Erleben verbesserte sich signifikant, jedoch war die kognitive Umstrukturierung gegenüber dem Videospiel hierbei nicht überlegen. Diese Studie liefert somit erste Hinweise darauf, dass eine App-basierte kognitive Umstrukturierung auch über einen kurzen Zeitraum von zwei Wochen besonders für akutes Stresserleben und depressives Erleben positive Effekte erzielen könnte. Vor allem angesichts fehlender Effekte für chronischen Str, Students represent a particularly vulnerable population regarding mental health problems, because of numerous specific challenges in this stage of life. In particular, several studies have shown, that students have an increased prevalence of psychological stress symptoms including insomnia, anxiety and depression. The Covid-19 pandemic has proven to be an additional burden contributing to a serious increase in mental health symptoms due to its unique stressors. Therefore, low-threshold and online-based interventions gain special relevance to promote students' mental health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a two-week app-based stress management training for students in comparison with an active control group. On a daily base, participants in the experimental group (n= 23) completed a 7-column protocol as part of cognitive restructuring over the course of 2 weeks, whereas the active control group (n= 25) completed a video game. Chronic and acute stress, anxiety, depression and sleep quality were assessed at baseline and after the two week intervention period. Participants in the cognitive restructuring group showed a significant reduction in the stress response after an acute stress induction compared to the control group. Furthermore, both interventions were able to significantly reduce depression but failed to produce significant improvements in chronic stress and anxiety. Finally, the video-game group showed a significant improvement in sleep quality. Taken together this study provides initial evidence that app-based cognitive restructuring could achieve positive effects even over a short period of two weeks, especially for acute stress and depressive symptoms., vorgelegt von: Hanna Leonie Walker, in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022

Objective: a systemized approach to subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in elderly people is needed owing to the high prevalence of such complaints and their impact on the psychosocial well-being of those affected. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the characteristics and effectiveness of intervention programmes that use a neuropsychological approach to target SCCs in cognitively unimpaired older people and that are tested in randomized controlled trials.Methods: the search included a time-unlimited query of Scopus, PsycInfo and Medline, yielding 215 articles, of which only 7 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results: the number of intervention programmes was very limited (11 interventions), but diverse, with cognitive stimulation, physical exercise, psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring all used to address SCCs. Conclusions: interventions including only cognitive stimulation were not effective in reducing SCCs, but interventions including cognitive stimulation and psychoeducation, physical exercise, and group sessions and discussions reinforced by the therapist were effective

Cognitive restructuring is a well-established mental health technique for amending automatic thoughts, which are distorted and biased beliefs about a situation, into objective and balanced thoughts. Since virtual agents can be used anytime and anywhere, they are expected to perform cognitive restructuring without being influenced by medical infrastructure or patients' stigma toward mental illness. Unfortunately, since the quantitative analysis of human-agent interaction is still insufficient, the effect on the user's cognitive state remains unclear. We collected interaction data between virtual agents and users to observe the mood improvements associated with changes in automatic thoughts that occur in user cognition and addressed the following two points: (1) implementation of a virtual agent that helps a user identify and evaluate automatic thoughts; (2) identification of the relationship between a user's facial expressions and the extent of the mood improvement subjectively felt by users during the human-agent interaction. We focus on these points because cognitive restructuring by a human therapist starts by identifying automatic thoughts and seeking sufficient evidence to find balanced thoughts (evaluation of automatic thoughts). Therapists also use such non-verbal behaviors as facial expressions to detect changes in a user's mood, which is an important indicator for guidance. Based on the results of this analysis, we provide a technical guidance framework that fully automates the identification and evaluation of automatic thoughts to achieve a virtual agent that can interact with users by taking into account their verbal and non-verbal behaviors in face-to-face situations. This research supports the possibility of improving the effectiveness of mental health care in cognitive restructuring using virtual agents., journal article

Cognitive Restructuring adalah teknik yang dikembangkan oleh Albert Ellis, dimana tujuan utama dari terapi kognitif adalah menggantikan keyakinan yang mengarah pada perilaku menyalahkan diri sendiri dengan keyakinan yang diasosiasikan dengan penerimaan diri (self-acceptance) dan pemecahan masalah yang konstruktif. Layanan bimbingan dan konseling dengan strategi Cognitive Restructuring menghasilkan kebiasaan baru pada individu dalam merasa, berpikir dan bertindak dengan cara mengidentifikasi kebiasaan-kebiasaan bermasalah, memberi label pada kebiasaan tersebut dan menggantikan tanggapan/persepsi diri yang negatif/irasional menjadi rasional/realistis. teknikteknik layanan konseling terus mengalami perkembangan dalam hal pembaharuan, dan perbaikan. Pembaharuan dari teknik Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy ke teknik Cognitive Restructuring dapat disebut sebagai pembaharuan yang bersifat deduktif sebab dari REBT yang cakupannya lebih umum (REBT) berubah menjadi CR yang cakupannya lebih spesifik (CR). Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menemukan teori atau konsep baru CR Islami dengan kelemahan-kelamahan yang ditemukan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Metode jurnal review digunakan peneliti untuk mengkaji beberapa sumber-sumber yang membahas terkait sejarah, kritik, dan konsep penyempurnaan berdasarkan nilai islam., Cognitive Restructuring adalah teknik yang dikembangkan oleh Albert Ellis, dimana tujuan utama dari terapi kognitif adalah menggantikan keyakinan yang mengarah pada perilaku menyalahkan diri sendiri dengan keyakinan yang diasosiasikan dengan penerimaan diri (self-acceptance) dan pemecahan masalah yang konstruktif. Layanan bimbingan dan konseling dengan strategi Cognitive Restructuring menghasilkan kebiasaan baru pada individu dalam merasa, berpikir dan bertindak dengan cara mengidentifikasi kebiasaan-kebiasaan bermasalah, memberi label pada kebiasaan tersebut dan menggantikan tanggapan/persepsi diri yang negatif/irasional menjadi rasional/realistis. teknikteknik layanan konseling terus mengalami perkembangan dalam hal pembaharuan, dan perbaikan. Pembaharuan dari teknik Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy ke teknik Cognitive Restructuring dapat disebut sebagai pembaharuan yang bersifat deduktif sebab dari REBT yang cakupannya lebih umum (REBT) berubah menjadi CR yang cakupannya lebih spesifik (CR). Penelitian ini mencoba untuk menemukan teori atau konsep baru CR Islami dengan kelemahan-kelamahan yang ditemukan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Metode jurnal review digunakan peneliti untuk mengkaji beberapa sumber-sumber yang membahas terkait sejarah, kritik, dan konsep penyempurnaan berdasarkan nilai islam.

Emotionella reaktioner bidrar till kroppsligt stresspåslag vilketpåverkar blodsockernivåerna. Syftet med studien var att undersökaskillnaden i tillämpning av kognitiv omstrukturering bland typ1-diabetiker vid lågt respektive högt blodsocker samt skillnaden itillämpningen beroende på antal år av sjukdomen(sjukdomsförloppet). Vi undersökte även sambandet mellan kognitivomstruktureringen och diabetesrelaterad stress generellt och vid lågtoch högt blodsocker. En enkätundersökning genomfördes därdeltagarna (N = 69) fick besvara frågor om kognitiv omstruktureringvid antingen lågt eller högt blodsocker samt diabetesrelaterad stress.Resultaten visade att det inte fanns en skillnad i tillämpning avkognitiv omstrukturering vid lågt respektive högt blodsocker eller vidsjukdomsförloppet. Resultatet visade inget samband mellan kognitivomstrukturering och diabetesrelaterad stress generellt eller vid lågtoch högt blodsocker. Sammanfattningsvis påvisar studien attdiabetiker tillämpar kognitiv omstrukturering i låg utsträckningoavsett blodsockernivå och sjukdomsförlopp samt upplevde högdiabetesrelaterad stress., Emotional reaction contributes bodily stress, which affects bloodsugar levels. This study examined differences in application ofcognitive restructuring among type 1-diabetics in low and high bloodsugar and the differences in application depending on the number ofyears with disease (disease course). We examined the relationshipbetween cognitive restructuring and diabetes-related distress ingeneral and low and high blood sugar. A survey conducted in whichparticipants (N = 69) answered questions about cognitiverestructuring in low or high blood sugar and diabetes-relateddistress. Results showed no difference in application of cognitiverestructuring in low and high blood sugar or in disease course.Results showed no connection between cognitive restructuring anddiabetes-related distress in general or in low and high blood sugar.Thus, this study shows that diabetics applied cognitive restructuringto a low extent regardless of blood sugar levels, disease course andexperienced high diabetes-related distress.

Objective: To examine if cognitive restructuring (CR), behavioral activation (BA), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) result in differential effects in the treatment of adult depression. Method: We extracted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from a database updated yearly from PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Network and pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of CR, BA, and CBT delivered in a face-to-face individual format, compared with waiting list (WL) and care-as-usual (CAU), on adult depression. The primary outcome was a standardized mean difference (SMD) in posttreatment depression severity. Tolerability of treatments and depression severity at follow-up were also assessed. Results: A total of 45 studies with 3,382 participants were included. There was no evidence of a difference in effectiveness between CR, BA, and CBT. All three interventions were superior to CAU; SMD 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI 0.08–1.07]; 0.52 [0.34–0.71]; 0.44 [0.28–0.60], respectively and WL 1.20 [0.69–1.70]; 1.15 [0.90–1.40]; 1.07 [0.87–1.26]. No difference in tolerability was found (risk ratio [RR] vs. CAU: 1.01 [0.04–22.81], 0.84 [0.63–1.11], and 0.96 [0.76–1.21], respectively). Metaregression and sensitivity analyses did not produce material differences. Conclusions: Results suggest that CR or BA alone and their combination (CBT) may be effective interventions in comparison to WL and CAU in the treatment of adult depression. There was no evidence suggesting differences in effectiveness among the three treatments. More research is needed to derive conclusions about the performance of CR. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Emotionella reaktioner bidrar till kroppsligt stresspåslag vilketpåverkar blodsockernivåerna. Syftet med studien var att undersökaskillnaden i tillämpning av kognitiv omstrukturering bland typ1-diabetiker vid lågt respektive högt blodsocker samt skillnaden itillämpningen beroende på antal år av sjukdomen(sjukdomsförloppet). Vi undersökte även sambandet mellan kognitivomstruktureringen och diabetesrelaterad stress generellt och vid lågtoch högt blodsocker. En enkätundersökning genomfördes därdeltagarna (N = 69) fick besvara frågor om kognitiv omstruktureringvid antingen lågt eller högt blodsocker samt diabetesrelaterad stress.Resultaten visade att det inte fanns en skillnad i tillämpning avkognitiv omstrukturering vid lågt respektive högt blodsocker eller vidsjukdomsförloppet. Resultatet visade inget samband mellan kognitivomstrukturering och diabetesrelaterad stress generellt eller vid lågtoch högt blodsocker. Sammanfattningsvis påvisar studien attdiabetiker tillämpar kognitiv omstrukturering i låg utsträckningoavsett blodsockernivå och sjukdomsförlopp samt upplevde högdiabetesrelaterad stress., Emotional reaction contributes bodily stress, which affects bloodsugar levels. This study examined differences in application ofcognitive restructuring among type 1-diabetics in low and high bloodsugar and the differences in application depending on the number ofyears with disease (disease course). We examined the relationshipbetween cognitive restructuring and diabetes-related distress ingeneral and low and high blood sugar. A survey conducted in whichparticipants (N = 69) answered questions about cognitiverestructuring in low or high blood sugar and diabetes-relateddistress. Results showed no difference in application of cognitiverestructuring in low and high blood sugar or in disease course.Results showed no connection between cognitive restructuring anddiabetes-related distress in general or in low and high blood sugar.Thus, this study shows that diabetics applied cognitive restructuringto a low extent regardless of blood sugar levels, disease course andexperienced high diabetes-related distress.

Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are currently a global health problem that concerns because of its systematic growth, the health consequences it causes for adults and, in alarming escalation, also for the younger population. On the contrary, regular physical activity has shown benefits to physical, neurological and mental health. Despite the incontrovertible information about its positive effects, less than half of the world’s population excercises regularly. This work’s objective is to make a brief description of the neurocognitive mechanisms that are involved in the motivational processes, especially those linked to physical activity, in order to present pragmatic recommendations that increase adherence to physical training programs, based on techniques of cognitive psychology and analyzed from a neurocognitive perspective., La inactividad física y el sedentarismo son en la actualidad un problema de salud global que preocupa por su crecimiento sistemático. Provoca consecuencias sanitarias en los adultos y, con un incremento alarmante, en la población más joven. Por el contrario, la realización periódica de actividad física ha demostrado beneficios a la salud física, neurológica y mental. A pesar de los incontrovertibles datos sobre sus efectos positivos, menos de la mitad de la población mundial se ejercita regularmente. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una breve descripción sobre los mecanismo neurocognitivos que se encuentran implicados en los procesos de motivación, en especial los que se vinculan a la actividad física, con la finalidad de presentar una serie de recomendaciones pragmáticas para aumentar la adherencia a programas de entrenamiento físico, basados en técnicas de la psicología cognitiva y analizados desde la perspectiva neurocognitiva.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of cognitive restructuring on cognitive distortions in adolescents in grief over their parent’s death. A descriptive, cross-sectional, with quasi-experimental design was performed on 10 high school students of public and private institutions who lost one or both parents. An instrument of closed questions was designed with a reliability of 0.94. The results show that 35% of adolescents had cognitive distortions before the study (emotional reasoning, overgeneralization, dichotomous thinking and personalization); after therapy 25% persisted with these distortions. Regarding the dimension stimuli, 63% were affected by conversations about their deceased parents; after therapy, only 25% were still affected. Sadness and anger was detected in 63% of adolescents; after the application of the technique, these emotional expressions presented only in 48% of participants. The analysis of the data revealed the effectiveness of this technique to modify cognitive distortions in this group of adolescents., El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la técnica reestructuración cognitiva sobre las distorsiones cognitivas en los adolescentes frente al duelo por el fallecimiento de sus padres. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, con diseño cuasi–experimental, de corte transversal, dirigida a una muestra intencional conformada por 10 estudiantes de bachillerato de instituciones públicas y privadas quienes perdieron a alguno de sus padres. Se diseñó un instrumento de preguntas cerradas con una confiabilidad de 0,94. El instrumento se aplicó a los adolescentes antes y después del abordaje con la técnica de reestructuración cognitiva para así explorar la valoración cognitiva elaborada en su respectivo proceso de duelo. Entre los resultados obtenidos se aprecia que 35% evidencian distorsiones cognitivas antes del estudio (razonamiento emocional, sobregeneralización, pensamiento dicotómico y personalización) mientras que después del abordaje sólo en 25% persistieron estas distorsiones. En cuanto a la dimensión estímulos, el 63% se afectaban por las conversaciones sobre sus padres fallecidos y sólo 25% lo hacían después del abordaje. Tristeza e ira fue detectada en 63% de los adolescentes previo abordaje y luego sólo en 48% de ellos. El análisis de los datos reveló la efectividad de la técnica en estudio para modificar las distorsiones cognitivas en este grupo de adolescentes.

Anxiety is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders. Coping refer to the different ways in which people face stressful situations. Research indicates that the greater the anxiety, the less use of adaptive strategies and the greater use of maladaptive strategies. The general objective is to determine if there is a relationrelate between anxiety and coping strategies. Two samples of participants have been used, with an incidental sample: clinical population (PC) diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (n= 35) and non-clinical population (PNC) not attended to psychologically treatment or diagnosed with anxiety (n= 38). The instruments administered were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Inventory of Coping Strategies. Regarding the results, significant differences were found in the use of adaptive or active strategies, the PC used this type of strategies less than the PNC. In addition, the strategy of cognitive restructuring, contributed significant differences, being less used by the PC than by the PNC. The PC was divided into two: one with depressive symptomatolog y and the other without it, the use of maladaptive coping strategies in the first group being significantly greater than the second. In conclusion, patients with an anxiety disorder use adaptive strategies less than the population without diagnosis, especially cognitive restructuring., La ansiedad es uno de los trastornos psiquiátricos más frecuentes. El afrontamiento hace referencia a las distintas formas con las que las personas se enfrentan a situaciones estresantes. Las investigaciones señalan que, a mayor ansiedad, menor uso de estrategias de afrontamiento (EA) adaptativas y mayor uso de EA desadaptativas. El objetivo general es determinar si existe relación entre la ansiedad y las EA. Se han utilizado dos muestras de participantes, con un muestreo incidental: población clínica (PC) diagnosticada de un trastorno de ansiedad (n=35) y población no clínica (PNC) sin diagnóstico de ansiedad (n=38). Los instrumentos administrados fueron: un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg y el Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el uso de las EA adaptativas, la PC empleaba menos que la PNC este tipo de estrategias. Además, la estrategia de reestructuración cognitiva aportó diferencias significativas, siendo menos empleada por la PC que por la PNC. La PC se dividió en dos: uno con sintomatología depresiva y otro sin ella, siendo significativamente mayor el uso de EA desadaptativas en el primer grupo respecto al segundo. En conclusión, los pacientes que presentan un trastorno de ansiedad emplean menos que la población sin diagnóstico las EA adaptativas, especialmente la reestructuración cognitiva.

The purposes of the present article are to explain an outline about cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and "total conviction". The effectiveness of CBT has been demonstrated by studies conducted in a number of countries. As a predecessor of CBT, cognitive therapy proposed the importance of examining cognitive factors such as "automatic thought" and "schemas". CBT supposes that efficient treatment is accomplished by restructuring these constructs. However, there is confusion regarding the understanding of cognitive modification and the difficulty of accurately capturing cognitive modification in a clinical situation. Negative effects, such as worsening of the therapeutic relationship and the occurrence of anxiety and depression, have been reported in some cases where a cognitive approach was used with a patient. The current study suggests that some therapists use a perspective of "total conviction" to solve these problems. A previous study revealed that "total conviction" is a cognitive factor that can enable this behavior. However, previous studies of "total conviction" involve several limitations. Finally, we discuss the potential future directions of research on "total conviction". We suggest that further study of "total conviction" may enable replication of the treatment process of CBT.

Full Text, Thesis (Masters), Master of Music Research (MMusRes), Queensland Conservatorium, Arts, Education and Law, This paper examines my experiences with music performance anxiety (MPA) and my recent efforts to address them. Its aim is to analyse the efficacy of a selection of treatment strategies to cope with my MPA. While it is recognised that the personal assessment I provide is specific to myself, it is hoped that others whose performances are affected by MPA will find this evaluation of strategies useful. A qualitative artistic research method was applied to this project. This led to a generative reflexive methodology being developed to evaluate the efficacy of the chosen strategies. Regular performances in varying environments allowed a rigorous analysis of the chosen treatments and ample stimulus to reflect upon. This resulted in the gradual evolution of how I applied the treatments and how they were practised. It was found that the most effective of the strategies considered were systematic desensitisation to the performance environment, cognitive restructuring and the quieting response. Considerations for future studies would include enhancing concentration under stress and focussing on optimal performance and Flow.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cognitive restructuring and study skill training on test anxiety and academic achievement. In this study, 94 high school students were randomly selected to receive either a Cognitive Restructuring Training (CRT) or Study Skill Training (SST) psychoeducational group therapy. Analyses indicated that cognitive restructuring and study skills training negatively effects on state and trait anxiety symptoms, and positively effects on students’ academic achievement. However, the present study found evidence of the effects of state anxiety follow-up as a mediator on academic achievement. Despite these and other limitations, we conclude that cognitive restructuring and study skills training are effective treatments for test anxiety and academic achievement., El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la reestructuración cognitiva y la capacitación en habilidades de estudio sobre la ansiedad ante los exámenes y el rendimiento académico. En este estudio, 94 estudiantes de secundaria fueron seleccionados al azar para recibir una terapia psicoeducativa de entrenamiento de reestructuración cognitiva (CRT) o entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio (SST). Los análisis indicaron que la reestructuración cognitiva y el entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio afectan negativamente los síntomas de ansiedad de estado y rasgo, y los efectos positivos en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, el presente estudio encontró evidencia de los efectos del seguimiento de la ansiedad del estado como mediador en el logro académico. A pesar de estas y otras limitaciones, llegamos a la conclusión de que la reestructuración cognitiva y el entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio son tratamientos efectivos para la ansiedad ante los exámenes y el rendimiento académico.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cognitive restructuring and study skill training on test anxiety and academic achievement. In this study, 94 high school students were randomly selected to receive either a Cognitive Restructuring Training (CRT) or Study Skill Training (SST) psychoeducational group therapy. Analyses indicated that cognitive restructuring and study skills training negatively effects on state and trait anxiety symptoms, and positively effects on students’ academic achievement. However, the present study found evidence of the effects of state anxiety follow-up as a mediator on academic achievement. Despite these and other limitations, we conclude that cognitive restructuring and study skills training are effective treatments for test anxiety and academic achievement., El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la reestructuración cognitiva y la capacitación en habilidades de estudio sobre la ansiedad ante los exámenes y el rendimiento académico. En este estudio, 94 estudiantes de secundaria fueron seleccionados al azar para recibir una terapia psicoeducativa de entrenamiento de reestructuración cognitiva (CRT) o entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio (SST). Los análisis indicaron que la reestructuración cognitiva y el entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio afectan negativamente los síntomas de ansiedad de estado y rasgo, y los efectos positivos en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, el presente estudio encontró evidencia de los efectos del seguimiento de la ansiedad del estado como mediador en el logro académico. A pesar de estas y otras limitaciones, llegamos a la conclusión de que la reestructuración cognitiva y el entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio son tratamientos efectivos para la ansiedad ante los exámenes y el rendimiento académico.

This paper examines my experiences with music performance anxiety (MPA) and my recent efforts to address them. Its aim is to analyse the efficacy of a selection of treatment strategies to cope with my MPA. While it is recognised that the personal assessment I provide is specific to myself, it is hoped that others whose performances are affected by MPA will find this evaluation of strategies useful. A qualitative artistic research method was applied to this project. This led to a generative reflexive methodology being developed to evaluate the efficacy of the chosen strategies. Regular performances in varying environments allowed a rigorous analysis of the chosen treatments and ample stimulus to reflect upon. This resulted in the gradual evolution of how I applied the treatments and how they were practised. It was found that the most effective of the strategies considered were systematic desensitisation to the performance environment, cognitive restructuring and the quieting response. Considerations for future studies would include enhancing concentration under stress and focussing on optimal performance and Flow., Thesis (Masters), Master of Music Research (MMusRes), Queensland Conservatorium, Arts, Education and Law, Full Text

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cognitive restructuring and study skill training on test anxiety and academic achievement. In this study, 94 high school students were randomly selected to receive either a Cognitive Restructuring Training (CRT) or Study Skill Training (SST) psychoeducational group therapy. Analyses indicated that cognitive restructuring and study skills training negatively effects on state and trait anxiety symptoms, and positively effects on students’ academic achievement. However, the present study found evidence of the effects of state anxiety follow-up as a mediator on academic achievement. Despite these and other limitations, we conclude that cognitive restructuring and study skills training are effective treatments for test anxiety and academic achievement., El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la reestructuración cognitiva y la capacitación en habilidades de estudio sobre la ansiedad ante los exámenes y el rendimiento académico. En este estudio, 94 estudiantes de secundaria fueron seleccionados al azar para recibir una terapia psicoeducativa de entrenamiento de reestructuración cognitiva (CRT) o entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio (SST). Los análisis indicaron que la reestructuración cognitiva y el entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio afectan negativamente los síntomas de ansiedad de estado y rasgo, y los efectos positivos en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, el presente estudio encontró evidencia de los efectos del seguimiento de la ansiedad del estado como mediador en el logro académico. A pesar de estas y otras limitaciones, llegamos a la conclusión de que la reestructuración cognitiva y el entrenamiento en habilidades de estudio son tratamientos efectivos para la ansiedad ante los exámenes y el rendimiento académico.

Test anxiety is a serious problem for many students. It is a major obstacle to academic performance. In view of this, it is necessary to help students manage test anxiety through psychological interventions. This study investigated the combined effects of cognitive restructuring therapy and study skills counselling on test anxiety among senior high school students in Ghana. The population for this study was all second year senior high School students in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem Municipality. Quasi-experimental, pre-test, post-test control group design guided the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 40 respondents to participate in the study. Two research hypotheses were formulated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The data were analysed using independent samples t-test. The study revealed that cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling had significant effect on the test anxiety of participants in the experimental group at post-test when compared with the control. Again, the results showed that there was no significant influence of gender on the test anxiety scores of the participants in the experimental group at post-test. Based on the findings, it was recommended that counsellors should make use of cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling in order to reduce or manage test anxiety among senior high school students.

Test anxiety is a serious problem for many students. It is a major obstacle to academic performance. In view of this, it is necessary to help students manage test anxiety through psychological interventions. This study investigated the combined effects of cognitive restructuring therapy and study skills counselling on test anxiety among senior high school students in Ghana. The population for this study was all second year senior high School students in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem Municipality. Quasi-experimental, pre-test, post-test control group design guided the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 40 respondents to participate in the study. Two research hypotheses were formulated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The data were analysed using independent samples t-test. The study revealed that cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling had significant effect on the test anxiety of participants in the experimental group at post-test when compared with the control. Again, the results showed that there was no significant influence of gender on the test anxiety scores of the participants in the experimental group at post-test. Based on the findings, it was recommended that counsellors should make use of cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling in order to reduce or manage test anxiety among senior high school students.

The current study examined whether and which specific contents of patients' memory for cognitive therapy (CT) were associated with treatment adherence and outcome. Data were drawn from a pilot RCT of forty-eight depressed adults, who received either CT plus Memory Support Intervention (CT + Memory Support) or CT-as-usual. Patients' memory for treatment was measured using the Patient Recall Task and responses were coded into cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) codes, such as CBT Model and Cognitive Restructuring, and non-CBT codes, such as individual coping strategies and no code. Treatment adherence was measured using therapist and patient ratings during treatment. Depression outcomes included treatment response, remission, and recurrence. Total number of CBT codes recalled was not significantly different comparing CT + Memory Support to CT-as-usual. Total CBT codes recalled were positively associated with adherence, while non-CBT codes recalled were negatively associated with adherence. Treatment responders (vs. non-responders) exhibited a significant increase in their recall of Cognitive Restructuring from session 7 to posttreatment. Greater recall of Cognitive Restructuring was marginally significantly associated with remission. Greater total number of CBT codes recalled (particularly CBT Model) was associated with non-recurrence of depression. Results highlight the important relationships between patients' memory for treatment and treatment adherence and outcome.

Test anxiety is a serious problem for many students. It is a major obstacle to academic performance. In view of this, it is necessary to help students manage test anxiety through psychological interventions. This study investigated the combined effects of cognitive restructuring therapy and study skills counselling on test anxiety among senior high school students in Ghana. The population for this study was all second year senior high School students in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem Municipality. Quasi-experimental, pre-test, post-test control group design guided the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 40 respondents to participate in the study. Two research hypotheses were formulated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The data were analysed using independent samples t-test. The study revealed that cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling had significant effect on the test anxiety of participants in the experimental group at post-test when compared with the control. Again, the results showed that there was no significant influence of gender on the test anxiety scores of the participants in the experimental group at post-test. Based on the findings, it was recommended that counsellors should make use of cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling in order to reduce or manage test anxiety among senior high school students.

Test anxiety is a serious problem for many students. It is a major obstacle to academic performance. In view of this, it is necessary to help students manage test anxiety through psychological interventions. This study investigated the combined effects of cognitive restructuring therapy and study skills counselling on test anxiety among senior high school students in Ghana. The population for this study was all second year senior high School students in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem Municipality. Quasi-experimental, pre-test, post-test control group design guided the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 40 respondents to participate in the study. Two research hypotheses were formulated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The data were analysed using independent samples t-test. The study revealed that cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling had significant effect on the test anxiety of participants in the experimental group at post-test when compared with the control. Again, the results showed that there was no significant influence of gender on the test anxiety scores of the participants in the experimental group at post-test. Based on the findings, it was recommended that counsellors should make use of cognitive restructuring and study skills counselling in order to reduce or manage test anxiety among senior high school students.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy in a case of an adolescent with body dysmorphic disorder. This case study describes the intervention with a 15 years old teenager who has body dysmorphic disorder. This is a rare disorder, with a prevalence of 1-2%, and usually underdiagnosed, that produces a great impact on the social, academic and family. The patient had reinsurance and testing behaviors in different situations of daily life. We assessed her level of anxiety using the STAI, and her self-esteem with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The treatment consisted of cognitive-behavioral therapy, based on cognitive restructuring, and in vivo exposure with response prevention to stimuli producing reinsurance behaviors, avoidance and escape. The treatment was carried out with the assistance of her mother as co-therapist in 1-hour 14 sessions during five months. After treatment, both disruptive thoughts and avoidance behaviors and reinsurance decreased significantly, and self-esteem increased significantly. The results support the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment in body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents., El presente trabajo muestra la intervención realizada en el caso de una adolescente de 15 años con un trastorno dismórfico corporal. Se trata de un trastorno poco frecuente, con una prevalencia de 1-2% y habitualmente infradiagnosticado, que produce un gran impacto en el ámbito social, académico y familiar. La paciente presentaba conductas de reaseguración y comprobación en diferentes situaciones acontecientes en la vida diaria. Se llevó a cabo la evaluación del nivel de ansiedad de la adolescente a través del STAI, y de la autoestima mediante la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. El tratamiento aplicado consistió en terapia cognitivo-conductual basada en reestructuración cognitiva y exposición en vivo con prevención de respuesta ante estímulos que producían conductas de reaseguración, evitación y escape. Dicho tratamiento fue llevado a cabo con la ayuda de su madre como co-terapeuta a lo largo de cinco meses, constando de 14 sesiones de una hora de duración. Al finalizar el tratamiento, tanto los pensamientos disruptivos como las conductas de evitación y reaseguración habían disminuido significativamente, habiéndose producido un notable aumento de la autoestima. Los resultados corroboran la eficacia del tratamiento cognitivo-conductual en el trastorno dismórfico corporal para adolescentes.

Negative thoughts, experienced by 80% to 99% of the non-clinical population, have been linked to the development of psychopathology. The current study aimed to compare a cognitive restructuring and cognitive defusion technique for coping with a personally relevant negative thought. Over a 5-day period, participants used either a restructuring, defusion, or control strategy to manage a negative thought. Pre- and post-intervention participants reported (a) believability of the thought, (b) discomfort associated with the thought, (c) negativity associated with the thought, and (d) willingness to experience the thought. Daily online questionnaires assessing the total frequency of negative thought intrusions and their level of willingness to experience the negative thought were also used. Also, 10 positive and negative self-statements were rated on the same scales, and self-report measures of mood and psychological flexibility were completed. Findings indicated that defusion lowered believability, increased comfort and willingness to have the target thought, and increased positive affect significantly more than the control and cognitive restructuring. Within groups, cognitive restructuring also made significant gains in target thought discomfort, negativity, and “willingness to have” in the same direction as defusion but the no-instruction control did not. Negative thought frequency was reduced in the defusion group, maintained in the restructuring group, and increased in the no-instruction control group. Similar trends emerged from the secondary outcome measures, that is, the effects of the strategies on the positive and negative self-statements. The current findings support the efficacy of using defusion as a strategy for managing negative thoughts.

Anxiety is a frequent psycho-emotional condition associated with learning a foreign language, which shapes the students’ experience in the classroom and at home. Educators should be trained to recognize this type of – sometimes debilitating – anxiety and address it effectively through specific pedagogical strategies. Students' goal is not to get rid of anxiety altogether, which is impossible and also not desirable, but to keep it at a reasonable level of eustress, and to consider it as psychic fuel for optimal perfomance. Reducing anxiety is not enough though: a virtuous circle of positive reinforcement must then be implemented in order to lead to a higher emotional well-being in the classroom for both students and teachers.

The general aim of the present thesis was to further our understanding of cognitive restructuring and acceptance, both as concepts and as psychological processes related to emotion regulation. In doing this, concepts and processes related to cognitive restructuring and acceptance were examined in four different studies using different designs and methodologies. The main purpose of Study I was to experimentally compare the experiential and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance as emotion regulation strategies with regard to aversive emotions elicited by film-clips and how the different emotion regulation strategies influenced tendencies of behavioral avoidance. The outcome pattern supported our hypotheses that both acceptance and reappraisal would be adaptive regulatory strategies in the given context when compared to the control condition. With regard to behavioral avoidance, our hypotheses were confirmed both in that cognitive reappraisal as well as acceptance led to significantly reduced behavioral avoidance (i.e. unwillingness to view the same film-clip again) in comparison to the control condition, and since there was a stronger association between elicited aversive emotion and avoidance in the reappraisal than in the acceptance condition. The purpose of Study II was to empirically test the suggestion that experiential avoidance in an emotion regulation context is best understood as an emotion regulatory function of topographically distinct strategies. To do this we examined whether a measure of experiential avoidance could statistically account for the effects of emotion regulation strategies intervening at different points of the emotion generating process as conceptualized by Gross’ (1998) process model of emotion regulation. The results showed the predicted outcome pattern only for the response focused strategy response suppression and not for the antecedent focused strategies of cognitive reappraisal and behavioral avoidance. St

The present thesis consists of three studies on the effects of group membership in large group decisions. The overall aim was to contribute to understanding how individuals react when decisions are made in large groups. We explored consequences of procedural justice concerns within such groups. In Study I we investigated how different decision procedures and issue importance affect perceptions of others who agree and disagree with the individual on a potentially important issue. Individuals attributed more positive reasons for attitudes of those who agree as opposed to disagree with themselves, whereas disagreers were attributed more negative reasons. The asymmetry was moderated by decision form, and issue importance. The attitudes concerned attitudes towards potential new policies. In Study II we investigated differences in participants’ perceptions of others depending on own position towards the new policy. Challengers of the status quo advocating a change in the existing policy, were more biased when judging others than were defenders of the status quo. This suggests that challengers are less tolerant of defenders’ point of view. This effect was not affected by perceptions of minority status among the challengers. In Study III we looked at individual group members’ cognitive restructuring of a preferred decision alternative, and how it differs between decision conditions when the decision-maker is affiliated to own ingroup or not. Results showed that individuals restructure the attractiveness of their preferred alternative in group decisions similarly to what has been previously found in individual decision-making. The magnitude of restructuring was greatest when ingroup members decided for the group. However, this effect was moderated by identification with the ingroup, such that those who identified themselves with the ingroup restructured their preferred alternative more when ingroup members decided as opposed to when outgroup authorities decided., At the time of doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica que existe sobre la reestructuración cognitiva, tanto en cuanto a los estudios de resultados como de procesos. Se ha escogido esta técnica de entre las muchas posibles por su relevancia clínica y por la cantidad de aspectos que quedan sin resolver en la literatura. Se comienza con una exposición de las principales características de la investigación de resultados (estudio de los tratamientos de elección para distintos problemas psicológicos) y de la investigación de procesos (estudio de los mecanismos responsables del cambio) en la psicoterapia en general; más adelante se hace un resumen de ambos tipos de estudios en la reestructuración cognitiva. Se puede concluir que la reestructuración funciona, pero continuamos sin conocer cuáles son los mecanismos responsables de su éxito. Se apunta que es necesaria la investigación de la interacción terapeuta-cliente para poder avanzar en el tema.

The present thesis consists of three studies on the effects of group membership in large group decisions. The overall aim was to contribute to understanding how individuals react when decisions are made in large groups. We explored consequences of procedural justice concerns within such groups. In Study I we investigated how different decision procedures and issue importance affect perceptions of others who agree and disagree with the individual on a potentially important issue. Individuals attributed more positive reasons for attitudes of those who agree as opposed to disagree with themselves, whereas disagreers were attributed more negative reasons. The asymmetry was moderated by decision form, and issue importance. The attitudes concerned attitudes towards potential new policies. In Study II we investigated differences in participants’ perceptions of others depending on own position towards the new policy. Challengers of the status quo advocating a change in the existing policy, were more biased when judging others than were defenders of the status quo. This suggests that challengers are less tolerant of defenders’ point of view. This effect was not affected by perceptions of minority status among the challengers. In Study III we looked at individual group members’ cognitive restructuring of a preferred decision alternative, and how it differs between decision conditions when the decision-maker is affiliated to own ingroup or not. Results showed that individuals restructure the attractiveness of their preferred alternative in group decisions similarly to what has been previously found in individual decision-making. The magnitude of restructuring was greatest when ingroup members decided for the group. However, this effect was moderated by identification with the ingroup, such that those who identified themselves with the ingroup restructured their preferred alternative more when ingroup members decided as opposed to when outgroup authorities decided., At the time of doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica que existe sobre la reestructuración cognitiva, tanto en cuanto a los estudios de resultados como de procesos. Se ha escogido esta técnica de entre las muchas posibles por su relevancia clínica y por la cantidad de aspectos que quedan sin resolver en la literatura. Se comienza con una exposición de las principales características de la investigación de resultados (estudio de los tratamientos de elección para distintos problemas psicológicos) y de la investigación de procesos (estudio de los mecanismos responsables del cambio) en la psicoterapia en general; más adelante se hace un resumen de ambos tipos de estudios en la reestructuración cognitiva. Se puede concluir que la reestructuración funciona, pero continuamos sin conocer cuáles son los mecanismos responsables de su éxito. Se apunta que es necesaria la investigación de la interacción terapeuta-cliente para poder avanzar en el tema.

The present thesis consists of three studies on the effects of group membership in large group decisions. The overall aim was to contribute to understanding how individuals react when decisions are made in large groups. We explored consequences of procedural justice concerns within such groups. In Study I we investigated how different decision procedures and issue importance affect perceptions of others who agree and disagree with the individual on a potentially important issue. Individuals attributed more positive reasons for attitudes of those who agree as opposed to disagree with themselves, whereas disagreers were attributed more negative reasons. The asymmetry was moderated by decision form, and issue importance. The attitudes concerned attitudes towards potential new policies. In Study II we investigated differences in participants’ perceptions of others depending on own position towards the new policy. Challengers of the status quo advocating a change in the existing policy, were more biased when judging others than were defenders of the status quo. This suggests that challengers are less tolerant of defenders’ point of view. This effect was not affected by perceptions of minority status among the challengers. In Study III we looked at individual group members’ cognitive restructuring of a preferred decision alternative, and how it differs between decision conditions when the decision-maker is affiliated to own ingroup or not. Results showed that individuals restructure the attractiveness of their preferred alternative in group decisions similarly to what has been previously found in individual decision-making. The magnitude of restructuring was greatest when ingroup members decided for the group. However, this effect was moderated by identification with the ingroup, such that those who identified themselves with the ingroup restructured their preferred alternative more when ingroup members decided as opposed to when outgroup authorities decided., At the time of doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica que existe sobre la reestructuración cognitiva, tanto en cuanto a los estudios de resultados como de procesos. Se ha escogido esta técnica de entre las muchas posibles por su relevancia clínica y por la cantidad de aspectos que quedan sin resolver en la literatura. Se comienza con una exposición de las principales características de la investigación de resultados (estudio de los tratamientos de elección para distintos problemas psicológicos) y de la investigación de procesos (estudio de los mecanismos responsables del cambio) en la psicoterapia en general; más adelante se hace un resumen de ambos tipos de estudios en la reestructuración cognitiva. Se puede concluir que la reestructuración funciona, pero continuamos sin conocer cuáles son los mecanismos responsables de su éxito. Se apunta que es necesaria la investigación de la interacción terapeuta-cliente para poder avanzar en el tema.

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica que existe sobre la reestructuración cognitiva, tanto en cuanto a los estudios de resultados como de procesos. Se ha escogido esta técnica de entre las muchas posibles por su relevancia clínica y por la cantidad de aspectos que quedan sin resolver en la literatura. Se comienza con una exposición de las principales características de la investigación de resultados (estudio de los tratamientos de elección para distintos problemas psicológicos) y de la investigación de procesos (estudio de los mecanismos responsables del cambio) en la psicoterapia en general; más adelante se hace un resumen de ambos tipos de estudios en la reestructuración cognitiva. Se puede concluir que la reestructuración funciona, pero continuamos sin conocer cuáles son los mecanismos responsables de su éxito. Se apunta que es necesaria la investigación de la interacción terapeuta-cliente para poder avanzar en el tema.

This article sets out a proposal for a treatment planning protocol of emotional disorders, especially focused on anxiety disorders, which includes the main steps that should be outlined in a work plan. It also describes a cognitive intervention model based on the cognitive bias approach, particularly Michael W. Eysenck’s Four Factor Theory, developed in the early nineties. This is an intervention focused on cognitive restructuring, which was inspired by experimental cognitive psychology, and has found a way to explain and treat emotional disorders in a more practical and effective way than cognitive behavioral interventions based on traditional models., En este artículo se expone una propuesta de protocolo sobre planificación de tratamiento para desórdenes emocionales, centrándonos especialmente en trastornos de ansiedad, el cuál incluye las principales fases que debe contemplar un plan de trabajo. Se expone también un modelo de intervención cognitiva basado en el enfoque de los sesgos cognitivos, en concreto en la Teoría de los Cuatro Factores de Michael W. Eysenck, desarrollada en los inicios de la década de los noventa. Se trata de una intervención centrada en la reestructuración cognitiva, que se ha inspirado en la psicología cognitiva experimental, y ha encontrado una forma de explicar y tratar los desórdenes emocionales de manera más práctica y eficaz que la intervención cognitivo-conductual basada en los modelos tradicionales.

Durante décadas los psicólogos clínicos han desarrollado procedimientos para extinguir, disminuir y/o cambiar los pensamientos intrusos (por ejemplo, la parada de pensamiento, la distracción o la reestructuración cognitiva). Sin embargo, hoy en día estas técnicas han sido cuestionadas tanto desde la investigación básica (experimentos sobre supresión de pensamiento) como desde el campo clínico aplicado. Como alternativa, las terapias de conducta de tercera generación proponen recurrir a los métodos de aceptación y mindfulness ante la aparición de este tipo de pensamientos. En este artículo se presenta un resumen sobre las técnicas cognitivo-conductuales tradicionales y se explica la incorporación de la aceptación y mindfulness en cuatro terapias de tercera generación. Las evidencias empíricas de estos dos enfoques de tratamiento se contraponen y se concluye que la aceptación y el mindfulness están consiguiendo unos resultados muy prometedores para el tratamiento de los pensamientos intrusos; no obstante, sigue siendo cierto que los métodos tradicionales, como la reestructuración o la distracción focalizada, continuan mostrando su utilidad en muchos casos.

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica que existe sobre la reestructuración cognitiva, tanto en cuanto a los estudios de resultados como de procesos. Se ha escogido esta técnica de entre las muchas posibles por su relevancia clínica y por la cantidad de aspectos que quedan sin resolver en la literatura. Se comienza con una exposición de las principales características de la investigación de resultados (estudio de los tratamientos de elección para distintos problemas psicológicos) y de la investigación de procesos (estudio de los mecanismos responsables del cambio) en la psicoterapia en general; más adelante se hace un resumen de ambos tipos de estudios en la reestructuración cognitiva. Se puede concluir que la reestructuración funciona, pero continuamos sin conocer cuáles son los mecanismos responsables de su éxito. Se apunta que es necesaria la investigación de la interacción terapeuta-cliente para poder avanzar en el tema.

The present thesis consists of three studies on the effects of group membership in large group decisions. The overall aim was to contribute to understanding how individuals react when decisions are made in large groups. We explored consequences of procedural justice concerns within such groups. In Study I we investigated how different decision procedures and issue importance affect perceptions of others who agree and disagree with the individual on a potentially important issue. Individuals attributed more positive reasons for attitudes of those who agree as opposed to disagree with themselves, whereas disagreers were attributed more negative reasons. The asymmetry was moderated by decision form, and issue importance. The attitudes concerned attitudes towards potential new policies. In Study II we investigated differences in participants’ perceptions of others depending on own position towards the new policy. Challengers of the status quo advocating a change in the existing policy, were more biased when judging others than were defenders of the status quo. This suggests that challengers are less tolerant of defenders’ point of view. This effect was not affected by perceptions of minority status among the challengers. In Study III we looked at individual group members’ cognitive restructuring of a preferred decision alternative, and how it differs between decision conditions when the decision-maker is affiliated to own ingroup or not. Results showed that individuals restructure the attractiveness of their preferred alternative in group decisions similarly to what has been previously found in individual decision-making. The magnitude of restructuring was greatest when ingroup members decided for the group. However, this effect was moderated by identification with the ingroup, such that those who identified themselves with the ingroup restructured their preferred alternative more when ingroup members decided as opposed to when outgroup authorities decided., At the time of doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.

The present thesis consists of three studies on the effects of group membership in large group decisions. The overall aim was to contribute to understanding how individuals react when decisions are made in large groups. We explored consequences of procedural justice concerns within such groups. In Study I we investigated how different decision procedures and issue importance affect perceptions of others who agree and disagree with the individual on a potentially important issue. Individuals attributed more positive reasons for attitudes of those who agree as opposed to disagree with themselves, whereas disagreers were attributed more negative reasons. The asymmetry was moderated by decision form, and issue importance. The attitudes concerned attitudes towards potential new policies. In Study II we investigated differences in participants’ perceptions of others depending on own position towards the new policy. Challengers of the status quo advocating a change in the existing policy, were more biased when judging others than were defenders of the status quo. This suggests that challengers are less tolerant of defenders’ point of view. This effect was not affected by perceptions of minority status among the challengers. In Study III we looked at individual group members’ cognitive restructuring of a preferred decision alternative, and how it differs between decision conditions when the decision-maker is affiliated to own ingroup or not. Results showed that individuals restructure the attractiveness of their preferred alternative in group decisions similarly to what has been previously found in individual decision-making. The magnitude of restructuring was greatest when ingroup members decided for the group. However, this effect was moderated by identification with the ingroup, such that those who identified themselves with the ingroup restructured their preferred alternative more when ingroup members decided as opposed to when outgroup authorities decided., At the time of doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.

The present thesis consists of three studies on the effects of group membership in large group decisions. The overall aim was to contribute to understanding how individuals react when decisions are made in large groups. We explored consequences of procedural justice concerns within such groups. In Study I we investigated how different decision procedures and issue importance affect perceptions of others who agree and disagree with the individual on a potentially important issue. Individuals attributed more positive reasons for attitudes of those who agree as opposed to disagree with themselves, whereas disagreers were attributed more negative reasons. The asymmetry was moderated by decision form, and issue importance. The attitudes concerned attitudes towards potential new policies. In Study II we investigated differences in participants’ perceptions of others depending on own position towards the new policy. Challengers of the status quo advocating a change in the existing policy, were more biased when judging others than were defenders of the status quo. This suggests that challengers are less tolerant of defenders’ point of view. This effect was not affected by perceptions of minority status among the challengers. In Study III we looked at individual group members’ cognitive restructuring of a preferred decision alternative, and how it differs between decision conditions when the decision-maker is affiliated to own ingroup or not. Results showed that individuals restructure the attractiveness of their preferred alternative in group decisions similarly to what has been previously found in individual decision-making. The magnitude of restructuring was greatest when ingroup members decided for the group. However, this effect was moderated by identification with the ingroup, such that those who identified themselves with the ingroup restructured their preferred alternative more when ingroup members decided as opposed to when outgroup authorities decided., At the time of doctoral defense, paper 2 was submitted.

The long-term goal of this research is to provide an effective intervention for the prevention of secondary and escalating effects of poor anger control associated with trauma-related anger problems. The specific objectives are to adapt an existing evidenced-based Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CBI) for the treatment of anger to the specific needs of military personnel returning from hazardous deployments, and to conduct a randomized pilot study providing preliminary data on the efficacy and acceptability of the adapted intervention in this population. The first phase of the study involves administering the current (adapted) version of CBI to n participants, and a clinically relevant comparison condition, Supportive Intervention (SI), to n participants. Based on their experiences treating participants in Phase 1, the authors have made some changes in inclusion criteria to target individuals who they believe are most appropriate for the treatment. For Phase II, they will exclude subjects with severe PTSD (CAPS > 70) given their experience that too severe anxiety requires different treatment. They also now assess and require evidence that clinically significant anger problems have persisted for at least 3 months to avoid spontaneous improvement. Progress: Phase I of the study is nearing completion, with 14 participants (12 in CBI and 2 in SI) entering treatment. Anticipated treatment completion rate for CBI is 8 of 12 (66%). Based on Phase I experience, the CBI manual has been extensively modified, and less extensive changes have been made to the SI manual. Protocol changes have been approved by local IRBs and have been submitted to the Department of Defense. The randomized pilot study (Phase II) will begin in the near future., The original document contains color images.

The main aim of this study is to describe the different conceptions that teachers hold about their own learning, and also their relationship to their teaching practice as well as their epistemological beliefs, cognitive and metacognitive strategies and values. The implications of these results for teachers' knowledge acquisition and effective training will be commented, in order to highlight some scientific criteria for these interventions. The socioconstructive character of intelligence and learning is emphasised.

The main aim of this study is to describe the different conceptions that teachers hold about their own learning, and also their relationship to their teaching practice as well as their epistemological beliefs, cognitive and metacognitive strategies and values. The implications of these results for teachers' knowledge acquisition and effective training will be commented, in order to highlight some scientific criteria for these interventions. The socioconstructive character of intelligence and learning is emphasised.