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The recent advent of highly accurate and scalable large language models (LLMs) has taken the world by storm. From art to essays to computer code, LLMs are producing novel content that until recently was thought only humans could produce. Recent work in computing education has sought to understand the capabilities of LLMs for solving tasks such as writing code, explaining code, creating novel coding assignments, interpreting programming error messages, and more. However, these technologies continue to evolve at an astonishing rate leaving educators little time to adapt. This working group seeks to document the state-of-the-art for code generation LLMs, detail current opportunities and challenges related to their use, and present actionable approaches to integrating them into computing curricula.

Background. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are advancing faster than ever, code generation is becoming a hot topic and is starting to gain traction in the industry. This creates the question, is it possible to create a complete website from scratch using only code generated by AI? Objectives. To determine whether it is possible to create complete websites from start to finish with the code-generating tools. The tools in question are OpenAI’s ChatGPT and GitHub’s Copilot. Methods. A design-based research was conducted where two tools were evaluated for the task of recreating a wireframe as closely as possible in terms of efficiency, accuracy, maintainability, and ease of use. The code was then analyzedboth manually with a code review and using the tools SonarQube, ESLint, and Pylint. Results. The experiment resulted in that both tools delivered code that was similar in quality, both tools managed to create the websites according to wireframe with minor styling differences. We found that it is easier to create a website from scratch using OpenAI's ChatGPT than it is with GitHub's Copilot even though it uses OpenAI's Codex model which focuses on code generation. Conclusion. Code-generating AI is not advanced enough to create systems from scratch in a time-efficient way without introducing bugs and security risks.

This thesis explores the potential of Codex, a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM), for Automated Program Repair (APR) by assessing its performance on the Defects4J benchmark that includes real-world Java bugs. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Codex’s capabilities and limitations in generating syntactically and semantically equivalent patches for defects, as well as evaluating its ability to handle defects with different levels of importance and complexity. Additionally, we aim to compare the performance of Codex with other LLMs in the APR domain. To achieve these objectives, we employ a systematic methodology that includes prompt engineering, Codex parameter adjustment, code extraction, patch verification, and Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) comparison. We successfully verified 528 bugs in Defects4J, which represents the highest number among other studies, and achieved 53.98% of plausible and 26.52% correct patches. Furthermore, we introduce the elle-elle-aime framework, which extends the RepairThemAll for Codex-based APR and is adaptable for evaluating other LLMs, such as ChatGPT and GPT-4. The findings of this empirical study provide valuable insights into the factors that impact Codex’s performance on APR, helping to create new prompt strategies and techniques that improve research productivity., Denna avhandling utforskar potentialen hos Codex, en förtränad LLM, för APR genom att utvärdera dess prestanda på Defects4J-benchmarket som inkluderar verkliga Java-buggar. Studien syftar till att ge en omfattande förståelse för Codex förmågor och begränsningar när det gäller att generera syntaktiskt och semantiskt ekvivalenta patchar för defekter samt att utvärdera dess förmåga att hantera defekter med olika nivåer av betydelse och komplexitet. Dessutom är vårt mål att jämföra prestanda hos Codex med andra LLM inom APR-området. För att uppnå dessa mål använder vi en systematisk metodik som inkluderar prompt engineering, justering av Codex-parametrar, kodextraktion, patchverifiering och jämförelse av AST. Vi verifierade framgångsrikt 528 buggar i Defects4J, vilket representerar det högsta antalet bland andra studier, och uppnådde 53,98% plausibla och 26,52% korrekta patchar. Vidare introducerar vi elle-elle-aime ramverket, som utvidgar RepairThemAll för Codex-baserad APR och är anpassningsbart för att utvärdera andra LLM, såsom ChatGPT och GPT-4. Resultaten av denna empiriska studie ger värdefulla insikter i de faktorer som påverkar Codex prestanda på APR och hjälper till att skapa nya promptstrategier och tekniker som förbättrar forskningsproduktiviteten.

Mayahuel’s Mysterious Maguey: The Divine Mesoamerican Mother’s Sacred Story of Transformation explores the narrative of Mayahuel as told in the Histoyre du Mechique, the extant French translation (via a lost Spanish translation) of the lost or destroyed original Nahua sacred narrative. This visual text adapts glyphs and iconography from the Indigenous-authored Codex Yohualli Ehecatl (Borgia), Codex Mictlan (Laud), Codex Tonalpohualli (Vaticanus B), and Codex Mendoza (as well as including Jordan Collver’s original artwork) to bring the story of Mayahuel’s transformation into maguey to contemporary readers. Embedded within this visual narrative are Indigenous, specifically Nahua, Aztec, and Mexica, ideologies related to motherhood, death, interconnectedness, nature, and teotl, a Nahuatl term not easily defined. Inspired by Felicia Rhapsody Lopez’s article, "Case Study for the Development of a Visual Grammar: Mayahuel and Maguey as Teotl in the Directional Tree Pages of the Codex Borgia," published in rEvista: A Multi-media, Multi-genre e-Journal for Social Justice, vol. 5, no. 2, 2017

The paper investigates the meaning and different context that the scroll (rotulus, volumen) and codex could have on the reliefs on one group of tombstones from Singidunum, Viminacium and Vinceia. The scroll is shown in the hand of the portrayed deceased as an attribute. A scroll appears as an attribute of P. Aelius Dionysius (IMS I 35), a veteran, ex-signifer of Legion IV Flavia, and T. Baebius Eutiches (Lupa 5431), an Augustalis of municipii Aelium Viminacium, and of other men about whom no more precise data exist. The scroll also appears as an attribute of the two women of the hospita Domitia Ursa and Serenia Quarta (IMS I 52). The scroll and the codex were also shown within three scenes that referred to the occupation of the deceased. The scroll is shown in the hand of a speculator (IMS II 106) in a scene of traveling in an open car (rheda), also is shown in the hand of a sacral lictor next to sella curulis (IMS II 73) while both the scroll and the codex are shown in the scene of counting money “Kontorszene” (Lupa 6809). The aim of this paper is to examine the role of these manuscripts as an attribute of the deceased, both in the portrait itself and in the scene related to his occupation. In addition to expressing belonging to the educated and cultural layer and emphasizing social status, an attempt was made to understand the more specific context that the scroll and the codex could have in the integrated system of iconography and inscriptions on these tombstones of the Upper Moesian Limes.

Food standards, legislation, and regulations have tremendous effect on food safety and quality around the world. The safety of food is fundamental to all consumers. They must have confidence that the food they buy and eat is as expected, safe, and that they are protected by fraud (Food Standards Agency, 2009). Globally, food and health agencies have been looking into this matter very seriously and have developed various legislations as guidance to both food businesses and consumers. It is essential for all food manufacturers and food establishments to adhere to these standards.

Food standards, legislation, and regulations have tremendous effect on food safety and quality around the world. The safety of food is fundamental to all consumers. They must have confidence that the food they buy and eat is as expected, safe, and that they are protected by fraud (Food Standards Agency, 2009). Globally, food and health agencies have been looking into this matter very seriously and have developed various legislations as guidance to both food businesses and consumers. It is essential for all food manufacturers and food establishments to adhere to these standards.

Background. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are advancing faster than ever, code generation is becoming a hot topic and is starting to gain traction in the industry. This creates the question, is it possible to create a complete website from scratch using only code generated by AI? Objectives. To determine whether it is possible to create complete websites from start to finish with the code-generating tools. The tools in question are OpenAI’s ChatGPT and GitHub’s Copilot. Methods. A design-based research was conducted where two tools were evaluated for the task of recreating a wireframe as closely as possible in terms of efficiency, accuracy, maintainability, and ease of use. The code was then analyzedboth manually with a code review and using the tools SonarQube, ESLint, and Pylint. Results. The experiment resulted in that both tools delivered code that was similar in quality, both tools managed to create the websites according to wireframe with minor styling differences. We found that it is easier to create a website from scratch using OpenAI's ChatGPT than it is with GitHub's Copilot even though it uses OpenAI's Codex model which focuses on code generation. Conclusion. Code-generating AI is not advanced enough to create systems from scratch in a time-efficient way without introducing bugs and security risks.

Background. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are advancing faster than ever, code generation is becoming a hot topic and is starting to gain traction in the industry. This creates the question, is it possible to create a complete website from scratch using only code generated by AI? Objectives. To determine whether it is possible to create complete websites from start to finish with the code-generating tools. The tools in question are OpenAI’s ChatGPT and GitHub’s Copilot. Methods. A design-based research was conducted where two tools were evaluated for the task of recreating a wireframe as closely as possible in terms of efficiency, accuracy, maintainability, and ease of use. The code was then analyzedboth manually with a code review and using the tools SonarQube, ESLint, and Pylint. Results. The experiment resulted in that both tools delivered code that was similar in quality, both tools managed to create the websites according to wireframe with minor styling differences. We found that it is easier to create a website from scratch using OpenAI's ChatGPT than it is with GitHub's Copilot even though it uses OpenAI's Codex model which focuses on code generation. Conclusion. Code-generating AI is not advanced enough to create systems from scratch in a time-efficient way without introducing bugs and security risks.

Background. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are advancing faster than ever, code generation is becoming a hot topic and is starting to gain traction in the industry. This creates the question, is it possible to create a complete website from scratch using only code generated by AI? Objectives. To determine whether it is possible to create complete websites from start to finish with the code-generating tools. The tools in question are OpenAI’s ChatGPT and GitHub’s Copilot. Methods. A design-based research was conducted where two tools were evaluated for the task of recreating a wireframe as closely as possible in terms of efficiency, accuracy, maintainability, and ease of use. The code was then analyzedboth manually with a code review and using the tools SonarQube, ESLint, and Pylint. Results. The experiment resulted in that both tools delivered code that was similar in quality, both tools managed to create the websites according to wireframe with minor styling differences. We found that it is easier to create a website from scratch using OpenAI's ChatGPT than it is with GitHub's Copilot even though it uses OpenAI's Codex model which focuses on code generation. Conclusion. Code-generating AI is not advanced enough to create systems from scratch in a time-efficient way without introducing bugs and security risks.

Background. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are advancing faster than ever, code generation is becoming a hot topic and is starting to gain traction in the industry. This creates the question, is it possible to create a complete website from scratch using only code generated by AI? Objectives. To determine whether it is possible to create complete websites from start to finish with the code-generating tools. The tools in question are OpenAI’s ChatGPT and GitHub’s Copilot. Methods. A design-based research was conducted where two tools were evaluated for the task of recreating a wireframe as closely as possible in terms of efficiency, accuracy, maintainability, and ease of use. The code was then analyzedboth manually with a code review and using the tools SonarQube, ESLint, and Pylint. Results. The experiment resulted in that both tools delivered code that was similar in quality, both tools managed to create the websites according to wireframe with minor styling differences. We found that it is easier to create a website from scratch using OpenAI's ChatGPT than it is with GitHub's Copilot even though it uses OpenAI's Codex model which focuses on code generation. Conclusion. Code-generating AI is not advanced enough to create systems from scratch in a time-efficient way without introducing bugs and security risks.

Background. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are advancing faster than ever, code generation is becoming a hot topic and is starting to gain traction in the industry. This creates the question, is it possible to create a complete website from scratch using only code generated by AI? Objectives. To determine whether it is possible to create complete websites from start to finish with the code-generating tools. The tools in question are OpenAI’s ChatGPT and GitHub’s Copilot. Methods. A design-based research was conducted where two tools were evaluated for the task of recreating a wireframe as closely as possible in terms of efficiency, accuracy, maintainability, and ease of use. The code was then analyzedboth manually with a code review and using the tools SonarQube, ESLint, and Pylint. Results. The experiment resulted in that both tools delivered code that was similar in quality, both tools managed to create the websites according to wireframe with minor styling differences. We found that it is easier to create a website from scratch using OpenAI's ChatGPT than it is with GitHub's Copilot even though it uses OpenAI's Codex model which focuses on code generation. Conclusion. Code-generating AI is not advanced enough to create systems from scratch in a time-efficient way without introducing bugs and security risks.

This thesis explores the potential of Codex, a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM), for Automated Program Repair (APR) by assessing its performance on the Defects4J benchmark that includes real-world Java bugs. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Codex’s capabilities and limitations in generating syntactically and semantically equivalent patches for defects, as well as evaluating its ability to handle defects with different levels of importance and complexity. Additionally, we aim to compare the performance of Codex with other LLMs in the APR domain. To achieve these objectives, we employ a systematic methodology that includes prompt engineering, Codex parameter adjustment, code extraction, patch verification, and Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) comparison. We successfully verified 528 bugs in Defects4J, which represents the highest number among other studies, and achieved 53.98% of plausible and 26.52% correct patches. Furthermore, we introduce the elle-elle-aime framework, which extends the RepairThemAll for Codex-based APR and is adaptable for evaluating other LLMs, such as ChatGPT and GPT-4. The findings of this empirical study provide valuable insights into the factors that impact Codex’s performance on APR, helping to create new prompt strategies and techniques that improve research productivity., Denna avhandling utforskar potentialen hos Codex, en förtränad LLM, för APR genom att utvärdera dess prestanda på Defects4J-benchmarket som inkluderar verkliga Java-buggar. Studien syftar till att ge en omfattande förståelse för Codex förmågor och begränsningar när det gäller att generera syntaktiskt och semantiskt ekvivalenta patchar för defekter samt att utvärdera dess förmåga att hantera defekter med olika nivåer av betydelse och komplexitet. Dessutom är vårt mål att jämföra prestanda hos Codex med andra LLM inom APR-området. För att uppnå dessa mål använder vi en systematisk metodik som inkluderar prompt engineering, justering av Codex-parametrar, kodextraktion, patchverifiering och jämförelse av AST. Vi verifierade framgångsrikt 528 buggar i Defects4J, vilket representerar det högsta antalet bland andra studier, och uppnådde 53,98% plausibla och 26,52% korrekta patchar. Vidare introducerar vi elle-elle-aime ramverket, som utvidgar RepairThemAll för Codex-baserad APR och är anpassningsbart för att utvärdera andra LLM, såsom ChatGPT och GPT-4. Resultaten av denna empiriska studie ger värdefulla insikter i de faktorer som påverkar Codex prestanda på APR och hjälper till att skapa nya promptstrategier och tekniker som förbättrar forskningsproduktiviteten.

This visual text represents some of the content from the article, Women, Childbirth, and the Sticky Tamales: Nahua Rhetoric and Worldview in the Glyphic Codex Borgia, by Felicia Lopez. Through the use of comic book conventions, readers are guided through the decipherment of logographic writing from Central Mexico and, in the process, are shown how colonization has limited our contemporary understanding of ancient Indigenous people. By offering reinterpretations of glyphs that reveal the cultural knowledge of women, this guided reading of a codex image paints a picture of Aztecs and other Indigenous people as intelligent, complex, and inventors of their own unique writing systems.

Kunskap om den tidiga utveckling av däggdjurshjärtat är för det mesta baserad på djurmodeller vilket orsakar att utvecklingen av det mänskliga embryonala hjärtat är till en stor del inferentiell på en molekylär nivå. Tidigare profilering av mänskliga prenatala genuttryckmönster är för det mesta baserat på transkriptomisk data vilket lämnar genuttryck på en proteinnivå till en stor del icke utforskat. Fokus projektet Human Developmental Cell Atlas inom det internationella Human Cell Atlas ansträngningen ämnar till att elaborera på mänsklig utveckling och tillförse referenskartor som kan användas för att utforska kliniska relevanta avvikelser från normal utveckling. I denna masteruppsats, en antikropps panel för utforskandet av proteiner för cell-typ karakterisering och spatiotemporala slutledningar i mänskliga embryonala hjärtvävnader är ämnat att levereras och appliceras för undersökning av genuttryckmönster i det utvecklande hjärtat. Först, en antikropps panel riktade mot 26 olika proteiner som har identifierats att vara närvarande i embryonala hjärtat utvecklades och validerades för prestanda. Antikropps panelen användes för måldetektion med den multiplexa avbildnings plattformen CODEX för analys av 5 pcw och 7 pcw hjärtvävnadssnitt. Klustring av encelliga genuttryck profiler representerade av registrerade intensiteter i tagna bilder ledde till identifieringen av 23 och 16 cell populationer i 5 pcw och 7 pcw hjärta respektive. Profilering av spatiala associationer genom klustring av kombinerade genuttryck profiler av närliggande celler ledde till identifieringen av 26 olika spatiala cell-typ relationer för båda de analyserade åldrarna. Interaktioner mellan identifierade cell-typer var sedan statistiskt karakteriserade baserat på delad kontakt mellan identifierade celler i bilder. Sammanfattningsvist, proteiner i mänskligt embryonalt hjärta är kartlagda och används för att undersöka encellig organisation i det utvecklande hjärtat. Karakteriserade genuttryckmönster, Knowledge of the early development of the mammalian heart has for the most part been based on animal models causing development of the human embryonic heart to be mostly inferential on a molecular level. Prior profiling of human prenatal expression patterns has mainly been based on transcriptomic data leaving expression on the protein level to a large extent uninvestigated. The Human Developmental Cell Atlas is a focus project within the international Human Cell Atlas endeavor that aims to elaborate on early human development and provide reference maps that can be used to investigate clinically relevant deviances from normal development. In this thesis, an antibody panel for investigating proteins for cell-type characterization and spatiotemporal inferences in human embryonic heart tissues aims to be delivered and applied for investigation of expression patterns in the developing heart. First an antibody panel targeting 26 distinct proteins identified to be present in embryonic heart was developed and validated for performance. The antibody panel was employed for target detection with the multiplex imaging platform CODEX for analysis of 5 post-conception week (pcw) and 7 pcw heart tissue sections. Clustering of single cell expression profiles represented by recorded intensities in captured images identified 23 and 16 cell populations in 5 pcw and 7 pcw heart respectively. Profiling of spatial associations by clustering of combined expression profiles of adjacent cells identified 26 different spatial cell-type relationships for both analyzed ages. Interactions between identified cell-types were then statistically characterized based on shared contact between identified cells in images. In summary, proteins in human embryonic heart are mapped and used to investigate single-cell organization in the developing heart. Characterized expression patterns contribute to a more encapsulating understanding of human development and aid in laying a foundation for future research

This thesis explores how large language models can be used to generate configuration files for Terraform from natural language descriptions. Few-shot and fine-tuning paradigms are evaluated on decoder-only models of varying size, including the state-of-the-art Codex model. The generated configuration files are evaluated with regard to functional correctness on a custom dataset using Terraform, to account for the large space of functionally equivalent configuration files. Results show that the largest model Codex is very capable at generating configuration files given an English description of network infrastructure even without fine-tuning. The result could be a useful tool for engineers who know Terraform fundamentals and have experience with the cloud platforms: AWS, GCP, or Azure. A future study could fine-tune Codex for Terraform using OpenAI's API or create an open source Codex-replication by fine-tuning the GPT-3 replication OPT, which in turn can be \hbox{fine-tuned}., Denna avhandling undersöker hur stora språkmodeller kan användas till att generera konfigurationsfiler för Terraform med hjälp av språkbeskrivningar. Både few-shot och fine-tuning paradigm utvärderas på decoder-only modeller i olika storlekar, inklusive Codex. För att ta hänsyn till konfigurationsfiler som i utseende ser olika ut men som är funktionellt ekvivalenta utvärderas konfigurationsfilerna utifrån deras funktion. Resultaten visar att Codex, som är den största modellen, har förmågan att generera konfigurationsfiler givet en engelsk beskrivning av nätverksinfrastruktur, trots att Codex inte har undergått fine-tuning. Resultatet kan vara ett användbart verktyg för ingenjörer som har grundläggande kunskap om Terraform och erfarenhet av molnplattformarna: AWS, GCP eller Azure. En framtida studie skulle kunna träna Codex för Terraform med OpenAI:s API eller skapa en Codex-kopia genom att träna GPT-3 kopian OPT som i sin tur kan bli tränad för Terraform.

Kunskap om den tidiga utveckling av däggdjurshjärtat är för det mesta baserad på djurmodeller vilket orsakar att utvecklingen av det mänskliga embryonala hjärtat är till en stor del inferentiell på en molekylär nivå. Tidigare profilering av mänskliga prenatala genuttryckmönster är för det mesta baserat på transkriptomisk data vilket lämnar genuttryck på en proteinnivå till en stor del icke utforskat. Fokus projektet Human Developmental Cell Atlas inom det internationella Human Cell Atlas ansträngningen ämnar till att elaborera på mänsklig utveckling och tillförse referenskartor som kan användas för att utforska kliniska relevanta avvikelser från normal utveckling. I denna masteruppsats, en antikropps panel för utforskandet av proteiner för cell-typ karakterisering och spatiotemporala slutledningar i mänskliga embryonala hjärtvävnader är ämnat att levereras och appliceras för undersökning av genuttryckmönster i det utvecklande hjärtat. Först, en antikropps panel riktade mot 26 olika proteiner som har identifierats att vara närvarande i embryonala hjärtat utvecklades och validerades för prestanda. Antikropps panelen användes för måldetektion med den multiplexa avbildnings plattformen CODEX för analys av 5 pcw och 7 pcw hjärtvävnadssnitt. Klustring av encelliga genuttryck profiler representerade av registrerade intensiteter i tagna bilder ledde till identifieringen av 23 och 16 cell populationer i 5 pcw och 7 pcw hjärta respektive. Profilering av spatiala associationer genom klustring av kombinerade genuttryck profiler av närliggande celler ledde till identifieringen av 26 olika spatiala cell-typ relationer för båda de analyserade åldrarna. Interaktioner mellan identifierade cell-typer var sedan statistiskt karakteriserade baserat på delad kontakt mellan identifierade celler i bilder. Sammanfattningsvist, proteiner i mänskligt embryonalt hjärta är kartlagda och används för att undersöka encellig organisation i det utvecklande hjärtat. Karakteriserade genuttryckmönster, Knowledge of the early development of the mammalian heart has for the most part been based on animal models causing development of the human embryonic heart to be mostly inferential on a molecular level. Prior profiling of human prenatal expression patterns has mainly been based on transcriptomic data leaving expression on the protein level to a large extent uninvestigated. The Human Developmental Cell Atlas is a focus project within the international Human Cell Atlas endeavor that aims to elaborate on early human development and provide reference maps that can be used to investigate clinically relevant deviances from normal development. In this thesis, an antibody panel for investigating proteins for cell-type characterization and spatiotemporal inferences in human embryonic heart tissues aims to be delivered and applied for investigation of expression patterns in the developing heart. First an antibody panel targeting 26 distinct proteins identified to be present in embryonic heart was developed and validated for performance. The antibody panel was employed for target detection with the multiplex imaging platform CODEX for analysis of 5 post-conception week (pcw) and 7 pcw heart tissue sections. Clustering of single cell expression profiles represented by recorded intensities in captured images identified 23 and 16 cell populations in 5 pcw and 7 pcw heart respectively. Profiling of spatial associations by clustering of combined expression profiles of adjacent cells identified 26 different spatial cell-type relationships for both analyzed ages. Interactions between identified cell-types were then statistically characterized based on shared contact between identified cells in images. In summary, proteins in human embryonic heart are mapped and used to investigate single-cell organization in the developing heart. Characterized expression patterns contribute to a more encapsulating understanding of human development and aid in laying a foundation for future research

This thesis explores how large language models can be used to generate configuration files for Terraform from natural language descriptions. Few-shot and fine-tuning paradigms are evaluated on decoder-only models of varying size, including the state-of-the-art Codex model. The generated configuration files are evaluated with regard to functional correctness on a custom dataset using Terraform, to account for the large space of functionally equivalent configuration files. Results show that the largest model Codex is very capable at generating configuration files given an English description of network infrastructure even without fine-tuning. The result could be a useful tool for engineers who know Terraform fundamentals and have experience with the cloud platforms: AWS, GCP, or Azure. A future study could fine-tune Codex for Terraform using OpenAI's API or create an open source Codex-replication by fine-tuning the GPT-3 replication OPT, which in turn can be \hbox{fine-tuned}., Denna avhandling undersöker hur stora språkmodeller kan användas till att generera konfigurationsfiler för Terraform med hjälp av språkbeskrivningar. Både few-shot och fine-tuning paradigm utvärderas på decoder-only modeller i olika storlekar, inklusive Codex. För att ta hänsyn till konfigurationsfiler som i utseende ser olika ut men som är funktionellt ekvivalenta utvärderas konfigurationsfilerna utifrån deras funktion. Resultaten visar att Codex, som är den största modellen, har förmågan att generera konfigurationsfiler givet en engelsk beskrivning av nätverksinfrastruktur, trots att Codex inte har undergått fine-tuning. Resultatet kan vara ett användbart verktyg för ingenjörer som har grundläggande kunskap om Terraform och erfarenhet av molnplattformarna: AWS, GCP eller Azure. En framtida studie skulle kunna träna Codex för Terraform med OpenAI:s API eller skapa en Codex-kopia genom att träna GPT-3 kopian OPT som i sin tur kan bli tränad för Terraform.

Following the Mexican Revolution, a program began for the dissemination of certain symbols of national identity–to redefine Mexicanity. The search was expressed in fine and decorative arts, including furniture. In this context, the “Butaque” chair reappeared. Artists like Luis Barragán, William Spratling, Clara Porset, and Manuel Parra, among others, proposed their own interpretations of this traditional rural seat, inserting it into a new socio-cultural context, making it a representative piece of 20th century Mexican furniture. Despite its significance, there have not been many studies or publications on the piece, and mystery surrounds its origin. The objective of this work is to present a hypothesis about the origin of the “butaque” in the colonial codices, and to revalue it as a mestizo seat, a combination of European manufacturing techniques and technologies with materials, labor and ability of the Mexican indigenous, making it a worthy representation of Mexican cultural identity., Después de la Revolución Mexicana, se inició un programa de difusión de ciertos símbolos de identidad nacional para redefinir la mexicanidad. La búsqueda se expresó en bellas artes y artes decorativas, incluido el mobiliario. En este contexto, reapareció el “Butaque”. Artistas como Luis Barragán, William Spratling, Clara Porset y Manuel Parra, entre otros, propusieron sus propias interpretaciones de este tradicional asiento rural, insertándolo en un nuevo contexto sociocultural, convirtiéndola en una pieza representativa del mobiliario mexicano del siglo XX. A pesar de su importancia, no se han realizado muchos estudios o publicaciones sobre la pieza, y el misterio rodea su origen. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una hipótesis sobre el origen del “butaque” en los códices coloniales, y revalorizarlo como un asiento mestizo, una combinación de técnicas y tecnologías de fabricación europeas con materiales, mano de obra y habilidad de los indígenas mexicanos, convirtiéndolo en una digna representación de la identidad cultural mexicana.

De Defensiecodex bundelt ruim honderd teksten die een transversale weergave zijn van het juridische kader eigen aan Defensie, gerangschikt in veertien rubrieken die respectievelijk gewijd zijn aan de organisatie van Defensie, opdrachten van Defensie, militaire inlichtingen, Koninklijke Militaire School, fundamentele rechten en statuten, gezondheid van de militair, sociale relaties van de militair, bezoldiging en pensioen van de militair, gebruik van talen in het leger, militair straf- en tuchtrecht, overheidsopdrachten van Defensie en militaire opeisingen, militair domein, uniform en militaire ordes en – tot slot – enkele parastatalen van Defensie. De Defensiecodex is bestemd voor zij die de belangrijkste normatieve teksten inzake Defensie in één enkel boekdeel willen terugvinden.

Following the Mexican Revolution, a program began for the dissemination of certain symbols of national identity–to redefine Mexicanity. The search was expressed in fine and decorative arts, including furniture. In this context, the “Butaque” chair reappeared. Artists like Luis Barragán, William Spratling, Clara Porset, and Manuel Parra, among others, proposed their own interpretations of this traditional rural seat, inserting it into a new socio-cultural context, making it a representative piece of 20th century Mexican furniture. Despite its significance, there have not been many studies or publications on the piece, and mystery surrounds its origin. The objective of this work is to present a hypothesis about the origin of the “butaque” in the colonial codices, and to revalue it as a mestizo seat, a combination of European manufacturing techniques and technologies with materials, labor and ability of the Mexican indigenous, making it a worthy representation of Mexican cultural identity., Después de la Revolución Mexicana, se inició un programa de difusión de ciertos símbolos de identidad nacional para redefinir la mexicanidad. La búsqueda se expresó en bellas artes y artes decorativas, incluido el mobiliario. En este contexto, reapareció el “Butaque”. Artistas como Luis Barragán, William Spratling, Clara Porset y Manuel Parra, entre otros, propusieron sus propias interpretaciones de este tradicional asiento rural, insertándolo en un nuevo contexto sociocultural, convirtiéndola en una pieza representativa del mobiliario mexicano del siglo XX. A pesar de su importancia, no se han realizado muchos estudios o publicaciones sobre la pieza, y el misterio rodea su origen. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una hipótesis sobre el origen del “butaque” en los códices coloniales, y revalorizarlo como un asiento mestizo, una combinación de técnicas y tecnologías de fabricación europeas con materiales, mano de obra y habilidad de los indígenas mexicanos, convirtiéndolo en una digna representación de la identidad cultural mexicana.

Diese Dissertation betrachtet die historische Entwicklung der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte von seinem Ursprung bis in die Gegenwart in Österreich und den USA. Der vertikale und horizontale Rechtsvergleich zwischen österreichischem und US-amerikanischem Adoptionsrecht ist insbesondere aufgrund der differenzierten rechtsgeschichtlichen Entwicklungen, unterschiedlichen Rechtstraditionen und Herangehensweisen an das Institut der Adoption interessant. Im Zuge der Aufarbeitung der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte werden Inhalt, Ziele und Funktionen des Adoptionsrechts im jeweiligen Land dargestellt und dabei der Begriff und die Rolle des Kindeswohls beleuchtet. Das Kapitel A. erörtert das Forschungsziel und die Forschungsmethoden, das Kapitel B. beinhaltet das Vorwort, in dem unter anderem die Gründe für dissertationsrelevante Entscheidungen dargestellt werden. Das Kapitel C. behandelt das österreichische Adoptionsrecht von seinem Ursprung im römischen Recht bis hin zum gegenwärtigen Adoptionsrecht, wobei der Fokus auf die Zeit zwischen der Neuzeit und der Gegenwart liegt. Hierbei werden vor allem diverse Landrechtsentwürfe, der Codex Theresianus, das Josephinische Gesetzbuch, das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch als auch internationale Übereinkommen in Bezug auf das Institut der Adoption beleuchtet und das Problem des Adoptionshandels angesprochen. Der in englischer Sprache verfasste US-amerikanische Teil der Dissertation wird im Kapitel D. behandelt. In diesem Kapitel wird anfangs auf die Adoption unter indigenen Völkern in den USA und anschließend auf die unterschiedlichen durch die Kolonialzeit geprägten Adoptionsrechtsgeschichten in den einzelnen US-Bundesstaaten eingegangen; von Lehrverhältnissen, die zur Legalisierung von Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen genutzt wurden und eine entscheidende Rolle in der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte spielten über formlose und gemeinnützige Adoptionen, private Adoptionsgesetze und das dem österreichischen Institut der Adoption ähnliche Zivilgesetz Louis, This thesis examines the historical development of the history of adoption from its origin until present time in Austria and the USA. The vertical and horizontal comparative legal analysis between the Austrian and US-American adoption law is particularly interesting due to the dissimilar developments of the Austrian and US-American histories of law and the different legal traditions and approaches to the institute of adoption. In the course of working up the legal histories, the content, purpose and functions of the respective adoption law will be presented and in doing so, the term and role of the best interest of the child will be examined. Chapter A. discusses the research objective and methods, Chapter B. encompasses the preposition, in which I declare certain for the thesis relevant decisions. Chapter C. deals with the Austrian adoption law from its origin in Roman law until the current adoption law, at which the focus lies on the time between the modern and the present era. Most notably at this juncture are diverse land right drafts, the Codex Theresianus, the statute book of Joseph II, the Austrian civil code as well as international treaties which deal with the institute of adoption. Finally, the problem of the adoption market will be discussed. Chapter D. contains the US-American part of the thesis and is written in English. This chapter starts with an insight into the adoption practices of indigenous people in the US and continues with the different legal histories of adoption in the United States, which were shaped by the colonial time: from the method of apprenticeships that was used to legalize parent-child-relationships and played an important role in the history of adoption, the civil code of Louisiana, which has many similarities to the Austrian adoption law, as well as the adoption statutes of the US-states until present time. In this chapter, historical legal court decisions which are relevant in the legal adoption history from the US Supreme Court, eingereicht von: Mag.ᵃ Judith Margit Krismer-Kley, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Dissertation Universität Innsbruck 2021

BackgroundBreastfeeding is important for the health and development of the child, and for maternal health, in all country contexts. However, global sales of breast-milk substitutes (BMS), including infant, follow-up and toddler formulas, have 'boomed' in recent decades. This raises the importance of international food standards established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) on the safety, composition and labelling of BMS. Such standards appear to be strongly contested by governments, industry and civil society groups, yet few studies have investigated the politics of Codex standard-setting processes. The aim of this paper is to understand who participates in decision-making, and how actors frame and contest proposals to revise the Codex Standard on Follow-up Formula (FUF).MethodsWe adopted a case study design involving two steps. First, we enumerated government, industry, civil society, and international organization stakeholders participating in standard-setting processes of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Second, we conducted a framing analysis of stakeholder inputs during the FUF standard revision in CCNFSDU meetings. Publicly available online meeting reports (2015-2019) were retrieved, analyzed using a theoretical framework, and organized thematically.ResultsHigh-income country (HIC) delegates greatly outnumbered those from other country income categories. Industry representation was higher compared with other observer categories. Member state delegations included more industry representation than civil society representation, and were occasionally the only member state delegates. Industry stakeholders framed arguments in terms of trade implications, science, and flexible standards. Civil society groups used public health, science, and pro-breastfeeding frames.ConclusionCodex BMS standard-setting procedures are dominated by HICs and industry groups. Limited representation of civil society, and of low- and

Following the Mexican Revolution, a program began for the dissemination of certain symbols of national identity–to redefine Mexicanity. The search was expressed in fine and decorative arts, including furniture. In this context, the “Butaque” chair reappeared. Artists like Luis Barragán, William Spratling, Clara Porset, and Manuel Parra, among others, proposed their own interpretations of this traditional rural seat, inserting it into a new socio-cultural context, making it a representative piece of 20th century Mexican furniture. Despite its significance, there have not been many studies or publications on the piece, and mystery surrounds its origin. The objective of this work is to present a hypothesis about the origin of the “butaque” in the colonial codices, and to revalue it as a mestizo seat, a combination of European manufacturing techniques and technologies with materials, labor and ability of the Mexican indigenous, making it a worthy representation of Mexican cultural identity., Después de la Revolución Mexicana, se inició un programa de difusión de ciertos símbolos de identidad nacional para redefinir la mexicanidad. La búsqueda se expresó en bellas artes y artes decorativas, incluido el mobiliario. En este contexto, reapareció el “Butaque”. Artistas como Luis Barragán, William Spratling, Clara Porset y Manuel Parra, entre otros, propusieron sus propias interpretaciones de este tradicional asiento rural, insertándolo en un nuevo contexto sociocultural, convirtiéndola en una pieza representativa del mobiliario mexicano del siglo XX. A pesar de su importancia, no se han realizado muchos estudios o publicaciones sobre la pieza, y el misterio rodea su origen. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una hipótesis sobre el origen del “butaque” en los códices coloniales, y revalorizarlo como un asiento mestizo, una combinación de técnicas y tecnologías de fabricación europeas con materiales, mano de obra y habilidad de los indígenas mexicanos, convirtiéndolo en una digna representación de la identidad cultural mexicana.

Diese Dissertation betrachtet die historische Entwicklung der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte von seinem Ursprung bis in die Gegenwart in Österreich und den USA. Der vertikale und horizontale Rechtsvergleich zwischen österreichischem und US-amerikanischem Adoptionsrecht ist insbesondere aufgrund der differenzierten rechtsgeschichtlichen Entwicklungen, unterschiedlichen Rechtstraditionen und Herangehensweisen an das Institut der Adoption interessant. Im Zuge der Aufarbeitung der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte werden Inhalt, Ziele und Funktionen des Adoptionsrechts im jeweiligen Land dargestellt und dabei der Begriff und die Rolle des Kindeswohls beleuchtet. Das Kapitel A. erörtert das Forschungsziel und die Forschungsmethoden, das Kapitel B. beinhaltet das Vorwort, in dem unter anderem die Gründe für dissertationsrelevante Entscheidungen dargestellt werden. Das Kapitel C. behandelt das österreichische Adoptionsrecht von seinem Ursprung im römischen Recht bis hin zum gegenwärtigen Adoptionsrecht, wobei der Fokus auf die Zeit zwischen der Neuzeit und der Gegenwart liegt. Hierbei werden vor allem diverse Landrechtsentwürfe, der Codex Theresianus, das Josephinische Gesetzbuch, das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch als auch internationale Übereinkommen in Bezug auf das Institut der Adoption beleuchtet und das Problem des Adoptionshandels angesprochen. Der in englischer Sprache verfasste US-amerikanische Teil der Dissertation wird im Kapitel D. behandelt. In diesem Kapitel wird anfangs auf die Adoption unter indigenen Völkern in den USA und anschließend auf die unterschiedlichen durch die Kolonialzeit geprägten Adoptionsrechtsgeschichten in den einzelnen US-Bundesstaaten eingegangen; von Lehrverhältnissen, die zur Legalisierung von Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen genutzt wurden und eine entscheidende Rolle in der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte spielten über formlose und gemeinnützige Adoptionen, private Adoptionsgesetze und das dem österreichischen Institut der Adoption ähnliche Zivilgesetz Louis, This thesis examines the historical development of the history of adoption from its origin until present time in Austria and the USA. The vertical and horizontal comparative legal analysis between the Austrian and US-American adoption law is particularly interesting due to the dissimilar developments of the Austrian and US-American histories of law and the different legal traditions and approaches to the institute of adoption. In the course of working up the legal histories, the content, purpose and functions of the respective adoption law will be presented and in doing so, the term and role of the best interest of the child will be examined. Chapter A. discusses the research objective and methods, Chapter B. encompasses the preposition, in which I declare certain for the thesis relevant decisions. Chapter C. deals with the Austrian adoption law from its origin in Roman law until the current adoption law, at which the focus lies on the time between the modern and the present era. Most notably at this juncture are diverse land right drafts, the Codex Theresianus, the statute book of Joseph II, the Austrian civil code as well as international treaties which deal with the institute of adoption. Finally, the problem of the adoption market will be discussed. Chapter D. contains the US-American part of the thesis and is written in English. This chapter starts with an insight into the adoption practices of indigenous people in the US and continues with the different legal histories of adoption in the United States, which were shaped by the colonial time: from the method of apprenticeships that was used to legalize parent-child-relationships and played an important role in the history of adoption, the civil code of Louisiana, which has many similarities to the Austrian adoption law, as well as the adoption statutes of the US-states until present time. In this chapter, historical legal court decisions which are relevant in the legal adoption history from the US Supreme Court, eingereicht von: Mag.ᵃ Judith Margit Krismer-Kley, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Dissertation Universität Innsbruck 2021

This study examines potential similarities and differences between the interactivity in six children’s books, published in physical and digital media. The literature included in this research is the hardcover version of Hur gick det sen?, the hardcover version of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland: A Pop-up Adaption, the mobile application Känner du Pippi Långstrump?, the mobile application Vem bestämmer?, the e-book version of There's a Dragon in Your Book and finally The Little Mermaid – A Magical Augmented Reality Book which consists of a hardcover book and a mobile application. A comparative method is being used in order to analyze the interactivity between illustrations, texts, animations and audio. The analysis is based on two theoretical perspective, edition philology and convergence culture, with the intension of enlighten how the interactive in printed books may change when converted into a digital medium. The result shows that while there are differences between the printed books and the digital mediums, the main purpose of the interactivity remains the same. The hope of this study is to provide some insight regarding the digital trends in children’s literature and to give the publishing industry an understanding of how to approach the digital changes in the literary field.

This article tries to offer a new perspective on parchment, mainly with regard to animals whose skins were, and sometimes still are, used to manufacture this writing material. A short outline of the manufacturing process serves as a basis and is complemented by a similarly short history of development and usage. Subsequently, some calculations, which should not be taken too seriously, may illustrate the huge number of animals that had to be slaughtered to produce enough parchment for all the codices in the older collections of our libraries. The second main topic is the animals who served as the main source for parchment during the German Middle Ages, namely sheep, goats and cattle. Therefore aspects of zooarchaeology and agricultural history are brought up here as well., Dieser Artikel unternimmt den Versuch, das Thema Pergament um einige Blickwinkel zu erweitern, die hauptsächlich die Tiere betreffen, aus deren Häuten dieser Beschreibstoff hergestellt wird bzw. wurde. Ein kurzer Abriss zum Herstellungsprozess dient dabei als Grundlage, die um eine ebenso knappe historische Entwicklungs- und Nutzungsgeschichte ergänzt wird. Anschließend werden einige nicht allzu ernst gemeinte quantitative Zahlenspielereien präsentiert, um die schiere Zahl der geschlachteten Tiere zu zeigen, die für die in den Altbeständen befindlichen Pergamentcodices notwendig gewesen sein müssten. Der zweite Hauptpunkt des Artikels ergänzt einige archäozoologische und agrarhistorische Aspekte zu den wichtigsten pergamentliefernden Tieren, also zu Schafen, Ziegen und Rindern, im deutschen Mittelalter., Peer Reviewed

La historia de la Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo hunde sus raíces tras la reconquista cristiana de la ciudad en 1085. El número de códices fue ampliándose con el devenir de los siglos en base a compras, encargos y donaciones. Cabe destacar la aportación de algunos prelados que, como mecenas, permitieron un rápido enriquecimiento de los fondos capitulares. Nos detendremos en los manuscritos de la rica biblioteca del cardenal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), bibliotecario del Vaticano y Secretario del papa Pio VI. Como bibliófilo reunió en su palacio una valiosa colección de manuscritos, adquiridos en Roma por arzobispo de Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. Esta aportación constituye uno de los fondos más destacados del conjunto bibliográfico capitular, por su calidad y variedad en iluminaciones y ricas encuadernaciones., The history of the Chapter Library of Toledo started after the Christian reconquest of the city in 1085. The number of codices increased with the passing of the centuries based on purchases, orders and donations. We can stand out the contribution of some prelates who, as patrons, allowed a rapid enrichment of the capitular funds. We will stop in the rich library of Cardinal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), librarian of the Vatican and Secretary of Pope Pius VI. He was a great bibliophile, so he gathered in his palace a valuable collection of manuscripts, acquired in Rome by the archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. This contribution constitutes one of the most outstanding fund of the chapter bibliographic group, for the quality and variety of its illuminations and rich bindings.

La historia de la Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo hunde sus raíces tras la reconquista cristiana de la ciudad en 1085. El número de códices fue ampliándose con el devenir de los siglos en base a compras, encargos y donaciones. Cabe destacar la aportación de algunos prelados que, como mecenas, permitieron un rápido enriquecimiento de los fondos capitulares. Nos detendremos en los manuscritos de la rica biblioteca del cardenal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), bibliotecario del Vaticano y Secretario del papa Pio VI. Como bibliófilo reunió en su palacio una valiosa colección de manuscritos, adquiridos en Roma por arzobispo de Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. Esta aportación constituye uno de los fondos más destacados del conjunto bibliográfico capitular, por su calidad y variedad en iluminaciones y ricas encuadernaciones., The history of the Chapter Library of Toledo started after the Christian reconquest of the city in 1085. The number of codices increased with the passing of the centuries based on purchases, orders and donations. We can stand out the contribution of some prelates who, as patrons, allowed a rapid enrichment of the capitular funds. We will stop in the rich library of Cardinal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), librarian of the Vatican and Secretary of Pope Pius VI. He was a great bibliophile, so he gathered in his palace a valuable collection of manuscripts, acquired in Rome by the archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. This contribution constitutes one of the most outstanding fund of the chapter bibliographic group, for the quality and variety of its illuminations and rich bindings.

La historia de la Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo hunde sus raíces tras la reconquista cristiana de la ciudad en 1085. El número de códices fue ampliándose con el devenir de los siglos en base a compras, encargos y donaciones. Cabe destacar la aportación de algunos prelados que, como mecenas, permitieron un rápido enriquecimiento de los fondos capitulares. Nos detendremos en los manuscritos de la rica biblioteca del cardenal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), bibliotecario del Vaticano y Secretario del papa Pio VI. Como bibliófilo reunió en su palacio una valiosa colección de manuscritos, adquiridos en Roma por arzobispo de Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. Esta aportación constituye uno de los fondos más destacados del conjunto bibliográfico capitular, por su calidad y variedad en iluminaciones y ricas encuadernaciones., The history of the Chapter Library of Toledo started after the Christian reconquest of the city in 1085. The number of codices increased with the passing of the centuries based on purchases, orders and donations. We can stand out the contribution of some prelates who, as patrons, allowed a rapid enrichment of the capitular funds. We will stop in the rich library of Cardinal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), librarian of the Vatican and Secretary of Pope Pius VI. He was a great bibliophile, so he gathered in his palace a valuable collection of manuscripts, acquired in Rome by the archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. This contribution constitutes one of the most outstanding fund of the chapter bibliographic group, for the quality and variety of its illuminations and rich bindings.

/Volumes/MASTER/Sicherungskopie von abstract deutsch hermine.pdf, /Volumes/MASTER/Sicherungskopie von Abstract english Hermine.pdf, Verfasserin: Dr. Hermine Reindl, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, in englischer Sprache, Universität Innsbruck, Universitätslehrgang Medizinrecht, Masterarbeit, 2019, (VLID)3336309

La historia de la Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo hunde sus raíces tras la reconquista cristiana de la ciudad en 1085. El número de códices fue ampliándose con el devenir de los siglos en base a compras, encargos y donaciones. Cabe destacar la aportación de algunos prelados que, como mecenas, permitieron un rápido enriquecimiento de los fondos capitulares. Nos detendremos en los manuscritos de la rica biblioteca del cardenal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), bibliotecario del Vaticano y Secretario del papa Pio VI. Como bibliófilo reunió en su palacio una valiosa colección de manuscritos, adquiridos en Roma por arzobispo de Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. Esta aportación constituye uno de los fondos más destacados del conjunto bibliográfico capitular, por su calidad y variedad en iluminaciones y ricas encuadernaciones., The history of the Chapter Library of Toledo started after the Christian reconquest of the city in 1085. The number of codices increased with the passing of the centuries based on purchases, orders and donations. We can stand out the contribution of some prelates who, as patrons, allowed a rapid enrichment of the capitular funds. We will stop in the rich library of Cardinal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), librarian of the Vatican and Secretary of Pope Pius VI. He was a great bibliophile, so he gathered in his palace a valuable collection of manuscripts, acquired in Rome by the archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. This contribution constitutes one of the most outstanding fund of the chapter bibliographic group, for the quality and variety of its illuminations and rich bindings.

La historia de la Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo hunde sus raíces tras la reconquista cristiana de la ciudad en 1085. El número de códices fue ampliándose con el devenir de los siglos en base a compras, encargos y donaciones. Cabe destacar la aportación de algunos prelados que, como mecenas, permitieron un rápido enriquecimiento de los fondos capitulares. Nos detendremos en los manuscritos de la rica biblioteca del cardenal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), bibliotecario del Vaticano y Secretario del papa Pio VI. Como bibliófilo reunió en su palacio una valiosa colección de manuscritos, adquiridos en Roma por arzobispo de Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. Esta aportación constituye uno de los fondos más destacados del conjunto bibliográfico capitular, por su calidad y variedad en iluminaciones y ricas encuadernaciones., The history of the Chapter Library of Toledo started after the Christian reconquest of the city in 1085. The number of codices increased with the passing of the centuries based on purchases, orders and donations. We can stand out the contribution of some prelates who, as patrons, allowed a rapid enrichment of the capitular funds. We will stop in the rich library of Cardinal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), librarian of the Vatican and Secretary of Pope Pius VI. He was a great bibliophile, so he gathered in his palace a valuable collection of manuscripts, acquired in Rome by the archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. This contribution constitutes one of the most outstanding fund of the chapter bibliographic group, for the quality and variety of its illuminations and rich bindings.

La historia de la Biblioteca Capitular de Toledo hunde sus raíces tras la reconquista cristiana de la ciudad en 1085. El número de códices fue ampliándose con el devenir de los siglos en base a compras, encargos y donaciones. Cabe destacar la aportación de algunos prelados que, como mecenas, permitieron un rápido enriquecimiento de los fondos capitulares. Nos detendremos en los manuscritos de la rica biblioteca del cardenal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), bibliotecario del Vaticano y Secretario del papa Pio VI. Como bibliófilo reunió en su palacio una valiosa colección de manuscritos, adquiridos en Roma por arzobispo de Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. Esta aportación constituye uno de los fondos más destacados del conjunto bibliográfico capitular, por su calidad y variedad en iluminaciones y ricas encuadernaciones., The history of the Chapter Library of Toledo started after the Christian reconquest of the city in 1085. The number of codices increased with the passing of the centuries based on purchases, orders and donations. We can stand out the contribution of some prelates who, as patrons, allowed a rapid enrichment of the capitular funds. We will stop in the rich library of Cardinal Francisco Javier Zelada (1717-1801), librarian of the Vatican and Secretary of Pope Pius VI. He was a great bibliophile, so he gathered in his palace a valuable collection of manuscripts, acquired in Rome by the archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana. This contribution constitutes one of the most outstanding fund of the chapter bibliographic group, for the quality and variety of its illuminations and rich bindings.

Das Hauptanliegen meines Forschungsprojektes war die erneute Untersuchung der aus dem späten 3. bis 7. Jahrhundert n. Chr. stammenden griechischen medizinischen Papyri, die zwischen 1913 und 1914 hauptsächlich an einem Ort in der ägyptischen Stätte von Antinoopolis gefunden wurden. Antinoopolis bietet die Gelegenheit, diesen Dokumenten einen archäologischen Kontext zu geben, zumal die vorliegende geographische und chronologische Kontinuität einen detaillierten Vergleich der durch diese Quellen konservierten Daten begünstigt. Das Interesse an Antinoopolis aus medizinhistorischer Perspektive ist durch die diversen Heilpraktiken begründet, die von den dokumentarischen, literarischen und archäologischen Beweisstücken bezeugt werden, und deren Quantität und Bandbreite für ein ägyptisches Dorf außergewöhnlich sind. Das Ziel meiner Forschung an den Papyri ist sowohl philologischer als auch kulturhistorischer Natur. Erstens habe ich versucht, die Manuskripte wissenschaftlich zu präsentieren und ihre Eigentümlichkeiten, Charakteristika und Funktionen zu diskutieren. Ich wollte unser Verständnis dieser Fragmente durch die Identifizierung neuer Textabschnitte, die Integrierung von Textzusätzen und eine genauere Untersuchung ihrer formellen Struktur verbessern, was zu einer überarbeiteten Edition einiger ausgewählter Papyri führte. Darüber hinaus habe ich versucht, zum besseren Verständnis des allgemeinen Umfeldes dieser ägyptischen Gemeinschaft, besonders in Bezug auf religiöse Heilpraktiken im Zusammenhang mit der heiligen Stätte des Collouthus beizutragen, und die historischen und kulturellen Gegebenheiten zu untersuchen, in denen diese Texte genutzt wurden. Schlussendlich untersucht meine Forschung die Entwicklung des Kodex im Allgemeinen über den Zeitraum der späten Antike, die an verschiedenen Aspekten beobachtet werden kann. Eine der interessantesten Fragen dabei ist, wie die Texte gesammelt und präsentiert wurden, d.h. der Zusammenhang von Aufbewahrung der Papyri und ih, The main aim of my research project was to re-examine the Greek medical papyri from the Egyptian site of Antinoopolis dating between late 3rd up to 7th century AD, discovered mostly in a single area between 1913 and 1914. Antinoopolis offers the potential for putting documents into an archaeological context, and this geographical and chronological consistency facilitates a close comparison between the data preserved in these sources. The interest in Antinoopolis, as far as the medical tradition is concerned, lies in the diverse healing practices attested by documentary, literary and archaeological evidence whose quantity and range is altogether exceptional among Egyptian villages. The objective of my research is both papyrological-philological and cultural-historical. Firstly, I have tried to present the manuscripts and discuss their peculiarities, characteristics and functions. I have sought to improve our understanding of these fragments through the identification of new portions of text, the integration of supplements and a better assessment of their formal arrangement, which resulted in the revised edition of a few outstanding papyri. In addition to this, I have tried to contribute to the evaluation of the general context of this Egyptian community, particularly as regards religious healing practices connected to the sanctuary of Collouthus, and to explore the historical and cultural circumstances in which these texts were used. Finally, my research investigates the development of the codex throughout late Antiquity, which can be observed in a number of respects. One of the most significant concerns how the texts were assembled and presented, namely the interplay between container and content.

A lo largo del siglo XVI se mantuvo una alta producción de manuscritos, elaborados según las antiguas técnicas. En la mayoría se trataba de ejemplares de lujo cuyo objetivo era satisfacer los encargos de los miembros de la realeza, la aristocracia y las principales sedes episcopales de España. A pesar de la implantación del libro impreso abundaron los documentos jurídicos iluminados en pergamino, ejecutorias de hidalguía expedidas por las Reales Chancillerías de Granada y Valladolid que han llegado hasta nosotros. Tras haber perdido su función primigenia, siguió permaneciendo en dichos documentos un alto valor estético que cautivó a numerosos coleccionistas. La Hispanic Society of America es un ejemplo a tener en cuenta por la interesante colección de códices miniados que conserva., Throughout the XVI century the production of manuscripts was maintained, elaborated according to the old techniques. They were luxury objets that tried to satisfy the wishes of the members of the royalty, the aristocracy and of the main episcopal sites of Spain. After the introduction of the printed book abounded the legal documents illuminated in parchment, legal documents issued by the Royal Chancelleries of Granada and Valladolid as objects of a high value. After having lost its previous functions, the high artistic value they were iluminated up continues to remain in these documents, which captivated numerous private collectors. The Hispanic Society of America is an example to keep in mind for the interesting collection of mined codices that it preserves.

A lo largo del siglo XVI se mantuvo una alta producción de manuscritos, elaborados según las antiguas técnicas. En la mayoría se trataba de ejemplares de lujo cuyo objetivo era satisfacer los encargos de los miembros de la realeza, la aristocracia y las principales sedes episcopales de España. A pesar de la implantación del libro impreso abundaron los documentos jurídicos iluminados en pergamino, ejecutorias de hidalguía expedidas por las Reales Chancillerías de Granada y Valladolid que han llegado hasta nosotros. Tras haber perdido su función primigenia, siguió permaneciendo en dichos documentos un alto valor estético que cautivó a numerosos coleccionistas. La Hispanic Society of America es un ejemplo a tener en cuenta por la interesante colección de códices miniados que conserva., Throughout the XVI century the production of manuscripts was maintained, elaborated according to the old techniques. They were luxury objets that tried to satisfy the wishes of the members of the royalty, the aristocracy and of the main episcopal sites of Spain. After the introduction of the printed book abounded the legal documents illuminated in parchment, legal documents issued by the Royal Chancelleries of Granada and Valladolid as objects of a high value. After having lost its previous functions, the high artistic value they were iluminated up continues to remain in these documents, which captivated numerous private collectors. The Hispanic Society of America is an example to keep in mind for the interesting collection of mined codices that it preserves.

A lo largo del siglo XVI se mantuvo una alta producción de manuscritos, elaborados según las antiguas técnicas. En la mayoría se trataba de ejemplares de lujo cuyo objetivo era satisfacer los encargos de los miembros de la realeza, la aristocracia y las principales sedes episcopales de España. A pesar de la implantación del libro impreso abundaron los documentos jurídicos iluminados en pergamino, ejecutorias de hidalguía expedidas por las Reales Chancillerías de Granada y Valladolid que han llegado hasta nosotros. Tras haber perdido su función primigenia, siguió permaneciendo en dichos documentos un alto valor estético que cautivó a numerosos coleccionistas. La Hispanic Society of America es un ejemplo a tener en cuenta por la interesante colección de códices miniados que conserva., Throughout the XVI century the production of manuscripts was maintained, elaborated according to the old techniques. They were luxury objets that tried to satisfy the wishes of the members of the royalty, the aristocracy and of the main episcopal sites of Spain. After the introduction of the printed book abounded the legal documents illuminated in parchment, legal documents issued by the Royal Chancelleries of Granada and Valladolid as objects of a high value. After having lost its previous functions, the high artistic value they were iluminated up continues to remain in these documents, which captivated numerous private collectors. The Hispanic Society of America is an example to keep in mind for the interesting collection of mined codices that it preserves.

A lo largo del siglo XVI se mantuvo una alta producción de manuscritos, elaborados según las antiguas técnicas. En la mayoría se trataba de ejemplares de lujo cuyo objetivo era satisfacer los encargos de los miembros de la realeza, la aristocracia y las principales sedes episcopales de España. A pesar de la implantación del libro impreso abundaron los documentos jurídicos iluminados en pergamino, ejecutorias de hidalguía expedidas por las Reales Chancillerías de Granada y Valladolid que han llegado hasta nosotros. Tras haber perdido su función primigenia, siguió permaneciendo en dichos documentos un alto valor estético que cautivó a numerosos coleccionistas. La Hispanic Society of America es un ejemplo a tener en cuenta por la interesante colección de códices miniados que conserva., Throughout the XVI century the production of manuscripts was maintained, elaborated according to the old techniques. They were luxury objets that tried to satisfy the wishes of the members of the royalty, the aristocracy and of the main episcopal sites of Spain. After the introduction of the printed book abounded the legal documents illuminated in parchment, legal documents issued by the Royal Chancelleries of Granada and Valladolid as objects of a high value. After having lost its previous functions, the high artistic value they were iluminated up continues to remain in these documents, which captivated numerous private collectors. The Hispanic Society of America is an example to keep in mind for the interesting collection of mined codices that it preserves.

A lo largo del siglo XVI se mantuvo una alta producción de manuscritos, elaborados según las antiguas técnicas. En la mayoría se trataba de ejemplares de lujo cuyo objetivo era satisfacer los encargos de los miembros de la realeza, la aristocracia y las principales sedes episcopales de España. A pesar de la implantación del libro impreso abundaron los documentos jurídicos iluminados en pergamino, ejecutorias de hidalguía expedidas por las Reales Chancillerías de Granada y Valladolid que han llegado hasta nosotros. Tras haber perdido su función primigenia, siguió permaneciendo en dichos documentos un alto valor estético que cautivó a numerosos coleccionistas. La Hispanic Society of America es un ejemplo a tener en cuenta por la interesante colección de códices miniados que conserva., Throughout the XVI century the production of manuscripts was maintained, elaborated according to the old techniques. They were luxury objets that tried to satisfy the wishes of the members of the royalty, the aristocracy and of the main episcopal sites of Spain. After the introduction of the printed book abounded the legal documents illuminated in parchment, legal documents issued by the Royal Chancelleries of Granada and Valladolid as objects of a high value. After having lost its previous functions, the high artistic value they were iluminated up continues to remain in these documents, which captivated numerous private collectors. The Hispanic Society of America is an example to keep in mind for the interesting collection of mined codices that it preserves.

A lo largo del siglo XVI se mantuvo una alta producción de manuscritos, elaborados según las antiguas técnicas. En la mayoría se trataba de ejemplares de lujo cuyo objetivo era satisfacer los encargos de los miembros de la realeza, la aristocracia y las principales sedes episcopales de España. A pesar de la implantación del libro impreso abundaron los documentos jurídicos iluminados en pergamino, ejecutorias de hidalguía expedidas por las Reales Chancillerías de Granada y Valladolid que han llegado hasta nosotros. Tras haber perdido su función primigenia, siguió permaneciendo en dichos documentos un alto valor estético que cautivó a numerosos coleccionistas. La Hispanic Society of America es un ejemplo a tener en cuenta por la interesante colección de códices miniados que conserva., Throughout the XVI century the production of manuscripts was maintained, elaborated according to the old techniques. They were luxury objets that tried to satisfy the wishes of the members of the royalty, the aristocracy and of the main episcopal sites of Spain. After the introduction of the printed book abounded the legal documents illuminated in parchment, legal documents issued by the Royal Chancelleries of Granada and Valladolid as objects of a high value. After having lost its previous functions, the high artistic value they were iluminated up continues to remain in these documents, which captivated numerous private collectors. The Hispanic Society of America is an example to keep in mind for the interesting collection of mined codices that it preserves.

The paper offers a revision of the current knowledge concerning elderly Maya women, based on Maya and Spanish colonial sources, as well as iconographic artefacts such as vessels, figurines and mural painting. The main objective is to determine whether information derived from the above sources is congruent and whether it coincides with the current notions about these women. Moreover, special attention is paid to certain roles played by the elderly Maya women, which distinguish them from other female members of the community and, at the same time, bring them almost on a par with men., The paper offers a revision of the current knowledge concerning elderly Maya women, based on Maya and Spanish colonial sources, as well as iconographic artefacts such as vessels, figurines and mural painting. The main objective is to determine whether information derived from the above sources is congruent and whether it coincides with the current notions about these women. Moreover, special attention is paid to certain roles played by the elderly Maya women, which distinguish them from other female members of the community and, at the same time, bring them almost on a par with men.

Bernardino de Ribera (ca. 1520 – 1580) was a highly recognized maestro de capilla in the sixteenth century Spain. Nevertheless, his actual status is highly associated with the great figure of Tomás Luis de Victoria, since it seems that both coincided in their years spent at Ávila, Ribera as a consolidated master, Victoria as a young choirboy. The present study analyses the large choirbook that Ribera himself charged as a present for the cathedral of Toledo. The article examines the history of the manuscript (mutilated some years after its making because of the value of its illuminations), the construction of the Codex and the repertoire contained within, showing the importance of some neglected figures like Bernardino, a significant composer that deserves more consideration by himself., Departamento de Musicología

Bernardino de Ribera (ca. 1520 – 1580) was a highly recognized maestro de capilla in the sixteenth century Spain. Nevertheless, his actual status is highly associated with the great figure of Tomás Luis de Victoria, since it seems that both coincided in their years spent at Ávila, Ribera as a consolidated master, Victoria as a young choirboy. The present study analyses the large choirbook that Ribera himself charged as a present for the cathedral of Toledo. The article examines the history of the manuscript (mutilated some years after its making because of the value of its illuminations), the construction of the Codex and the repertoire contained within, showing the importance of some neglected figures like Bernardino, a significant composer that deserves more consideration by himself., Departamento de Musicología

The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of huactli, the bird which played, almost exclusively, the role of the secondary patron of the thirteenth trecena or thirteenday period ce olin (1 Earthquake) of tonalpohualli, the ritual calendar of Central Mexico. As the second patron of this trecena, the huactli bird represented Tezcatlipoca, “the Smoking Mirror”, a well-known Mesoamerican trickster. In the study, as far as possible, all information concerning the bird will be collected, beginning with his graphic representations in the calendarical codices, which later will be confronted with the mentions of huactli in alphabetical sources. Given that the bird´s laughing and the mocking function of Tezcatlipoca seem to have strong links in the Nahua culture, an attempt will be made to approach the tricksterian role of this deity during toxcatl festival, in the banquets in honor of Omacatl and, finally, in the myths from Tula., El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un detallado análisis del huactli, el ave que desempeñaba, casi únicamente, la función del patrono secundario de la decimotercera trecena ce olin (1 temblor) del tonalpohualli, el calendario ritual del centro de México. Como el segundo patrono de dicha trecena, el ave huactli representaba a Tezcatlipoca, “el Espejo Humeante”, el muy conocido trickster mesoamericano. En el estudio se recopilan, en la medida de lo posible, todos los datos concernientes al ave en cuestión, comenzando por sus representaciones gráficas en los códices calendáricos, para confrontarlas a continuación con las menciones sobre el huactli en las fuentes alfabéticas. Puesto que la risa del ave y la función burlesca de Tezcatlipoca parecen tener fuertes vínculos en la cultura náhuatl, se plantea un acercamiento al rol tricksteriano del dios en la fiesta toxcatl, en los convites consagrados a Omacatl y, finalmente, en el mito de Tula.

Bernardino de Ribera (ca. 1520 – 1580) was a highly recognized maestro de capilla in the sixteenth century Spain. Nevertheless, his actual status is highly associated with the great figure of Tomás Luis de Victoria, since it seems that both coincided in their years spent at Ávila, Ribera as a consolidated master, Victoria as a young choirboy. The present study analyses the large choirbook that Ribera himself charged as a present for the cathedral of Toledo. The article examines the history of the manuscript (mutilated some years after its making because of the value of its illuminations), the construction of the Codex and the repertoire contained within, showing the importance of some neglected figures like Bernardino, a significant composer that deserves more consideration by himself., Departamento de Musicología

The purpose of this paper is to present a detailed analysis of huactli, the bird which played, almost exclusively, the role of the secondary patron of the thirteenth trecena or thirteenday period ce olin (1 Earthquake) of tonalpohualli, the ritual calendar of Central Mexico. As the second patron of this trecena, the huactli bird represented Tezcatlipoca, “the Smoking Mirror”, a well-known Mesoamerican trickster. In the study, as far as possible, all information concerning the bird will be collected, beginning with his graphic representations in the calendarical codices, which later will be confronted with the mentions of huactli in alphabetical sources. Given that the bird´s laughing and the mocking function of Tezcatlipoca seem to have strong links in the Nahua culture, an attempt will be made to approach the tricksterian role of this deity during toxcatl festival, in the banquets in honor of Omacatl and, finally, in the myths from Tula., El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un detallado análisis del huactli, el ave que desempeñaba, casi únicamente, la función del patrono secundario de la decimotercera trecena ce olin (1 temblor) del tonalpohualli, el calendario ritual del centro de México. Como el segundo patrono de dicha trecena, el ave huactli representaba a Tezcatlipoca, “el Espejo Humeante”, el muy conocido trickster mesoamericano. En el estudio se recopilan, en la medida de lo posible, todos los datos concernientes al ave en cuestión, comenzando por sus representaciones gráficas en los códices calendáricos, para confrontarlas a continuación con las menciones sobre el huactli en las fuentes alfabéticas. Puesto que la risa del ave y la función burlesca de Tezcatlipoca parecen tener fuertes vínculos en la cultura náhuatl, se plantea un acercamiento al rol tricksteriano del dios en la fiesta toxcatl, en los convites consagrados a Omacatl y, finalmente, en el mito de Tula.