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Purpose: To propose an algorithm of the major and minor diagnostic criteria for macular myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV). Methods: This single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study was based in Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy. Two authors evaluated the clinical and imaging parameters of eyes with high myopia (spherical equivalent of -6D or less) and suspected to have naïve, recurrent, or inactive mCNV. Recordings of the eyes that met the inclusion criteria were then independently evaluated by two other senior retinal specialists. Fluorescein angiography (FA), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and OCT angiography were used for multimodal imaging. Results: One-hundred and twenty-two eyes (n = 107; 39 men, 68 women) were included in the study. The mean patient age was 66 years (range, 22–89 years). There were 83 and 39 eyes in the active mCNV and control groups, respectively. The best diagnostic algorithm had positive- and negative-predictive values of 89% and 85%, respectively, and was based on four criteria: leakage/staining on FA, retinal thickening, fuzzy area on SD-OCT, and recent metamorphopsia. When excluding FA-derived findings, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) features played a diagnostic role in 33 eyes (27%). Twenty-seven eyes with active mCNV (32%) did not have the fuzzy area. Taken singularly, no clinical or imaging parameter had both sensitivity and specificity greater than 78%. Matching of 2 or 3 biomarkers did not yield a sensitivity or specificity greater than 79%. Sensitivities and specificities ≥ 90% were found in ten criteria combinations that included four to five biomarkers. The most frequent were metamorphopsia, fuzzy area, retinal thickening, and leakage. Less frequently, they included hemorrhage, staining, and RPE features such as elevation, flattening, and focal interruption. For all the parameters, the agreement between the investigators was good (Cohen k ≥ 0.66), being the lowest wh

A partir de l'analyse d'une quantité remarquable de données linguistiques, l'auteure plaide pour un modèle sociolinguistique basé sur la notion de répertoire (plutôt que de système). Elle décrit plusieurs aspects du changement linguistique en train de se faire en Afrique Subsaharienne, un changement qui concerne à la fois, en raison du contact, le français et les langues locales.

Some Chinese researchers who teach French as a foreign language in Chinese Universities sketch the history of French language teaching in China and the fondamentals of its present situation.

This paper sets out to analyse why dispute mediators identify disputants' euphoric and dysphoric emotions in the context of mediation discussions, turning them into "said" emotions. Our analysis is based on a corpus of seven role-played mediation sessions, which took place in French. Adopting the notion of strategic manoeuvring from argumentation studies, we consider recurring instances of the presentational device of naming emotions, as used by the mediators. Our findings show that the mediators name emotions in two ways. First, they identify dysphoric emotions that lie at the root of the parties' conflict, making these explicit. Second, they present to the parties a trajectory of their emotions, which moves from dysphoric to euphoric through the discussion that takes place during mediation. These two presentational strategies correspond to three functions that relate to the mediator's goal of helping the parties find a solution to their conflict: clarifying the core of the conflict, empowering the parties as co-arguers and making emotions part of an argumentative discussion.

The paper explores the opportunities and challenges of internationalisation at home for language teaching purposes, more in particular for French language teaching. As a case study we analyse a COIL (Collaborative Online International Learning) between bachelor students from Italy and Cameroun taking place during the Corona pandemic.

In French websites and platforms dedicated to tourism promotion (Le Guide Vert Michelin, Le Routard, Le Petit Futé), the word "incontournable" is very frequent to identify an experience thet the tourist should absolutely not miss. It is also a key-word, useful to categorize and promote "special" destinations. The contribution inquires how the word "incontournable" changed its semantics in the last years, to become a key-word in tourism discourse. Empirical data are related to a specific area in Lombardy (North Italy - the city of Brescia and its region), rich in attractions but not adequately represented by online resources for tourism.

We study the adjective incontournable in texts dedicated to tourism promotion, with the specific meaning of "experience not to be missed". We analyzed the occurrences of "incontournable" in the websites of Tourism Office by some major French towns. We also analyze the use of "incontournable" in some comments in French (original language) posted on TripAdvisor. Finally, we looked for the occourrences of the lexeme in the French page of websites of Italian touristic destinations, and compared them with the pages witten by French operators. Very interesting linguistic and argumentative outcomes., Nous étudions l'adjectif "incontournable" dans le discours de la promotion touristique et sa valeur dpécifique de "expérience à ne pas rater". Nous avons étudié les occurences du mot dans les pages en ligne des Offices du Tourisme de quelques villes françaises. Nous avons comparé ces usages avec les occurences dans les commentaires dans TripAdvisor. Finalement, nous avons comparé les versions en français publiées par les Offices du Tourisme italiens et d'autre part les pages en français sur les memes destinations, publiées par les opérateurs français. Résultats très intéressants au point de vue linguistique et argumentatif.

In this contribution, we study the adjective incontournable, which, despite the unfavorable opinion of the Académie Française, has recently established itself by spreading especially in texts dedicated to tourism promotion. The survey begins with dictionaries, in print and online, which define incontournable as an adjective and as a noun. Then we considered the morphological organization and meaning of the word, which is part of a very large subclass, that of deverbal adjectives with negative prefix and suffix -able. Finally, we checked its occurrences in the textual base FranText. The occurrences, almost all of them very recent, mostly adjective adjectival but also nominal, confirm the data emerged from the of the dictionaries: the prevalence of the metaphorical value of incontournable value of incontournable, with a shift of meaning from "unavoidable obstacle" to "experience not to be missed"., Dans cette contribution, nous étudions l'adjectif incontournable qui, malgré l'avis défavorable de l'Académie française, s'est imposé récemment en se répandant notamment dans les textes consacrés à la promotion du tourisme. L'enquête commence par des dictionnaires, imprimés et en ligne, qui définissent "incontournable" comme un adjectif et un nom. Nous avons ensuite examiné l'organisation morphologique et le sens du mot, qui fait partie d'une très grande sous-classe, celle des adjectifs déverbals avec préfixe négatif et suffixe -able. Enfin, nous avons vérifié ses occurrences dans la base de texte FranText. Les occurrences, presque toutes très récentes, le plus souvent adjectivales mais aussi nominales, confirment les données issues des dictionnaires : la prévalence de la valeur métaphorique, avec un glissement de sens de "obstacle inévitable" à "expérience à ne pas manquer".

The collapse of Rana Plaza in 2013 brought the unsustainability of fashion production processes to the public attention and gave rise to the creation of the Fashion Revolution movement. Online campaigns such as #FashionRevolution are described as examples of connective action in digital activism, different from collective action in social movements Bennett and Segerberg (2012). Highfield (2016: 103) notes that, in connective action, “political engagement is also personalized and digitally mediated, as social media and other digital technologies offer additional means for organization.” In this study, we adopt an interdisciplinary perspective combining linguistics, argumentation studies and communication studies, through which we analyze the calls for action in a multilingual corpus of tweets with the hashtag #FashionRevolution, published in 2020 in view of and during the Fashion Revolution week. In our analysis, we want to answer the question how the call for action to change the fashion sector is formulated as well as which actors are being presented as responsible for the problems related to fashion sustainability as well as for possible solutions, and whether a distinction is being made between environmental and social sustainability in this context. At a broader level, we then also want to show which mechanisms underlie digital activism related to sustainability. We have collected tweets containing the relevant hashtag in the period before and during the 2020 fashion week. This were annotated for different parameters related to our research questions, which were constructed bottom-up by bringing together the expertise of the different researchers involved. This has allowed us to adopt a more interdisciplinary approach, taking into account argumentative, linguistic and communicational aspects. Thus, in addition to overarching information such as the type of action called for and the person presented as responsible, we included communicational information such as

Newman's ideas and practical moves in the teaching of Latin. His competence in this language was excellent, and his ideas on teaching methodology are often innovative and worth a serious consideration even nowadays.

I studied the impact of historical relations between France and China on the linguistic descriptions of French language published between the end of the XIX et the beginning of the XX century. However, references to Chinese language in French dictionaries and essays about language may be dated back to the XVII c. Since that time, some typological aspects of Chinese language have been compared with French, especially homophony in spoken Chinese/French and the distance between written and oral language.

Italian-speaking students of French as a foreign language tend to underestimate the differences between the French and the Italian culture. They often interpret the two languages as equivalent in essence, as if they expressed exactly the same meanings with almost identical words. This paper presents an experience of integrated language and culture teaching that has proved to be useful to make the students perceive the distance between French and Italian culture, thus increasing their interest toward the French language., Les étudiants italophones de FLE ont tendance à sous-estimer la distance qui sépare la culture italienne de la culture française, en mélangeant les deux langues comme si elles exprimaient différemment des notions totalement équivalentes. L’expérience présentée dans l’article montre comment faire percevoir cette distance en la parcourant de manière physique et émotive. Cette démarche peut augmenter l’intérêt pour la langue française en établissant un lien entre ce qui est important pour chacun de nous et l’environnement qui nous entoure.

Facendo riferimento ad autori della tradizione francese e ad esempi in lingua francese, si studia il ruolo del linguaggio nel processo di mediazione di un conflitto e la funzione dell'analisi del discorso per ricostruire il dialogo tra le parti, superando le emozioni negative e ripristinando l'armonia tra gli interessi soggettivi e la relazione interpersonale, tramite processi di reframing

L’article étudie l’inférence déclenchée par l’usage de termes d’émotion, en utilisant comme modèle de référence la Pragmadialectique et le modèle AMT (Argumentum Model of Topics). Le corpus est constitué par l’enregistrement vidéo d’une enseignante de collège dans la banlieue parisienne, qui évoque son expérience en classe le jour d’après l’attentat à Charlie Hebdo en janvier 2015. Nous avons analysé ce corpus en tant qu’exemple d’argumentation en contexte, en en considérant la structure inférencielle et les stratégies rhétoriques qui déclenchent l’émotion. L’émotion dérive d’un Topos de l’Implication Ontologique, qui relie une situation à une émotion (et vice-versa), tandis que les éléments culturels ont tendance à apparaître dans la fonction d’Endoxon.

Nel quarantesimo dell'attivazione del "Centro di Linguistica dell'Università Cattolica" (CLUC) e del corso di laurea in Lingue e letterature straniere presso l'Università Cattolica di Brescia, si ripercorre attraverso la documentazione d'archivio il contributo determinante di Sergio Cigada per rispondere sia alle nuove istanze emergenti in ambito scientifico sia alle esigenze espresse dal territorio e dalle parti sociali.

In this paper, we analyze who is represented as responsible for ethical and environmental problems related to the fashion industry as well as for possible solutions to these problems, in a corpus of tweets containing the hashtag #FashionRevolution. This corpus contains messages produced by experts, companies, NGOs and consumers in Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish. We look into the representation of agentivity, namely who among the agents related to fashion sustainability is represented as agentive for the causes or possible solutions of problems related to sustainability in the fashion industry, as well as into whether these agents are represented in an explicit or implicit way and whether this is justified argumentatively. We furthermore look into whether tweeters define about which type of sustainability (ethical, environmental or both) they are talking. Through the combination of these analyses, we show how misalignment can occur in this Twitter polylogue regarding the definition of the sustainable issues at hand as well as regarding who can play a crucial part in solving these issues. By analyzing a multilingual corpus, we aim to contribute to analyzing how these online discussions evolve at the European level and how they are potentially construed differently across linguistic communities.

In his essay devoted to "hidden" ideas in language (1868), Michel Bréal analyzes culturally implicit information in French language and he puts forward the hypothesis that implicit information is a necessary constituent in any human language. An important chapter of French contribution to linguistics.

L’articolo studia, attraverso l’analisi della componente lessicale, la componente emotiva della pièce teatrale Les Victimes cloîtrées del drammaturgo francese Boutet de Monvel. L’analisi viene condotta a livello lessicale, discorsivo e retorico, rielaborando il metodo messo a punto da Christian Plantin. Essa consente di far emergere che il carattere sentimentale dell’opera è coerente all'argomentazione politica Giacobina., We outline the emotive elements in the dramatic work of Boutet de Monvel, Les Victimes cloîtrées. Lexicon and discourse analysis are based on Christian Plantin's methodology (termes d'émotion). The sentimental component of the pièce appears to be consistent with the argumentative goal of supporting Jacobin politics.

Attraverso una ricca documentazione storica, il contributo ricostruisce i rapporti culturali che hanno caratterizzato le relazioni tra la Francia e i paesi che, nella storia, sono entrati nella sfera di influenza francese, sottolineando la dimensione linguistica, artistica e scientifica di tali rapporti e la loro configurazione nell'ambito del sistema scolastico francese. Viene dato particolare spazio alla Francofonia in Estremo e Medio Oriente., La linguistique française en Italie a jusqu'ici oublié ce chapitre fascinant qui est l'histoire des relations entre la France et les Pays d'Extrême et du Moyen Orient. Pour combler ce vide, cet article étudie les raisons culturelles qui sont à la base d’un rapport persistant et qui relèvent de l’organisation de l’éducation française, exportée d’abord par les missionnaires et, à partir de la fin du XIXe, par le gouvernement.

Il contributo studia il rapporto tra sensibilità e argomentazione delle emozioni nel discorso, facendo riferimento al modello retorico di Rodolfo Agricola e all'antropologia di Cartesio profilata ne "Le Passioni dell'anima".

A note on the commentary to Catullus of the Italian humanist Antonio Partenio (1456-1505). This first commentary to Catullus was printed in Brescia in 1485-1486. The work shows an interesting variety of approaches to Catullus's text, from language to philosophy and to textual problems.

First I discuss what relationship links emotions and discourse; then, which methodological tools it is possible to use to describe emotions in a way that is relevant for discourse analysis (DA); third, how to pay attention to the linguistic and cultural features of discourse and why this is a condition to make DA sensible and effective; finally, the chapter sets out to offer a draft description of “emotive shortcuts.” The second part aims at studying a case. The case that has been chosen constitutes the opening of a plea and displays some typical features such as: narrative patterns, a strong emotive function, cataphoric links with what will be told later. Because of its highly suggestive content, this piece of discourse may be considered as an argumentative “shortcut,” inducing conclusions without arguing for them. Quick generalization based on emotive force may put forward conclusions in a non-argumentative way; i.e., it can induce to draw conclusions without having grounded them in a critical discussion). However, this is not always the case. So I try to evaluate the case study from this point of view.

First I discuss what relationship links emotions and discourse; then, which methodological tools it is possible to use to describe emotions in a way that is relevant for discourse analysis (DA); third, how to pay attention to the linguistic and cultural features of discourse and why this is a condition to make DA sensible and effective; finally, the chapter sets out to offer a draft description of “emotive shortcuts.” The second part aims at studying a case. The case that has been chosen constitutes the opening of a plea and displays some typical features such as: narrative patterns, a strong emotive function, cataphoric links with what will be told later. Because of its highly suggestive content, this piece of discourse may be considered as an argumentative “shortcut,” inducing conclusions without arguing for them. Quick generalization based on emotive force may put forward conclusions in a non-argumentative way; i.e., it can induce to draw conclusions without having grounded them in a critical discussion). However, this is not always the case. So I try to evaluate the case study from this point of view.

The prompt availability of reliable epidemiological information on emerging pandemics is crucial for public health policy-makers. Early in 2013, a possible new H1N1 epidemic notified by an intensive care unit (ICU) to GiViTI, the Italian ICU network, prompted the re-activation of the real-time monitoring system developed during the 2009-2010 pandemic. Based on data from 216 ICUs, we were able to detect and monitor an outbreak of severe H1N1 infection, and to compare the situation with previous years. The timely and correct assessment of the severity of an epidemic can be obtained by investigating ICU admissions, especially when historical comparisons can be made.

Abbiamo analizzato un lavoro scritto, proposto e svolto in una quinta liceo. L’obiettivo dell’analisi è capire in che modo lo studente abbia corrisposto alla richiesta di redigere un particolare tipo di testo. Abbiamo dedicato una prima fase dell’articolo, piuttosto consistente, all’analisi della consegna. La consegna infatti rappresenta il “punto di partenza” dal quale prende le mosse la produzione dello studente ed è pertanto decisiva nell’orientarne il lavoro di scrittura. Abbiamo poi analizzato in dettaglio lo svolgimento del compito da parte di uno studente, cercando di capire quali livelli del suo testo risultino ben organizzati e quali siano, invece, suscettibili di miglioramento. Abbiamo cercato, infine, di interpretare l’insieme del lavoro e di dare qualche linea di riflessione per la didattica della redazione in FLE.

Analisi delle prime traduzioni francesi del "Galateo" di Giovanni della Casa édite in Francia e in Svizzera a ridosso della pubblicazione del trattato (1558). Abbiamo considerato in particolare la traduzione delle pagine dedicate ai consigli relativi agli usi nel vestire e all'eleganza., We analyze the first French translations of the "Galateo", edited in France and in Switzerland just after the publication of the Italian masterpiece, in the last decades of the XVI century. Special attention is devoted to lexicon in the chapters outlining the way a gentleman should look and dress.

Analisi delle prime traduzioni francesi del "Galateo" di Giovanni della Casa édite in Francia e in Svizzera a ridosso della pubblicazione del trattato (1558). Abbiamo considerato in particolare la traduzione delle pagine dedicate ai consigli relativi agli usi nel vestire e all'eleganza., We analyze the first French translations of the "Galateo", edited in France and in Switzerland just after the publication of the Italian masterpiece, in the last decades of the XVI century. Special attention is devoted to lexicon in the chapters outlining the way a gentleman should look and dress.

Si ripercorre la storia della parola "sciamito" (una antica tecnica di lavorazione della seta), la sua diffusione nelle lingue europee e le sue trasformazioni

Languages ​​historically define physical, historical and relational spaces. In the modern age they have been an instrument for the affirmation of states to the point of providing the basis on which to build national identities. In many cases, thanks to the imperial projection, European languages ​​have "colonized" extra-European spaces, leaving important - and controversial - legacies. Political-cultural hegemonies have often corresponded to linguistic hegemonies, such as French in the nineteenth century and English in the twentieth, in connection with the affirmation of an American way of life that still makes its effects felt despite the presence - at the beginning of the 21st century - of a stronger anti-Americanism in many non-Western contexts. In the world scenario increasingly marked by globalization, relations between states are also very much at the level of languages, an important instrument of communication and penetration of soft power for old and new international players. Global multipolarity is a Babel in which it is important to spread or defend one's own language. The geopolitics of languages ​​is thus measured in terms of the impact of a language outside its own areas of rooting, constituting in many cases an important access key available to states to foster new relationships, economic and cultural exchanges, political influence. At the same time, however, languages ​​also impose themselves as strong factors of resistance to globalization, vectors for identity and localist statements that are strengthened in reaction to the homogenized tendencies of many global dynamics. The geopolitics of languages, in short, represents an original point of view to reflect on the contemporary world and on its rapid and contradictory transformations.

La lingua inglese oggi è un concetto di ardua definizione, l’inglese essendo diventato ‘lingua del mondo’. Il nome ‘English’ è diventato un termine ombrello utilizzato per riferirsi in modo generico all’utilizzo della lingua in diverse situazioni. L’inglese è accusato di essere una lingua egemonica che divora le altre lingue, responsabile dell’impoverimento della diversità linguistica nel mondo. Ciònonostante l’inglese lingua franca funge anche da ponte che collega i popoli e le culture diverse.

Il lavoro intende offire un quadro generale dello stato dell’italiano nel mondo e dei fattori legati alla sua diffusione e attrattività a livello internazionale. Dopo aver illustrato la posizione dell’italiano tra le lingue del mondo, vengono presentati i dati relativi alla diffusione dello studio dell’italiano nel mondo nei diversi contesti di insegnamento e le attività di promozione della lingua e della cultura italiana sostenute da istituzioni politiche e culturali nazionali. La considerazione degli elementi che costituiscono la forza di attrazione e di espansione dell’italiano consente poi di avviare alcune riflessioni di carattere linguistico e glottodidattico.

Par une approche empirique et une méthodologie linguistique rigoureuse, cet ouvrage étudie six discours récents relevant de l'actualité politique, économique et sociale française, pour vérifier la présence de procédés «typiquement français» qui caractérisent le discours argumentatif et pour ouvrir des perspectives de recherche.

Par une approche empirique et une méthodologie linguistique rigoureuse, cet ouvrage étudie six discours récents relevant de l'actualité politique, économique et sociale française, pour vérifier la présence de procédés «typiquement français» qui caractérisent le discours argumentatif et pour ouvrir des perspectives de recherche.

Si mette a fuoco la caratterizzazione della "fuga" (fuite) rispetto alle passioni dell'anima, entro uno tra i testi più rilevanti della storia del pensiero francese, facendo emergere, attraverso l'analisi testuale, la potenza esplicativa del concetto e le aporie a cui conduce.

Any rule or precept listed in the Galateo is justified by its goal, in the context of human interaction. We compare Della Casa's vantage point with recent linguistic models of politeness.

Il contributo riguarda alcune implicazioni che emergono guardando alla scrittura in quanto "azione comunicativa". Indaga inoltre le fasi di elaborazione del testo, nella prospettiva di una didattica della scrittura.

Nous analysons le discours direct en tant que structure discursive, se manifestant dans des moments éloignés en diachronie (XVIe-XXe siècle). Comme objet, nous avons choisi le discours rapporté en DD dans le contexte du discours de l'action dramatique, dans le théâtre français. Notre objet concerne le fait qu'un personnage rapporte la parole d'un autre, en le citant en discours direct, comme par exemple dans Phèdre, où la mort d'Hippolyte est racontée par Théramène, qui insère dans son récit les derniers mots prononcés par le jeune prince mourant, en DD. Nous avons choisi le théâtre à cause de la pertinence, qualitative et quantitative, de ce genre dans l'histoire de la culture française. Du point de vue de sa nature discursive, le DD enchâssé dans le discours théâtral exalte la nature dramatique que Bakhtine attribue même « à l’énoncé le plus simple ». C'est une toute première vérification de la faisabilité d’une telle recherche, en analysant les DD de sept pièces. Pour l’analyse, nous avons considéré le cadre énonciatif et ses variations/recadrages, les aspects morphosyntaxiques et les aspects pragmatique-fonctionnels. L’organisation énonciative change selon les rapports qui relient les énonciateurs entre eux aux différents niveaux d’enchâssement. Les recadrages énonciatifs dépendent soit de variations dans la structure de l’enchâssement, soit de la nature énonciative du DR (modalité et temps). L’anayse permet d’approfondir la descriptions des phénomènes concernant le DD et de les mettre en relation avec l’organisation narrative et argumentative du discours théâtral. Quelques données montrent aussi l’intérêt de poursuive la recherche, pour vérifier sur un corpus plus riche si les différences de cadres et recadrages discursifs sont appréciables d’un point de vue diachronique.

Si mette a confronto il diverso trattamento riservato all'argomentazione nei sistemi scolastici francese e italiano, prendendo le mosse dall'analisi di un manuale di B. Meyer per la didattica dell'argomentazione.

Gli autori presentano un modello della comunicazione verbale che, tenendo conto degli apporti storici sia antichi che recenti (XX secolo), propone come elemento di sintesi il fenomeno della congruità semantico-testuale, nelle sue molteplici implicazioni (in vista della sintassi, del testo, del discorso, della conversazione...). Ci si sofferma inoltre sul modello saussuriano proponendone la rilettura in chiave pragmatica, tenuto conto di una adeguata integrazione della semiosi nel contesto degli interlocutori.

Vengono passati in rassegna contrastivamente alcuni dei tratti principali della fonetica francese, individuando proposte metodoligiche per una didattica efficace adatta a studenti della scuola superiore e universitari.

Ci si sofferma sui vantaggi della lettura guidata di entrate del dizionario relative a lessemi particolarmente rilevanti dal punto di vista linguistico-culturale, indicando i livelli pertinenti per l'analisi.

L'insegnamento linguistico è inevitabilmente connesso con l'acquisizione di categorialità fine e pertanto con la capacità di riconoscere ed esprimere aspetti rilevanti nella realtà. Si mostrano alcuni aspetti del tema, relativamente ai programmi scolastici nella scuola secondaria di primo grado.

L'insegnamento linguistico è inevitabilmente connesso con l'acquisizione di categorialità fine e pertanto con la capacità di riconoscere ed esprimere aspetti rilevanti nella realtà. Si mostrano alcuni aspetti del tema, relativamente ai programmi scolastici nella scuola secondaria di primo grado.

Il confronto tra andamenti narrativi scritti e orali in diverse lingue romanze consente di ipotizzare alcuni tratti caratteristici dell'inserimento del discorso diretto e le funzioni che tale inserimento produce a livello di organizzazione del discorso e di argomentazione.

Viene analizzato un corpus formato da occorrenze di discorso diretto in francese, sia in testi scritti (stampa, letteratura, racconti autobiografici...) sia in conversazioni orali (narrazioni legate alla vita quotidiana, trasmissioni televisive, testimonianze...). L'analisi consente di mostrare alcuni tratti che caratterizzano il DD in quanto struttura linguistica e le funzioni che esso svolge preferenzialmente.

Presentazione critica di un saggio di Eric Orsenna dedicato all'interpunzione, alle sue funzioni semantico-testuali e ai suoi rapporti con la prosodia.

We offer some guidelines for the teaching of French texts at school (average, high-school pupils). We focus on three levels: 1.the emotive component and its linguistic expressions (lexicon, metaphores, direct speech, indexicals...); 2.the argumentation of emotions (reasonable involvement based on the knowledge of the cultural and historical context); 3.some remarks on reader's personal involvement. We display our methodology in analysing some passages from some contemporary French novels.

Presentazione critica di un saggio di Eric Orsenna dedicato all'interpunzione, alle sue funzioni semantico-testuali e ai suoi rapporti con la prosodia.

We deal with the verbal expression of point of view in argumentation, as it is expressed in seven discourses about censorship, held by Robespierre during French Revolution. In the context of the debate concerning human rights, Robespierre strongly supports the freedom of the press as one of the most important conquests of Revolution. In a short time, however, complete freedom shows to be a dangerous weapon in the hands of enemies: Robespierre, in the name of the same disinterested ethos which inspired him before, argues for death penalty for those who write against him and his party. Innovative methodology is applied as we combine discourse analysis and emotive lexicon analysis., Nous avons étudié, dans ce chapitre de "La pluralité interprétative", la construction rhétorique du point de vue de Robespierre, dans un corpus de discours passionnés consacrés à la liberté de la presse. Tout en affichant dans ces discours un éthos absolument désintéressé (ce qui lui valut d'ailleurs le sobriquet d'Incorruptible), l'orateur finit par invoquer la peine capitale pour les journalistes qui ne sont pas fidèles à la Révolution et au parti des Jacobins. L'étude fait recours aux outils de l'analyse du discours et à l'analyse du lexique des émotions.

We deal with the verbal expression of point of view in argumentation, as it is expressed in seven discourses about censorship, held by Robespierre during French Revolution. In the context of the debate concerning human rights, Robespierre strongly supports the freedom of the press as one of the most important conquests of Revolution. In a short time, however, complete freedom shows to be a dangerous weapon in the hands of enemies: Robespierre, in the name of the same disinterested ethos which inspired him before, argues for death penalty for those who write against him and his party. Innovative methodology is applied as we combine discourse analysis and emotive lexicon analysis., Nous avons étudié, dans ce chapitre de "La pluralité interprétative", la construction rhétorique du point de vue de Robespierre, dans un corpus de discours passionnés consacrés à la liberté de la presse. Tout en affichant dans ces discours un éthos absolument désintéressé (ce qui lui valut d'ailleurs le sobriquet d'Incorruptible), l'orateur finit par invoquer la peine capitale pour les journalistes qui ne sont pas fidèles à la Révolution et au parti des Jacobins. L'étude fait recours aux outils de l'analyse du discours et à l'analyse du lexique des émotions.