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This research paper delves into the realm of Nisu culture, an emerging fan subculture that has gained significant popularity among Chinese women in recent years. By examining the perspectives of Nisu fans and their engagement within the Nisu fan community, this study aims to present a comprehensive and authentic depiction of this cultural phenomenon. Additionally, the research explores the concept of the female gaze within the context of Nisu culture, shedding light on its complexities. Through interviews with Nisu fans and online participatory observations, a wealth of detailed information was collected, offering valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of Nisu culture. The findings highlight the diverse experiences and viewpoints of female fans, showcasing their varied forms of engagement and the nuanced manifestations of the female gaze. The gaze of Nisu fans extends beyond mere objectification, emphasizing emotional connections, and challenging conventional gender norms. By critically examining the development and limitations of Nisu culture, this study contributes to the ongoing debate surrounding its progressive potential and its impact on gender dynamics. This study emphasizes the need to go beyond a simple gender role reversal and advocates for equality, inclusivity, and the amplification of marginalized voices within fan communities.

Lower female genital tract is colonized by a variety of microbes (cervicovaginal microbiota, CVM) which associate with the risk of genital infection. This study characterized CVM for 149 Chinese women with different status of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL): no HPV infection (HPV-), HPV infection without significant SIL (HPV+NoSIL), HPV infection with low-grade SIL (HPV+LSIL) and HPV infection with high-grade SIL (HPV+HSIL). Analysis results showed CVM has dramatically changed in HPV+HSIL group when compared to HPV+LSIL group, but it exhibited no significant differences between HPV- and HPV+NoSIL groups as well as between HPV+NoSIL and HPV+LSIL groups. In consistence, random forest analysis found more notable differences in HPV+HSIL vs HPV+LSIL comparison than in other comparisons. In addition, depletion of Lactobacillus in CVM was more to be frequently identified in SIL-positive women as compared to SIL-negative individuals. Our findings suggested that significant CVM differences occurred when SIL developed to HSIL which was caused by persistent HPV infection. Copyright © 2022 Guo, Dai, Zhou, Gui, Cai, Wu, Hou, Li, Li, Du and Wu.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc, Arts, Education and Law, This thesis examines a leading group of Chinese merchants (those engaged in overseas trade) and their families who operated businesses in the Northern Territory (‘the Territory’) during the period 1880-1950. This study emphasises the benefits of a translocal approach to understanding the interrelationships of race, class, and gender in this history. But it also provides a framework for investigating the interrelationships of Chinese people in Darwin, of Chinese and Aboriginal people, and of Chinese people in different locations in Australia and overseas. I argue that Chinese merchants and their families based in particular locations should be studied in relation to each other and thus comparatively and transnationally to better understand their various contributions to local, national and international histories. Darwin is one such illuminating example. The Chinese merchants in the Territory are a dynamic and underinvestigated case study in this regard due to several compelling factors. The ongoing presence of Chinese in the Territory spanned a tumultuous era in the Territory and Australia’s path to nationhood: the discovery of gold in the Territory in the 1870s; the advent of the telegraph line, railway and international steamship companies; anti-Chinese sentiment in Australian colonies and overseas in the 1880s; Federation and the infamous Immigration Restriction Act in 1901; the passing of the Territory from South Australian to Commonwealth administration in 1911, and World Wars One and Two. Darwin occupied a pivotal position in Australia’s battle with Japan during World War Two. Moreover, the Territory, together with the northern regions of Western Australia and Queensland, featured in race debates and anti- Chinese rhetoric surrounding Federation. These regions posed a dilemma for Australian colonial then federal governments regarding the need for labour to develop the north without compromising the vision of a ‘White Australia’. Until 1888, the Territory was a

This study explores the discursive construction of Chinese women in the Chinese reality show Sisters Who Make Waves, with a special focus on the discursive shifts and their relevance to the wider discourse of and about Chinese women. The analysis is carried out on two levels: the discursive construction of Chinese women in the said reality show and its recontextualisation across other discourses including in the public sphere and semi-private opinions of Chinese women. This research discusses the discursive construction of Chinese women in the Chinese media field and the discrepancy between “top-down” and “bottom-up” discourse. The project uses a multi-layer theoretical framework situated in media and society, gender and media representation, celebrity culture and digital labour to explore the discursive construction of Chinese women. The study applies to the reality show as the primary context, media perceptions as the recontextualising context, interviews with female employees in the Chinese internet industry as the secondary context. In order to investigate the arguments and discursive strategies in different contexts, this study employs a multilevel model of the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings discover that the said reality show focuses on the topos of age and the topos of beauty. These two main topoi cause different representations of social actors in Chinese media perceptions. As the representatives of female digital labour, the female employees in the Chinese internet industry construct three discursive strategies of self and relate their self-perception to those of other women. Furthermore, the study implies the discursive shifts in the discourse on Chinese women. This thesis contributes to understanding the discursive construction of women in the Chinese context, particularly the media and gender representations in the Chinese hybrid media system. In addition, this study stands outside the Western wor

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected individuals' physical and mental health, including that of immigrant women. This study aimed to evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), identify the demographic factors and awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic contributing to physical and mental health, and examine the risk factors associated with poor physical and mental health of Chinese women in Japan following the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Using an electronic questionnaire survey, we collected data including items on HRQoL, awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic, and demographic factors. One hundred and ninety-three participants were analyzed. Approximately 98.9% of them thought that COVID-19 affected their daily lives, and 97.4% had COVID-19 concerns. Married status (OR = 2.88, 95%CI [1.07, 7.72], p = 0.036), high concerns (OR = 3.99, 95%CI [1.46, 10.94], p = 0.007), and no concerns (OR = 8.75, 95%CI [1.17, 65.52], p = 0.035) about the COVID-19 pandemic were significantly associated with poor physical health. Unmarried status (OR = 2.83, 95%CI [1.20, 6.70], p = 0.018) and high COVID-19 concerns (OR = 2.17, 95%CI [1.04, 4.56], p = 0.040) were significantly associated with poor mental health. It is necessary to provide effective social support for Chinese women in Japan to improve their well-being, especially in terms of mental health.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected individuals' physical and mental health, including that of immigrant women. This study aimed to evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), identify the demographic factors and awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic contributing to physical and mental health, and examine the risk factors associated with poor physical and mental health of Chinese women in Japan following the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Using an electronic questionnaire survey, we collected data including items on HRQoL, awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic, and demographic factors. One hundred and ninety-three participants were analyzed. Approximately 98.9% of them thought that COVID-19 affected their daily lives, and 97.4% had COVID-19 concerns. Married status (OR = 2.88, 95%CI [1.07, 7.72], p = 0.036), high concerns (OR = 3.99, 95%CI [1.46, 10.94], p = 0.007), and no concerns (OR = 8.75, 95%CI [1.17, 65.52], p = 0.035) about the COVID-19 pandemic were significantly associated with poor physical health. Unmarried status (OR = 2.83, 95%CI [1.20, 6.70], p = 0.018) and high COVID-19 concerns (OR = 2.17, 95%CI [1.04, 4.56], p = 0.040) were significantly associated with poor mental health. It is necessary to provide effective social support for Chinese women in Japan to improve their well-being, especially in terms of mental health.

This thesis examines a leading group of Chinese merchants (those engaged in overseas trade) and their families who operated businesses in the Northern Territory (‘the Territory’) during the period 1880-1950. This study emphasises the benefits of a translocal approach to understanding the interrelationships of race, class, and gender in this history. But it also provides a framework for investigating the interrelationships of Chinese people in Darwin, of Chinese and Aboriginal people, and of Chinese people in different locations in Australia and overseas. I argue that Chinese merchants and their families based in particular locations should be studied in relation to each other and thus comparatively and transnationally to better understand their various contributions to local, national and international histories. Darwin is one such illuminating example. The Chinese merchants in the Territory are a dynamic and underinvestigated case study in this regard due to several compelling factors. The ongoing presence of Chinese in the Territory spanned a tumultuous era in the Territory and Australia’s path to nationhood: the discovery of gold in the Territory in the 1870s; the advent of the telegraph line, railway and international steamship companies; anti-Chinese sentiment in Australian colonies and overseas in the 1880s; Federation and the infamous Immigration Restriction Act in 1901; the passing of the Territory from South Australian to Commonwealth administration in 1911, and World Wars One and Two. Darwin occupied a pivotal position in Australia’s battle with Japan during World War Two. Moreover, the Territory, together with the northern regions of Western Australia and Queensland, featured in race debates and anti- Chinese rhetoric surrounding Federation. These regions posed a dilemma for Australian colonial then federal governments regarding the need for labour to develop the north without compromising the vision of a ‘White Australia’. Until 1888, the Territory was a, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc, Arts, Education and Law, Full Text

This study explores the discursive construction of Chinese women in the Chinese reality show Sisters Who Make Waves, with a special focus on the discursive shifts and their relevance to the wider discourse of and about Chinese women. The analysis is carried out on two levels: the discursive construction of Chinese women in the said reality show and its recontextualisation across other discourses including in the public sphere and semi-private opinions of Chinese women. This research discusses the discursive construction of Chinese women in the Chinese media field and the discrepancy between “top-down” and “bottom-up” discourse. The project uses a multi-layer theoretical framework situated in media and society, gender and media representation, celebrity culture and digital labour to explore the discursive construction of Chinese women. The study applies to the reality show as the primary context, media perceptions as the recontextualising context, interviews with female employees in the Chinese internet industry as the secondary context. In order to investigate the arguments and discursive strategies in different contexts, this study employs a multilevel model of the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The findings discover that the said reality show focuses on the topos of age and the topos of beauty. These two main topoi cause different representations of social actors in Chinese media perceptions. As the representatives of female digital labour, the female employees in the Chinese internet industry construct three discursive strategies of self and relate their self-perception to those of other women. Furthermore, the study implies the discursive shifts in the discourse on Chinese women. This thesis contributes to understanding the discursive construction of women in the Chinese context, particularly the media and gender representations in the Chinese hybrid media system. In addition, this study stands outside the Western wor

En este artículo reflexionaremos, a través de la lectura Bansheng yuan, la primera novela larga de Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), sobre la situación de la mujer china en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Con el análisis de los tres principales personajes femeninos nos centraremos en destacar dos aspectos que, a pesar de haber avanzado en la teoría, seguían lastrando la posición de la mujer en la práctica: la falta de independencia laboral y el matrimonio., In this paper, we will reflect on the condition of Chinese women in the first decades of the 20th century through a close reading of Bansheng yuan, Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang)’s first long novel. Through the analysis of the three main female characters, we will focus in two aspects ‒lack of labor independence and marriage‒ to underscore that, in spite of some theoretical improvements, the position of women was still burdened in reality.

Many studies have investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D/I polymorphism and cardiovascular disease or endothelial dysfunction; however, hardly any of these studies has taken aging or menopause into consideration. Furthermore, despite that many studies have examined the regulatory effects of endothelial-released factors (ERFs) on endothelial function, no study has evaluated the relationship between ERFs and endothelial function with respect toACED/I polymorphism and menopause status. To answer these questions, 391 healthy Chinese women over a wide range of ages (22-75 years) were enrolled and divided into pre-menopause group and post-menopause group. AfterACED/I genotype being identified, the women were then classified into either DI/II or DD genotype. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial endothelium and plasma levels of ERFs: nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured. The results showed that frequencies ofACED/I genotypes were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of I allele was higher than D allele. In pre-menopause group, FMD was significantly higher in women of DI/II than DD (P= 0.032), and age-dependent in both genotypes (DD,P= 0.0472; DI/II,P< 0.0001). In post-menopause group, FMD was similar between women of DI/II and DD, and age-dependent only in women of DI/II (P< 0.0001). In pre-menopause group, Ang II level was significantly higher in women of DD than DI/II (P= 0.029), and FMD was significantly correlated with all ERFs in women of DD (NO,P= 0.032; ET-1,P= 0.017; Ang II,P= 0.002), but only with Ang II in women of DI/II (P= 0.026). In post-menopause group, no significant difference was observed in any ERF between women of DI/II and DD, and FMD was only significantly correlated with ET-1 in women of DD (P= 0.010). In summary, FMD in women of DI/II was superior to DD in pre-menopause and more age-dependent than DD in post-menopause, and FMD

Many studies have investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D/I polymorphism and cardiovascular disease or endothelial dysfunction; however, hardly any of these studies has taken aging or menopause into consideration. Furthermore, despite that many studies have examined the regulatory effects of endothelial-released factors (ERFs) on endothelial function, no study has evaluated the relationship between ERFs and endothelial function with respect toACED/I polymorphism and menopause status. To answer these questions, 391 healthy Chinese women over a wide range of ages (22-75 years) were enrolled and divided into pre-menopause group and post-menopause group. AfterACED/I genotype being identified, the women were then classified into either DI/II or DD genotype. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial endothelium and plasma levels of ERFs: nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured. The results showed that frequencies ofACED/I genotypes were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of I allele was higher than D allele. In pre-menopause group, FMD was significantly higher in women of DI/II than DD (P= 0.032), and age-dependent in both genotypes (DD,P= 0.0472; DI/II,P< 0.0001). In post-menopause group, FMD was similar between women of DI/II and DD, and age-dependent only in women of DI/II (P< 0.0001). In pre-menopause group, Ang II level was significantly higher in women of DD than DI/II (P= 0.029), and FMD was significantly correlated with all ERFs in women of DD (NO,P= 0.032; ET-1,P= 0.017; Ang II,P= 0.002), but only with Ang II in women of DI/II (P= 0.026). In post-menopause group, no significant difference was observed in any ERF between women of DI/II and DD, and FMD was only significantly correlated with ET-1 in women of DD (P= 0.010). In summary, FMD in women of DI/II was superior to DD in pre-menopause and more age-dependent than DD in post-menopause, and FMD

Many studies have investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D/I polymorphism and cardiovascular disease or endothelial dysfunction; however, hardly any of these studies has taken aging or menopause into consideration. Furthermore, despite that many studies have examined the regulatory effects of endothelial-released factors (ERFs) on endothelial function, no study has evaluated the relationship between ERFs and endothelial function with respect toACED/I polymorphism and menopause status. To answer these questions, 391 healthy Chinese women over a wide range of ages (22-75 years) were enrolled and divided into pre-menopause group and post-menopause group. AfterACED/I genotype being identified, the women were then classified into either DI/II or DD genotype. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial endothelium and plasma levels of ERFs: nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured. The results showed that frequencies ofACED/I genotypes were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of I allele was higher than D allele. In pre-menopause group, FMD was significantly higher in women of DI/II than DD (P= 0.032), and age-dependent in both genotypes (DD,P= 0.0472; DI/II,P< 0.0001). In post-menopause group, FMD was similar between women of DI/II and DD, and age-dependent only in women of DI/II (P< 0.0001). In pre-menopause group, Ang II level was significantly higher in women of DD than DI/II (P= 0.029), and FMD was significantly correlated with all ERFs in women of DD (NO,P= 0.032; ET-1,P= 0.017; Ang II,P= 0.002), but only with Ang II in women of DI/II (P= 0.026). In post-menopause group, no significant difference was observed in any ERF between women of DI/II and DD, and FMD was only significantly correlated with ET-1 in women of DD (P= 0.010). In summary, FMD in women of DI/II was superior to DD in pre-menopause and more age-dependent than DD in post-menopause, and FMD

My dissertation aims to offer a new window into women’s spatial, social, and spiritual positioning in late imperial China by reconsidering women’s interactions with various physical and imagined temples/religious spaces. It explores the kinetic role of temples —a unique yet understudied “space”—in producing and reproducing gender relationship, identity, body, and space itself. Temples not only drew the cloistered Chinese women of diverse social and educational status out of their homes, but also disorientated yet vitalized them between the bipolar sensations of anchorage and variability, between bodily confinement and spiritual ecstasy. Through women’s controversial yet common existence in temples or various religious spaces, we could glance at how Buddhism (and other heterodox religions), by lavishing persistent attention on and offering tremendous opportunities to women, negotiates its status and domain within an increasingly hostile society dominated by Neo-Confucianism.From the second half of the Ming dynasty through High Qing (roughly spanning late 15th to 18th centuries), a dual development rises to prominence in China’s ideological landscape. On the one hand, lay Buddhism flourished across wide swaths of Chinese society, and especially among women; one the other, the Neo-Confucian doctrines ascended to the state orthodoxy and fueled a reinforcement of Confucian family rituals and women’s seclusion. Under these circumstances, women were increasingly relegated to the private sphere, and yet there was nevertheless an ever-growing group of female devotees who embarked on far-flung pilgrimages and devoted themselves to outdoor spiritual activities. As Buddhism and Confucianism vied more dramatically for women’s allegiance at the time, the temple came to represent both a problematic site of heresy and transgression, and an alternative space that provided unique accommodation for women’s body and soul.Examining a wide range of literary and historical materials, my d

In recognition of the thousands of Asian women who are sexually trafficked from China into the United States each year, I decided to research the historical roots of sexual trafficking and the current conditions that the victims face. Historical and ongoing marginalization of communities of color into urban slums have created a foundation for illegal trafficking that is largely visible in the public eye, but the actual victims remain invisible. Current laws that are meant to help victims of sexual trafficking lack sensitivity in the intersectionality of culture, gender, and sexuality. To help victims of sexual trafficking is to put their narratives in the forefront of discussion and to give them the specialized attention that community grassroots organizations like the Garden of Hope have done.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore associations of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and whether LPCs mediated the associations of bile acids with GDM risk or had interactive effects with bile acids on GDM risk.DesignWe conducted a 1:1 nested case-control study (n = 486) from a large prospective pregnant women cohort in urban Tianjin, China. Blood samples were collected at their first antenatal care visit (median at 10th gestational week). LPCs were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Conditional binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to identify cutoff points of these metabolites for GDM risk.ResultsOf the 6 detectable LPCs, LPC14:0 less than 0.24 nmol/mL, LPC15:0 at 0.45 nmol/mL or greater, and LPC18:0 at 18.00 nmol/mL or greater were independently associated with GDM risk. Adjustment for LPC18:0 slightly attenuated odds ratios (ORs) of deoxycholic acid (DCA, ≤ 0.36 nmol/mL) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA, ≤ 0.07 nmol/mL) for GDM, and the correlations of DCA and GUDCA with LPC18:0 were weak. However, the presence of DCA at 0.36 nmol/mL or less greatly amplified the adjusted OR of LPC18:0 at 18.00 nmol/mL or greater alone for GDM from 8.18 (2.51-26.7) up to 17.7 (6.64-47.1), with significant additive interaction. Similarly, the presence of GUDCA at 0.07 nmol/mL or less also greatly amplified the adjusted OR of LPC18:0 at 18.00 nmol/mL or greater alone for GDM from 17.2 (1.77-168) up to 73.8 (12.7-429), with significant additive interaction.ConclusionsLPCs in early pregnancy were associated with GDM risk. Low DCA or GUDCA greatly amplified the effect of high LPC18:0 on GDM, and its molecular mechanism is worth further investigations.

En este artículo reflexionaremos, a través de la lectura Bansheng yuan, la primera novela larga de Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), sobre la situación de la mujer china en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Con el análisis de los tres principales personajes femeninos nos centraremos en destacar dos aspectos que, a pesar de haber avanzado en la teoría, seguían lastrando la posición de la mujer en la práctica: la falta de independencia laboral y el matrimonio., In this paper, we will reflect on the condition of Chinese women in the first decades of the 20th century through a close reading of Bansheng yuan, Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang)’s first long novel. Through the analysis of the three main female characters, we will focus in two aspects ‒lack of labor independence and marriage‒ to underscore that, in spite of some theoretical improvements, the position of women was still burdened in reality.

En este artículo reflexionaremos, a través de la lectura Bansheng yuan, la primera novela larga de Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), sobre la situación de la mujer china en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Con el análisis de los tres principales personajes femeninos nos centraremos en destacar dos aspectos que, a pesar de haber avanzado en la teoría, seguían lastrando la posición de la mujer en la práctica: la falta de independencia laboral y el matrimonio., In this paper, we will reflect on the condition of Chinese women in the first decades of the 20th century through a close reading of Bansheng yuan, Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang)’s first long novel. Through the analysis of the three main female characters, we will focus in two aspects ‒lack of labor independence and marriage‒ to underscore that, in spite of some theoretical improvements, the position of women was still burdened in reality.

My dissertation aims to offer a new window into women’s spatial, social, and spiritual positioning in late imperial China by reconsidering women’s interactions with various physical and imagined temples/religious spaces. It explores the kinetic role of temples —a unique yet understudied “space”—in producing and reproducing gender relationship, identity, body, and space itself. Temples not only drew the cloistered Chinese women of diverse social and educational status out of their homes, but also disorientated yet vitalized them between the bipolar sensations of anchorage and variability, between bodily confinement and spiritual ecstasy. Through women’s controversial yet common existence in temples or various religious spaces, we could glance at how Buddhism (and other heterodox religions), by lavishing persistent attention on and offering tremendous opportunities to women, negotiates its status and domain within an increasingly hostile society dominated by Neo-Confucianism.From the second half of the Ming dynasty through High Qing (roughly spanning late 15th to 18th centuries), a dual development rises to prominence in China’s ideological landscape. On the one hand, lay Buddhism flourished across wide swaths of Chinese society, and especially among women; one the other, the Neo-Confucian doctrines ascended to the state orthodoxy and fueled a reinforcement of Confucian family rituals and women’s seclusion. Under these circumstances, women were increasingly relegated to the private sphere, and yet there was nevertheless an ever-growing group of female devotees who embarked on far-flung pilgrimages and devoted themselves to outdoor spiritual activities. As Buddhism and Confucianism vied more dramatically for women’s allegiance at the time, the temple came to represent both a problematic site of heresy and transgression, and an alternative space that provided unique accommodation for women’s body and soul.Examining a wide range of literary and historical materials, my d

In recognition of the thousands of Asian women who are sexually trafficked from China into the United States each year, I decided to research the historical roots of sexual trafficking and the current conditions that the victims face. Historical and ongoing marginalization of communities of color into urban slums have created a foundation for illegal trafficking that is largely visible in the public eye, but the actual victims remain invisible. Current laws that are meant to help victims of sexual trafficking lack sensitivity in the intersectionality of culture, gender, and sexuality. To help victims of sexual trafficking is to put their narratives in the forefront of discussion and to give them the specialized attention that community grassroots organizations like the Garden of Hope have done.

En este artículo reflexionaremos, a través de la lectura Bansheng yuan, la primera novela larga de Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), sobre la situación de la mujer china en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Con el análisis de los tres principales personajes femeninos nos centraremos en destacar dos aspectos que, a pesar de haber avanzado en la teoría, seguían lastrando la posición de la mujer en la práctica: la falta de independencia laboral y el matrimonio., In this paper, we will reflect on the condition of Chinese women in the first decades of the 20th century through a close reading of Bansheng yuan, Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang)’s first long novel. Through the analysis of the three main female characters, we will focus in two aspects ‒lack of labor independence and marriage‒ to underscore that, in spite of some theoretical improvements, the position of women was still burdened in reality.

This study aimed to explore associations of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and whether LPCs mediated the associations of bile acids with GDM risk or had interactive effects with bile acids on GDM risk. We conducted a 1:1 nested case-control study (n = 486) from a large prospective pregnant women cohort in urban Tianjin, China. Blood samples were collected at their first antenatal care visit (median at 10th gestational week). LPCs were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Conditional binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to identify cutoff points of these metabolites for GDM risk. Of the 6 detectable LPCs, LPC14:0 less than 0.24 nmol/mL, LPC15:0 at 0.45 nmol/mL or greater, and LPC18:0 at 18.00 nmol/mL or greater were independently associated with GDM risk. Adjustment for LPC18:0 slightly attenuated odds ratios (ORs) of deoxycholic acid (DCA, ≤ 0.36 nmol/mL) and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA, ≤ 0.07 nmol/mL) for GDM, and the correlations of DCA and GUDCA with LPC18:0 were weak. However, the presence of DCA at 0.36 nmol/mL or less greatly amplified the adjusted OR of LPC18:0 at 18.00 nmol/mL or greater alone for GDM from 8.18 (2.51-26.7) up to 17.7 (6.64-47.1), with significant additive interaction. Similarly, the presence of GUDCA at 0.07 nmol/mL or less also greatly amplified the adjusted OR of LPC18:0 at 18.00 nmol/mL or greater alone for GDM from 17.2 (1.77-168) up to 73.8 (12.7-429), with significant additive interaction. LPCs in early pregnancy were associated with GDM risk. Low DCA or GUDCA greatly amplified the effect of high LPC18:0 on GDM, and its molecular mechanism is worth further investigations.

En este artículo reflexionaremos, a través de la lectura Bansheng yuan, la primera novela larga de Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), sobre la situación de la mujer china en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Con el análisis de los tres principales personajes femeninos nos centraremos en destacar dos aspectos que, a pesar de haber avanzado en la teoría, seguían lastrando la posición de la mujer en la práctica: la falta de independencia laboral y el matrimonio., In this paper, we will reflect on the condition of Chinese women in the first decades of the 20th century through a close reading of Bansheng yuan, Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang)’s first long novel. Through the analysis of the three main female characters, we will focus in two aspects ‒lack of labor independence and marriage‒ to underscore that, in spite of some theoretical improvements, the position of women was still burdened in reality.

En este artículo reflexionaremos, a través de la lectura Bansheng yuan, la primera novela larga de Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang), sobre la situación de la mujer china en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Con el análisis de los tres principales personajes femeninos nos centraremos en destacar dos aspectos que, a pesar de haber avanzado en la teoría, seguían lastrando la posición de la mujer en la práctica: la falta de independencia laboral y el matrimonio., In this paper, we will reflect on the condition of Chinese women in the first decades of the 20th century through a close reading of Bansheng yuan, Zhang Ailing (Eileen Chang)’s first long novel. Through the analysis of the three main female characters, we will focus in two aspects ‒lack of labor independence and marriage‒ to underscore that, in spite of some theoretical improvements, the position of women was still burdened in reality.

Many studies have investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D/I polymorphism and cardiovascular disease or endothelial dysfunction; however, hardly any of these studies has taken aging or menopause into consideration. Furthermore, despite that many studies have examined the regulatory effects of endothelial-released factors (ERFs) on endothelial function, no study has evaluated the relationship between ERFs and endothelial function with respect toACED/I polymorphism and menopause status. To answer these questions, 391 healthy Chinese women over a wide range of ages (22-75 years) were enrolled and divided into pre-menopause group and post-menopause group. AfterACED/I genotype being identified, the women were then classified into either DI/II or DD genotype. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial endothelium and plasma levels of ERFs: nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured. The results showed that frequencies ofACED/I genotypes were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of I allele was higher than D allele. In pre-menopause group, FMD was significantly higher in women of DI/II than DD (P= 0.032), and age-dependent in both genotypes (DD,P= 0.0472; DI/II,P< 0.0001). In post-menopause group, FMD was similar between women of DI/II and DD, and age-dependent only in women of DI/II (P< 0.0001). In pre-menopause group, Ang II level was significantly higher in women of DD than DI/II (P= 0.029), and FMD was significantly correlated with all ERFs in women of DD (NO,P= 0.032; ET-1,P= 0.017; Ang II,P= 0.002), but only with Ang II in women of DI/II (P= 0.026). In post-menopause group, no significant difference was observed in any ERF between women of DI/II and DD, and FMD was only significantly correlated with ET-1 in women of DD (P= 0.010). In summary, FMD in women of DI/II was superior to DD in pre-menopause and more age-dependent than DD in post-menopause, and FMD

Worldwide, obesity is a salient public health problem, particularly for young women. Mobile fitness technology, such as smartwatches, trackable wrist bands, and fitness apps, provides interventions that are affordable and tailored to engage women in physical activities. However, systematic reviews suggest that women's adherence to mobile fitness technology is problematic. Relationship management theory (RMT) is used in this dissertation to explore the solutions to this challenge. RMT gives guidelines on how to engage the publics and establish long-term stable relationships through strategic communication. Mobile fitness technology centers around interacting with users about exercise data and fitness information. Given its communication- centered nature, short-term abandonment of mobile fitness technology is actually a problem of how to engage users via strategic communication to establish long-term quality relationships. The research questions ask how women make meaning of their usage and assess the relevance of RMT in explaining women's connections to technology. Fifty female users in total participated in the one-on-one semi-structured qualitative interviews. The data suggest two types of relationships: human-technology parasocial relationships and user community relationships. Based on the findings, this study generates practical implications for technological interventions to achieve success in changing women's obese and low participation in exercise. It demonstrates that sophisticated sociocultural factors play a crucial role in facilitating long-term relationships between females and mobile fitness technology. Interestingly, the relational outcomes also include not only users’ exercise behaviors, but also show spillover effects on their perceptions of the technology companies. Traditionally, a company's relationship management is facilitated by public relations practitioners with tangible products or community events. Mobile fitness apps generally have no real

Many studies have investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D/I polymorphism and cardiovascular disease or endothelial dysfunction; however, hardly any of these studies has taken aging or menopause into consideration. Furthermore, despite that many studies have examined the regulatory effects of endothelial-released factors (ERFs) on endothelial function, no study has evaluated the relationship between ERFs and endothelial function with respect toACED/I polymorphism and menopause status. To answer these questions, 391 healthy Chinese women over a wide range of ages (22-75 years) were enrolled and divided into pre-menopause group and post-menopause group. AfterACED/I genotype being identified, the women were then classified into either DI/II or DD genotype. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of brachial endothelium and plasma levels of ERFs: nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were measured. The results showed that frequencies ofACED/I genotypes were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of I allele was higher than D allele. In pre-menopause group, FMD was significantly higher in women of DI/II than DD (P= 0.032), and age-dependent in both genotypes (DD,P= 0.0472; DI/II,P< 0.0001). In post-menopause group, FMD was similar between women of DI/II and DD, and age-dependent only in women of DI/II (P< 0.0001). In pre-menopause group, Ang II level was significantly higher in women of DD than DI/II (P= 0.029), and FMD was significantly correlated with all ERFs in women of DD (NO,P= 0.032; ET-1,P= 0.017; Ang II,P= 0.002), but only with Ang II in women of DI/II (P= 0.026). In post-menopause group, no significant difference was observed in any ERF between women of DI/II and DD, and FMD was only significantly correlated with ET-1 in women of DD (P= 0.010). In summary, FMD in women of DI/II was superior to DD in pre-menopause and more age-dependent than DD in post-menopause, and FMD

Background: Female entrepreneurship in China is a practice which scholars have explored severally in recent years. Just as many Asian countries, the role of Chinese women has been undermined for a longer period. However, the 20 th century marked a positive turn in Chinese culture. The rate of discrimination and seclusion of women from economic empowerment started reducing significantly. Today, Chinese women are struggling to compete effectively with their male counterparts in entrepreneurial sector. The purpose of having women empowerment on the market economy is to generate more income to the country. Also, the practice lessens the rate of unemployment and high rate of dependency in China. Hence, it is apparent that the entrepreneurial actions in China are motivated by a number of factors that are presented in the paper. Purpose: The primary aim of the study is to determine influential and motivational factors for female entrepreneurs in China. Methods: The research has employed a qualitative research approach to determine influential factors and motivating aspects of female entrepreneurship in China. Random sampling tactic has been chosen as the methodology to discover data of women that have succeeded in the country. This approach can help to analyze a broader population of women entrepreneurs in China. Meanwhile, a semi-structured interview was involved in collecting data so that first-hand and unbiased information is obtained from interviewees. Findings: From the study of the influential factors and motivation for female entrepreneurs in China, it has been noted that the process of entrepreneurship among the current female entrepreneurs in the country can be categorized as either passive or initiative. While looking at the passive entrepreneurship among the female entrepreneurs, it is noted that those people are driven by the daily needs of their families. On the other hand, initiative entrepreneurship relies much more on human capital and social capit

Background: Female entrepreneurship in China is a practice which scholars have explored severally in recent years. Just as many Asian countries, the role of Chinese women has been undermined for a longer period. However, the 20 th century marked a positive turn in Chinese culture. The rate of discrimination and seclusion of women from economic empowerment started reducing significantly. Today, Chinese women are struggling to compete effectively with their male counterparts in entrepreneurial sector. The purpose of having women empowerment on the market economy is to generate more income to the country. Also, the practice lessens the rate of unemployment and high rate of dependency in China. Hence, it is apparent that the entrepreneurial actions in China are motivated by a number of factors that are presented in the paper. Purpose: The primary aim of the study is to determine influential and motivational factors for female entrepreneurs in China. Methods: The research has employed a qualitative research approach to determine influential factors and motivating aspects of female entrepreneurship in China. Random sampling tactic has been chosen as the methodology to discover data of women that have succeeded in the country. This approach can help to analyze a broader population of women entrepreneurs in China. Meanwhile, a semi-structured interview was involved in collecting data so that first-hand and unbiased information is obtained from interviewees. Findings: From the study of the influential factors and motivation for female entrepreneurs in China, it has been noted that the process of entrepreneurship among the current female entrepreneurs in the country can be categorized as either passive or initiative. While looking at the passive entrepreneurship among the female entrepreneurs, it is noted that those people are driven by the daily needs of their families. On the other hand, initiative entrepreneurship relies much more on human capital and social capit

Built upon feminist critique of neoliberalism, this paper will examine a prominent medium through which neoliberal feminist ideology is disseminated: Go Lala Go. By analyzing the film, I will show how it co-opts the discourse of neoliberalism, and reworks it to construct neoliberal female subjects. First, I will explore what kind of role neoliberalism has enacted in the formation of an emergent type of female subject in China. Then, I will demonstrate how the contentious process of neoliberal feminism affects young career women’s identities. More than career guides promoting different techniques for making women more successful at their workplaces, the film communicates to women by engaging neoliberal rhetoric in a connotative manner to cultivate a compelling female identity. It offers self-help advice and tactics to work around discrimination without directly confronting it. Instead of fighting for structural reforms, the film advocates strategies for pay raise, promotion and negotiations as updated, professionally themed etiquette lessons. In particular, I will compare how the director adopts similar and different neoliberal rhetoric in Chinese cultural contexts and conditions. China offers a challenging case study on the intersections of gender discourse and neoliberalism in transnational context. This study on contemporary Chinese women will create interesting parallels with recent U.S. analyses on the emergence of neoliberal feminism and expose its contradictory logic. The Chinese experience in turn would add complexity and depth to the critical engagement with neoliberal feminism.

Built upon feminist critique of neoliberalism, this paper will examine a prominent medium through which neoliberal feminist ideology is disseminated: Go Lala Go. By analyzing the film, I will show how it co-opts the discourse of neoliberalism, and reworks it to construct neoliberal female subjects. First, I will explore what kind of role neoliberalism has enacted in the formation of an emergent type of female subject in China. Then, I will demonstrate how the contentious process of neoliberal feminism affects young career women’s identities. More than career guides promoting different techniques for making women more successful at their workplaces, the film communicates to women by engaging neoliberal rhetoric in a connotative manner to cultivate a compelling female identity. It offers self-help advice and tactics to work around discrimination without directly confronting it. Instead of fighting for structural reforms, the film advocates strategies for pay raise, promotion and negotiations as updated, professionally themed etiquette lessons. In particular, I will compare how the director adopts similar and different neoliberal rhetoric in Chinese cultural contexts and conditions. China offers a challenging case study on the intersections of gender discourse and neoliberalism in transnational context. This study on contemporary Chinese women will create interesting parallels with recent U.S. analyses on the emergence of neoliberal feminism and expose its contradictory logic. The Chinese experience in turn would add complexity and depth to the critical engagement with neoliberal feminism.

Built upon feminist critique of neoliberalism, this paper will examine a prominent medium through which neoliberal feminist ideology is disseminated: Go Lala Go. By analyzing the film, I will show how it co-opts the discourse of neoliberalism, and reworks it to construct neoliberal female subjects. First, I will explore what kind of role neoliberalism has enacted in the formation of an emergent type of female subject in China. Then, I will demonstrate how the contentious process of neoliberal feminism affects young career women’s identities. More than career guides promoting different techniques for making women more successful at their workplaces, the film communicates to women by engaging neoliberal rhetoric in a connotative manner to cultivate a compelling female identity. It offers self-help advice and tactics to work around discrimination without directly confronting it. Instead of fighting for structural reforms, the film advocates strategies for pay raise, promotion and negotiations as updated, professionally themed etiquette lessons. In particular, I will compare how the director adopts similar and different neoliberal rhetoric in Chinese cultural contexts and conditions. China offers a challenging case study on the intersections of gender discourse and neoliberalism in transnational context. This study on contemporary Chinese women will create interesting parallels with recent U.S. analyses on the emergence of neoliberal feminism and expose its contradictory logic. The Chinese experience in turn would add complexity and depth to the critical engagement with neoliberal feminism.

Built upon feminist critique of neoliberalism, this paper will examine a prominent medium through which neoliberal feminist ideology is disseminated: Go Lala Go. By analyzing the film, I will show how it co-opts the discourse of neoliberalism, and reworks it to construct neoliberal female subjects. First, I will explore what kind of role neoliberalism has enacted in the formation of an emergent type of female subject in China. Then, I will demonstrate how the contentious process of neoliberal feminism affects young career women’s identities. More than career guides promoting different techniques for making women more successful at their workplaces, the film communicates to women by engaging neoliberal rhetoric in a connotative manner to cultivate a compelling female identity. It offers self-help advice and tactics to work around discrimination without directly confronting it. Instead of fighting for structural reforms, the film advocates strategies for pay raise, promotion and negotiations as updated, professionally themed etiquette lessons. In particular, I will compare how the director adopts similar and different neoliberal rhetoric in Chinese cultural contexts and conditions. China offers a challenging case study on the intersections of gender discourse and neoliberalism in transnational context. This study on contemporary Chinese women will create interesting parallels with recent U.S. analyses on the emergence of neoliberal feminism and expose its contradictory logic. The Chinese experience in turn would add complexity and depth to the critical engagement with neoliberal feminism.

BackgroundChinese women rarely undergo regular cervical screening. Women's decisions about cervical screening may be influenced by their perception of the risk of cervical cancer. Therefore, understanding how women perceive the risk of cervical cancer, how personal risk factors are interpreted, and the influence of cultural issues on cervical screening behavior is important.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to understand cervical cancer risk perception and the role of personal risk factors as they influence screening behavior among Chinese women.MethodAn exploratory qualitative research design was used. We conducted semistructured, in-depth interviews of 27 women in Changsha, a medium-size city in Hunan province, China.ResultsParticipants identified that cervical cancer had serious consequences, but they distanced themselves psychologically from the disease because they felt that "cervical cancer is a shameful and deadly disease." Although women identified some of the risk factors for the disease, they had little specific knowledge of human papillomavirus infection, its association with cervical cancer, and the importance of cervical screening.ConclusionThis study contributes new knowledge to the understanding of cervical screening behavior within a specific social and cultural context. Better efforts should be made to educate Chinese women on the risk of cervical cancer and emphasize that effective cancer treatments are available and that there is a good chance of survival.Implications for practiceNurses working with Chinese women should ensure that the information they provide is culturally sensitive, particularly by acknowledging the normative beliefs of this population group.

BackgroundChinese women rarely undergo regular cervical screening. Women's decisions about cervical screening may be influenced by their perception of the risk of cervical cancer. Therefore, understanding how women perceive the risk of cervical cancer, how personal risk factors are interpreted, and the influence of cultural issues on cervical screening behavior is important.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to understand cervical cancer risk perception and the role of personal risk factors as they influence screening behavior among Chinese women.MethodAn exploratory qualitative research design was used. We conducted semistructured, in-depth interviews of 27 women in Changsha, a medium-size city in Hunan province, China.ResultsParticipants identified that cervical cancer had serious consequences, but they distanced themselves psychologically from the disease because they felt that "cervical cancer is a shameful and deadly disease." Although women identified some of the risk factors for the disease, they had little specific knowledge of human papillomavirus infection, its association with cervical cancer, and the importance of cervical screening.ConclusionThis study contributes new knowledge to the understanding of cervical screening behavior within a specific social and cultural context. Better efforts should be made to educate Chinese women on the risk of cervical cancer and emphasize that effective cancer treatments are available and that there is a good chance of survival.Implications for practiceNurses working with Chinese women should ensure that the information they provide is culturally sensitive, particularly by acknowledging the normative beliefs of this population group.

Nobel Prize–winning author Pearl S. Buck articulated a feminist sensibility in her best-selling novels and short stories from the 1930s to the 1960s about Asian and American women, showing both victimization and strength. This study demonstrates that Buck and her colleagues—female reviewers, readers, and other authors—in these non-feminist years not only helped keep a feminist perspective in the public eye but helped set the stage for the feminist revival of the 1960s. Moreover, Buck used her experiences growing up in China and her credibility in the US as an expert on Asia, not to bolster a sense of superiority among Americans with regard to others, but to show similarities in the social conditions of Asian and American women—an outlook that Shaffer calls “critical internationalism.” Moreover, as her career developed, Buck increasingly portrayed the strength of Asian women in their societies, even when relegated to the “private sphere.” This essay explores what appears to be a paradoxical approach in Buck’s fiction, that over time she maintained her critique of “separate spheres” in American society while she came to appreciate the potential for women of “separate spheres” in Asian societies.

A vibrant calendar of balls and dances has long been at the heart of Chinese-Australian community life. It was at these dances that community members most powerfully experimented with and articulated what it meant to be a Chinese Australian across dimensions of race, gender and class. This thesis traces the history of Chinese community life through various social events in Sydney and Melbourne over a period spanning roughly 120 years, using dance as a prism through which to offer new insights into the interplay of the material and the emotional in the lives of young Chinese Australians. It will do so first by examining the historical contexts which shaped the early motivations of Chinese Australians who participated in dance, determined the avenues through which they socialised collectively, influenced outsiders’ perceptions of Chinese community life, and lent social and political meanings to Chinese community activities. Subsequently, this thesis turns its focus to selected dances and Chinese community events which took place in Sydney and Melbourne, restoring to the centre of study events which have often been dismissed as peripheral to main theatres of historical action. In doing so, it illuminates the social, political and emotional ends which these events served and which in turn fuelled the strength of Chinese community social life in the period under study. It also provides insight into the experiences of Chinese-Australian youth, particularly Australian-born Chinese adolescent women, who were often vital participants, organisers and ambassadors within their communities. By demonstrating the varying and complex investments Chinese Australians made in their communities through their participation in these dances, this thesis challenges earlier scholarly assumptions that Chinese community life ebbed in vitality in the first half of the twentieth century. Towards these aims, this thesis draws upon a wide range of archived documentary and oral history sources, as

Nobel Prize–winning author Pearl S. Buck articulated a feminist sensibility in her best-selling novels and short stories from the 1930s to the 1960s about Asian and American women, showing both victimization and strength. This study demonstrates that Buck and her colleagues—female reviewers, readers, and other authors—in these non-feminist years not only helped keep a feminist perspective in the public eye but helped set the stage for the feminist revival of the 1960s. Moreover, Buck used her experiences growing up in China and her credibility in the US as an expert on Asia, not to bolster a sense of superiority among Americans with regard to others, but to show similarities in the social conditions of Asian and American women—an outlook that Shaffer calls “critical internationalism.” Moreover, as her career developed, Buck increasingly portrayed the strength of Asian women in their societies, even when relegated to the “private sphere.” This essay explores what appears to be a paradoxical approach in Buck’s fiction, that over time she maintained her critique of “separate spheres” in American society while she came to appreciate the potential for women of “separate spheres” in Asian societies.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the individual attributes and the personal environment of the Chinese women who are with higher educational back-ground and living in Japan as foreign workers and to clarify the working situation and the labor system of their employment in Japan. While grasping the differences of the subjects’ life course, the study also analyzed the constraints that they have to face in their life such as the entrance to a graduate school, the employment, the marriage etc. The study, which adopts a questionnaire method, interviewed Chinese women with higher educations who are working for local companies in Japan. The study demonstrates that respondents desired to access higher education in Japan. Because of their high educational backgrounds, they rather easily obtained employment, even though the labor market still has a gender bias. The respondents possessed a high level of Japanese and majority of them held international business visas. They have their own life track of working due to the inherently economic-social background that they cannot choose by themselves such as spouses’ affairs.

In the early decades of the twentieth century in colonial Indonesia, one witnessed the proliferation of novels in which women were thematized as the femme fatale. These novels were written largely by male novelists as cautionary tales for girls who had a European-style school education and therefore were perceived to be predisposed to violating customary gender norms in the pursuit of personal autonomy. While such masculinist responses to women and material progress have been well studied, women's views of the social transformation conditioned by modernization and secular education are still insufficiently understood. This essay responds to this scantiness with a survey of texts written by Chinese women novelists who emerged during the third and fourth decades of the twentieth century, drawing attention in particular to the ways in which these texts differed from those written by their male predecessors. More important, this essay highlights the works by one particular woman novelist, Dahlia, who wrote with an exceptionally distinct female voice and woman-centered viewpoint.

In the early decades of the twentieth century in colonial Indonesia, one witnessed the proliferation of novels in which women were thematized as the femme fatale. These novels were written largely by male novelists as cautionary tales for girls who had a European-style school education and therefore were perceived to be predisposed to violating customary gender norms in the pursuit of personal autonomy. While such masculinist responses to women and material progress have been well studied, women's views of the social transformation conditioned by modernization and secular education are still insufficiently understood. This essay responds to this scantiness with a survey of texts written by Chinese women novelists who emerged during the third and fourth decades of the twentieth century, drawing attention in particular to the ways in which these texts differed from those written by their male predecessors. More important, this essay highlights the works by one particular woman novelist, Dahlia, who wrote with an exceptionally distinct female voice and woman-centered viewpoint.

The purpose of this study is to explore the paradox that young women in China find it difficult to search for a husband when there is a surplus of men in the population. The research questions and hypothesis is in concern with how the One Child Policy has a salient impact on the Chinese young women. The methodology involves in-depth interviews among 10 participants and documentary analysis. By observing the experience of the young women, and the only daughters in particular, it demonstrates that young women in China are faced with difficulties in balancing work and caregiving. Using the framework of the Confucian caring regime, the current study reveals that Chinese young women are stressed about their future caring responsibilities. Compared to young women with siblings, the only daughters have more challenges due to the lack of public support and high expectations. The framework of the Confucian caring regime is so preliminary that it needs developing. Considering the remarkable outcomes of the One Child Policy in China, it is time for policymakers to rethink and strategize it.

The purpose of this study is to explore the paradox that young women in China find it difficult to search for a husband when there is a surplus of men in the population. The research questions and hypothesis is in concern with how the One Child Policy has a salient impact on the Chinese young women. The methodology involves in-depth interviews among 10 participants and documentary analysis. By observing the experience of the young women, and the only daughters in particular, it demonstrates that young women in China are faced with difficulties in balancing work and caregiving. Using the framework of the Confucian caring regime, the current study reveals that Chinese young women are stressed about their future caring responsibilities. Compared to young women with siblings, the only daughters have more challenges due to the lack of public support and high expectations. The framework of the Confucian caring regime is so preliminary that it needs developing. Considering the remarkable outcomes of the One Child Policy in China, it is time for policymakers to rethink and strategize it.

The great majority of Chinese women have all through their lives worked and contributed to the family economy. Before the Communist revolution the Confucian ideal stated that women should be secluded in the realm of the family, though this was only possible for women in well-off families. Women that participated in paid labour outside their home often met with prejudice, something that changed in the 1950’s when it became everybody’s right and duty to participate in paid employment (see for instance Rofel, 1999). Women then found pride and a new identity in being workers, very much in tune with the demand of the CCP. As a consequence of the competitive labour market brought on by the economic reforms many female workers have been laid-off, dismissed and/or have problems finding employment. Many in the generations that was brought up to first and foremost be good workers found this new situation more than challenging. The younger generations of women that have recently entered the labour market seem to have yet another view on employment, not seeing work and being workers as their sole identity, but as the means to support themselves economically and have a fulfilling life elsewhere. With this paper I want to give examples of changes women have met at the labour market and how views on the meaning of paid employment have been transformed since early 1900, mainly by introducing to you some of my informants, born 1945-1985, but also by giving examples from secondary sources concerning women born in earlier years.

In Chinese society, the specific set of postnatal practices called "doing the month" constitutes an integrated set of postnatal behaviors that provides cultural and maternal protection and identity. This study examines the cultural practice of "doing the

The purpose of this research paper was study to what extent English language-culture has impacted the lifestyle of contemporary Chinese women in urban area. To be more elaborate, this research aimed at finding out how deep English and Western culture behind the language (as perceived by Chinese people) has filtered into the women's life, how large it has immersed, and how far and to which direction it is leading the women's lifestyle. In addition, this paper also tried to make clear in what way Chinese women have accepted and interpreted Western lifestyles and how the values behind lifestyles have affected the building and rebuilding of Chinese women's discourse and values of the world in a global era. Thus I focused my research questions on three aspects of Chinese women: dressing, eating and housing. Namely, I tried to answer how deep English language and Western culture has gone into Chinese women's life in the aspects of dressing culture, eating/food culture and housing culture, and what are Chinese women's versions and acceptances of English language-culture. Mainly based on some theories of language and culture, sociology and globalization, I worked out my research chiefly in a qualitative way with the help of some quantitative data. The main conclusions are: English language-culture or Western culture do have influences on the lifestyles of Chinese women; the interactions of English language-culture with Chinese women culture have resulted in different forms such as acculturation, localization/assimilation and symbiosis.

The purpose of this research paper was study to what extent English language-culture has impacted the lifestyle of contemporary Chinese women in urban area. To be more elaborate, this research aimed at finding out how deep English and Western culture behind the language (as perceived by Chinese people) has filtered into the women's life, how large it has immersed, and how far and to which direction it is leading the women's lifestyle. In addition, this paper also tried to make clear in what way Chinese women have accepted and interpreted Western lifestyles and how the values behind lifestyles have affected the building and rebuilding of Chinese women's discourse and values of the world in a global era. Thus I focused my research questions on three aspects of Chinese women: dressing, eating and housing. Namely, I tried to answer how deep English language and Western culture has gone into Chinese women's life in the aspects of dressing culture, eating/food culture and housing culture, and what are Chinese women's versions and acceptances of English language-culture. Mainly based on some theories of language and culture, sociology and globalization, I worked out my research chiefly in a qualitative way with the help of some quantitative data. The main conclusions are: English language-culture or Western culture do have influences on the lifestyles of Chinese women; the interactions of English language-culture with Chinese women culture have resulted in different forms such as acculturation, localization/assimilation and symbiosis.