Search

This study presents a laminar smooth 2-D theoretical model of the falling liquid film using an in-house code and validated with experimental results. The numerical model considers thermophysical property enhancements with nanoparticles Al2O3 to different liquids such as water, ethylene glycol (EG), and LiBr-H2O. An experimental setup has been developed to validate the pure heat transfer process in the falling liquid film, using the measurement of the falling film interface temperature. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results for various liquids at low flow rates. The discrepancy increases as the flow rate increases due to the limitations of the laminar smooth film model in the numerical simulation. With a volumetric concentration of nanoparticle Al2O3, the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid water, EG, LiBr-H2O increased around 15%–20% compared with the baseline fluid. A new correlation was obtained to predict the average heat transfer coefficient based on experimental data. The experimental results have an uncertainty at 9.3% for the surface temperature and 5.5% for the falling film bulk temperature. The maximum deviation between the calculated heat transfer coefficient by the model and experimental data is around 25%, at . The average error has decreased by 23% when comparing the new correlation considering and the conventional form., J. Zheng holds a China Scholarship Council Studentship with the Polytechnical University of Catalonia. Y. Liu holds a China Scholarship Council Studentship with the Polytechnical University of Catalonia. This work has been financially supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 Spain, project PID2020-115837RBI00. This project also has received funding from SOLAR-ERA.NET Cofund 2 Joint Call undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, project reference Number: JTC- 2_2019_024, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Due to its high power density, the aviation sector is pushing towards its electrification by designing new propulsion systems based on cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2). From an engineering point of view, the efficient design of tanks constitutes one of the main challenges. They must guarantee efficient isolation of the hydrogen to avoid its evaporation and, at the same time, ensure reasonable weight and dimensions. Using numerical simulations is fundamental for studying heat transfer between the external environment and the liquid fuel. This work focuses on the simulation of multiphase liquid-gas flow to analyze the tank pressurization as a function of different external heat fluxes. A commercial CFD software is used to perform simulations. VOF simulations with the Lee mass transfer model are employed, and some critical numerical parameters are analyzed to provide information on the optimal values., The project H2ELIOS is supported by the Clean Aviation Joint Undertaking and its members. Carles Oliet,as a Serra-Hunter Associate Professor, acknowledges the Catalan Government for the support through this Programme., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Global warming, caused by the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere, has necessitated the transition to cleaner energy sources. Hydrogen, a versatile and environmentally friendly energy carrier, represents a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. This research project explores methane pyrolysis as a sustainable and economical method of hydrogen production, addressing the challenge of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Using advanced numerical simulations, we aim to model the complex multiphase flows and thermal dynamics involved in methane pyrolysis, providing insights to optimize the process for industrial applications. The main objective of this research is to study methane pyrolysis for hydrogen production through detailed numerical simulations. Calculations will be performed using the Basilisk platform, a high-performance computing tool for simulating multiphase flows developed by Stéphane Popinet at Sorbonne University. Basilisk allows for detailed direct simulation of complex flows with numerous droplets and bubbles, providing a robust framework for our research. Initial simulations have focused on the axisymmetric behavior of a single non-reactive bubble and the formation of bubbles from a single orifice. The results of this research are expected to include a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of methane pyrolysis in liquid metal, optimization strategies to improve hydrogen production efficiency, and information on the thermal and chemical processes affecting bubble behavior and carbon separation. Studying methane pyrolysis is particularly challenging due to the high temperatures involved and the use of opaque liquid metals. These conditions make it difficult to obtain detailed information on the precise mechanisms underlying the pyrolysis process. This is where numerical simulations become extremely valuable. They provide a means to explore and understand the complex interactions and dynamics within the syste, Outgoing

In this work, a general collocated and unconditionally stable framework on unstructured meshes for solving Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) problems is presented by means of preserving the underlying symmetries of the continuous differential operators, thus not introducing uncontrolled artificial numerical dissipation to our system. Then, this framework is applied to solve a Concentrated PhotoVoltaic Thermal (CPVT) Solar Collector. Furthermore, a new boundary condition is implemented to consider the heat transfer between enclosed elements, including radiation. The model is validated using experimental data., This work is supported by the SIMEX project (PID2022-142174OB-I00) of Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and the RETOtwin project (PDC2021-120970-I00) of Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain. D. Santos acknowledges a FI AGAUR-Generalitat de Catalunya fellowship (2022FI B 00173), extended and financed by Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and Banc Santander., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Steel production is a very energy-and-emission-intensive process, and with its projected increase in the future, due to steel’s vitality in the operation, sustenance, and development of modern economies, there is a huge need for solutions, pathways, and methodologies to increase the sustainability of steel making processes across all production facets, to meet global energy and climate goals. Pebble bed heaters/ Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems possess great potential to be used as regenerators to recover waste heat across all facets of steel plants. Thus, this thesis focuses on the development of a simulation tool for pebble heaters via numerical modelling of heat transfer and its paraphernalia within packed bed TES systems, as a preliminary instrument for testing use cases and optimizing design decisions for their incorporation in ArcelorMittal’s steel production processes, to ultimately enable energy savings and decarbonization. The project was carried out by executing a thorough literature review and survey on heat transfer modelling techniques of packed-bed heat storage devices used in heavy industries and afterwards, developing a more robust model as an improvement to the previously existing one in ArcelorMittal. The finally developed model was a 1D, twoequation model, numerically computed using the finite difference method with an implicit time integration scheme. The model was verified and also validated using experimental data reported from literature sources. A percentage wise sensitivity analysis executed using the model revealed the importance of optimising the specific heat capacity of the solid particles, the height of the pebble heater and the charging time, to maximize energy extraction from the waste heat source. The diameter of the solid particles was also shown to impact the effective thermal conductivity of the TES system (due to its direct proportionality to the radiative contribution of the thermal conductivity), while also influencing the, Outgoing

A new concept of flat plate solar collector (FPC) has been numerically studied for optimization purposes from an energetic and exergetic points of view. The highly efficient results have been achieved by adding transparent insulation materials (TIM) made of plastic and aerogel-silica in the cover. The optimum solution has been prototyped and successfully tested. The numerical simulation and the corresponding analysis are performed with a previously developed numerical simulation tool based on an in-house software platform (NEST). An optimization design has been done using this numerical simulation tool objected to higher performance at the (¿in -¿amb)/ ¿ ¿ > 0.074 range, and a new prototype is fabricated with low-cost materials found in the workshop. The final results are compared with previous prototypes that could collect between 2.5 and 1.4 times higher than standard collectors in summer and autumn, respectively. The new prototype has higher performance at (¿in -¿amb)/ ¿ ¿ > 0.074, which makes it competitive in a high-temperature range. Moreover, with the new layer of aerogel-silica, additional protection against overheating is achieved, as the temperatures of the plastic TIM are limited. The new prototype has higher energetic and exergetic efficiency at high-temperature areas, and the inlet temperature at optimized working conditions is higher than the previous prototype. Finally, the energy efficiency at (¿in -¿amb)/ ¿ ¿ = 0.08 could reach 55% and exergetic efficiency 8%. The manufacturing cost of the FPC prototype with TIM and aerogel-silica is about 160 euros per m2., This work has been financially supported by the SUDOKET – SOE2/P1/E0677 project under the Interreg-Sudoe program. J. Zheng holds a China Scholarship Council Studentship with the Polytechnical University of Catalonia, Spain., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

In the Alto Balsas sub-basin in the states of Puebla and Tlaxcala, agricultural soils are irrigated with wastewater that has accumulated heavy metals. These compounds represent a health risk because they can be ingested, inhaled or absorbed and cause cancerous and non-cancerous diseases. The aim of this research was to determine the content of Cd, Pb, Cr and As in the agricultural soils of four irrigated areas: Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Nativitas, Santa Isabel Tetlatlahuca and Tecamachalco; asessments were made using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission spectroscop (ICP-OES). The health risk for men, women and children was calculated using equations from the Unites Estates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the extent of impact of soil contamination with heavy metals was calculated in terms of percentage by spatial analysis. Apparently, adults are at greatest risk and Cd and Cr are the most dangerous metals for the population. The method of exposure that represents the greatest risk for children was oral but among adults it was dermal. Cancer risk was greatest among adults, in descending order Cd>As>Cr>Pb. Regarding the aspect of affectation, 51 municipalities of the Alto Balsas and Valsequillo canal sub-basin are affected, where Cd, Pb and Cr were found in 100% and As in 99%, of the total surface., En la subcuenca del Alto Balsas en los estados de Puebla y Tlaxcala, los suelos agrícolas son irrigados con aguas residuales que han acumulado metales pesados. Estos compuestos representan un riesgo para la salud, debido a que pueden ser ingeridos, inhalados o absorbidos y generar enfermedades cancerígenas y no cancerígenas. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el contenido de Cd, Pb, Cr y As en suelos agrícolas de cuatro zonas irrigadas: Tepetitla de Lardizabal, Nativitas, Santa Isabel Tetlatlahuca y Tecamachalco, las determina­ciones fueron realizadas por medio de un ICP - OES. Se calculó el riesgo de salud para hombres, mujeres y niños utilizando las ecuaciones de la Unites Estates Enviromental Protection Agency (USEPA) y se calculó en términos porcentuales, el área de alcance de la contaminación de los suelos con metales pesados por medio de un análisis espacial. Se encontró que los mayores riesgos son para los adultos y fueron el Cd y Cr los metales más peligrosos para la población. La vía de exposición que representa el mayor riesgo fue oral en los niños y en adultos la vía dérmica. El riesgo de cáncer fue mayor en adultos, con orden descendente Cd>As> Cr>Pb. En cuanto a la dimensión de la afectación, 51 municipios de la subcuenca del Alto Balsas y canal de Valsequillo son afectados, donde el Cd, Pb y Cr fueron encontrados en todos, el As en 99% de la superficie total.

Chance-aligned sources or blended companions can cause false positives in planetary transit detections or simply bias the determination of the candidate properties. In the era of high-precision space-based photometers, the need for high-spatial resolution images has demonstrated to be critical for validating and confirming transit signals. This already applied to the Kepler mission, it is now applicable to the TESS survey and will be critical for PLATO. We present the results of the AstraLux-TESS survey, a catalog of high-spatial resolution images obtained with the AstraLux instrument (Calar Alto) in the context of the TESS Follow-up Observing Program. We use the lucky-imaging technique to obtain high-spatial resolution images from planet candidate hosts included mostly in two relevant regimes: exoplanet candidates belonging to the level-one requirement of the TESS mission (planets with radii $R<4~R_{\oplus}$), and candidates around intermediate-mass stars. Among the 185 planet host candidate stars observed, we found 13 (7%) to be accompanied by additional sources within 2.2 arcsec separation. Among them, six are not associated to sources in the Gaia DR3 catalog, thus contaminating the TESS light curve. We provide upper limits and probabilities to the possible existence of field contaminants through the sensitivity limits of our images. Among the isolated hosts, we can discard hazardous companions (bright enough to mimic a planetary transit signals) for all their planets. The results from this catalog are key for the statistical validation of small planets (prime targets of the TESS mission) and planets around intermediate-mass stars in the main-sequence. These two populations of planets are hard to confirm with the radial velocity technique. Our results also demonstrate the importance of this type of follow-up observations for future transit missions like PLATO, even in the Gaia era., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 10 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Language revision included

The number of super-Earth and mini-Neptune planet discoveries has increased significantly in the last two decades thanks to transit and radial velocity surveys. When it is possible to apply both techniques, we can characterise the internal composition of exoplanets, which in turn provides unique insights on their architecture, formation and evolution. We performed a combined photometric and radial velocity analysis of TOI-238 (TYC 6398-132-1), which has one short-orbit super-Earth planet candidate announced by NASA's TESS team. We aim to confirm its planetary nature using radial velocities taken with the ESPRESSO and HARPS spectrographs, to measure its mass and to detect the presence of other possible planetary companions. We carried out a joint analysis by including Gaussian processes and Keplerian orbits to account for the stellar activity and planetary signals simultaneously. We detected the signal induced by TOI-238 b in the radial velocity time-series, and the presence of a second transiting planet, TOI-238 c, whose signal appears in RV and TESS data. TOI-238 b is a planet with a radius of 1.402$^{+0.084}_{-0.086}$ R$_{\oplus}$ and a mass of 3.40$^{+0.46}_{-0.45}$ M$_{\oplus}$. It orbits at a separation of 0.02118 $\pm$ 0.00038 AU of its host star, with an orbital period of 1.2730988 $\pm$ 0.0000029 days, and has an equilibrium temperature of 1311 $\pm$ 28 K. TOI-238 c has a radius of 2.18$\pm$ 0.18 R$_{\oplus}$ and a mass of 6.7 $\pm$ 1.1 M$_{\oplus}$. It orbits at a separation of 0.0749 $\pm$ 0.0013 AU of its host star, with an orbital period of 8.465652 $\pm$ 0.000031 days, and has an equilibrium temperature of 696 $\pm$ 15 K. The mass and radius of planet b are fully consistent with an Earth-like composition, making it likely a rocky super-Earth. Planet c could be a water-rich planet or a rocky planet with a small H-He atmosphere., Comment: 33 pages, 31 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication at A&A

Planetary systems with close-in giant planets can experience magnetic star-planet interactions that modify the activity levels of their host stars. The induced activity is known to strongly depend on the magnetic moment of the interacting planet. Therefore, such planet-induced activity should be more readily observable in systems with planets in eccentric orbits, since those planets are expected to rotate faster than in circular orbits. However, no evidence of magnetic interactions has been reported in eccentric systems to date. We intend to unveil a possible planet-induced activity in the bright ($V$ = 8.05 $\pm$ 0.03 mag) and slightly evolved star HD 118203, which hosts an eccentric ($e$ = 0.32 $\pm$ 0.02) and close-in ($a$ = 0.0864 $\pm$ 0.0006 au) Jupiter-sized planet. We characterized the system by modelling 56 ELODIE radial velocities and four sectors of TESS photometry. We searched for planet-induced and rotation-related activity signals within the TESS, ELODIE, and ASAS-SN public data. We studied the possible origins of the variability found, analysed its persistence and evolution, and searched for links with the eccentric orbital motion of HD 118203 b. We found evidence of an activity signal within the TESS data that matches the orbital period of HD 118203 b, which suggests the existence of magnetic star-planet interactions. We did not find, however, any additional signal that could be interpreted as the rotation of the star, so we cannot discard stellar rotation as the source of the signal found. Nevertheless, the evolved nature of the star and the orbital eccentricity make the synchronous stellar rotation very unlikely. HD 118203 represents the best evidence that magnetic star-planet interactions can be found in eccentric systems, and it opens the door to future dedicated searches that will allow us to better understand the interplay between close-in planets and their hosts., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A; 20 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables

GJ 9827 is a bright, nearby K7V star orbited by two super-Earths and one mini-Neptune on close-in orbits. The system was first discovered using K2 data and then further characterized by other spectroscopic and photometric instruments. Previous literature studies provide several mass measurements for the three planets, however, with large variations and uncertainties. To better constrain the planetary masses, we added high-precision radial velocity measurements from ESPRESSO to published datasets from HARPS, HARPS-N, and HIRES and we performed a Gaussian process analysis combining radial velocity and photometric datasets from K2 and TESS. This method allowed us to model the stellar activity signal and derive precise planetary parameters. We determined planetary masses of $M_b = 4.28_{-0.33}^{+0.35}$ M${_\oplus}$, $M_c = 1.86_{-0.39}^{+0.37}$ M${_\oplus}$, and $M_d = 3.02_{-0.57}^{+0.58}$ M${_\oplus}$, and orbital periods of $1.208974 \pm 0.000001$ days for planet b, $3.648103_{-0.000010}^{+0.000013}$ days for planet c, and $6.201812 \pm 0.000009$ days for planet d. We compared our results to literature values and found that our derived uncertainties for the planetary mass, period, and radial velocity amplitude are smaller than the previously determined uncertainties. We modeled the interior composition of the three planets using the machine-learning-based tool ExoMDN and conclude that GJ 9827 b and c have an Earth-like composition, whereas GJ 9827 d has an hydrogen envelope, which, together with its density, places it in the mini-Neptune regime., Comment: accepted in A&A

This thesis explores the numerical resolution of mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations, with a focus on their application in absorption and adsorption refrigeration systems. It begins with establishing the fundamentals of computational fluid dynamics, with classic cases examined and validated through custom C++ code. The research then moves to practical case study: falling film heat transfer, a key process in absorption and absorption refrigeration. The simulation of liquid ethylene glycol film flow over a vertical plate is performed using the open foam solver interFoam. The simulation results are validated against both experimental and numerical data, and boundary conditions are optimized for accuracy. Additionally, a new solver, interTempFoam, is introduced to incorporate the temperature transport equation. The heat transfer phenomenon occurring in falling film is analysed and assessed.

The operation of a solar-driven H2O-LiBr Absorption Chiller (AbC) is subjected to various limitations regarding its ability to satisfy efficiently the required cooling demand while avoiding certain internal conditions, such as H2O-LiBr solution crystallization and water freezing. These circumstances would lead to problematic situations and jeopardize the continuous operation of the system. Thus, the development of accurate control strategies is an issue of interest. A new operational control strategy approach is introduced and tested through simulation studies, by employing a transient model of the entire solar cooling application. A prototype under development is used for the parametrization of the direct air-cooled AbC model used in the simulations. The developed control strategy aims to minimize the electrical consumption of the auxiliary components of the AbC (i.e., fan, pumps) during the partial load operation period, by using a fuzzy logic interference rule for determining the cooling capacity demand and then applying an optimization algorithm for determining the velocity of the auxiliary components. Within the proposed control strategy, a fast-calculation model is embedded, which predicts the chiller’s capacity under variable external conditions and partial load operation. The electrical COP is increased up to 2.2 times with respect to a baseline case, based on a basic two-step control strategy, while allowing the chiller to operate smoother, minimizing the crystallization and freezing risk., This project has received funding from SOLAR-ERA.NET Cofund 2 Joint Call undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ECOSUN project) . During the elaboration of the work, G. Papakokkinos held a Margarita Salas Grant of the Spanish Government and J. Zheng a China Scholarship Council Studentship with the Polytechnical University of Catalonia., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Esta tabla referencia y recopila todos los elementos materiales del Edificio de los Betilos empleados en la realización del presente estudio. Se han excluído todas las piezas pertenecientes a niveles superiores. El recuento de los materiales se ha agrupado por Fases y por Estancias. Se indica ND (no data) cuando alguna de las UEs no puede adscribirse a alguna de las fases, o porque pertenecen a una campaña de excavación anterior al 2017, lo que imposibilita su reconstrucción estratigráfica.

[ES] El siguiente artículo expone una revisión del registro arqueológico de la necrópolis de Cadabarcos (Mañón, A Coruña). Este yacimiento, excavado en la década de los 40 por Federico Maciñeira e identificado como una necrópolis “galaicorromana”, podría presentar una cronología bastante más tardía respecto a lo habitual en los enterramientos con fosas de cremación. En el siguiente trabajo, se expone una profunda revisión de las características de este yacimiento, explorando su contexto de intervención, las dinámicas históricas de la región, los hallazgos documentados y las características de la zona intervenida, con la intención de verificar su adscripción funcional, cronológica y cultural. Atendiendo a los resultados, se realiza un análisis contextual del yacimiento, relacionándolo con las principales dinámicas de enterramiento del Noroeste penisular. Se analizan las prácticas y tradiciones funerarias desde el Alto Imperio hasta los inicios de la Antigüedad Tardía, estableciendo una comparativa entre distintas dinámicas regionales, y se propone una revisión cronológica y territorial de la cremación como práctica funeraria., [GL] O siguiente artículo expón unha revisión do rexistro arqueolóxico da necrópole de Cadabarcos (Mañón, A Coruña). Este xacemento, escavado nos anos 40 por Federico Maciñeira e idenntificado como unha necrópole “galaicorromana”, podería presentar unha cronoloxía bastante máis tardía do habitual para os xacementos con foxas de cremación. No seguinte traballo, exponse unha profunda revisión das características deste xacemento, explorando o seu contexto de intervención, as dinámicas históricas da rexión, os achados documentados e as características da zona intervida, co obxectivo de verificar a súa adscrición funcional, cronolóxica e cultural. Atendendo aos resultados, realízase unha análise contextua, do xacemento, relacionándoo coas principais dinámicas de enterramento do Noroeste peninsular. Analízanse as prácticas e tradicións principais dende o Alto Imperio ata o comezo da Antigüidade Tardía, establecendo unha comparativa entre distintas dinámicas rexionais, e proponse unha revisión cronolóxica e territorial da cremación como práctica funeraria., [EN] This paper presents a review of the archaeological record of the necropolis of Cadabarcos (Mañón, A Coruña). This site was excavated in the 1940s by Federico Maciñeira and identified as a “Galaicorroman necropolis”; however, its material record seems to reveal much later chronologies with relation to the usual examples of burial sites with cremation pits. In this work, a complete review of the characteristics of this site is presented, exploring its context of intervention, the historical dynamics of the region, the archaeological findings, and the characteristics of the intervened area. The main aim of this approach is to assess the characteristics of its sequence of occupation. In line with these results, an analysis of the site is proposed, focusing on the framework of burial patterns in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Funerary practices and traditions from the High Empire to the beginning of the Late Antiquity period are analysed, drawing a comparison between different regional trends, and suggesting a chronological review of cremation as a burial practice.

This paper presents a study on the falling film characteristics of vertical tubes and inclined plates, focusing on film thickness and wave frequency. A numerical modelling approach was employed using OpenFOAM’s InterFOAM solver to calculate the fluid dynamic characteristics of the falling film. The experiments were conducted using a variety of liquids, including water, ethylene glycol, and LiBr solution, and in the range of Reynolds numbers (Re) up to 1000. The film thickness was measured using two methods i. e., the contact point method and the holding method. Besides, a laser distance sensor was employed to detect the wave frequency of the falling film. The results indicated that the numerical model was able to accurately predict the mean film thickness in the complete turbulent film regime. The film thickness measured in this study was in the 0.3-1.0 mm range, with the average film thickness of the horizontal falling film being higher than that of the vertical falling film., Research project PID2020-115837RB-I0 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. J. Zheng holds a China Scholarship Council Studentship with the Polytechnical University of Catalonia., Postprint (published version)

(English) The topics explained in this thesis are organized in different chapters. A summary of the contents is given below: Chapter 2. Details of working pairs and properties with numerical modelling and experimental validation. Some thermodynamical/thermophysical properties of working fluid pairs are experimentally measured or mathematically modelled. The related properties are specific entropy, specific exergy, activity coefficients, electrical conductivity, surface tension, contact angle, and properties of nanofluid working pairs. Chapter 3. Measurement of minimum wetting rate and dry patch method modelling. Minimum Wetting Rate (MWR) is measured on vertical tubes with various solid materials, and the effect of super hydrophilic coating surface and surfactant is studied. The content in this chapter is focused on the flow pattern of falling film and effect from surface treating, surfactants to it. Chapter 4. Theoretical and numerical solutions of vertical falling film in mass and heat transfer problem. The heat transfer in the vertical falling film is investigated with analytical solutions, numerical modelling, and experimental validation. Also, falling film absorption is simulated using the smooth laminar theory for the working pairs LiBr-H2O and Carrol-H2O. Moreover, the impact of nanofluid with Al2O3 is also studied. The content in this chapter is focused on the heat and mass transfer of the verticalfalling film. Chapter 5. Numerical studies on an air-cooled absorption machine. Steady-state and dynamic simulations for the absorption system with different working pairs (LiBrH2O and Carrol-H2O) are carried out. Energy and exergy analysis is employed to demonstrate the effect of the working fluid pairs on the absorption system. In this chapter, the work will be focused on the energy and exergy analysis of the absorption system to locate an optimal operating condition or strategy. Chapter 6: Air-cooled absorption machine simulation with performance enhancement. He, (Español) Los temas explicados en esta tesis están organizados en diferentes capítulos. Se presenta un resumen de los contenidos a continuación: Capítulo 2. Detalles de los working-pairs y propiedades con modelado numérico y validación experimental. Algunas propiedades termodinámicas/termofísicas de los working-pairs son medidas experimentales o modeladas matemáticamente. Las propiedades relacionadas son entropía específica, exergía específica, coeficientes de actividad, conductividad eléctrica, tensión superficial, ángulo de contacto y propiedades de pares de trabajo de nanofluidos. Capítulo 3. Medición de la Minimum wetting rate(MWR) y modelado del Dry-patch. Minimum wetting rate (MWR) se mide en tubos verticales con diversos materiales sólidos, y se estudia el efecto de la superficie revestida súper hidrofílica y el surfactante. El contenido de este capítulo se centra en el patrón de flujo de la falling-film y en el efecto del tratamiento de superficie y los surfactantes sobre ella. Capítulo 4. Simulaciones numéricas de la falling-film vertical en el problema de transferencia de masa y calor. Se investiga la transferencia de calor en la falling-film vertical con soluciones analíticas, modelado numérico y validación experimental. Además, se simula la absorción de la falling-film utilizando la teoría laminar suave para LiBr-H2O y Carrol-H2O. Además, se estudia el impacto de los nanofluidos con Al2O3. El contenido de este capítulo se centra en la transferencia de calor y masa de la falling-film vertical. Capítulo 5. Estudios numéricos sobre una máquina de absorción enfriada por aire. Se llevan a cabo simulaciones en estado estacionario y dinámicas para el sistema de absorción con diferentes working-pairs (LiBr H2O y Carrol-H2O). Se emplea el análisis energético y exergético para demostrar el efecto de las working-pairs en el sistema de absorción. En este capítulo, el trabajo se centrará en el análisis energético y exergético del sistema de absorción para localizar u, Postprint (published version)

Social robots are making their way into our lives in different scenarios in which humans and robots need to communicate. In these scenarios, verbal communication is an essential element of human-robot interaction. However, in most cases, social robots’ utterances are based on predefined texts, which can cause users to perceive the robots as repetitive and boring. Achieving natural and friendly communication is important for avoiding this scenario. To this end, we propose to apply state-of- the-art natural language generation models to provide our social robots with more diverse speech. In particular, we have implemented and evaluated two mechanisms: a paraphrasing module that transforms the robot’s utterances while keeping their original meaning, and a module to generate speech about a certain topic that adapts the content of this speech to the robot’s conversation partner. The results show that these models have great potential when applied to our social robots, but several limitations must be considered. These include the computational cost of the solutions presented, the latency that some of these models can introduce in the interaction, the use of proprietary models, or the lack of a subjective evaluation that complements the results of the tests conducted.

Aggressive commercial practices as an act of unfair competition are expressly regulated in our legal system in Law 3/1991 of 10 January 1991 on Unfair Competition, following the transposition of Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market by Law 29/2009 of 30 December 2009. The aim of this work is a detailed analysis of such unfair practices, starting from their background and the study of the Italian legal system as a means of comparison. As well as the relationship between aggressive practices and contract law, e-commerce and criminal law. Finally, the study of the private and public application of aggressive commercial practices., Las prácticas comerciales agresivas como acto de competencia desleal se regulan expresamente en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico en la Ley 3/1991, de 10 de enero, de Competencia Desleal, a raíz de la transposición de la Directiva 2005/29/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de mayo de 2005, relativa a las prácticas comerciales desleales de las empresas en sus relaciones con los consumidores en el mercado interior, realizada por la Ley 29/2009, de 30 de diciembre. El objeto de este trabajo es un análisis pormenorizado de tales prácticas desleales, partiendo de sus antecedentes y del estudio del ordenamiento italiano como medio de comparación. Así como la relación de las prácticas agresivas ante el Derecho de la contratación, el comercio electrónico y el Derecho penal. Para finalizar por el estudio de la aplicación tanto privada como pública de las prácticas comerciales agresivas., Escuela de Doctorado, Doctorado en Derecho

Amb l'objectiu de desenvolupar un escenari per a projectar en utilitzar un simulador de conducció dinàmic que serveixi per a realitzar assajos de recerca per al departament de Human Factors de l'empresa Applus+ Idiada, s'ha aconseguit un resultat validat per la companyia fent ús, durant el procés de creació, de la metodologia de disseny centrat en l'usuari, amb la qual es co-crea amb el responsable del projecte, determinant unes especificacions i validant els resultats al llarg del procés de disseny. El conjunt del projecte, que neix de la necessitat de l'empresa de tenir un escenari per a avaluar un projecte intern d'innovació anomenat Engagement que analitza la distracció, confiança i càrrega mental generades per vehicles amb avançats sistemes de conducció autònoma, consta d'un escenari conformat per les vies i l'entorn que les envolta, la programació dels esdeveniments que succeeixen durant la prova, com els sistemes d'ajuda a la conducció (Travel Assist) o l'itinerari o maniobres dels altres vehicles que intervenen, i el disseny i programació del dashboard o panell d'instruments que veurà l'usuari durant l'assaig, el qual mostrarà tant la velocitat, com l'estat del Travel Assist i les alertes al conductor. Aquest resultat, tant els gràfics com la funcionalitat dels diferents elements, es valida a través d'un qüestionari desenvolupat per a conèixer l'experiència d'usuari de persones amb diferents nivells de coneixement i experiència sobre el simulador, des d'inexistent fins a experts en la matèria, i es valida també amb el responsable del projecte a través d'una entrevista posterior a la prova de l'escenari en el propi simulador. Es conclou la viabilitat del projecte amb la implementació de l'escenari desenvolupat, que serà emprat per la companyia en la realització de múltiples assajos amb participants externs en les futures fases del projecte Enagagement., Con el objetivo de desarrollar un escenario para proyectar al utilizar un simulador de conducción dinámico que sirva para realizar ensayos de investigación para el departamento de Human Factors de la empresa Applus+ Idiada, se ha conseguido un resultado validado por la compañía haciendo uso, durante el proceso de creación, de la metodología de diseño centrado en el usuario, con la que se co-crea con el responsable del proyecto, determinando unas especificaciones y validando los resultados a lo largo del proceso de diseño. El conjunto del proyecto, que nace de la necesidad de la empresa de tener un escenario para avaluar un proyecto interno de innovación llamado Engagement que analiza la distracción, confianza y carga mental generadas por vehículos con avanzados sistemas de conducción autónoma, consta de un escenario conformado por las vías y el entorno que las rodea, la programación de los eventos que suceden durante la prueba, como los sistemas de ayuda a la conducción (Travel Assist) o el itinerario o maniobras de los demás vehículos que intervienen, y el diseño y programación del dashboard o panel de instrumentos que verá el usuario durante el ensayo, el cual mostrará tanto la velocidad, como el estado del Travel Assist y las alertas al conductor. Este resultado, tanto los gráficos como la funcionalidad de los diferentes elementos, se valida a través de un cuestionario desarrollado para conocer la experiencia de usuario de personas con distintos niveles de conocimiento y experiencia sobre el simulador, desde inexistente hasta expertos en la materia, y se valida también con el responsable del proyecto a través de una entrevista posterior a la prueba del escenario en el propio simulador. Se concluye la viabilidad del proyecto con la implementación del escenario desarrollado, que será empleado por la compañía en la realización de múltiples ensayos con participantes externos en las futuras fases del proyecto Enagagement., With the aim of developing a scenario to project while using a dynamic driving simulator that serves to conduct research tests for the Human Factors department of the company Applus + Idiada, a result validated by the company has been achieved by making use, during the creation process, of the user-centered design methodology, which is co-created with the project manager, determining specifications and validating the results throughout the design process. The whole project, which stems from the company's need to have a scenario to evaluate an internal innovation project called Engagement, which analyzes the distraction, trust and mental load generated by vehicles with advanced autonomous driving systems, consists of a scenario made up of the roads and the surrounding environment, the programming of the events that occur during the test, such as the driving assistance systems (Travel Assist) or the itinerary or maneuvers of the other vehicles involved, and the design and programming of the dashboard or instrument panel that the user will see during the test, which will show both the speed and the status of the Travel Assist and driver warnings. This result, both the graphics and the functionality of the different elements, is validated through a questionnaire developed to know the user experience of people with different levels of knowledge and experience on the simulator, from nonexistent to experts in the field, and is also validated with the project manager through an interview after testing the scenario in the simulator itself. The feasibility of the project is concluded with the implementation of the developed scenario, which will be used by the company in multiple tests with external participants in future phases of the Enagagement project.

Solar co-generation, i.e., the generation of electricity and heat in a single device by concentrating the sunbeams, has the potential to significantly increase the overall system performance. The main challenge is related to the cooling of solar cells. In order to do so, it is essential to reduce the thermal resistance between the cell and heat transfer fluid. This paper features the optimization procedure of a low-cost custom concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPV-T) receiver for a parabolic trough collector using silicon solar cells. A finite volume model for the thermal process has been developed. Hence, a fluid dynamic thermal simulation of the receiver is presented. The optimized heat sink tube geometries have been manufactured and tested in a lab environment, allowing for a comparison between modelling and experimental test results. Three possible heat sink geometries have been designed and compared regarding their overall heat transfer coefficient with respect to the non-dimensional pumping power, i.e. the ratio between the overall transferred heat and the energy required for pumping. The overall heat transfer coefficient for a finned heat sink has been increased up to 60% with respect to a baseline case without fins under similar conditions., This project has received funding from SOLAR-ERA.NET Cofund 2 joint call undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. This work has also been supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) under grant number 219M028. The authors acknowledge the Heat and Environment Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, METU, and the help of Bulent G. Akinoglu and Elsen Aydin. D. Santos acknowledges FI AGAUR-Generalitat de Catalunya fellowship (2022FI_B2_00173)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Ocular allergies (OA) are a group of hypersensitivity disorders characterized by inflammation in the conjunctival. Approximately 20% of the world's population suffers from some form of ocular allergy, mainly people with pre-existing allergic conditions. However, under-recognition and under-treatment of ocular symptoms is common. Under-diagnosis of these conditions has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients. The development of OAs depends on environmental and genetic components. OAs are classified into seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis. The clinical course, duration, severity and comorbidities vary, depending on the specific ocular region affected and the immunological mechanisms involved. Diagnosis is usually clinical. However, it is challenging to differentiate between these conditions as they have overlapping symptoms and signs. The most common symptoms are pruritus, conjunctival injection, eyelid edema and lacrimation. The main goal of treatment is to control the symptomatology as well as to improve the patient's quality of life. Treatment comprises pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. However, the success of the treatment involves improving the under-diagnosis rate through a thorough history and physical examination; and a better understanding and utilization of currently available diagnostic tools., Las alergias oculares (AO) son un conjunto de trastornos de hipersensibilidad que se caracterizan por inflamación a nivel conjuntival. Aproximadamente, el 20% de la población mundial padece algún tipo de alergia ocular, principalmente personas con condiciones alérgicas preexistentes. Sin embargo, la falta de reconocimiento y tratamiento de los síntomas oculares es habitual. El infradiagnóstico de estas patologías produce un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. El desarrollo de las AO depende del componente ambiental y genético. Las AO se clasifican en conjuntivitis alérgica estacional, conjuntivitis alérgica perenne, la queratoconjuntivitis vernal, la queratoconjuntivitis atópica y conjuntivitis papilar gigante. El curso clínico, la duración, la gravedad y las comorbilidades varían dependiendo de la región ocular específica afectada y de los mecanismos inmunológicos implicados. Por lo general, el diagnóstico es clínico. Sin embargo, es un reto diferenciar estas condiciones, ya que presentan síntomas y signos que se traslapan entre sí. Los síntomas más comúnmente presentes son prurito, inyección conjuntival, edema palpebral y lagrimeo. El objetivo principal del tratamiento es el control de la sintomatología, así como la mejoría de la calidad de vida del paciente. El tratamiento comprende medidas farmacológicas y medidas no farmacológicas. Sin embargo, un tratamiento exitoso involucra mejorar la tasa de infradiagnóstico por medio de una buena historia clínica, un examen físico minucioso, y una mejor comprensión y utilización de los procedimientos diagnósticos disponibles en la actualidad.

Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor globally, derived from neuroectodermal tissue, occurring between birth and six years of age. It originates in the neural retina and can be unilateral (60%) or bilateral (40%). It is associated with hereditary genetic factors such as the mutation of both alleles in the RB1 gene. Its distinctive sign is leukocoria, followed by strabismus and in advanced cases proptosis. Its diagnosis is made by eye fundus but studies such as ocular ultrasound, tomography or magnetic resonance help to evaluate its extension. The treatment is based on staging, thus assessing its laterality, location, size and extension, among the main methods are chemotherapy, local therapies, radiotherapy and enucleation., El retinoblastoma es un tumor intraocular maligno más frecuente a nivel global, derivado del tejido neuroectodérmico, que ocurre entre el nacimiento y los seis años de edad. Se origina en la retina neural y puede ser unilateral (60%) o bilateral (40%). Se asocia a factores genéticos hereditarios como la mutación de ambos alelos en el gen RB1. Su signo distintivo es la leucocoria, seguido de estrabismo y en casos avanzados proptosis. Su diagnóstico se realiza por medio de fondo de ojo, pero estudios como ultrasonido ocular, tomografía o resonancia magnética ayudan a evaluar su extensión. El tratamiento se basa según el estadiaje, valorando así su lateralidad, ubicación, tamaño y extensión. Entre los principales métodos están la quimioterapia, terapias locales, radioterapia y enucleación.

Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen during pregnancy. Its diagnosis becomes complicated, due to the anatomical and physiological changes that occur during this period, so its clinical presentation will not always be as clear as in the non-obstetric population. A timely diagnosis in which, in addition to the clinic and laboratory values, imaging studies are included is of importance when there is diagnostic doubt. The definitive management of acute appendicitis is by means of an appendectomy, either by laparoscopic or open technique. A timely approach to this pathology would reduce maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality., La apendicitis aguda es la causa de abdomen agudo quirúrgico más frecuente durante el embarazo. Su diagnóstico se vuelve complicado debido a los cambios anatómicos y fisiológicos que ocurren durante este periodo, por lo que su presentación clínica no siempre será tan clara como en la población no obstétrica. Un diagnóstico oportuno en el cual, además de la clínica y de los valores de laboratorio se incluyan estudios de imagen, resulta de importancia al existir duda diagnóstica. El manejo definitivo de la apendicitis aguda es por medio de una apendicectomía, ya sea mediante técnica laparoscópica o abierta. El abordaje oportuno de esta patología permitiría reducir la morbimortalidad materno-fetal.

This research investigates the application of heat recovery technologies to capture waste heat and improve the energy efficiency of industrial processes, with a particular case in a local foundry industry in Spain. Waste heat should be reused within the industrial plant rather than emitting it into the atmosphere. The flow rates and temperatures were measured and analyzed from the waste energy streams to determine profitable heat recovery applications and processes for waste heat recovery and reuse. Amongst them, the most profound possible points for heat recovery were the waste heat from the slag of the molten process, the cooling process of the hot metal pieces inside the moulders, waste sand containing thermal energy, hot water used after cooling the induction oven, the hot wall of the maintenance ovens, the hot gases from the oven and the de-moulding process. Considering these, the main objective was thus to take advantage of the electrical energy introduced in the melting process by recovering and pre-heating the metal pieces before melting. Various technologies have proved viable - heat exchangers, Thermoelectric generators and Organic Rankine Cycle, amongst others for electricity generation from low-temperature streams and thermal energy generation. An important aspect to note is the intermittency of heat generation and, as such, the need to implement suitable storage devices to store the excess generated heat in thermal storage or electricity to the grid. Furthermore, other materials like molten salts for thermal energy storage and implementing renewable energy sources were reviewed

Aggressive commercial practices as an act of unfair competition are expressly regulated in our legal system in Law 3/1991 of 10 January 1991 on Unfair Competition, following the transposition of Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market by Law 29/2009 of 30 December 2009. The aim of this work is a detailed analysis of such unfair practices, starting from their background and the study of the Italian legal system as a means of comparison. As well as the relationship between aggressive practices and contract law, e-commerce and criminal law. Finally, the study of the private and public application of aggressive commercial practices., Las prácticas comerciales agresivas como acto de competencia desleal se regulan expresamente en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico en la Ley 3/1991, de 10 de enero, de Competencia Desleal, a raíz de la transposición de la Directiva 2005/29/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de mayo de 2005, relativa a las prácticas comerciales desleales de las empresas en sus relaciones con los consumidores en el mercado interior, realizada por la Ley 29/2009, de 30 de diciembre. El objeto de este trabajo es un análisis pormenorizado de tales prácticas desleales, partiendo de sus antecedentes y del estudio del ordenamiento italiano como medio de comparación. Así como la relación de las prácticas agresivas ante el Derecho de la contratación, el comercio electrónico y el Derecho penal. Para finalizar por el estudio de la aplicación tanto privada como pública de las prácticas comerciales agresivas., Escuela de Doctorado, Doctorado en Derecho

El presente trabajo realiza una aproximación arqueológica al Edificio de los Betilos (Castro de Elviña, A Coruña), una construcción de carácter cultual identificada en el año 2017. Con escasos ejemplos equiparables en el Noroeste de la Península, su estudio permite comprender el valor de las interacciones culturales con otros pueblos del sur peninsular como un elemento clave para el desarrollo de Elviña como asentamiento de gran complejidad interna. Este trabajo afronta un análisis arqueológico y arquitectónico, explorando cuestiones relativas a sus fases de ocupación, las actividades realizadas en cada área o su orientación funcional. Los resultados permiten comprender la dimensión simbólica del edificio, valorando las influencias endógenas y exógenas en su estructuración interna y comprendiéndolo como un elemento central para la sanción y legitimación de relaciones transculturales a larga distancia. Finalmente, se sugiere un análisis a escala macro, comprendiendo su génesis y desarrollo en el contexto de las relaciones atlánticas entre Gades, Roma y el Noroeste galaico., The following work explores an archaeological approach to the Baetylic Cultual Building, a construction of a religious nature discovered in 2017. With only a few comparable examples in the Iberian Northwest, this building provides fresh information on the cultural interactions with South Iberian communities, a key element in the development of Elviña as an oppidum. This paper faces an archaeological and architectural analysis, addressing questions such as its phases of occupation, cronologies, the orientation of the material culture or the funcional specialisation by rooms. The cultic orientation of the building is also assessed, tackling the endogenous and exogenous influences as a central element for sanctioning and legitimating long-distance transcultural relations. Finally, a regional analysis is built on a macro-scale study of the relations between Gades, Rome and northwest Galicia. Its aim is to provide a framework for understanding these cultural dynamics, as well as the emergence and fall of the baetylic building within the oppidum of Elviña.

When teaching Anatomy for the first time in Physical Activity and Sports Science Degree we faced with the discontent of the students, as they considered Anatomy as a complex subject and without interest for them. For this reason, we proposed to development a motivational model and design specific practices where to study a selected group of muscles through with a specific sport (football, basketball, golf and running). In addition, we implemented another series of teaching dynamics in order to increase the interest in Anatomy, such as gamification and 3D simulation programs. We carry out knowledge questionnaires before and after the experience and also, a final satisfaction survey. After analyzing the results, we observed the effectiveness of our tool and demonstrated that, thanks to the specific practices, the made mistakes were decreased in the questionaries. This teaching modality plus the use of gamification were widely accepted by the student., Al impartir por primera vez Anatomía en el grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y Deporte, nos enfrentamos al descontento del alumnado, pues consideraban la Anatomía como una asignatura compleja y sin interés para ellos. Por eso, nos planteamos desarrollar un modelo motivacional y diseñamos prácticas específicas donde estudiar un grupo muscular determinado a través de un deporte seleccionado (futbol, baloncesto, golf, tenis o running). Además, implantamos otra serie de dinámicas que aumentaron el interés por la Anatomía, como la gamificación y la utilización de programas de simulación en 3D. Realizamos cuestionarios de conocimientos antes y después de la experiencia y una encuesta de satisfacción final. Tras el análisis de los resultados, observamos la efectividad de nuestra herramienta y demostramos que, gracias a las prácticas específicas, disminuyó el grado de errores en los cuestionarios realizados. Tanto esta modalidad de docencia, como la gamificación, fueron ampliamente aceptadas por el alumnado.

Life insurance enhances households' capacity to absorb financial shocks and protects against personal risks that no one likes to contemplate. This is even more important in times of economic hardship such as now, when many Europe countries and particularly Spain are going through difficult times due to rising inflation, the war in Ukraine, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although previous studies have analysed the driving forces of life insurance demand, the influence of the individual's financial planning horizon, financial knowledge, and financial self-control have been underexplored. This study analyses the influence of personal financial attributes on life insurance demand and, in so doing, explores whether the effects of such attitudes differ across different generational cohorts (i.e., the silent generation, baby boomers, Gen Xers, and millennials). The data, taken from the Survey of Financial Competences, comprises 7245 Spanish individuals. Evidence from multivariate analyses reflects the relevance of standard sociodemographic characteristics in explaining individuals' decisions to become life insurance holders. In contrast, evidence does not support a statistically significant relationship in the case of behavioural variables such as financial self-control and the financial planning horizon

This study elaborates the incorporation of thermally-driven absorption heat pumps (AbHP) in industrial dryers for waste heat recovery purposes. The waste heat stream – hot humid air that would otherwise be rejected – provides to the desorber heat, which is returned multiplied at the absorber and condenser, where it preheats the inlet air of the dryer’s gas-heater. In some cases, the cooling produced at the evaporator is utilized for partial condensation of the rejected humidity, providing also water savings. Initially, an analysis was conducted regarding the simpler choice of employing air-to-air heat exchangers. Subsequently, various scenarios with AbHP were studied in steady state. Finally, the two most promising scenarios were studied for the entire transient process. The first case provides energy savings of 29.7%, with electricity consumption of 115.6 kWther/kWelec. The second provides energy savings and electricity consumption of 36.3% and 15.7 kWtherl/kWelec, respectively, while 14% of water savings is also achieved., Giorgos Papakokkinos holds a Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant awarded by the Spanish Government and financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. This work has been developed in the context of a research project (LOOMING FACTORY 001-P-001643) co-financed by the European Union Regional Development Fund within the framework of the ERDF Operational Program of Catalonia 2014-2020 with a grant of 50% of the total cost eligible. Carles Oliet, as a Serra Húnter Associate Professor, acknowledges the Catalan Government for the support through this Programme., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

El presente trabajo realiza una aproximación arqueológica al Edificio de los Betilos (Castro de Elviña, A Coruña), una construcción de carácter cultual identificada en el año 2017. Con escasos ejemplos equiparables en el Noroeste de la Península, su estudio permite comprender el valor de las interacciones culturales con otros pueblos del sur peninsular como un elemento clave para el desarrollo de Elviña como asentamiento de gran complejidad interna. Este trabajo afronta un análisis arqueológico y arquitectónico, explorando cuestiones relativas a sus fases de ocupación, las actividades realizadas en cada área o su orientación funcional. Los resultados permiten comprender la dimensión simbólica del edificio, valorando las influencias endógenas y exógenas en su estructuración interna y comprendiéndolo como un elemento central para la sanción y legitimación de relaciones transculturales a larga distancia. Finalmente, se sugiere un análisis a escala macro, comprendiendo su génesis y desarrollo en el contexto de las relaciones atlánticas entre Gades, Roma y el Noroeste galaico., The following work explores an archaeological approach to the Baetylic Cultual Building, a construction of a religious nature discovered in 2017. With only a few comparable examples in the Iberian Northwest, this building provides fresh information on the cultural interactions with South Iberian communities, a key element in the development of Elviña as an oppidum. This paper faces an archaeological and architectural analysis, addressing questions such as its phases of occupation, cronologies, the orientation of the material culture or the funcional specialisation by rooms. The cultic orientation of the building is also assessed, tackling the endogenous and exogenous influences as a central element for sanctioning and legitimating long-distance transcultural relations. Finally, a regional analysis is built on a macro-scale study of the relations between Gades, Rome and northwest Galicia. Its aim is to provide a framework for understanding these cultural dynamics, as well as the emergence and fall of the baetylic building within the oppidum of Elviña.

O presente traballo trata de estudar o comportamento do consumidor con respecto á devolución de compras online de moda en España, así como avaliar o impacto que tivo o cambio na política de devolución do grupo Inditex no comportamento dos seus clientes. A pandemia da Covid 19 provocou un aumento considerable das compras online de moda e, asemade, das devolucións destas, que nestes últimos anos se mantiveron. Ata o de agora, as grandes compañías do sector asumían os custos que estas supoñían, ofrecendo unha política de devolución indulxente que incentivase a compra online. No entanto, os elevados custos económicos e medioambientais que xera a loxística inversa levaron ás empresas do sector téxtil a modificar a súa política de devolución. Dende o pasado 1 de febreiro de 2023 as devolucións con recollida a domicilio das tendas de Inditex en España deixaron de ser gratuítas para ter un custo de 1,95€. Ca fin de coñecer as consecuencias que este cambio puido ter entre os clientes do mercado español, levouse a cabo unha enquisa completada por 153 persoas. Tras a análise dos datos, chegouse á conclusión de que máis de 8 de cada 10 clientes continúan realizando compras online en Inditex. De feito, o 62% dos clientes non se viron afectados por este cambio, pois non empregaban este método de devolución. O principal efecto da modificación é unha diminución das devolucións con recollida a domicilio e un aumento das devolucións nos puntos de recollida e, especialmente, nas tendas físicas.

[Resumen] Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de una aplicación de entretenimiento integrada en un robot social para jugar al juego clásico Veo, veo. El objetivo es dotar al robot de las capacidades perceptivas necesarias para participar en el juego, pudiendo tomar el rol de adivinar o pensar objetos. El robot utiliza un sistema de visión artificial y modelos de reconocimiento de objetos para identificar los elementos del entorno y obtener características especificas de estos (nombre, posición, tamaño). Además, se ha desarrollado una habilidad de juego que dispone de un sistema de pistas dinámico basado en las características obtenidas en la detección de objetos. Ambos bloques, la detección y la habilidad, han sido integrados en la arquitectura del robot social Mini. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una habilidad de entretenimiento y acompañamiento que fomente las habilidades de deducción y observación del usuario., [Abstract] This work presents the development of an entertainment application integrated in a social robot to play the classic game I spy. The objective is to provide the robot with the necessary perceptual capabilities to participate in the game, being able to take the role of guessing or thinking objects. The robot uses an artificial vision system and object recognition models to identify the elements of the environment and obtain specific characteristics of these (name, position, size). In addition, a game skill has been developed that has a dynamic hint system based on the features obtained in object detection. Both blocks, the detection and the skill, have been integrated in the architecture of the Mini social robot. This work seeks to develop an entertainment and companion skill that fosters the user’s deduction and observation skills.

[Resumen] En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado e implementado el juego pares o nones como una aplicación de entretenimiento en un robot social. Se ha escogido este juego al ser apto para todos los públicos, principalmente niños y personas mayores, por su simplicidad de uso y facilidad de aprendizaje. El objetivo del juego es servir tanto como aplicación de entretenimiento como para estimulación cognitiva al requerir realizar pequeñas operaciones matemáticas. Para llevar a cabo esta aplicación, por un lado, se ha utilizado modelos de inteligencia artificial para la detección de las manos de los usuarios y se han realizado las operaciones de procesado correspondientes para obtener la información necesaria en el juego. Por otro lado, se ha implementado la habilidad en el robot que le permite al usuario interaccionar con el mismo. Tanto el módulo de detección como la habilidad se han integrado en la arquitectura completa del robot., [Abstract] Surface characterization is a problem in different engineering fields, such as mechanics, optics, and electronics. This study presents a method based on using a force-controlled robot to characterize the firmness of a surface, specifically a ball, based on its internal pressure. The parameters of the underdamped response in the transient response, when the robot is programmed to find a force value, allow for identifying the contact surface firmness, which is related to the internal pressure of the ball it contacts. The experiments were conducted using the same force control system setting for all different ball pressures, resulting in a second-order underdamped response. The obtained results demonstrate the possibilities and accuracy of the proposed method for characterizing surfaces with varying firmness. This approach has potential applications in various industries, such as evaluating the firmness of objects to be manipulated or horticultural products.

[Resumen] La robótica social abarca un gran número de aplicaciones entre las que se encuentra la compañía y el entretenimiento. Sin embargo, ambas áreas no han sido demasiado exploradas y presentan grandes retos en el diseño de robots autónomos que realmente reduzcan la soledad de sus usuarios fomentando una interacción human-robot adecuada. Este artículo presenta los métodos utilizados para desarrollar comportamientos sociales en robots mascota autónomos con el objetivo de aportar compañía y entretenimiento a sus usuarios. Además, proponemos estrategias para mejorar la expresividad del robot mediante el uso de emociones. El sistema propuesto se integra en MiRo, un robot mascota con apariencia animal diseñado para aplicaciones de entretenimiento y compañía al que se le dota de interacción multi-modal para interactuar con sus usuarios mediante juegos y comportamientos afectivos., [Abstract] Social robotics addresses a large number of areas including companionship and entertainment. However, these applications have not been explored much and present great challenges in the design of autonomous robots that actually reduce the loneliness of their users by fostering adequate human-robot interaction. This paper presents methods to develop social behaviors in autonomous pet robots to provide companionship and entertainment to their users. In addition, we propose strategies to improve the expressiveness of the robot through the inclusion of emotions. The proposed system is integrated into MiRo, an animal-like pet robot designed for entertainment and companionship applications with multi-modal interaction engaging users through games and affective behaviors.

[Resumen] La robótica social ha demostrado en los últimos años un gran potencial en sectores estratégicos para la sociedad como la educación, la sanidad y la compañía a mayores. Estos sectores necesitan sistemas autónomos para ayudar a sus profesionales por diversos motivos. Por ejemplo, el envejecimiento de la población en países desarrollados ha provocado una falta de trabajadores cualificados en sectores clave como el cuidado de personas mayores. Este artículo tiene como motivación el desarrollo de robots sociales autónomos que sean capaces de realizar sus tareas adecuadamente con la aceptación de sus usuarios, reduzcan la supervisión humana, y operen en escenarios reales de forma ininterrumpida. Este trabajo toma como referencia numerosos estudios que en los últimos años revelan los beneficios de replicar el comportamiento humano en robots autónomos para incrementar el vínculo humano-robot y mejorar la interacción entre ambos. Para dotar de un comportamiento bioinspirado y autónomo a los robots sociales, en este artículo proponemos tres estrategias de generación de comportamiento: cómo el robot percibe y evalúa estímulos del entorno y responde a ellos, pulsiones internas que motivan el comportamiento voluntario, y ritmos biológicos para generar comportamientos cíclicos. Estas estrategias se implementan en el robot Mini, permitiéndole operar durante largos periodos de tiempo y cumplir sus tareas de asistencia al usuario., [Abstract] In recent years, social robotics has shown great potential in strategic sectors for society such as education, healthcare and elderly companionship. These sectors need autonomous systems to assist their professionals for various reasons. For example, the aging of the population in developed countries has led to a lack of skilled workers in key sectors such as elderly care. This paper is motivated by the development of autonomous social robots that are able to perform their tasks adequately with the acceptance of their users, reduce human supervision, and operate in real scenarios in an uninterrupted manner. This work takes as a reference numerous studies that in recent years reveal the benefits of replicating human behavior in autonomous robots to increase the human-robot bond and improve the interaction between both. To endow bio-inspired and autonomous behavior to social robots, in this paper we propose three behavior generation strategies: how the robot perceives and evaluates stimuli from the environment and responds to them, internal drives that motivate voluntary behavior, and biological rhythms to generate cyclic behaviors. These strategies are implemented in the Mini robot, allowing it to operate for long periods of time and accomplish its user assistance tasks.

[Resumen] En años recientes, la robótica está empezando a usarse fuera de aplicaciones industriales, y los robots empiezan ya a tomar parte en tareas que requieren interactuar con personas. Para que estas interacciones resulten naturales, es necesario que el robot sea capaz de ejecutar expresiones de forma autónoma. En situaciones donde el robot está hablando, los gestos no verbales que ejecute deben apoyar el mensaje comunicativo de la componente verbal, y ambas componentes deben estar sincronizadas apropiadamente. En este trabajo presentamos un sistema de predicción de gestos no verbales para robots sociales basado en uno de los avances más significativos en años recientes en el campo del aprendizaje profundo: el modelo transformer. Esta solución será comparada con un modelo previo que combina redes recurrentes con campos aleatorios condicionales para resolver la misma tarea. Los resultados de la comparación de ambos modelos indican que, al igual que en otras tareas de procesamiento del lenguaje natural, los transformers presentan una clara mejora a la hora de resolver la tarea de predecir gestos no verbales para robots sociales., [Abstract] In recent years, robotics is starting to expand beyond industrial applications, and robots are starting to take part in tasks that require interacting with human beings. For this interactions to be natural for the users, it is necessary that the robots are capable of performing expressions autonomously. In situations where the robot is speaking, the non-verbal gestures performed by the robot must also support the communicative message expressed by the verbal component, and both components should be properly synchronized. In this work, we present a gesture prediction system for social robots based in one of the most significant advances in the area of deep learning: the transformer model. This solution will be compared with a previous system based on a combination of recurrent neural networks and conditional random fields. The results of the comparison conducted show that, as it is the case for other tasks in the field of natural language processing, transformers present a clear improvement for the task of predicting non-verbal expressions for social robots.

HIP 9618 (HD 12572, TOI-1471, TIC 306263608) is a bright (G = 9.0 mag) solar analogue. TESS photometry revealed the star to have two candidate planets with radii of 3.9 ± 0.044 R (HIP 9618 b) and 3.343 ± 0.039 R (HIP 9618 c). While the 20.77291 d period of HIP 9618 b was measured unambiguously, HIP 9618 c showed only two transits separated by a 680-d gap in the time series, leaving many possibilities for the period. To solve this issue, CHEOPS performed targeted photometry of period aliases to attempt to recover the true period of planet c, and successfully determined the true period to be 52.56349 d. High-resolution spectroscopy with HARPS-N, SOPHIE, and CAFE revealed a mass of 10.0 ± 3.1M for HIP 9618 b, which, according to our interior structure models, corresponds to a 6.8 ± 1.4 per cent gas fraction. HIP 9618 c appears to have a lower mass than HIP 9618 b, with a 3-sigma upper limit of <18M. Follow-up and archival RV measurements also reveal a clear long-term trend which, when combined with imaging and astrometric information, reveal a low-mass companion (0.08+−000512M☉) orbiting at 26.0+−111900 au. This detection makes HIP 9618 one of only five bright (K < 8 mag) transiting multiplanet systems known to host a planet with P > 50 d, opening the door for the atmospheric characterization of warm (Teq < 750 K) sub-Neptunes.

Despite the growing prevalence of employee exemplification in the workplace, there is limited understanding of this assertive self-focused tactic. This study proposes to expand the exemplification research domain by exploring the emotional and behavioral conditions under which this impression management tactic is effective. Data analysis from 206 supervisor employee dyads reveals that the indirect relationship between exemplification and individual performance through a supervisor’s liking is conditional on an employee’s emotional intelligence. Specifically, the exemplification effect on performance is sharply negative when a salesperson’s emotional intelligence is low, and it becomes insignificant when a salesperson is highly emotionally intelligent. This moderating effect is also strengthened by a supervisor’s age. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Research on consumer financial vulnerability (CFV) was especially encouraged in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, becoming a phenomenon of global interest to academics and policy makers. This paper reviews the existing academic literature on CFV with the aim of mapping out four research fields (i.e., the concept, the measures, the methods, and the drivers of this phenomenon) and providing a roadmap for a future research agenda for this field. To this end, we review the last two decades of academic research on households’ financial vulnerability, thereby presenting a hybrid literature review. Evidence from a comprehensive analysis of 98 academic papers suggests that this is still an emerging and highly fragmented field and, therefore, a comprehensive future research agenda is offered, including concrete suggestions for research designs and measurements. The proposal of a homogeneous definition of financial vulnerability, the consideration of measures that include subjective aspects of the phenomenon, the use of qualitative methods, and the development of more detailed theoretical and empirical research on the drivers of CFV, are among the authors’ recommendations for future research

In recent years, households have become increasingly indebted, which constitutes a matter of concern. Based on a sample from the Spanish Survey of Financial Competences, this paper examines the relationship between self-control and consumer borrowing behaviour and, in so doing, it proposes a new multi-item scale of individual’s self-control in financial matters and considers several types of consumer debt, thus overcoming the main gaps identified in previous research. Empirical evidence reveals that, overall, self-control problems lead to more indebtedness. However, comprehensive analyses have demonstrated that the influence of self-control differs across an exhaustive range of credit options. In this regard, the lack of self-control increases the probability of taking out unsecured personal loans, loans from family or friends, and credit card use. Evidence suggests that individuals’ first impulse leads them to ask their social circle for a loan. Overall, individuals might be tempted to get indebted when they cannot make ends meet. However, this first impulse usually faces barriers from the supply perspective, so the evidence suggests that the effect of self-control on borrowing decisions might be shaped not only by the demand side of credit but also by the supply one

We followed-up with ESPRESSO the K0V star HIP 29442 (TOI-469), already known to host a validated sub-Neptune companion TOI-469.01. We aim to verify the planetary nature of TOI-469.01. We modelled radial velocity and photometric time series to measure the dynamical mass, radius, and ephemeris, and to characterise the internal structure and composition of TOI-469.01. We confirmed the planetary nature of TOI-469.01. Thanks to ESPRESSO we discovered two additional close-in companions. We also detected their low signal-to-noise transit signals in the TESS light curve. HIP 29442 is a compact multi-planet system, and the three planets have orbital periods $P_{\rm orb, b}=13.63083\pm0.00003$, $P_{\rm orb, c}=3.53796\pm0.00003$, and $P_{\rm orb, d}=6.42975^{+0.00009}_{-0.00010}$ days, and we measured their masses with high precision: $m_{\rm p, b}=9.6\pm0.8~M_{\oplus}$, $m_{\rm p, c}=4.5\pm0.3~M_{\oplus}$, and $m_{\rm p, d}=5.1\pm0.4~M_{\oplus}$. We measured radii and bulk densities of all the planets (the 3$\sigma$ confidence intervals are shown in parenthesis): $R_{\rm p, b}=3.48^{+0.07 (+0.19)}_{-0.08 (-0.28)} ~R_{\oplus}$ and $\rho_{\rm p, b}=1.3\pm0.2 (0.3) g~cm^{-3}$; $R_{\rm p, c}=1.58^{+0.10 (+0.30)}_{-0.11 (-0.34)}~R_{\oplus}$ and $\rho_{\rm p, c}=6.3^{+1.7 (+6.0)}_{-1.3 (-2.7)} g~cm^{-3}$; $R_{\rm p, d}=1.37\pm0.11^{(+0.32)}_{(-0.43)}~R_{\oplus}$ and $\rho_{\rm p, d}=11.0^{+3.4 (+21.0)}_{-2.4 (-6.3)} g~cm^{-3}$. We used the more conservative 3$\sigma$ confidence intervals for the radii as input to the interior structure modelling. We find that HIP 29442 $b$ appears as a typical sub-Neptune, likely surrounded by a gas layer of pure H-He with a mass of $0.27^{+0.24}_{-0.17} M_{\oplus}$ and a thickness of $1.4\pm0.5 R_{\oplus}$. For the innermost companions HIP 29442 $c$ HIP 29442 $d$, the model supports an Earth-like composition., Comment: Accepted for publication on A&A

Las Jornadas de Robótica y Bioingeniería de 2023 tienen lugar en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial de la Universidad Politécnica de IVIadrid, entre los días 14 y 16 de junio de 2023. En este evento propiciado por el Comité Español de Automática (CEA) tiene lugar la celebración conjunta de las XII Jornadas Nacionales de Robótica y el XIV Simposio CEA de Bioingeniería. Las Jornadas Nacionales de Robótica es un evento promovido por el Grupo Temático de Robótica (GTRob) de CEA para dar visibilidad y mostrar las actividades desarrolladas en el ámbito de la investigación y transferencia tecnológica en robótica. Asimismo, el propósito de Simposio de Bioingeniería, que cumple ahora su decimocuarta dicción, es el de proporcionar un espacio de encuentro entre investigadores, desabolladores, personal clínico, alumnos, industriales, profesionales en general e incluso usuarios que realicen su actividad en el ámbito de la bioingeniería. Estos eventos se han celebrado de forma conjunta en la anualidad 2023. Esto ha permitido aunar y congregar un elevado número de participantes tanto de la temática robótica como de bioingeniería (investigadores, profesores, desabolladores y profesionales en general), que ha posibilitado establecer puntos de encuentro, sinergias y colaboraciones entre ambos. El programa de las jornadas aúna comunicaciones científicas de los últimos resultados de investigación obtenidos, por los grupos a nivel español más representativos dentro de la temática de robótica y bioingeniería, así como mesas redondas y conferencias en las que se debatirán los temas de mayor interés en la actualidad. En relación con las comunicaciones científicas presentadas al evento, se ha recibido un total de 46 ponencias, lo que sin duda alguna refleja el alto interés de la comunidad científica en las Jornadas de Robótica y Bioingeniería. Estos trabajos serán expuestos y presentados a lo largo de un total de 10 sesiones, distribuidas durante los diferentes días de las

We report the discovery and Doppler mass measurement of a 7.4-day 2.3-$R_\oplus$ mini-Neptune around a metal-poor K dwarf BD+29 2654 (TOI-2018). Based on a high-resolution Keck/HIRES spectrum, the Gaia parallax, and multi-wavelength photometry from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared, we found that the host star has $T_{\text{eff}}=4174^{+34}_{-42}$ K, $\log{g}=4.62^{+0.02}_{-0.03}$, $[\text{Fe/H}]=-0.58\pm0.18$, $M_{\ast}=0.57\pm0.02~M_{\odot}$, and $R_{\ast}=0.62\pm0.01~R_{\odot}$. Precise Doppler measurements with Keck/HIRES revealed a planetary mass of $M_{\text{p}}=9.2\pm2.1~M_{\oplus}$ for TOI-2018 b. TOI-2018 b has a mass and radius that are consistent with an Earth-like core with a $\sim1\%$-by-mass hydrogen/helium envelope, or an ice-rock mixture. The mass of TOI-2018 b is close to the threshold for run-away accretion and hence giant planet formation. Such a threshold is predicted to be around 10$M_\oplus$ or lower for a low-metallicity (low-opacity) environment. If TOI-2018 b is a planetary core that failed to undergo run-away accretion, it may underline the reason why giant planets are rare around low-metallicity host stars (one possibility is their shorter disk lifetimes). With a K-band magnitude of 7.1, TOI-2018 b may be a suitable target for transmission spectroscopy with the James Webb Space Telescope. The system is also amenable to metastable Helium observation; the detection of a Helium exosphere would help distinguish between a H/He enveloped planet and a water world., Comment: 10 figures, 5 tables, accepted to AAS Journals

HIP 9618 (HD 12572, TOI-1471, TIC 306263608) is a bright ($G=9.0$ mag) solar analogue. TESS photometry revealed the star to have two candidate planets with radii of $3.9 \pm 0.044$ $R_\oplus$ (HIP 9618 b) and $3.343 \pm 0.039$ $R_\oplus$ (HIP 9618 c). While the 20.77291 day period of HIP 9618 b was measured unambiguously, HIP 9618 c showed only two transits separated by a 680-day gap in the time series, leaving many possibilities for the period. To solve this issue, CHEOPS performed targeted photometry of period aliases to attempt to recover the true period of planet c, and successfully determined the true period to be 52.56349 d. High-resolution spectroscopy with HARPS-N, SOPHIE and CAFE revealed a mass of $10.0 \pm 3.1 M_\oplus$ for HIP 9618 b, which, according to our interior structure models, corresponds to a $6.8\pm1.4\%$ gas fraction. HIP 9618 c appears to have a lower mass than HIP 9618 b, with a 3-sigma upper limit of $< 18M_\oplus$. Follow-up and archival RV measurements also reveal a clear long-term trend which, when combined with imaging and astrometric information, reveal a low-mass companion ($0.08^{+0.12}_{-0.05} M_\odot$) orbiting at $26^{+19}_{-11}$ au. This detection makes HIP 9618 one of only five bright ($K<8$ mag) transiting multi-planet systems known to host a planet with $P>50$ d, opening the door for the atmospheric characterisation of warm ($T_{\rm eq}<750$ K) sub-Neptunes., Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures, 9 tables. Accepted at MNRAS. CHEOPS, RV and ground-based photometric data is available on CDS at https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/MNRAS/523/3069

Small planets located at the lower mode of the bimodal radius distribution are generally assumed to be composed of iron and silicates in a proportion similar to that of the Earth. However, recent discoveries are revealing a new group of low-density planets that are inconsistent with that description. We intend to confirm and characterize the TESS planet candidate TOI-244.01, which orbits the bright ($K$ = 7.97 mag), nearby ($d$ = 22 pc), and early-type (M2.5 V) M-dwarf star GJ 1018 with an orbital period of 7.4 days. We used Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to model 57 precise radial velocity measurements acquired by the ESPRESSO spectrograph together with TESS photometry and complementary HARPS data. We find TOI-244 b to be a super-Earth with a radius of $R_{\rm p}$ = 1.52 $\pm$ 0.12 $\rm R_{\oplus}$ and a mass of $M_{\rm p}$ = 2.68 $\pm$ 0.30 $\rm M_{\oplus}$. These values correspond to a density of $\rho$ = 4.2 $\pm$ 1.1 $\rm g \cdot cm^{-3}$, which is below what would be expected for an Earth-like composition. We find that atmospheric loss processes may have been efficient to remove a potential primordial hydrogen envelope, but high mean molecular weight volatiles such as water could have been retained. Our internal structure modeling suggests that TOI-244 b has a $479^{+128}_{-96}$ km thick hydrosphere over a 1.17 $\pm$ 0.09 $\rm R_{\oplus}$ solid structure composed of a Fe-rich core and a silicate-dominated mantle compatible with that of the Earth. On a population level, we find two tentative trends in the density-metallicity and density-insolation parameter space for the low-density super-Earths, which may hint at their composition. With a 8$\%$ precision in radius and 12$\%$ precision in mass, TOI-244 b is among the most precisely characterized super-Earths, which, together with the likely presence of an extended hydrosphere, makes it a key target for atmospheric observations., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

The main scientific goal of TESS is to find planets smaller than Neptune around stars that are bright enough to allow for further characterization studies. Given our current instrumentation and detection biases, M dwarfs are prime targets in the search for small planets that are in (or near) the habitable zone of their host star. In this work, we use photometric observations and CARMENES radial velocity measurements to validate a pair of transiting planet candidates found by TESS. The data were fitted simultaneously, using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure and taking into account the stellar variability present in the photometric and spectroscopic time series. We confirm the planetary origin of the two transiting candidates orbiting around TOI-2095 (LSPM J1902+7525). The star is a nearby M dwarf ($d = 41.90 \pm 0.03$ pc, $T_{\rm eff} = 3759 \pm 87$ K, $V = 12.6$ mag), with a stellar mass and radius of $M_\star = 0.44 \pm 0.02 \; M_\odot$ and $R_\star = 0.44 \pm 0.02 \; R_\odot$, respectively. The planetary system is composed of two transiting planets: TOI-2095b, with an orbital period of $P_b = 17.66484 \pm (7\times 10^{-5})$ days, and TOI-2095c, with $P_c = 28.17232 \pm (14\times 10^{-5})$ days. Both planets have similar sizes with $R_b = 1.25 \pm 0.07 \; R_\oplus$ and $R_c = 1.33 \pm 0.08 \; R_\oplus$ for planet b and planet c, respectively. Although we did not detect the induced RV variations of any planet with significance, our CARMENES data allow us to set stringent upper limits on the masses of these objects. We find $M_b < 4.1 \; M_\oplus$ for the inner and $M_c < 7.4 \; M_\oplus$ for the outer planet (95% confidence level). These two planets present equilibrium temperatures in the range of 300-350 K and are close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of their star., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 29 pages

L’espai col·lectiu és una categoria urbana que mostra la complexitat de la ciutat en qüestionar els límits que tradicionalment imposa la titularitat duna parcel·la. Aquests espais privats d’ús públic estenen la influència dels carrers cap a l’interior de les parcel·les privades millorant la permeabilitat de la ciutat i enriquint l’experiència ciutadana. D’aquesta manera constitueixen una centralitat urbana en si mateixos segons la relació amb l'espai públic i els usos d’interès col·lectiu que hi agrupen. Tot i això, acotar la seva definició continua sent objecte de debat acadèmic i, de vegades, el terme s’utilitza amb poca precisió. Per això, aquest treball fa un recorregut històric per mostrar el naixement i evolució del fenomen a partir de la ciutat industrial, a més de revisar i confrontar publicacions i treballs de recerca similars. Finalment, amb el propòsit d’ajustar les característiques de l’espai col·lectiu proposades en la definició, s’aporta l’estudi de dues àrees comercial de la ciutat Las Palmas de Gran Canaria com a novetat. Els paràmetres utilitzats per a aquesta anàlisi són propietat, accessibilitat i complexitat programàtica i es mostra com un model per comprendre'n el funcionament i la influència dins del teixit urbà., Collective space is an urban category that shows the complexity of the city by questioning the limits traditionally imposed by the ownership of a plot. These private spaces for public use extend the influence of the streets into the private plots, improving the permeability of the city and enriching the citizen experience. In this way they constitute an urban centrality in themselves according to their relationship with the public space and the uses of collective interest that they group. However, narrowing down its definition is still subject of academic debate, and the term is sometimes used loosely. For this reason, this work takes a historical tour to show the birth and evolution of the phenomenon from the industrial city, in addition to reviewing and comparing similar publications and research papers. Finally, with the purpose of adjusting the characteristics of the collective space stated in its definition, two commercial areas of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria city have been studied. The parameters used for this analysis are property, accessibility and programmatic complexity. This analysis is an example of how to understand its operation and influence within the urban fabric., El espacio colectivo es una categoría urbana que muestra la complejidad de la ciudad al cuestionar los límites que tradicionalmente impone la titularidad de una parcela. Estos espacios privados de uso público extienden la influencia de las calles hacia el interior de las parcelas privadas mejorando la permeabilidad de la ciudad y enriqueciendo la experiencia ciudadana. De esta forma constituyen una centralidad urbana en sí mismos según su relación con el espacio público y los usos de interés colectivo que agrupan. Sin embargo, acotar su definición sigue siendo objeto de debate académico y, en ocasiones, el término se utiliza con poca precisión. Por ello, este trabajo hace un recorrido histórico para mostrar el nacimiento y la evolución del fenómeno a partir de la ciudad industrial, además de revisar y confrontar publicaciones y trabajos de investigación similares. Finalmente, con el propósito de ajustar las características del espacio colectivo propuestas en su definición, se aporta el estudio de dos áreas comercial de la ciudad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria como novedad. Los parámetros utilizados para este análisis son propiedad, accesibilidad y complejidad programática y se muestra como un modelo para comprender su funcionamiento e influencia dentro del tejido urbano., Peer Reviewed