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Hand-written notes taken verbatum by Vischer from Alfred Robinson's description of the Bay of San Francisco (1846). Note paper folded in half and hand-sewn with string. Notes include descriptions of the San Francisco Bay, the Mission Dolores, Santa Clara, and San Jose.

The Japanese Relocation collection consists of photographs of the internment camps established during World War II. The photographs were taken at Tule Lake, California from 1942 to 1943 and are representative of the conditions of the camps and the life styles of the Japanese Americans who lived in them. There are photographs of living quarters, classrooms, parades, office workers, and farm laborers., Collection is arranged topically.; J. Douglas Cook; Tule Lake, Newell, California; Tule Lake; Waukon, Washington; 1: Portrait of Cook, Administrator of Tule Lake; Photographs depicting the conditions of the camp and the lifestyles of the Japanese-Americans who lived in them. Pictures are arranged chronologically by date. The photographer was Frances Stewart.; 2: View of barracks; 3: Evacuee clerks at work in Administrative office.; 4: Turnips grown by evacuees; 5: Workers in packing shed; 6-10: Evacuee parade celebrating Labor Day; 11: Evacuee band; 12-14: View of Farm at Tule Lake; 15-18: Evacuees harvesting spinach; 19-22: Workers in packing shed; 23-24: Scene at Harvest Festival; 25-26: Harvest Festival Parade; 27-28: Cabaret International Evacuee show; 29-30: Evacuees receiving absentee ballots; 31: Workers at city desk of Tulean Dispatch; 32-34: Nursery school children; 35-37: Exterior of barracks demonstrating how evacuees try to decorate them; 38: Fifth grade pupils and teacher; 39: Camp High School; 40: Sixth grade students in classroom; 41-42: Grade school students at recess.; 43-49: Classroom scenes; 50-53: Hog farm; 54: View of camp; 55-61: Evacuees working on farm digging potatoes; 62: Evacuee cashier; 63: Evacuee filing clerk; 64-351: Photographs of camp and people at Tule Lake Relocation Center. There is no specific identification on the pictures, but they offer an overall view of what life was like in the camp. Photographer was J. Douglas Cook.; 352: Group portrait of evacuees at Reloation Camp in Washington.; 353-355: Camp life of Japanese at Tule Lake; 359: Japanese working in camps at Tule Lake; 364-365: Japanese children going to school at Tule Lake; 356-358: Camp life of Japanese at Tule Lake; 360-363: Japanese working in camps at Tule Lake; 366-368: Japanese children going to school at Tule Lake.

The second of three books depicting California through art. Here, Vischer's photographed drawings feature native Californian trees. Roughly three-quarters of the images here may also be found in Visher's Pictorial of California. The book consists of albumen photographs mounted on paper and pasted onto individual pages.

The potential effects of climate change on the operation of California's electric power system, on both the supply and demand sides, is an important impact category for research and for policy planning and management. It is also one of the most challenging to analyze, inasmuch as it involves the future interactions among the climate system, a highly complex, engineered technical system, and socioeconomic trends that are difficult to project in their own right. This paper uses new projections of regional climate change affecting California to generate simple illustrative estimates of possible impacts on state electricity consumption, demand, and expenditures.

This paper examines California's opportunities and constraints for managing the impacts of climate change. It reviews the extant literature on adaptation and provides examples from selected sectors in California to illuminate the constraints and, in some cases, the limits to the ability to adapt to climate change. Based on these insights, recommendations are made for how government, research, and civil society can help California most effectively prepare for climate change impacts.

This paper examines economic water management adaptations, effects, and other implications of a GFDL [i.e. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]-A2 year 2085 dry climate warming scenario for California's water supply system with estimated year 2050 water demands and land use.

This paper recommends a variety of actions that should be taken to mitigate the future effects of wildfires in California. These actions include: adoption of a risk-based framework for fire management; reintroduction of fire to fire-prone ecosystems and careful use of fire surrogates; creation of new and flexible policies; and a serious reevaluation of urban planning and building in fire-prone locations. Future communities in California must be made less susceptible to wildfire damage, and the ecosystems upon which California depends must be made more resilient to wildfire disruption.

A new approach for detecting foehn [Föhn] weather conditions, such as the Santa Ana occurrence (SAO), was performed using two Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models, the GFDL and the PCM, forced with the relatively high (A2) and low (B1) greenhouse gas emissions detailed in the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Southern California Santa Ana winds were analyzed using large-scale pressure gradients and humidity fields. Results indicate a good correlation between large-scale detected Santa Ana occurrences and observed offshore winds during periods of low humidity. The sensitivity of the number of climate change-projected SAOs was analyzed for three future time periods -- 2005-2035, 2035-2064, 2070-2099 -- and ranged from 26% to 138% of historical. GFDL A2 and B1 outcomes indicate that the warmest fall month, September, has an increase in SAO days in the early part of this century, followed by a decrease, while the PCM A2 and B1 outcomes suggest fewer SAOs during September. Meanwhile, the strongest historical SAO month, December, experiences SAO decreases for all cases during 2005-2034 and increases for 2070-2099. This initial analysis suggests that Santa Ana conditions may significantly increase during California's fire season, but in general are unlikely to be radically more or less frequent than at present.

Possible future climate changes in California are investigated from a varied set of climate change model simulations. These simulations, conducted by three state-of-the-art global climate models, provide trajectories from three greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios. These scenarios and the resulting climate simulations are not "predictions," but rather are a limited sample from among the many plausible pathways that may affect California's climate. Future GHG concentrations are uncertain because they depend on future social, political, and technological pathways. In all of the simulations, most precipitation continues to occur in winter, with virtually all derived from North Pacific winter storms. Relatively little change in overall precipitation is projected. Climate warming has a profound influence in diminishing snow accumulations, because there is more rain and less snow, and earlier snowmelt. These snow losses increase as the warming increases, so that they are most severe under climate changes projected by the more sensitive model with the higher GHG emissions

This study considers a range of projected future global sea level rises in examining possible impacts at California coastal and estuarine stations. Two climate models and three scenarios are considered, providing a set of possible future weather and short-period climate fluctuations, and a range of potential long-term sea level rise values. The potential for impacts of future sea level rise is assessed from the occurrence of hourly sea level extremes. The occurrence of extreme events follows a sharply escalating pattern as the magnitude of future sea level rise increases. The confluence of low barometric pressures from storms and the presence large waves at the same time substantially increases the likelihood of high, damaging sea levels along the California coast. Similarly, astronomical tides and disturbances in sea level that are caused by weather and climate fluctuations are transmitted into the San Francisco Bay and Delta, and on into the lower reaches of the Sacramento River. In addition to elevating Bay and Delta sea levels directly through inverse barometer and wind effects, storms may generate heavy precipitation and high fresh water runoff and cause floods in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, increasing the potential for inundation of levees and other structures. There may also be increased risk of levee failure due to the hydraulics and geometry of these structures. Rising sea levels from climate change will increase the frequency and duration of extreme high water levels, causing historical coastal and San Francisco Bay/Delta structure design criteria to be exceeded.

This technical note describes the methodology used to assess the impacts of different climate change scenarios on California water resources. A water resources systems model was necessary to analyze the performance of California's water system under predicted hydrologic scenarios associated with climate change. The project used CALSIM II, a model cooperatively developed by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). Seven different climate change scenarios were considered; results showed great negative impacts on California hydrology and water resources associated with most of the scenarios analyzed.

This report focuses on public health impacts associated with climate change. Summer temperatures in California under scenarios of future climate change are projected to increase by 2°C to 7°C (3.6°F to 12.6°F) by the year 2100. Increases will be accompanied by longer, more frequent, and more severe extreme heat conditions. These increases are expected to affect human health directly through heat-related mortality, and indirectly through air pollution, potential effects on various infectious diseases, and wildfires. By the end-of-century, the likelihood of extreme heat is projected to be 2-4 times greater under the climate change scenarios examined. For an increasingly urbanized population, extreme heat waves create a significant risk of adverse health effects and heat-related mortality.

This study evaluated the climate change impacts on the productivity, health, and value of a forest for a specific region in California -- the Sierran mixed conifer timberbelt. The research team adapted an industry standard planning tool to forecast 30-year tree growth and timber yields for forest stands in El Dorado County under a changing climate. The model projections were constrained by structural and demographic data from the Blodgett Forest Research Station in El Dorado County in order to represent a realistic range of legal management regimes employed on private and governmental forests in the region.

Global climate change has the potential to dramatically alter hydrologic conditions in California by changing the spatial and temporal patterns of snow accumulation and snow melt. The water management infrastructure in California has been designed and is operated in accordance with historic hydrologic patterns. Understanding if and how this infrastructure can be managed in the face of global climate change in order to meet the array of vital water management objectives for the system is a critical research question addressed in part by this study. Here an application of the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system, developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute, is presented for California's Sacramento River Basin. WEAP is an integrated hydrology and water resources systems model that allows for assessment of climate change impact and adaptation in the water sector based solely on future climate time series. The model is used to evaluate the impact of four future climate scenarios on agricultural water management in the region, and to investigate whether water management adaptation could reduce potential impacts.

Species of plants and animals have specific requirements for growth, survival, and reproduction that determine their geographic distribution, abundance, and interactions with other species. This study reviewed commonly used growth indices and more recently developed weather-driven, physiologically based demographic models. The models predict that the geographic range of the different species in each climatic system would be differentially affected, and this would complicate crop production and pest management issues. The effects of climate warming would limit tree crops that require chilling to initiate flowering. For example, olive was used to show how its range would contract in the southern part of the state due to lack of chilling, and in the northern part of its range due to severe low temperatures. The range of pests such as pink bollworm on cotton would increase into formerly inhospitable areas of the San Joaquin Valley, and their damage would increase in the current range. Similar predictions would also apply for economically important pests such as olive fly, Mediterranean fruit fly and others. The range of invasive weeds weed such as yellow starthistle would also increase in a northward direction. The effects of warming climate on biological control agents are more difficult to predict, because the biological complexity of the interactions preclude generality. This study also identified two major deficiencies: (1) the need to develop physiologically based systems models of the major cropping systems to forecast the effects of climate change on crops and on the dynamics of extant and new exotic pest introductions, and (2) the need to expand weather-gathering data systems, especially the collection of solar radiation data.

The objective of this study was to dynamically simulate the response of vegetation distribution, carbon, and fire to three scenarios of future climate change for California using the MAPSS-CENTURY (MC1) dynamic general vegetation model. Under all three scenarios, alpine/subalpine forest cover declined with increased growing season length and warmth, and increases in the productivity of evergreen hardwoods with increased temperature led to the displacement of evergreen conifer forest by mixed evergreen forest. The simulated responses to changes in precipitation were complex, involving not only the effect on vegetation productivity, but also changes in tree-grass competition mediated by fire. Grassland expanded, largely at the expense of woodland and shrubland, even under the relatively cool and moist PCM-A2 climate scenario where increased woody plant production was offset by increased wildfire.

Using statistical models, wildfire risks are described as a function of climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation, and of hydrologic variables simulated using temperature and precipitation. Property damages due to wildfires are also modeled using the 2000 U.S. Census to describe the location and density of residential structures. This analysis indicates that the largest changes in property damages under the climate change scenarios occurs in wildland/urban interfaces proximate to major metropolitan areas in coastal southern California, the Bay Area, and in the Sierra foothills northeast of Sacramento.

This report consists of an integrated analysis of potential impacts of climate change upon California agriculture. It primarily focuses on identifying impacts, options for adaptation, and identification of areas where key data are currently lacking. California agriculture also has an important role to play in climate change mitigation, both in the short term and in the longer term. While not the primary focus of this report, areas and options where California agriculture may act as a net mitigator of climate change are also identified.

This report evaluates how global warming and the associated rise in atmospheric CO2 will affect several facets of agriculture in California: crop production, water us, and crop phenology. Analysis is based on a survey of peer-reviewed literature, an analysis of trends in crop-related climate variables, and simulations with a biophysical model, CANVEG.

Discusses several revenue proposals included in the 2003/04 Governor's budget to fund programs proposed to be shifted to local governments under a state-local program realignment.