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In this paper, we propose a simple algorithm for detecting a vehicle trapped in flooded urban area by using quad-polarimetric SAR data. The four-component scattering power decomposition and phase difference of HH-VV co-pol ratio are effectively used in the proposed algorithm. Here we carry out polarimetric scattering measurement for a scaled vehicle model surrounded by two buildings model in an anechoic chamber, to acquire the quad-polarimetric SAR data. It is confirmed from the results of the image analysis for the measured SAR data that the proposed algorithm for vehicle detection works well even under severe environment where the vehicle is set in the shadow of the building and/or the alignment of the vehicle or the buildings is obliquely oriented to direction of the radar line of sight.

This squib discusses a piece of potential counterevidence against Kuroda's (1979) and Hoshi's (1991, 1999) dichotomy of ni and ni yotte passive sentences in Japanese, and shows that a slight modification of the apparent counterexample does provide a piece of supporting evidence for Kuroda's and Hoshi's claim that the subject in these two types of passive is derived in different ways.

This paper reports prompt space-borne ALOS-2 SAR observation results of Hokkaido-Iburi-Tobu earthquake on 2018/09/06. Emphasis is placed on quick survey for disaster monitoring using fully polarimetric data. On 2018/09/08, ALOS-2 has acquired data over the disaster area. By comparison of the previous data (2017/08/26) before the earthquake, damaged areas by landslides are clearly detected. The analysis is based on the scattering power decomposition, which retrieves scattering mechanism change from bare soil surface caused by landslide and serves to identify the landslide location. The decomposition and anisotropy images are presented to show the effectiveness of fully polarimetric SAR sensing from space.

As a fascicle of a serial work that describes tabulate corals in pebbles from the Kotaki area in Itoigawa, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan, this paper describes four Devonian species of auloporid tabulate corals, namely an auloporid Aulopora chiharai Niko, Ibaraki and Tazawa sp. nov., a palaeofavosiporid Kanashiropora sp. cf. K. kozui Niko, a syringoporid Syringopora sp. indet., and a multithecoporid Syringoporella sp. indet. Aulopora chiharai is distinguished from comparable species of the genus principally by its small corallite diameters and the possession of complete tabulae. Kanashiropora sp. cf. K. kozui represents the first record of the genus outside the type locality in the Fukuji area, Gifu Prefecture. Aulopora chiharai, Syringopora sp. indet., and Syringoporella sp. indet. are involved in stromatoporoids.

This paper pursuits a possibility of fully polarimetric and threedimensional (3-D) imaging by Holographic Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography (HoloSAR). HoloSAR is 3-D extension of Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar (CSAR) along the vertical direction whose trajectory is a circle in a horizontal plane. By adding fully polarimetric capability to HoloSAR, it becomes a perfect 3-D imaging radar system which reveals scattering mechanisms from object through scattering power decomposition. This paper attempts to achieve such a prototype system in an anechoic chamber. The experimental result successfully yielded a 3-D image reconstruction of objects with exhibiting polarimetric scattering mechanism.

This paper presents a conifer and broad-leaf tree classification scheme that processes high resolution polarimetric synthetic aperture data above X-band. To validate the proposal, fully polarimetric measurements are conducted in a precisely controlled environment to examine the difference between the scattering mechanisms of conifer and broad-leaf trees at 15 GHz. With 3.75 cm range resolution, scattering matrices of two tree types were measured by a vector network analyzer. Polarimetric analyses using the 4-component scattering power decomposition and alpha-bar angle of eigenvalue decomposition yielded clear distinction between the two tree types. This scheme was also applied to an X-band Pi-SAR2 data set. The results confirm that it is possible to distinguish between tree types using fully polarimetric and high-resolution data above X-band.

本稿では、国際投資協定における投資受入国による協定違反が生じた場合の「例外事項」の適用可能性及びその範囲について検討する。二国間投資協定を含む国際投資協定では、他の国際協定と同様に一定の条件下で義務違反を構成しないとされる状況が想定され、例外事項として規定されている。そこで、経済危機などが生じた場合に投資受入国が規制権限を行使して外国投資家に損害が生じた場合に「例外事項」の適用可否及び適用条件が問題となる。本稿では一般的な例外事項の状況について概観した後に、特に人権保障を目的とした投資受入国の規制権限の行使について国際投資協定違反が訴えられた事例を取り上げ、その射程及び問題点を明らかにする。

This study examines Japanese and overseas employees' perceptions of intercultural communication in multicultural workplaces. This study focuses on local government offices and local government-related organisations in a rural area in Japan. The results obtained from conducted semi-structured interviews provided us with some insights into what conceptualisation of culture we should adopt in intercultural education and which cultural characteristics Japanese students should focus on to develop a critical awareness of their own culture. The results also provided us with insights into how students should view the adaptation to cultural differences. These insights help us design an educational programme for developing Japanese students' intercultural competence for working in multicultural workplaces in Japan's rural areas.

Adetognathus unicornis (Rexroad and Burton) is the first representative of conodont fossils from the Carboniferous Tsuchikurazawa Limestone in the Itoigawa area, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. The occurrence of this species indicates that the age of the limestone correlates with the late Serpukhovian (= late Chesterian) of the early Carboniferous, which is consistent with previous reports.

This study examines the discourse of Chinese immigrant wives living in Japan and their use of Japanese connective expressions by comparison to that of native Japanese speakers. Across both groups, the number of connective expressions does not differ, but their variety does. Nearly half the connective expressions used by native Japanese speakers (e.g. node and soshite) do not appear in the speech of Chinese immigrant wives. Chinese immigrant wives use the -te form frequently whereas native Japanese speakers exploit various connective expressions for connecting sentences in discourse. Such difference in usage of connective expressions can be useful for building a better relearning material for immigrant wives. It is important for those relearning Japanese to acquire the usage rule of -te form and of various types of connective expressions.

With the emergence of multinational enterprises (MNE), people have the opportunity to work together in the same organization and contact other people with different cultural backgrounds. If MNE fails to coordinate the internal cultural diversity, conflicts will occur and organizations may be confused. Therefore, it is very important for MNE to take appropriate measures for cultural diversity. Cross-cultural management is an important sub-field in international business research. This is of great significance for Chinese MNE to enter the international market. In this research, it studies the above issue and tries to find out how Chinese MNE conduct cross-cultural management. Taking HUAWEI as an example, this paper analyzes the success of cross-cultural management of Chinese MNE through data analysis and enterprise interviews. In the view of the author, in order to realize the strengthening strategy of cross-cultural management for Chinese MNE, we should pay attention to the following four points: (1) Analyzing the different cultural dimensions. (2) Developing cross-cultural adaptability. (3) Establishing MNE communication mechanism. (4) Utilizing and innovating cross-cultural advantages.

Inoue Yasushi published the short story "Cyokenbo oboegaki" in the Literary World Magazine in June 1951. Inoue Yasushi quit his job at the Mainichi Newspaper, finishing his 15-year journalist career in May 1951. After one month, he started a new life for literary creation as a professional writer. He also combined his experience as a journalist and knowledge of Buddhism into his work. "Cyokenbo oboegaki" is his first short story that is based on a monk story. "Cyokenbo oboegaki" was written in the first-person perspective to develop the story. The story happened on the Koyasan mountain. The main characters are "me", "my friend Yoshimura Yoshiaki", the leading character "Cyokenbo" and his friend "Koei". The first half of the story tells Cyokenbo's emotional entanglement between three women after he got expelled from the Koyasan Temple. In the latter half of his life, he concentrated on Buddhist Scripture research. He spent 20 years of his life on writing the "Prajna Riomomukikei explanatory notes" and he completed it. He wanted to give his work to his old friend "Koei". However, when he met "Koei" who already became eminent monk at Koyasan Temple again after 50 years, he wasn't able to hand his work over. Then he froze to death on the wayside. That is the second half of the tragic story. In 1993, a movie called "KOYA Cyokenbo oboegaki" based on this short story was on screen. However, according to my research, there are few research papers related to this novel even today. Only a small number of research papers have mentioned the novel, but never goes into deep research on the character image creation background and the references. Therefore, this paper attempts to organize previous research and analyze Inoue Yasushi's creation background, and then deduce the references.

本論は，NIIGATA COC+事業の教育プログラム開発の一環で開講した「地域志向科目」の科目設計と評価について論じたものである．地域志向科目は，新潟県が抱える若年層の就労人口の減少の問題解決を探る第一歩として，「新潟創生人材」の育成を目指し，新潟県及び県内市町村の魅力を伝える科目である．科目の実施にあたり，地域の特色を知ることのみに主眼を置いた設計では不十分であり，目標とする人材像の育成に向けて，地域に対する深い理解と内省を促すための科目の設計が求められる．科目は事前調査，講義，グループ・ワークに加え，パフォーマンス課題として自治体に向けたグループ・プレゼンテーションで構成された．本論では，ルーブリックに基づく学生の自己評価を中心に科目の効果を検証した．学生の学修成果の検証からは，知識の習得に留まらず，深い内省と理解へつながっていたことが明示され，科目設計の効果を確認することができた．, The present study used a rubric to evaluate the results of a new course designed to help students acquire a deeper understanding of their regional area, as well as professional skill sets which could be used in assisting the development of Niigata Prefecture. This course was established as part of a larger educational program at Niigata University designed to promote greater regional awareness in university students. The practical goal of this program is to reduce the number of Niigata residents (especially young adults) leaving their local areas to work in larger cities, by increasing their awareness of the advantages available to them in Niigata. The course required that the students first collect information about their local areas, after which they were encouraged to think more deeply about local problems during classroom lectures and group work. They were then evaluated on performance tasks consisting of group presentations about solutions to actual problems facing local area councils. Evaluation of these presentations revealed that most students had not only acquired knowledge about the problems at hand but had also deeply reflected on them and come to a personal understanding of them, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the course.

箔検電器の箔が開く現象について，通常，静電誘導にもとづき電荷の移動による直感的な説明がなされている．しかし，この考え方では説明が困難な現象もある．そこで我々は，箔検電器を電気量・電位・電気容量で指定される導体の集合体と見なし，導体系の理論を適用して箔検電器の導体系モデルを提案する．このモデルに基づいて箔検電器に関わる実験を考察した結果，電荷の符号や電位の大小関係の半定量的な説明が可能になった．本論文では，直感的な説明の困難なものも含め，特徴的な4つ実験について考察する．実際に実験を行い，本論文で提案する我々の理論との整合性も確認している．

標本調査において推定量の分散を推定することは基本的な問題の一つである．推定量が単純なものである場合は，分散の推定はそれほど難しいものではないが，複雑な推定量を用いる場合にはブートストラップ法を用いることが候補の一つとなる．本研究では，社会調査でよく利用される確率比例抽出―単純無作為抽出による層別2段抽出法を仮定し，ブートストラップ法を用いた推定量の分散の推定を扱う．

This study examines moral and citizenship and clarifies their structural relationship. Citizenship education is an education concept that includes moral education and the premise of both of these forms of education, is that the learner becomes aware of their sovereign state and its formation. There are two conditions that form moral and citizenship education. The first condition is when the society determines that human rights, such as the right to life, are secured. The second condition is when a learner recognizes that they have their own determination over their own life. In the elementary school curriculum guidelines revised in 2017, the life of the learner was considered for the current position of moral education. It became clear that learners did not recognize their own determination clearly and this was indicated by the expression that can also be taken for granted and controlled, and that places the result and the life of the learner. The writer demonstrates two points as the cause, which are the areas where improvement is necessary. The first point is the nationalism-like awareness of danger as a strong part of the background of citizenship education in Japan, and this is, therefore, necessary for understanding citizenship. The second point is that only understanding morality is insufficient. Morality and personal freedom and rights are understood as a binary opposition, and moral education consists of the totalitarian thoughts that the Constitution of Japan denies.

As major for children, the genre of a fairy tale determines that the author has to consider about both children's limited understanding ability and making the brief and concise outline of the story. This restricts selection way of omission, which is one operation of the textual coherence. The investigation found that, comparing with subject omission of text correlate type, on-the-spot type subject omission is more common used in the fairy tale discourse. It could be found that fairy tale discourse is a kind of text creation based on children's cognitive characteristics and the ability of reading and comprehension. This indicates that the anaphora of subject omission is smaller and it is more biased towards on-the-spot instructions. Meanwhile, it also reflects Japanese has the character for grasping the things and phenomena of the surrounding world from First-person perspective, and the functions of non-omission are mainly to emphasize the coreference of the subject, to reflect the image of the person, or to convey the communication attitude and so on. In addition, omission and non-omission of the subject in the text can be thought to be the selection by changing the viewpoint and the intervention of other elements.

This paper examines on the linguistic differences between verb-verb complex predicates in Japanese and Chinese. In both languages, they can be categorized into three types: serial action complex predicates, auxiliary verb complex predicates, and purposive complex predicates. Analysis of the verb-verb complex predicates of the two languages showed the following: 1) All three types of Chinese complex predicates allow a noun phrase to be inserted between the two component verbs, while a noun phrase can be inserted only in serial action and in purposive types of Japanese complex predicates; 2) Particles can be placed between the two component verbs in serial action and auxiliary verb types of Chinese complex predicates, while all the three types of Japanese complex predicates allow particle insertion; 3) In negative sentences, the scope of negation is only the latter element of Chinese complex predicates, while either the whole complex predicates or the former element can be negated in Japanese complex predicates; 4) From the answers tointerrogative sentences, the independence of the component verbs in Chinese complex predicates is stronger than that in Japanese.

This paper discusses Teiru of the aspect in Japanese and Korean. There are semantically some Teirus in Korean corresponding to Teiru in Japanese. But on the Korean Education in Japan, only GO ISSDA, A ISSDA/O ISSADA are taught as Teiru. For that reason, many Japanese who are learning Korean cannot express the Korean aspects. From now on, the need is required to teach Japanese learners and to let them practice that Japanese Teiru has a lot of meanings, forms, and how to express in Korean.

月の高度簡易測定器「ツクヨミ」を作成し，方位磁石とともに用いて月の形と移動経路を測定する実習を実施した．小・中学校の学習内容である「月の満ち欠け」，「地球から見た月の動き」，「月と太陽と地球の位置関係」，および「月の運動(公転)と見え方」は，小学校理科の学習項目の中で「教える自信」のない項目の1つである．本研究では，教育学部理科教育専修の2年次学生の授業で，月の高度簡易測定器「ツクヨミ」を新たに作成し，それを用いて1ヶ月間のうち6日の月の観測をさせた．そのデータを基に，月と太陽と地球の位置関係と月の運動(公転)について図示させたところ，系統的に高めの数値を記録した者が数名あったが，測定者ごとの月の移動経路はほぼ弧を描き，有益な結果を得ることができた．授業では他に，ボールとライトを用いた月の満ち欠け実験と，月齢カレンダーを用いた月の形と月の出・入時刻の規則性の調べ等を行った．その結果，授業前は位置関係と地球から見た月の形と出入り時刻の相関性が分かっていた学生が18.2%だったのに対し，授業後は理解度が大きく上昇し81.8%となった．記述からは，月と太陽と地球の位置関係の理解において，視点の転換だけでなく，地球の自転による時刻の変化と，北から俯瞰した時の(観察者にとっての)方角の概念が欠けやすいことが明らかになった．そして，特に中学生以降の観察や観測の機会の少なさが，理解度を減少させる原因の1つとなっている可能性が指摘される．「ツクヨミ」のような簡易測定器を用いて月の位置を数値化し，科学的思考に発展させることが今後重要となるであろう．

The modal verbs are very rare and different from the general verbs. This paper aims to discuss some of the properties of the negation modal verb + verb construction. The Chinese negative expression bu and mei(you) have been one of the top topics in the grammatical research of modern Chinese. In the negation modal verb + verb construction, sometimes the position of bu can be interchanged with mei(you). But using bu just denies intention and no other action, and using mei(you) expresses that no action is the actual status. And the side confirmed that the bu expresses a kind of static situation, and mei(you) expresses the conclusion of aspectual events. In this article, I have observed a large number of examples and analyzed the semantic differences between bu and mei(you). I have also shown a new perspective to the study of bu and mei(you).

箔検電器は，現在では箔の開きから物体の帯電状態を観察する実験器具と理解されており，その挙動は静電誘導による電荷の移動で説明されている．しかし歴史的には，箔検電器の実験を通して電位概念が導入されるとともに，電位の定量的な測定装置として，放射線・宇宙線の研究に大きく寄与してきた経緯がある．今日，このような電位概念との関係が意識されなくなったのは，箔検電器の挙動の定量的な理解が不十分であることが理由だと我々は考え，箔検電器に関する新たな理論・実験を考案し，その動作原理を解明しつつある．我々の理論的考察の妥当性を証拠付ける新たな実験を考案したので，本論文で報告する．

In recent years, the importance of the administrative department is increasing among hospital organizations. As with other organizations, although it is an administrative department with increased diversity, it must be organized as a functional group that contributes to organization management. If we rely on social constructivism, the transformation of the members' narratives will lead to a change in the workplace culture. This research is organizational autoethnography that depicts the transformation of the workplace culture in a hospital administrative department. As a result, the various measures taken by the administrative director promoted self-disclosure and created new nodes between members, resulting in a change in the workplace culture. This was realized by collateral and loss of discretionary skill designed for each measure. As a result of this, it became possible for members to self-disclose with less psychological resistance, and by constructing relationships among members that could not have occurred so far, things that can not be expressed are expressed, and it is conceivable that the workplace culture has changed. In other words, it was suggested that discretionary management is the key.

Lexis: Studien zur Sprachphilosophie, Sprachgeschichte und Begriffsforschung, Bd. III, 1, unter Mitwirkung von Walter Bröcker, Franz Dornseiff, Ernest Lewy, herausgegeben von Johannes Lohmann, Verlag von Moritz Schauenburg, Lahr i. B. 1952, S. 5-16, 筆者の目的は、「始原の(originaire)」ギリシア時代と近代のあいだで人間の意識に生じている諸変化を探りあてることである。筆者の見解によれば、こうした意識の変化がもっとも顕著に見られるのは、人と言語との関係においてである。「始原の」ギリシア時代には、思想と言語と存在がまだ統一されていたが、――ルター、デカルト、ロックの著作からわかるように――近代になるとこれら三つは互いに乖離するようになる。乖離のプロセスは、ラテン語、ひいてはヘレニズム期のギリシア語をおそらくは前ぶれとして起こる。すなわち、人間が言語から解放された主体として現れてくるのである。人間はそれ以降、操作可能な(ゆえに自らを固有の意味での「言語」とする)言語において、人間が心のなかで作りだした考えを、それ自身客観化された現実に関して表現する。こうした言語をめぐる人間の意識のさまざまな形が、とりわけ歴史や哲学の思想(トゥキディデス、ポリビウス、アリストテレス、キケロ、カント……)を取り上げながら、言語学的資料にもとづいて分析される。

This study examined the relationships between self-assessment of basic and general competency for social and vocational independence, learning motivation and the length of subjective learning time. A total of 150 high school students completed a self-administered questionnaire. Basic and general competency for social and vocational independence consists of 4 abilities. The 4 abilities are the following: (a) ability to connect with others and society, (b) ability to understand oneself and to manage oneself, (c) ability to respond to problems, (d) ability to plan a career. The results indicated that basic and general competency scores and learning motivation were correlated. Then, basic and general competency scores and the length of subjective learning time were correlated. Based on this result, the relationship between the career education in high school and learning motivation was discussed.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)阻害薬は血糖改善作用だけでなく，それには依存しないアルブミン尿の減少などの腎臓保護効果をもたらす可能性が示唆されているが，腎近位尿細管へ及ぼす影響も含めその詳細は未だに不明である．我々は以前から，近位尿細管管腔側に発現するメガリンに着目し，その尿中排泄量の測定法を開発するとともに，それらが糖尿病性腎症において腎障害を反映する新しいバイオマーカーとなり得るかを検討してきた．今回，糖尿病性腎症1～3期の2型糖尿病患者113名に新規にDPP-4阻害薬であるシタグリプチンを追加し，使用前後で血糖，血圧，腎機能，尿中C-メガリンをはじめとした近位尿細管関連の尿中バイオマーカーに及ぼす影響を前向きに調査するとともに，アルブミン尿の減少を予測する因子の検討を行った．結果は，開始12か月でHbA1cおよびeGFR(推算糸球体濾過量)は有意に低下したが，尿中アルブミン/クレアチニン比(ACR)には有意差がみられなかった．シタグリプチンによるアルブミン尿改善効果の要因を検討するため，12か月後の尿中ACRが20%以上減少していた群とそれ以外の群を3か月時点で比較したところ，12か月後の尿中ACRが20%以上減少する予測因子は，3か月後の尿中α_1-ミクログロブリン/クレアチニン比(α_1-MG/Cr)の有意な減少であった．α_1-MGはメガリンのリガンドであるため，尿中α_1-MG/Crの減少は近位尿細管機能の改善ということだけでなく，メガリンの再吸収機能が回復したことを示唆している．さらに，尿中ACR，α_1-MG/Crが減少した群で尿中C-メガリン/Cr量が不変であったことから，メガリンのタンパク再吸収機能の回復が近位尿細管での代謝負荷には結びついていないことを示唆していると考えられた．2型糖尿病症例において，シタグリプチン開始3か月後に尿中α_1-MG/Crが減少することは，血糖および血圧とは独立して，12か月後の尿中ACRの減少を予測する因子であった．今後，より詳細な検討を行い，DPP-4阻害薬による近位尿細管への影響に関連した腎保護効果を明らかにしていく予定である．

This paper shows that ‘genuine’ inverse scope is possible in at least two types of clause in Japanese, description clauses and clauses with a topic phrase marked by wa, after excluding two cases of ‘non-genuine’ inverse scope. I then discuss a semantic restriction on QPs in description clauses and suggest a way for a QP to circumvent this restriction.

Targeting 3,540 infants including 1,802 boys and 1,738 girls in Niigata prefecture as research subjects, the height, weight, and abdominal skinfold thickness were measured by kindergarten and nursery school teachers from July to December in 2015. The BMI covered all thin, underweight, overweight, moderately obese, and obese degrees in the obesity index. The BMI was able to screen children who were not judged according to obesity index. This study reports the transition of age of children who are identified as being obese or underweight by subdividing the growth evaluation using the cross-tabulation of abdominal skinfold thickness and BMI, which is utilized as a way of early childhood growth evaluation. Children who are identified as overweight or obese because of their large abdominal skinfold thickness may be overlooked by BMI evaluation only. Cross-tabulation is considered an effective method for early detection and treatment of overweight children who may otherwise be overlooked by independent evaluation.

近年、外国語教育や第二言語習得研究において、教室内外での母語（L1）使用が認められてきている。本研究では、日本の学校外国語教育の学習指導要領解説において、L1（日本語）がどのように扱われているかを４つの観点（指導言語・言語への気づき・訳の使用・言語教育の全体目標）から調査する。さらに、他国（イスラエル・香港・イングランド）の言語教育課程を同じ観点から分析し、日本の学習指導要領の改善点を探る。４つの観点で各国の当該資料を比較した結果、以下２つの提案がなされた：１）言語教育の全体目標に媒介能力（mediation skill）の育成を加えたセクションを設けること、および２）学校外国語教育として１つの学習指導要領にまとめること。これらの提案により、L1 や訳使用の目的と育てるべきコミュニケーション能力の明確化、および小中高接続の強化が期待される。

本稿の目的は、国際投資法における紛争解決条項が国家の規制権限に与える影響について検討することである。今日の国際投資協定及び二国間投資協定では、外国投資家を保護するために、投資家が直接に投資受入国の条約違反を国際的仲裁機関に訴えることができる条項が盛り込まれている(ISDS条項)。当該条項に基づく仲裁の事例は増加しており、投資受入国の側からすれば大きなリスクになっており、問題視されている。このことは特に発展途上国において顕著である。本稿で上述の問題意識から、現行の国際投資協定において国家が環境保護などの目的で規制権限を行使する場合に投資家がどのような形で仲裁を求めているかについて事例を検討した。国際仲裁廷ではこの問題は国際投資協定の解釈・適用を中心に議論されており、投資受入国の規制措置の妥当性については正面から議論していない。しかし近年の事例では新たな傾向も見られており、投資家の保護と国家の規制権限の関係をいかに調整するかという問題が残されている。