1. Effects of a TAML catalyst on mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation.
- Author
-
Vandenberg LN, Mogus JP, and Szabo GK
- Subjects
- Pregnancy, Female, Animals, Mice, Flutamide, Litter Size, Ethinyl Estradiol toxicity, Lactation, Estrogens pharmacology
- Abstract
Tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands (TAMLs) are catalysts designed to mimic endogenous peroxidases that can degrade pollutants. Before TAMLs gain widespread use, it is first important to determine if they have endocrine disrupting properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the iron TAML, NT7, on hormone-sensitive outcomes in mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation, and on their litters prior to weaning. We administered NT7 at one of three doses to mice via drinking water prior to and then throughout pregnancy and lactation. Two hormonally active pharmaceuticals, ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and flutamide (FLUT), a known estrogen receptor agonist and androgen receptor antagonist, respectively, were also included. In the females, we measured pre- and post-parturition weight, length of pregnancy, organ weights at necropsy, and morphology of the mammary gland at the end of the lactational period. We also quantified maternal behaviors at three stages of lactation. For the offspring, we measured litter size, litter weights, and the achievement of other developmental milestones. We observed only one statistically significant effect of NT7, a decrease in the percentage of pups with ear opening at postnatal day 5. This contrasts with the numerous effects of EE2 on both the mother and the litter, as well as several modest effects of FLUT. The approach taken in this study could provide guidance for future studies that aim to evaluate novel compounds for endocrine disrupting properties., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Laura N. Vandenberg reports financial support was provided by SUDOC, LLC. Joshua P. Mogus reports financial support was provided by UMass Amherst School of Public Health & Health Sciences. Laura N. Vandenberg reports a relationship with Sudoc LLC that includes: consulting or advisory. LNV serves on the editorial board of Reproductive Toxicology., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF