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Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease affecting exocrine glands and extra-glandular organs. There are conflicting reports on the presence of autonomic dysfunction in pSS and no data are available on the functional status of sympathetic outflow to the vessels and baroreceptor [baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)] control mechanisms. We investigated the cardiac (cBRS) and sympathetic (sBRS) baroreceptor modulation in both time and frequency domains and the cardiovascular autonomic profile in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. Autonomic symptoms were quantified by the Composite Autonomic Symptom Scale (COMPASS31) three-item questionnaire. The EULAR Sjogren's syndrome patient reported index (ESSPRI) questionnaire evaluated the magnitude of pSS clinical symptoms, i.e., fatigue, pain, and sicca symptoms. Electrocardiogram, beat-by-beat arterial pressure (AP) and respiratory activity were continuously recorded in 17 pSS patients and 16 healthy controls, while supine and during 75° head-up tilt. In seven patients and seven controls, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was measured. Spectrum analysis of RR variability provided markers of cardiac vagal modulation (HF RR nu) and sympatho-vagal balance [low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF)]. The power of LF (0.1 Hz) oscillations of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variability (LF SAP ) evaluated the vasomotor response to sympathetic stimulation. Compared to controls, pSS patients scored higher in total COMPASS31 ( p < 0.0001) and all ESSPRI subdomains (fatigue, p = 0.005; pain, p = 0.0057; dryness, p < 0.0001). Abnormal scialometry (<1.5 ml/15 min) and Schirmer tests (<5 mm/5 min) were found in pSS patients and salivary flow rate was negatively associated with ESSPRI dryness ( p = 0.0014). While supine, pSS patients had lower SEQ cBRS index of cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity, higher HF RRnu ( p = 0.021), lower LF/HF ( p = 0.007), and greater MSNA ( p = 0.038) than controls. No differences were observed in LF SAP between groups. During orthostatic challenge, although LF SAP increased similarly in both groups, MSNA was greater in pSS patients ( p = 0.003). At rest pSS patients showed lower cBR control and greater parasympathetic modulation. Furthermore, greater sympathetic nerve activity was observed in pSS patients while supine and in response to gravitational challenge. We hypothesized that such enhanced sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity might reflect an attempt to maintain blood pressure in a setting of likely reduced vascular responsiveness.

The role of pericytes in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is unclear because of the difficulty in phenotyping them. They are mainly distributed in the pre-capillary, capillary and post-capillary abluminal side of non-muscular micro-vessels, express platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), and preside over vascular integrity and regeneration. By establishing close contact with many endothelial cells, a single pericyte can regulate ion influx, mechanical stress, leukocyte diapedesis, and platelet activation. Moreover, under pathological conditions such as SSc, pericytes may acquire a contractile phenotype and respond to various stimuli, including endothelin, angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species. The pericytes of SSc patients share some molecular patterns with myofibroblasts or fibroblasts, including A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12 (ADAM-12), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the extra domain A (ED-A) variant of fibronectin, and Thy-1. Following stimulation with PDGF-β or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), pericytes may acquire a myofibroblast phenotype, and produce extracellular matrix or indirectly promote fibroblast activation. They may also contribute to fibrosis by means of epigenetic regulation. The pericyte plasmalemma is particularly rich in caveolae containing caveolin-1, a deficit of which has been associated with defective vessel tone control and lung fibrosis in mice. Consequently, dysfunctional pericytes may underlie the microangiopathy and fibrosis observed in SSc patients. However, given its variability in biological behaviour and the lack of a pan-pericyte marker, the exact role of these cells in SSc warrants further investigation., Competing Interests: Disclosures: Financial support: No grants or funding have been received for this study. Conflict of interest: None of the authors has financial interest related to this study to disclose., (© The Author(s) 2017.)

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a well-recognised entity characterised by calcifications and ossifications of the entheses affecting mainly the spine and peripheral sites. DISH is still insufficiently investigated and understood. The objective of this report is to highlight the present limitations of our understanding of the condition and suggest future research paths., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2013.06.008. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, which were described for the first time in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS), are the most prevalent extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) specificity identified in laboratories. Two types of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies have been described, anti-SSA-52 kDa (aSSA52) and anti-SSA-60 kDa (aSSA60), each specific to different antigens. Anti-Ro/SSA52 autoantibodies are more frequent than other autoantibodies possibly because of the antigen's accessible and ubiquitous nature. The sites involved and the symptoms associated with these autoantibodies depend on the antigen's structural variability. Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) shows a close association with maternal anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies; the highest relative risks of CAVB are seen in offspring of mothers with antibodies against 52-kDa Ro and 48-kDa La proteins. Anti-Ro/SSA52 antibodies have little impact on adult rheumatic autoimmune diseases or adult cardiac arrhythmias, but the course of autoimmune liver diseases is greatly worsened by their presence, and solid tumours tend to relapse. Their diagnostic role in rheumatic diseases is controversial, although a significant association between isolated anti-Ro/SSA52-kDa positivity and myositis and to a lesser extent with systemic sclerosis (SSc) has been described. However, the majority of the specific diagnosis is mostly based on the simultaneous presence of other autoantibodies that seems diagnostically more relevant., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Interest in the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has increased over recent years. Rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody specific for human CD20 targeting B lymphocytes, has been used to treat RA patients, and its efficacy has been clearly demonstrated in controlled clinical trials and open-label observational studies. However, it is still not known which sub-group(s) of patients will respond to RTX therapy or whether there are any factors predicting a response. The aim of this review is to discuss the most important predictive factors that are so far known. It is known that the clinical response to RTX therapy is associated with lower interferons (IFN-γ) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels, the Fcγ receptor III (FcγRIII) genotype, and the C/G-174 polymorphism of interleukin 6 (IL-6); that an initial non-response to RTX depends on circulating pre-plasma cell numbers at baseline and incomplete depletion; that synovial B cells are decreased but not eliminated by RTX therapy, and that a good clinical response correlates with more substantial synovial B depletion; and, finally, that a good clinical response correlates with rheumatoid factor positivity, but not anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: We explored clinical factors associated with a major response to rituximab (RTX) (e.g. ACR >/=50, and European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) moderate to good response) in patients with active long-standing RA and inadequate response to anti-TNF agents or traditional DMARDs., Methods: RTX was used in 110 RA patients in six different Italian centres. The mean disease activity score on 28 joints (DAS28) was 6.4 +/- 0.99 and the mean HAQ was 1.63 +/- 0.68 at baseline. Thirty-two patients (29.1%) underwent RTX after the failure of DMARD therapy, 37 (33.6%) had failed or were intolerant to at least two anti-TNF agents, and 41 (37.3%) had failed or were intolerant to one anti-TNF agent. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed., Results: The number of previous anti-TNF agents (P = 0.043), HAQ (P = 0.023), RF positivity (P < 0.0001) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) positivity (P = 0.003) were associated with ACR response >or=50 between month +4 and month +6 after starting RTX by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis confirmed that a lower HAQ, a lower number of anti-TNF agents failed before RTX and RF positivity, but not anti-CCP positivity, were the selected variables associated with an ACR response >or=50, with an accuracy of 84% of the model. Only RF positivity correlated with EULAR moderate to good response both in the univariate and in the multivariate analysis, with an accuracy of 79% of the model., Conclusion: RF-positive rather than anti-CCP-positive RA patients with lower baseline disability and a lower number of previously failed TNF blockers may be the best candidates to RTX.

We descrive the case of a patient with inflammatory bowel disease complicated by erythema nodosum and anti PR3 positivity. The patient was exposed to two different bacteria: salmonellosis was reported in patient history, while Staphylococcus aureus infection was diagnosed during the present hospital stay. Antibiotics and steroids are effective.