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Rationale: Whole lung lavage (WLL) is a widely accepted palliative treatment for autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (aPAP) but does not correct myeloid cell dysfunction or reverse the pathological accumulation of surfactant. In contrast, inhaled recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) is a promising pharmacological approach that restores alveolar macrophage functions including surfactant clearance. Here, we evaluate WLL followed by inhaled rGM-CSF (sargramostim) as therapy of aPAP., Methods: 18 patients with moderate-to-severe aPAP were enrolled, received baseline WLL, were randomised into either the rGM-CSF group (receiving inhaled sargramostim) or control group (no scheduled therapy) and followed for 30 months after the baseline WLL. Outcome measures included additional unscheduled "rescue" WLL for disease progression, assessment of arterial blood gases, pulmonary function, computed tomography, health status, biomarkers and adverse events. Patients requiring rescue WLL were considered to have failed their assigned intervention group., Results: The primary end-point of time to first rescue WLL was longer in rGM-CSF-treated patients than controls (30 versus 18 months, n=9 per group, p=0.0078). Seven control patients (78%) and only one rGM-CSF-treated patient (11%) required rescue WLL, demonstrating a 7-fold increase in relative risk (p=0.015). Compared to controls, rGM-CSF-treated patients also had greater improvement in peripheral arterial oxygen tension, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide and aPAP biomarkers. One patient from each group withdrew for personal reasons. No serious adverse events were reported., Conclusions: This long-term, prospective, randomised trial demonstrated inhaled sargramostim following WLL reduced the requirement for WLL, improved lung function and was safe in aPAP patients. WLL plus inhaled sargramostim may be useful as combined therapy for aPAP., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: I. Campo, B.C. Trapnell and B.C. Carey serve as investigators on another clinical trial of inhaled rGM-CSF therapy of autoimmune PAP. B.C. Trapnell and B.C. Carey have served as consultants regarding the development of inhaled rGM-CSF as therapy of aPAP. No other authors have no financial or other conflicts of interest to declare related to this work., (Copyright ©The authors 2024.)

Many coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) survivors show symptoms months after acute illness. The aim of this work is to describe the clinical evolution of Covid-19, one year after discharge. We performed a prospective cohort study on 238 patients previously hospitalized for Covid-19 pneumonia in 2020 who already underwent clinical follow-up 4 months post-Covid-19. 200 consented to participate to a 12-months clinical assessment, including: pulmonary function tests with diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO); post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms evaluation by the Impact of Event Scale (IES); motor function evaluation (by Short Physical Performance Battery and 2 min walking test); chest Computed Tomography (CT). After 366 [363-369] days, 79 patients (39.5%) reported at least one symptom. A DLCO < 80% was observed in 96 patients (49.0%). Severe DLCO impairment (< 60%) was reported in 20 patients (10.2%), related to extent of CT scan abnormalities. Some degree of motor impairment was observed in 25.8% of subjects. 37/200 patients (18.5%) showed moderate-to-severe PTS symptoms. In the time elapsed from 4 to 12 months after hospital discharge, motor function improves, while respiratory function does not, being accompanied by evidence of lung structural damage. Symptoms remain highly prevalent one year after acute illness., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The management of bronchial secretions is one of the main problems encountered in a wide spectrum of medical conditions ranging from respiratory disorders, neuromuscular disorders and patients undergoing either thoracic or abdominal surgery. The purpose of this review is illustrate to the reader the different ACTs currently available and the related evidence present in literature. Alongside methods with a strong background behind as postural drainage, manual techniques or PEP systems, the current orientation is increasingly aimed at devices that can mobilize and / or remove secretions. Cough Assist, Vacuum Techniques, systems that modulate airflow have more and more scientific evidence. Different principles combination is a new field of investigation that goes toward an increasing of clinical complexity that will facing us., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Belli, Prince, Savio, Paracchini, Cattaneo, Bianchi, Masocco, Bellanti and Balbi.)

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate whether high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) during training was more effective than oxygen in improving exercise capacity in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)., Methods: A total of 171 patients with COPD and chronic hypoxemia were consecutively recruited in 8 rehabilitation hospitals in a randomized controlled trial. Cycle-ergometer exercise training was used in 20 supervised sessions at iso inspiratory oxygen fraction in both groups. Pre- and post-training endurance time (Tlim), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), respiratory and limb muscle strength, arterial blood gases, Barthel Index, Barthel Dyspnea Index, COPD Assessment Test, Maugeri Respiratory Failure questionnaire, and patient satisfaction were evaluated., Results: Due to 15.4% and 24.1% dropout rates, 71 and 66 patients were analyzed in HFOT and Venturi mask (V-mask) groups, respectively. Exercise capacity significantly improved after training in both groups with similar patient satisfaction. Between-group difference in post-training improvement in 6MWD (mean: 17.14 m; 95% CI = 0.87 to 33.43 m) but not in Tlim (mean: 141.85 seconds; 95% CI = -18.72 to 302.42 seconds) was significantly higher in HFOT. The minimal clinically important difference of Tlim was reached by 47% of patients in the V-mask group and 56% of patients in the HFOT group, whereas the minimal clinically important difference of 6MWD was reached by 51% of patients in the V-mask group and 69% of patients in the HFOT group, respectively., Conclusion: In patients with hypoxemic COPD, exercise training is effective in improving exercise capacity., Impact Statement: The addition of HFOT during exercise training is not more effective than oxygen through V-mask in improving endurance time, the primary outcome, whereas it is more effective in improving walking distance., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Physical Therapy Association. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Airway inflammation may drive the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), but the relationship between airway microbiota and inflammation has not been investigated., Methods: We studied 21 non-treated AATD (AATD-noT) patients, 20 AATD-COPD patients under augmentation therapy (AATD-AT), 20 cigarette smoke-associated COPD patients, 20 control healthy smokers (CS) and 21 non-smokers (CON) with normal lung function. We quantified sputum inflammatory cells and inflammatory markers (IL-27, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, LTB 4 , MPO) by ELISA, total bacterial load (16S) and pathogenic bacteria by qRT-PCR., Results: AATD-AT patients were younger but had similar spirometric and DLCO values compared to cigarette smoke-associated COPD, despite a lower burden of smoking history. Compared to cigarette smoke-associated COPD, AATD-noT and AATD-AT patients had lower sputum neutrophil levels ( p =0.0446, p =0.0135), total bacterial load (16S) ( p =0.0081, p =0.0223), M. catarrhalis ( p =0.0115, p =0.0127) and S. pneumoniae ( p =0.0013, p =0.0001). Sputum IL-27 was significantly elevated in CS and cigarette smoke-associated COPD. AATD-AT, but not AATD-noT patients, had IL-27 sputum levels (pg/ml) significantly lower than COPD ( p =0.0297) and these positively correlated with FEV 1 % predicted values ( r =0.578, p =0.0307)., Conclusions: Compared to cigarette smoke-associated COPD, AATD-AT (COPD) patients have a distinct airway inflammatory and microbiological profile. The decreased sputum bacterial load and IL-27 levels in AATD-AT patients suggests that augmentation therapy play a role in these changes., Competing Interests: This study was funded by Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS and by Grifols Inc. Grifols Inc. with a two-year grant. Grifols funding included laboratory supplies, travel expenses for collecting samples around the Country and a fellowship for a Ph.D. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2019 Balbi et al.)

Background: A recent study found that activation of disconnection and low-pressure alarms is common during mouthpiece ventilation and may represent a major limitation to its use. The aim of this bench study was: (1) to investigate the technical aspects that can influence the setting of the ventilator during mouthpiece ventilation and (2) to provide a practical setting strategy to avoid the alarm activation., Methods: Eight life-support ventilators able to deliver volume controlled ventilation were tested in a bench study using a single-limb non-vented circuit configuration connected to a standard mouthpiece. Disconnection and apnea alarm were turned off or set at the least sensitive setting. The backup frequency was set at the lowest available level. Different tidal volumes (VT) (from 500 to 1,200 mL) were tested with the rectangular and descending flow shape. For each VT, we reported the maximum set inspiratory time (TI) that allowed preventing activation of the low-pressure alarm. The presence of auto-triggering was also surveyed., Results: We found that a correct combination of VT and TI avoided the activation of disconnection and low-pressure alarms in all but 3 ventilators. One ventilator did not allow mouthpiece ventilation independently from the settings used. The inability to turn off the apnea alarm in two other ventilators led to the alarm going off in any tested conditions after 120 s without triggered breaths. Auto-triggering was seldom found and easily worked out, except for in one ventilator., Conclusions: An appropriate alarm setting and combination of VT and TI would allow the majority of the tested ventilators to be used for mouthpiece ventilation without alarm activation., (Copyright © 2016 by Daedalus Enterprises.)

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a term defining an ultra-rare group of disorders characterised by a perturbation in surfactant homeostasis, resulting in its accumulation within airspaces and impaired gas transfer. In this report we provide data from a cohort of PAP patients (n=81) followed for more than two decades at the San Matteo University Hospital of Pavia, Italy. In agreement with other large series in PAP individuals, 90% of the study subjects were affected by autoimmune/idiopathic PAP, while the remaining subjects were divided as follow: congenital 1%, secondary 4% and PAP-like 5%. The disease affected males and females with a ratio of 2:1 and approximately one third of PAP patients were lifelong nonsmokers. Occupational exposure was reported in 35% of subjects in this series. With reference to the PAP clinical course, in 29 patients (7% with spontaneous remission) disease severity did not necessitate whole lung lavage (WLL) in the long-term follow up. On the other hand, 44 PAP patients underwent therapeutic WLL: in 31 subjects a single WLL was sufficient to provide long term, durable benefit, whereas 13 patients required multiple WLLs. The intra-patient mean interval between two consecutive WLLs was 15.7±13.6 months. When baseline data among never lavaged and PAP patients lavaged at least once were compared, the need for lavage was significantly associated with serum biomarkers (CEA, Cyfra, LDH), lung function parameters forced vital capacity (FVC), and lung diffusing capacity (Dlco). We conclude that patient cohorts with an ultra-rare disease, such as PAP, referred to a single reference center, can provide useful information on the natural history and clinical course of the disease.

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare syndrome characterized by pulmonary surfactant accumulation within the alveolar spaces. It occurs with a reported prevalence of 0.1 per 100,000 individuals and in distinct clinical forms: autoimmune (previously referred to as the idiopathic form, represents the vast majority of PAP cases, and is associated with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) auto-antibodies; GMAbs), secondary (is a consequence of underlying disorders), congenital (caused by mutations in the genes encoding for the GM-CSF receptor), and PAP-like syndromes (disorders associated with surfactant gene mutations). The clinical course of PAP is variable, ranging from spontaneous remission to respiratory failure. Whole lung lavage (WLL) is the current standard treatment for PAP patients and although it is effective in the majority of cases, disease persistence is not an unusual outcome, even if disease is well controlled by WLL.In this paper we review the therapeutic strategies which have been proposed for the treatment of PAP patients and the progress which has been made in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis.

The first step in laboratory diagnosis of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is the determination of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) serum levels; these levels in turn are influenced by the inflammatory status. C reactive protein (CRP) has been proposed as a marker of systemic inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene have been associated with differences in baseline CRP levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between CRP and AAT in the AATD diagnostic setting and to verify whether variations in the CRP gene could influence CRP. We determined AAT and CRP levels in 362 consecutive dried blood spot (DBS) samples submitted for AATD diagnosis and genotyped 3 CRP gene SNPs (rs1205, rs3093077, and rs3091244) associated with variations in serum CRP concentrations. To this aim, we developed a method to measure CRP in a DBS with a good correlation with CRP measurement in serum (r2=0.9927). We showed then that systemic inflammatory status parallels increased levels of AAT (80% of subjects with intermediate AATD and a CRP>0.8 mg/dL had an AAT level above the cut-off of 113 mg/dL) and that this increase might mask the presence of AATD variants. No association was detected between CRP levels and the 3 CRP gene polymorphisms. Simultaneous determination of CRP and AAT is useful in the correct diagnosis of heterozygotes carrying intermediate AATD genotypes; their genetic influence on the CRP level is negligible., (Copyright © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)