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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a staple crop important in global food security. As a leading potato producer, China faces significant challenges from insect pest infestations that compromise yield and quality. However, insect communities within Chinese potato fields remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to explore insect diversity in potato fields in Yunnan Province. From autumn 2021 to summer 2022, five Malaise traps were strategically deployed to capture insect samples. In total, 245 samples were collected over 49 weeks, and DNA metabarcoding was performed on bulk samples. The generated sequences were curated and analyzed using the Barcode of Life Data System and the Multiplex Barcode Research and Visualization Environment. The analysis assigned sequences to 1,688 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) as species proxies derived from the Global Insecta Library, along with 166 BINs from the China Insecta dataset. This research provides valuable insights for barcoding local biodiversity and developing regional reference libraries and presents a comprehensive dataset of insect biodiversity within potato agroecosystems, encompassing 1,707 BINs linked to known insect taxa., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Integrated pest management (IPM) is an educated and systematic effort to use multiple control techniques to reduce pest damage to economically acceptable levels while minimizing negative environmental impacts. Although its benefits are widely acknowledged, IPM is not universally practiced by farmers. Potato farming, which produces one of the most important staple crops in the world, provides a good illustration of the issues surrounding IPM adoption. Potatoes are attacked by a complex of insect pests that can inflict catastrophic crop losses. Potato production has gone through the processes of consolidation and intensification, which are linked to increased pest problems, particularly selection for insecticide-resistant pest populations. While use of insecticides remains the most common method of pest control in potatoes, other techniques, including crop rotation and natural enemies, are also available. In addition, there are effective monitoring techniques for many potato pests. However, reliable economic thresholds are often lacking. Potato ecosystems are complex and diverse; therefore, the knowledge necessary for developing ecologically based pest management is not easily obtained or transferable. Furthermore, potato systems change with the arrival of new pest species and the evolution of existing pests. Modern technological advances, such as remote sensing and molecular biotechnology, are likely to improve potato IPM. However, these tools are not going to solve all problems. IPM is not just about integrating different techniques; it is also about integrating the efforts and concerns of all stakeholders. The collaboration of farmers and scientists in agricultural research is needed to foster the development of IPM systems that are appropriate for grower implementation and thus more likely to be adopted. Additional emphasis also needs to be placed on the fact that not only does IPM decrease degradation of the environment, but it also improves the economic well-being of its practitioners.

Lithium sulfur batteries (LiSBs) represent a highly promising avenue for future energy storage systems, offering high energy density and eco-friendliness. However, the sluggish kinetics of the sulfur redox reaction (SRR) poses a significant challenge to their widespread applications. To tackle this challenge, we have developed an efficient heteronuclear dual-atom catalyst (hetero-DAC) that leverages surface charge polarization to enhance the asymmetric adsorption of sulfur intermediates. This study investigates how asymmetric electronic redistribution of CoFe DACs modulates the d-p orbital hybridization with sulfur intermediates, revealing the mechanisms of moderate adsorption dynamics with enhanced catalytic performance. The dynamic switching between mono and dual adsorption sites, enabled by the heteronuclear polarized configuration, fine-tunes the orbital hybridization, boosting the bidirectional rate-determining steps, that is, the solid-solid conversion of Li 2 S 2 to Li 2 S and the reverse dissociation of Li 2 S. Consequently, the thus-designed CoFe DACs cathode delivers impressive rate performance, achieving a high initial specific capacity of 703.9 mA h g -1 at 3 C, with a negligible decay rate of only 0.031% over 1000 cycles, demonstrating sustained long-term cycling stability. This work bridges geometric configurations and electronic structures, elucidating the mechanisms of asymmetric trapping and conversion enabled by hetero-DACs and offering fresh perspectives for catalyst design in LiSBs and beyond.

The measurement of downhole drilling motor rotational speed is crucial for optimizing drilling operations, improving work efficiency, and preventing equipment failures. However, traditional downhole rotational speed sensors suffer from power supply limitations, which can increase drilling costs. To address this issue, this study presents a novel multifunctional rotational speed sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology, enabling the self-powered measurement of rotational speed, direction, and angle. Our experimental results demonstrate that the sensor operates stably within a temperature range of 0 to 150 °C and a humidity range of 0 to 90%. It achieves rotational speed measurement with an accuracy of less than 2.5% error within a range of 0 to 1000 rpm, angular measurement with a resolution of 60 degrees and an error of less than 2% within a range of 0 to 360 degrees, and rotational direction measurement. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits self-powered functionality, achieving a maximum power output of 29.1 μW when the external load is 10 MΩ. Compared to conventional rotational speed sensors, this sensor possesses the unique advantage of integrating the measurement of rotational speed, angle, and direction, while simultaneously harnessing downhole working conditions for self-power generation. These characteristics make it highly suitable for practical downhole environments.

Background: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a staple food crop globally, but its production is consistently threatened by diseases and arthropod pests like the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Phthorimaea operculella is often controlled by chemical applications. Sex pheromones have been used to detect, monitor, or control agricultural pests. Phthorimaea operculella sex pheromones mainly contain two chemical structures, 4E,7Z-trisadene-1-ol acetate and 4E,7Z,10Z-trisadene-1-ol acetate. However, the pheromone analogs are expected to act as mimics, synergists, antagonists, and inhibitors for pheromones and can be synthesized at a large scale., Result: In this study, a total of 11 sex pheromone analogs of P. operculella were designed and synthesized. Results showed that the antennae exhibited a concentration-dependent response to sex pheromones and their analogs. Different analogs and dosages had significant effects on the electrophysiological response of the antennae. In the field trials, when used alone, A 6 , B 3 and B 5 exhibited significant trapping effects in tobacco and potato fields. When used alternately with sex pheromone components, the analog B 3 had significantly higher trapping effects in both tobacco and potato fields compared to the control, while combinations containing fluorinated analogs showed lower trapping effects., Conclusion: In summary, the use of sex pheromone analogs holds great promise for integration into pest management programs. Further investigation to fine-tune dosage and duration for optimal use is still needed. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of physical activity (PA), sleep quality, and sedentary behavior on subthreshold depression (StD) among undergraduates., Methods: This study included 834 undergraduates and assessed the impact of PA time, sleep quality, and sedentary behavior on depression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine cut-off values for StD risk, while the isochronous substitution analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of different activities on depression regulation., Results: Gender, age, and academic grade had no significant influence on depression levels among undergraduates ( p  > 0.05). However, students engaging in sedentary behavior for more than 12.1 h per day or with a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score above 3.5 were at an increased risk of subclinical depression. Additionally, the isochronous substitution of light-intensity physical activity for other activities (sleep, sedentary behavior, moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity) showed statistically significant effects ( p  < 0.05) in both 5-min and 10-min substitution models, demonstrating a positive effect on alleviating depression., Conclusion: The findings indicate that specific lifestyle factors, particularly high levels of sedentary behavior and poor sleep quality, are crucial determinants of subclinical depression among undergraduates, independent of demographic variables such as gender, age, and academic grade. Notably, light-intensity PA plays a key role in StD regulation, as substituting it with more intense physical activities or improving sleep quality substantially reduces depression scores. Furthermore, the benefits such substitution became more pronounced with the increase in duration of the activity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Ma, Gao, Yang, Zhang and Ku.)

Background: Radial head fractures are the most common bony injury of the elbow in adults. The current literature does not agree on whether isolated stable type II radial head fractures should be treated operatively or nonoperatively. This review aims to determine the preferred treatment for Mason type II radial head fractures and compare the outcomes of conservative and surgical treatment., Methods: Our study used PRISMA guidelines and conducted a thorough search of multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang databases, initially identifying 545 relevant publications on surgical and conservative treatment of Mason type II radial head fractures. The final search date for this study is July 7, 2024.Through a comprehensive meta-analysis, we evaluated several outcomes, including functional scores (DASH, OES, and MEPS scores), clinical outcomes (elbow flexion, elbow extension deficit, elbow pronation, and elbow supination), and complication rate (total complications and elbow pain). The mean difference (MD) was compared for continuous outcomes, and the odds ratios (ORs) were compared for categorical outcomes., Result: A total of 271 patients from 4 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 142 patients received surgical treatment and 129 patients received non-surgical treatment. The study found no statistically significant differences between surgical and non-surgical treatments in DASH, OES, MEPS, elbow flexion, elbow extension impairment, and elbow pain. Compared with surgical treatment, non-surgical treatment was associated with greater elbow pronation (OR = -3.10, 95% CI = [-4.96, -1.25], P = 0.55, I 2  = 0%) and a lower complication rate (OR = 5.54, 95% CI = [1.79, 17.14], P = 0.42, I 2  = 0%)., Conclusion: Based on the current evidence, conservative management of isolated Mason II radial head fractures yields favorable therapeutic outcomes with a low incidence of complications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study employed multiple MRI features to comprehensively evaluate the abnormalities in morphology, and functionality associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and distinguish them from normal physiological changes. For investigation purposes, three groups: 32 patients with PD, 42 age-matched healthy controls (HCg1), and 33 young and middle-aged controls (HCg2) were designed. The aim of the current study was to differentiate pathological cortical changes in PD from age-related physiological cortical volume changes. Integrating these findings with functional MRI changes to characterize the effects of PD on whole-brain networks. Cortical volumes in the bilateral temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and cerebellum were significantly reduced in HCg1 compared to HCg2. Although no significant differences in cortical volume were observed between PD patients and HCg1, the PD group exhibited pronounced abnormalities with significantly lower mean connectivity values compared to HCg1. Conversely, physiological functional changes in HCg1 showed markedly higher mean connectivity values than in HCg2. By integrating morphological and functional assessments, as well as network characterization of physiological aging, this study further delineates the distinct characteristics of pathological changes in PD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Chen, Zhang, Gao, Gou and Lei.)

Utilizing the high temporal resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs), we compared the time course of processing incongruent color versus 3D-depth information. Participants were asked to judge whether the food color (color condition) or 3D structure (3D-depth condition) was congruent or incongruent with their previous knowledge and experience. The behavioral results showed that the reaction times in the congruent 3D-depth condition were slower than those in the congruent color condition. The reaction times in the incongruent 3D-depth condition were slower than those in the incongruent color condition. The ERP results showed that incongruent color stimuli induced a larger N270, larger P300, and smaller N400 components in the fronto-central region than the congruent color stimuli. Incongruent 3D-depth stimuli induced a smaller N1 in the occipital region, larger P300 and smaller N400 in the parietal-occipital region than congruent 3D-depth stimuli. The time-frequency analysis found that incongruent color stimuli induced a larger theta band (360-580 ms) activation in the fronto-central region than congruent color stimuli. Incongruent 3D-depth stimuli induced larger alpha and beta bands (240-350 ms) activation in the parietal region than congruent 3D-depth stimuli. Our results suggest that the human brain deals with violating general color or depth knowledge in different time courses. We speculate that the depth perception conflict was dominated by solving the problem with visual processing, whereas the color perception conflict was dominated by solving the problem with semantic violation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Biopesticides based on RNA interference (RNAi) took a major step forward with the first registration of a sprayable RNAi product, which targets the world's most damaging potato pest. Proactive resistance management is needed to delay the evolution of resistance by pests and sustain the efficacy of RNAi biopesticides., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Climate change is predicted to increase the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, which may thereby impact the outcome of plant-herbivore interactions. While elevated temperature is known to directly affect herbivore growth, it remains largely unclear if it indirectly influences herbivore performance by affecting the host plant they feed on. In this study, we investigated how transient exposure to high temperature influences plant herbivory-induced defenses at the transcript and metabolic level. To this end, we studied the interaction between potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants and the larvae of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) under different temperature regimes. We found that P. operculella larvae grew heavier on leaves co-stressed by high temperature and insect herbivory than on leaves pre-stressed by herbivory alone. We also observed that high temperature treatments altered phylotranscriptomic patterns upon herbivory, which changed from an evolutionary hourglass pattern, in which transcriptomic responses at early and late time points after elicitation are more variable than the ones in the middle, to a vase pattern. Specifically, transcripts of many herbivory-induced genes in the early and late defense stage were suppressed by HT treatment, whereas those in the intermediate stage peaked earlier. Additionally, we observed that high temperature impaired the induction of jasmonates and defense compounds upon herbivory. Moreover, using jasmonate-reduced (JA-reduced, irAOC) and -elevated (JA-Ile-elevated, irCYP94B3s) potato plants, we showed that high temperature suppresses JA signaling mediated plant-induced defense to herbivore attack. Thus, our study provides evidences on how temperature reprograms plant-induced defense to herbivores., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

To gain a better understanding of the factors that contribute to anxiety among PhD students and the reasons for poor regulation in the current situation, this paper analyses the existing literature on anxiety among PhD students using Green's model. It also compares and evaluates various methods of regulating anxiety. The literature review to extract information on the causes and levels of anxiety, methods and outcomes of anxiety intervention and regulation, and to make comparisons. The study reveals that the phenomenon of PhD students' anxiety has intensified globally in recent years, especially after the end of the epidemic. PhD students experience anxiety due to research pressure, economic pressure, future development, and interpersonal pressure. The main influencing factors are currently the relationship with the supervisor, development prospects, social support, and peer comparison. Among the stress relief methods, the regulation of self-relaxation was found to have better effects on mild anxiety, such as positive thinking, meditation, yoga and physical exercise can be helpful for emotion release then help focus on problem solved. Whereas severe anxiety may require institutional and pharmacological support, also including using psychological therapy such as behavioral cognitive therapy and systematic desensitization methods. For university, competence to provide course-assisted guidance, such as writing groups, peer support, and time management, is also important. Academic communities should pay attention to the guidance on academic fairness. However, PhD students are often unaware of the resources available to them for coping with stress and may not take the initiative to seek psychological counseling or institutional assistance. Therefore, PhD students should receive support from various sources, be guided to express their thoughts, and receive additional education and academic assistance to manage stress. This will enhance their confidence and aid in improving their scientific research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer LL declared a shared affiliation with the author AY to the handling editor at the time of review., (Copyright © 2024 Ma, Yu, Ma, Zhao, Liu, Zhai and Gao.)

Background: Insects rely on sophisticated sensitive chemosensory systems to sense their complex chemical environment. This sensory process involves a combination of odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) in the chemosensory system. This study focused on the identification and characterization of these three types of chemosensory receptor genes in two closely related Phthorimaea pest species, Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth) and Phthorimaea absoluta (tomato leaf miner)., Results: Based on manual annotation of the genome, we identified a total of 349 chemoreceptor genes from the genome of P. operculella, including 93 OR, 206 GR and 50 IR genes, while for P. absoluta, we identified 72 OR, 122 GR and 46 IR genes. Through phylogenetic analysis, we observed minimal differences in the number and types of ORs and IRs between the potato tuber moth and tomato leaf miner. In addition, we found that compared with those of tomato leaf miners, the gustatory receptor branch of P. operculella has undergone a large expansion, which may be related to P. absoluta having a narrower host range than P. operculella. Through analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of male and female antennae, we uncovered 45 DEGs (including 32ORs, 9 GRs, and 4 IRs)., Conclusions: Our research provides a foundation for exploring the chemical ecology of these two pests and offers new insights into the dietary differentiation of lepidopteran insects, while simultaneously providing molecular targets for developing environmentally friendly pest control methods based on insect chemoreception., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) represent a highly promising next-generation energy storage technology owing to their inherently high safety, device reliability, and potential for achieving high energy density in the post-ara of lithium-ion batteries, and therefore extensive searches are ongoing for ideal solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). Though promising, there is still a huge barrier that limits the large-scale applications of ASSBs, where there are a couple of bottleneck technical issues. In this perspective, a novel category of electrolytes known as frameworked electrolytes (FEs) are examined, where the solid frameworks are intentionally designed to contain 3D ionic channels at sub-nano scales, rendering them macroscopically solid. The distinctive structural design of FEs gives rise to not only high ionic conductivity but also desirable interfaces with electrode solids. This is achieved through the presence of sub-nano channels within the framework, which exhibit significantly different ion diffusion behavior due to the confinement effect. This perspective offers a compelling insight into the potential of FEs in the pursuit of ASSBs, where FEs offer an exciting opportunity to overcome the limitations of traditional solid-state electrolytes and propel the development of ASSBs as the holy grail of energy storage technology., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Potatoes hold the distinction of being the largest non-cereal food crop globally. The application of insecticides has been the most common technology for pest control. The repeated use of synthetic insecticides of the same chemical class and frequent applications have resulted in the emergence of insecticide resistance. Two closely related pests that feed on potato crops are the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella , and the tomato leafminer, Phthorimaea absoluta (syn. Tuta absoluta ). Previous studies indicated the existence of insecticide resistance to various classes of insecticides including organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids in field populations of P. operculella and P. absoluta . However, the exact mechanisms of insecticide resistance in P. operculella and to a lesser extent P. absoluta remain still poorly understood. Detecting resistance genotypes is crucial for the prediction and management of insecticide resistance. In this study, we identified multiple genetic mutations related to insecticide resistance in two species of Phthorimaea . An unexpected genetic divergence on target-site mutations was observed between P. operculella and P. absoluta . Three mutations (A201S, L231V, and F290V) in Ace1 (acetylcholinesterase), four mutations (M918T, L925M, T928I, and L1014F) in VGSC (voltage-gated sodium channel), and one mutation (A301S) in RDL (GABA-gated chloride channel) have been detected with varying frequencies in Chinese P. absoluta field populations. In contrast, P. operculella field populations showed three mutations (F158Y, A201S, and L231V) in Ace1, one mutation (L1014F) in VGSC at a lower frequency, and no mutation in RDL. These findings suggest that pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates are likely to be ineffective in controlling P. absoluta , but not P. operculella . These findings contributed to a deeper understanding of the presence of target-site mutations conferring resistance to commonly used (and cheap) classes of insecticides in two closely related potato pests. It is recommended to consider the resistance status of both pests for the implementation of resistance management strategies in potatoes.

Efficient catalyst design is crucial for addressing the sluggish multi-step sulfur redox reaction (SRR) in lithium-sulfur batteries (LiSBs), which are among the promising candidates for the next-generation high-energy-density storage systems. However, the limited understanding of the underlying catalytic kinetic mechanisms and the lack of precise control over catalyst structures pose challenges in designing highly efficient catalysts, which hinder the LiSBs' practical application. Here, drawing inspiration from the theoretical calculations, the concept of precisely controlled pre-lithiation SRR electrocatalysts is proposed. The dual roles of channel and surface lithium in pre-lithiated 1T'-MoS 2 are revealed, referred to as the "electronic modulation effect" and "drifting effect", respectively, both of which contribute to accelerating the SRR kinetics. As a result, the thus-designed 1T'-Li x MoS 2 /CS cathode obtained by epitaxial growth of pre-lithiated 1T'-MoS 2 on cubic Co 9 S 8 exhibits impressive performance with a high initial specific capacity of 1049.8 mAh g -1 , excellent rate-capability, and remarkable long-term cycling stability with a decay rate of only 0.019% per cycle over 1000 cycles at 3 C. This work highlights the importance of precise control in pre-lithiation parameters and the synergistic effects of channel and surface lithium, providing new valuable insights into the design and optimization of SRR electrocatalysts for high-performance LiSBs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Optimal surgical fixation for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACF) remains a subject of debate, particularly regarding the superiority between screw fixation and plate fixation via the sinus tarsi approach (STA). This review aims to determine the preferred treatment for DIACF and compare the outcomes of minimally invasive surgery options., Methods: Our study involved thorough searches across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science, to identify all relevant publications on distal intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus (DIACFs) that were fixed using cannulated screws or plates via STA. Through a comprehensive meta-analysis, we evaluated several outcomes, including post-operative function, radiological measurements, and complications., Result: A total of 728 patients from 7 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 435 patients underwent screw fixation via STA, and 373 patients underwent plate fixation via STA. The study found no statistically significant differences between the screw fixation and the plate fixation via sinus tarsi approach (STA) in terms of AOFAS scores, Bohler's angle, Gissane's angle, sural nerve injury, secondary subtalar arthrodesis and reoperation. Compared with screw fixation, plate fixation via STA can reduce reduction loss of Bohler's angle (WMD = - 1.64, 95% CI = [- 2.96, - 0.31], P = 0.06, I 2  = 59%), lower the incidence of fixation failure (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = [0.13, 0.81], P = 0.78, I 2  = 0%), and decrease intra-articular step-off (WMD = - 0.52, 95% CI = [- 0.87, - 0.17], P = 0.66, I 2  = 0%)., Conclusions: Plate fixation demonstrates superior capability in restoring calcaneal width, maintaining Bohler's angle, and minimizing intra-articular step-off, thereby maintaining better reduction of the subtalar articular surface. In addition, plate fixation exhibits the modest complication rate and a low incidence of fixation failure. Therefore, we recommend the use of plate fixation through the STA, especially for complex and comminuted intra-articular calcaneal fractures., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

DNA demethylase (DML) is involved in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses; however, its role in plant-herbivore interaction remains elusive. Here, we found that herbivory by the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, rapidly induced the genome-wide DNA methylation and accumulation of DML gene transcripts in potato plants. Herbivory induction of DML transcripts was suppressed in jasmonate-deficient plants, whereas exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) improved DML transcripts, indicating that the induction of DML transcripts by herbivory is associated with jasmonate signaling. Moreover, P. operculella larvae grew heavier on DML gene (StDML2) knockdown plants than on wild-type plants, and the decreased biosynthesis of jasmonates in the former may be responsible for this difference, since the larvae feeding on these two genotypes supplemented with MeJA showed similar growth. In addition, P. operculella adult moths preferred to oviposit on StDML2 knockdown plants than on wild-type plants, which was associated with the reduced emission of β-caryophyllene in the former. In addition, supplementing β-caryophyllene to these two genotypes further disrupted moths' oviposit choice preference for them. Interestingly, in StDML2 knockdown plants, hypermethylation was found at the promoter regions for the key genes StAOS and StAOC in the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway, as well as for the key gene StTPS12 in β-caryophyllene production. Our findings suggest that knocking down StDML2 can affect herbivore defense via jasmonate signaling and defense compound production in potato plants., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Approximately 20% of acute ankle sprains progress to chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) requiring surgical intervention. There has been growing interest among surgeons regarding whether arthroscopic techniques can replace open Brostrom-Gould surgery in treating CLAI. The purpose of this study was to pool the results of multiple studies comparing the treatment effects of these two fixation approaches., Methods: Our study involved thorough searches across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science, to identify all relevant publications on CLAI that were repaired using the arthroscopic or open Broström-Gould technique. Through a comprehensive meta-analysis, we evaluated several outcomes, including post-operative function, radiological measurements, complications, and time efficiency., Result: A total of 686 patients from 11 studies were included in the analysis. Among them, 351 patients underwent open repair, and 335 underwent arthroscopic Brostrom-Gould surgery. The present study revealed that arthroscopic and open Brostrom-Gould techniques demonstrated no significant differences in talar tilt, talar anterior translation, complication rate, and time to return to previous level of activity. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in AOFAS, K-P, VAS, and Tegner scores at the 2-year follow-up. However, significant differences were noted between the two surgical approaches in terms of early weight-bearing (WMD = - 1.33 weeks, 95% CI = [- 1.91, - 0.76], P = 0.17, I 2  = 40%), as well as AOFAS scores (WMD = 1.00, 95% CI = [0.05, 1.95], P = 0.73, I 2  = 0%), K-P scores (WMD = 1.57, 95% CI = [0.49, 2.64], P = 0.15, I 2  = 47%), and VAS scores (WMD = - 0.15, 95% CI = [- 0.60, 0.29], P < 0.08, I 2  = 61%) within the first postoperative year., Conclusions: Our findings support that arthroscopic repair yields comparable outcomes to open surgery. Consequently, we advocate for adopting arthroscopic repair as a preferred alternative to the conventional open Broström-Gould procedure for treating chronic lateral ankle instability., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

As the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) level keeps hitting the new record, humanity is facing an ever-daunting challenge to efficiently mitigate CO 2 from the atmosphere. Though electrochemical CO 2 reduction presents a promising pathway to convert CO 2 to valuable fuels and chemicals, the general lack of suitable electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity severely constrains this approach. Herein, a novel class of electrocatalysts is investigated, the quasi-copper-mers, in which the CuN 4 rather than Cu atom itself serve as the basic building block. The respective quasi-copper-monomers, -dimers, and -trimers hosted in a graphene-like substrate are first synthesized and then performed both experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine their atomic structures, evaluate their electrocatalytical performance and understand their underlying mechanisms. The experimental results show that the quasi-copper-trimers not only outperform the quasi-copper-dimer and quasi-copper-monomer when catalyzing CO 2 to CO, it also shows a superior selectivity against the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The DFT calculations not only support the experimental observations, but also reveal the volcano curve and the physical origin for the qausi-copper-trimer superiority. The present work thus presents a new strategy in the design of high-performance electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background: Different thrips species can co-occur on the same flowers with different dominance degrees. To accurately evaluate the population performance on different thrips species on Magnolia grandiflora flowers, we investigated the diversity of thrips species and their population dynamics both in the field and laboratory. In addition, the activities of detoxifying and protective enzymes in thrips were also measured., Results: Field investigations revealed that four thrips species (Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips flavidulus, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Thrips coloratus) coexisted on M. grandiflora flowers. They were ranked, from highest population density to lowest, as follows: T. hawaiiensis > T. flavidulus > F. occidentalis > T. coloratus. In laboratory investigations, the species were ranked, from fastest developmental rates to slowest, as follows: F. occidentalis > T. hawaiiensis > T. flavidulus > T. coloratus; and from largest population size to smallest, as follows: T. hawaiiensis > F. occidentalis > T. flavidulus > T. coloratus. Biochemistry assays showed that the four species differed in their activities of detoxifying enzymes (carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and cytochrome P450) and protective enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) in both laboratory and field strains., Conclusion: Differences in population performance among these four thrips on M. grandiflora may be related to their activity levels of physiological enzymes. The variations in thrips population performance between the field and the laboratory could be due to differences in environmental conditions. T. hawaiiensis showed a strong host preference for M. grandiflora, and thus it has the potential to be a dangerous pest in horticultural plants. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are essential proteins in the peripheral olfactory system, responsible for odorant recognition and transport to olfactory receptors. Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth) is an important oligophagous pest on Solanaceae crops in many countries and regions. PopeOBP16 is one of the OBPs in potato tuber moth. This study examined the expression profiles of PopeOBP16. The results of qPCR indicated that PopeOBP16 was highly expressed in the antennae of adults, especially in males, suggesting that it may be involved in odor recognition in adults. The electroantennogram (EAG) was used to screen candidate compounds with the antennae of P. operculella. The relative affinities of PopeOBP16 to 27 host volatiles and two sex pheromone components with the highest relative EAG responses were examined with competitive fluorescence-based binding assays. PopeOBP16 had the strongest binding affinity with the plant volatiles: nerol, 2-phenylethanol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, benzaldehyde, β-pinene, d-limonene, terpinolene, α-terpinene, and the sex pheromone component trans-4, cis-7, cis-10-tridecatrien-1-ol acetate. The results provide a foundation for further research into the functioning of the olfactory system and the potential development of green chemistry for control of the potato tuber moth., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There is no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cashmere goat has a typical characteristic in seasonal growth of cashmere. Studies have shown that one of the main factors affecting the cyclical growth of the cashmere is the photoperiod, however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Inner Mongolia Arbas cashmere goat was used to reveal the mRNA-microRNA regulatory mechanisms of cashmere growth in different photoperiod. Skin samples from cashmere goats under light control (short photoperiod) and normal conditions (long photoperiod) were collected. Sequencing was performed after RNA extraction. The differentially expressed miRNA and mRNA expression profiles were successfully constructed. We found 56 significantly differentially expressed known mRNAs (P<0.01) and 14 microRNAs (P<0.05). The association analysis of the microRNAs and mRNAs showed that two differentially expressed miRNAs might be targeted by six differentially expressed genes. Targeting relationships of these genes and miRNAs are revealed and verified. In all, the light control technology provides a new way to promote cashmere growth. Our results provide some references in the cashmere growth and development., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is one of the most notorious insect pests of potatoes globally. Here, we generated a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of L. decemlineata using a combination of the PacBio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding technologies. The genome assembly (-1,008 Mb) is anchored to 18 chromosomes (17 + XO), with a scaffold N50 of 58.32 Mb. It contains 676 Mb repeat sequences and 29,606 protein-coding genes. The chromosome-level genome assembly of L. decemlineata provides in-depth knowledge and will be a helpful resource for the beetle and invasive biology research communities., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, is an oligophagous pest feeding on crops mainly belonging to the family Solanaceae. It is one of the most destructive pests of potato worldwide and attacks foliage and tubers in the field and in storage. However, the lack of a high-quality reference genome has hindered the association of phenotypic traits with their genetic basis. Here, we report on the genome assembly of P. operculella at the chromosomal level. Using Illumina, Nanopore and Hi-C sequencing, a 648.2 Mb genome was generated from 665 contigs, with an N50 length of 3.2 Mb, and 92.0% (596/648.2 Mb) of the assembly was anchored to 29 chromosomes. In total, 16619 genes were annotated, and 92.4% of BUSCO genes were fully represented. The chromosome-level genome of P. operculella will provide a significant resource for understanding the genetic basis for the biological study of this insect, and for promoting the integrative management of this pest in future., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

People's subjective factors can affect the spatial allocation of attention, and objects that are more in line with people's expectations are easier to attract attention. In the current study, we wanted to know whether the meaning-contingent spatial attentional orienting could occur at the subliminal level, that is, whether conscious awareness was needed, and which attentional control settings worked. The current study employed a modified spatial cueing paradigm and the cues were made imperceptible by backward masking. The results showed that the capture effects of the left and the right positions stemmed from the meaning-contingent attentional control setting based on displaywide features, while the inhibition effect of the lower position and the capture effect of the upper position stemmed from the abrupt onset of subliminal cues and their masks. It is concluded that the attentional orienting of meaning contingency could occur at the subliminal level, which was not restricted by conscious perception. In particular, the attentional control setting based on displaywide features played an important role in spatial attentional orienting, which was manifested in the consistent capture effects on the horizontal sides. This study refined and separated the spatial attentional orienting effects, supported the contingent involuntary attentional orienting hypothesis, and expanded its scope of application., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wang, Yang, Gao and Zhang.)

Ever-rising global energy demands and the desperate need for green energy inevitably require next-generation energy storage systems. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are a promising candidate as their conversion redox reaction offers superior high energy capacity and lower costs as compared to current intercalation type lithium-ion technology. Li 2 S with a prelithiated cathode can, in principle, capture the high capacity while reducing some of the issues in conventional Li-S cells utilizing metallic lithium anodes and elemental sulfur cathodes. However, it also faces its own set of technical issues, including the insulating nature and the notorious shuttling effect that plagues the Li-S system. In addition, the high activation potential also hinders its electrochemical performance. To lower the high conversion barrier, key parameters of charge/ion transfer kinetics have to be considered in improving the reaction kinetics. This Review of lithium sulfide batteries examines the recent progress in this rapidly growing field, beginning with the revisiting of the fundamentals, working principles, and challenges of the Li-S system as well as the Li 2 S cathode. The strategies adopted and methods that have been devised to overcome these issues are discussed in detail, by focusing on the synthesis of the nanoparticles, the structuring of the functional matrixes, and the promoting of the reaction kinetics through additives, aiming at providing a broad view of paths that can lead to a market viable Li 2 S cathode in the near future., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Cysteamine (CS), as a feed supplement, can increase the level of growth hormone (GH) in the blood, promote animal growth. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of CS on the rumen microbiome and metabolic profile in cashmere goats. This study aimed to assess the effects of rumen microbiota, metabolites, and plasma antioxidative capacity induced by CS supplementation in cashmere goats. We selected 30 Inner Mongolia white cashmere goat ewes (aged 18 months), and randomly separate the goats into three groups ( n = 10 per group) to experiment for 40 days. Oral 0 (control group, CON), 60 (low CS, LCS), or 120 mg/kg BW -1 (high CS, HCS) coated CS hydrochloride every day. Using 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we identified 12 bacterial and 3 fungal genera with significant changes among the groups, respectively. We found a significant increase in rumen NH 3 -N and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations in the LCS and HCS groups compared with the CON. With untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics, we screened 59 rumen differential metabolites. Among the screened metabolites, many unsaturated and saturated fatty acids increased and decreased with CS treatment, respectively. CS supplementation increased the levels of plasma total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), GH, and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of U29-B03, Lactococcus , and Brochothrix were positively associated with the levels of δ2-THA, TVFA and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, CS significantly affected rumen microbiota and fermentation parameters, and ultimately inhibited the biohydrogenation of rumen metabolites, enhanced plasma antioxidant capacity, and regulated some hormones of the GH-IGF-1 axis. This study provides an overall view into the CS application as a strategy to improve health production in cashmere goats., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wu, Liang, Wang, Zhao, Ma, Gao, Zhao, Chen and Liu.)

Background: The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella is a key pest of potato and tobacco in China. We compared the sex pheromone titers released by P. operculella female, and the electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male antennae to pheromone compounds under laboratory conditions. Then, the optimal sex pheromone ratio was screened in the field., Results: The P. operculella sex pheromone feeding on potato or tobacco was extracted by solvent-extraction method. Main sex pheromone compounds including E4, Z7-13: AC (PTM1) and E4, Z7, Z10-13: AC (PTM2) were found in gland. The titer and relative ratio of P. operculella sex pheromone compounds secreted by female adult moths differ between host populations, while the relative EAG responses trend of P. operculella males to the pheromone components were the same when directly stimulated. In field trials, PTM1:PTM2 = 8:1-4:1 and PTM1:PTM2 = 1:4-1:7 was the most attractive ratio to P. operculella males in tobacco and potato fields, respectively. During 2019-2020, after 8 weeks of mass trapping for each year, the sex pheromone could reduce the population of P. operculella in the potato and tobacco fields., Conclusions: In this study, fixed property and quantity analyzing methods were adopted to compare sex pheromones from feeding on potato versus tobacco. EAG tests then were carried out on P. operculella males. Finally, we optimized the ratio of two sex pheromone compounds in potato and examined how this influenced field trapping. By further improving the parameters of sex pheromone application in the field, we demonstrate that deployment of sex pheromones can provide effective control of P. operculella. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Background: Damage by the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella is one of the major constraints to commercial production of potato in many areas of the world. To promote effective pest management practices for P. operculella based on host plant, larval and adult performance of P. operculella fed on Lishu 6, Hezuo 88, Yunshu 304, and Qingshu 9 potato varieties was compared by examining their survival rate, larval feeding, pupal weight, and oviposition preference., Results: Compared with larvae fed on the other three potato plants, those fed on Lishu 6 exhibited the highest survival rate, with almost 61.67% developing to the adult stage. Females also preferred to lay their eggs on Lishu 6 over Hezuo 88, Yunshu 304 and Qingshu 9; and the weight of P. operculella pupa on Lishu 6 plant (0.0085 g) was significantly heavier than that of on others, especially on Qingshu 9 (0.0062 g). Moreover, first instar larvae fed on Lishu 6 showed host preference to Qingshu 9., Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Lishu 6 is susceptible to P. operculella, and Qingshu 9 is not relatively susceptible to P. operculella, which suggested that the P. operculella feeding responses to dominant potato varieties in China is different. This variation can be applied for the potato breeding and pest management practice. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Purpose: This study was to explore the relationship between self-concept clarity, social support, and psychological resilience in Chinese enterostomy patients., Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from October 2019 to April 2020 among enterostomy patients visiting the stoma clinic and inpatients with an enterostomy in general surgery of three tertiary grade A hospitals in Guangzhou, China. Patients (n=201) were required to complete paper questionnaires, including sociodemographic information, the 10-Item Resilience Scale Specific to Cancer, Self-concept Clarity Scale, and Social Support Rating Scale. Multiple linear regression analyses and structural equation modeling were conducted to explore the effect of self-concept clarity and social support on psychological resilience., Results: Psychological resilience was at a median level among enterostomy patients, with a mean score of 38.21 (SD, 7.24). Education level (β = 1.032, P = .004), own acceptance of stoma (β = 2.445, P < .001), social support (β = 206, P = .001) and self-concept clarity (β = 0.285, P < .001) were factors related to psychological resilience, explaining 33.1% of the variance of psychological resilience. It was also shown that self-concept clarity exerted its direct positive effect on social support (β = 0.098, SE = 0.025, BC 95%CI = 0.047/0.143), and it also had an indirect positive effect on psychological resilience through mediating social support (β = 0.193, SE = 0.033, BC 95%CI = 0.121/0.245)., Conclusions: This study suggests that self-concept clarity has an indirect positive effect on psychological resilience by influencing social support in enterostomy patients. Medical staff should strive to improve the self-concept clarity as a new means to enhance patients' psychological resilience, especially focusing on patients' social support, education level and own acceptance of enterostomy., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to develop a scale for measuring the perinatal bereavement care competence of midwives and assess its psychometric properties., Methods: The Perinatal Bereavement Care Competence Scale was developed in four phases. (1) Item generation: 75 items were formulated based on a literature review and interviews with midwives. (2) Delphi expert consultation: 15 experts evaluated whether the items were clear/appropriate/relevant to the questionnaire dimensions, and the items were optimized. (3) Pilot test: The comprehensibility, acceptability, and time required to complete the questionnaire by midwives were assessed. (4) Evaluation of reliability and validity: The scale was validated by initial item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability., Results: The final scale consisted of six dimensions and 25 items: maintaining belief (three items), knowing (four items), being with (six items), preserving dignity (four items), enabling (five items), and self-adjustment (three items). Exploratory factor analysis yielded a six-factor structure that was consistent with the theoretical framework and explained 70.8% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the six-factor model. Cronbach's α for the scale was 0.931, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.968., Conclusion: The Perinatal Bereavement Care Competence Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the competence of midwives in caring for bereaved parents who have experienced perinatal loss., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Species displacement by the outcome of interspecific competition is of particular importance to pest management. Over the past decade, spinetoram has been extensively applied in control of the two closely related thrips Megalurothrips usitatus and Frankliniella intonsa worldwide, while whether its resistance is implicated in mediating interspecific interplay of the two thrips remains elusive to date., Results: Field population dynamics (from 2017 to 2019) demonstrated a trend toward displacement of F. intonsa by M. usitatus on cowpea crops, supporting an existing interspecific competition. Following exposure to spinetoram, M. usitatus became the predominate species, which suggests the use of spinetoram appears to be responsible for mediating interspecific interactions of the two thrips. Further annual and seasonal analysis (from 2016 to 2020) of field-evolved resistance dynamics revealed that M. usitatus developed remarkably higher resistance to spinetoram compared to that of F. intonsa, implying a close relationship between evolution of spinetoram resistance and their competitive interactions. After 12 generations of laboratory selection, resistance to spinetoram in M. usitatus and F. intonsa increased up to 64.50-fold and 28.33-fold, and the average realized heritability (h 2 ) of resistance was calculated as 0.2550 and 0.1602, respectively. Interestingly, two-sex life table analysis showed that the spinetoram-resistant strain of F. intonsa exhibited existing fitness costs, but not the M. usitatus. These indicate that a rapid development of spinetoram resistance and the lack of associated fitness costs may be the mechanism underlying recent dominance of M. usitatus over F. intonsa., Conclusion: Collectively, our results uncover the involvement of insecticide resistance in conferring displacement mechanism behind interspecific competition, providing a framework for understanding the significance of the evolutionary relationships among insects under ongoing changing environments. These findings also can be invaluable in proposing the most appropriate strategies for sustainable thrips control programs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Rechargeable batteries of high energy density and overall performance are becoming a critically important technology in the rapidly changing society of the twenty-first century. While lithium-ion batteries have so far been the dominant choice, numerous emerging applications call for higher capacity, better safety and lower costs while maintaining sufficient cyclability. The design space for potentially better alternatives is extremely large, with numerous new chemistries and architectures being simultaneously explored. These include other insertion ions (e.g. sodium and numerous multivalent ions), conversion electrode materials (e.g. silicon, metallic anodes, halides and chalcogens) and aqueous and solid electrolytes. However, each of these potential "beyond lithium-ion" alternatives faces numerous challenges that often lead to very poor cyclability, especially at the commercial cell level, while lithium-ion batteries continue to improve in performance and decrease in cost. This review examines fundamental principles to rationalise these numerous developments, and in each case, a brief overview is given on the advantages, advances, remaining challenges preventing cell-level implementation and the state-of-the-art of the solutions to these challenges. Finally, research and development results obtained in academia are compared to emerging commercial examples, as a commentary on the current and near-future viability of these "beyond lithium-ion" alternatives., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Inhibition of return (IOR) is a mechanism of the attention system involving bias toward novel stimuli and delayed generation of responses to targets at previously attended locations. According to the two-component theory, IOR consists of a perceptual component and an oculomotor component (oculomotor IOR [O-IOR]) depending on whether the eye movement system is activated. Previous studies have shown that multisensory integration weakens IOR when paying attention to both visual and auditory modalities. However, it remains unclear whether the O-IOR effect attenuated by multisensory integration also occurs when the oculomotor system is activated. Here, using two eye movement experiments, we investigated the effect of multisensory integration on O-IOR using the exogenous spatial cueing paradigm. In Experiment 1, we found a greater visual O-IOR effect compared with audiovisual and auditory O-IOR in divided modality attention. The relative multisensory response enhancement (rMRE) and violations of Miller's bound showed a greater magnitude of multisensory integration in the cued location compared with the uncued location. In Experiment 2, the magnitude of the audiovisual O-IOR effect was significantly less than that of the visual O-IOR in single visual modality selective attention. Implications for the effect of multisensory integration on O-IOR were discussed under conditions of oculomotor system activation, shedding new light on the two-component theory of IOR.

Background: Elevated CO 2 can directly affect the toxicity of insecticides to insects and the physiological response of insects to insecticides. Frankliniella occidentalis and F. intonsa are highly destructive pests that target horticultural crops. Spinetoram is an effective pesticide against thrips. This study sought to explore the effect of elevated CO 2 on efficacy of spinetoram against F. occidentalis and F. intonsa and effect of the spinetoram on activities of protective and detoxifying enzymes under elevated CO 2 . Notably, these enzymes can be exploited in further studies to develop interventions for thrips resistance management., Results: Toxicity bioassay showed that the LC 50 values of F. occidentalis and F. intonsa exposed to spinetoram at elevated CO 2 (800 μL L -1 concentration) for 48 h was 0.08 and 0.006 mg L -1 , respectively, which is 0.62 and 0.75 times of the values at ambient CO 2 (400 μL L -1 concentration). The findings showed that elevated CO 2 decreased activities of the superoxide dismutase and acetylcholinesterase in thrips, while increasing the activities of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase. However, spinetoram increased activities of protective and detoxifying enzymes in both thrips under the two CO 2 levels. Elevated CO 2 and spinetoram affect the physiological enzyme activity in thrips synergistically, and the activities of analyzed enzymes were generally higher in F. occidentalis than in F. intonsa., Conclusion: Elevated CO 2 amplifies the efficacy of spinetoram on thrips, F. intonsa is more susceptibility to spinetoram than F. occidentalis and the latter showed better adaptation to adverse conditions than the former. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Background: Student midwives often encounter perinatal loss including stillbirth and neonatal death as part of their clinical training. There has been limited research on how student midwives cope with perinatal death., Objective: To explore the experiences of undergraduate midwifery students facing perinatal death during their internships., Design: Qualitative research design based on interpretive phenomenological approach and COREQ-guided reporting., Setting: Tertiary maternal and child care center or general hospital., Participants: Undergraduate midwifery students from a medical university in Guangzhou, China., Methods: Study participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted between October 2020 and March 2021 with 12 midwifery students. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using Diekelmann's interpretive method., Results: Four themes were identified from the data: unavoidable anxiety and avoidance response; overwhelming fear and taboos related to death; self-blame and emotional inhibition; and ethical conflict and reflection on practice., Conclusions: Undergraduate midwifery students believed they were ill-prepared to care for women who experienced perinatal loss, consciously endured their own negative emotions such as anxiety and fear, and hoped for improved bereavement and stillbirth care in future clinical practice. Students valued support from the bereavement midwife and identified effective strategies that would help them cope with their feelings. It is recommended that adequate education and emotional support be provided to midwifery students, who should be encouraged to provide appropriate care to grieving families., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Attention contains three functional network subcomponents of alerting, orienting, and executive control. The attention network test (ANT) is usually used to measure the efficiency of three attention subcomponents. Previous researches have focused on examining the unimodal attention with visual or auditory ANT paradigms. However, it is still unclear how an auditory stimulus influences the visual attention networks. This study investigated the effects of bilateral auditory stimuli (Experiment 1) and ipsilateral auditory stimulus (Experiment 2) on the visual attention subcomponents. We employed an ANT paradigm and manipulated the target modality types, including visual and audiovisual modalities. The participants were instructed to distinguish the direction of the central arrow surrounded by distractor arrows. In Experiment 1, we found that the simultaneous bilateral auditory stimuli reduced the efficiency of visual alerting and orienting, but had no significant effect on the efficiency of visual executive control. In Experiment 2, the ipsilateral auditory stimulus reduced the efficiency of visual executive control, but had no significant effect on the efficiency of visual alerting and orienting. We also observed a reduced relative multisensory response enhancement (rMRE) effect in cue condition relative to no cue condition (Experiment 1), and an increased rMRE effect in congruent condition compared with incongruent condition (Experiment 2). These results firstly provide evidence for the alerting, orienting and executive control effects in audiovisual condition. And the bilateral and ipsilateral auditory stimuli have different effects on the subcomponents of visual attention., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller is one of the most damaging potato pests in the world and is difficult to control as the larvae feed only inside potatoes. Evaluating the effects of performance of P. operculella on different potato varieties may help to facilitate the development of effective pest management practices. In our study, P. operculella reared on potato variety Lishu6 showed strong performance and on Qingshu 9 exhibited the poorest performance, while P. operculella fed on Hezuo 88 and Yunshu 304 performed moderately. Firstly, larval performance of P. operculella fed on Lishu 6 with that on Hezuo 88, Yunshu 304, and Qingshu 9 was compared by using an age-stage two-sex life table. Compared with larvae fed on Lishu 6, those fed on Qingshu 9 exhibited significantly lower survival, with only 5.56% developing to the adult stage. Secondly, the pupal weight experiment showed that the pupae weight of P. operculella feeding on Lishu 6 tubers (0.0123 g) was significantly heavier than that those feeding on Qingshu 9 (0.0102 g) ( p < 0.001). Thirdly, female oviposition and larvae feeding preference indicated that females oviposited on Lishu 6 in preference to Qingshu 9 ( p < 0.05, p < 0.001). Overall, this study demonstrated that Qingshu 9 is the least suitable host, and planting this variety over a large scale can provide a basis for the next step of P. operculella control.

Purpose: To describe the perceived participation and assess its determinants among young and middle-aged stroke patients following acute care one month after discharge in mainland China., Methods: Two hundred and twenty-three patients were consecutively recruited from two tertiary hospitals and were followed up 1 month after discharge in the outpatient department or their communities to assess their participation by using the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire, with 23 patients lost to follow-up. Determinants (i.e., sociodemographic, diseased-related, physical, psychological, and social factors) of participation were identified in four domains: indoor autonomy; outdoor autonomy; family role; and social life., Results: The overall perceived participation of our respondents was good to fair. Forty-six (23.0%), 32 (16.0%), 13 (6.5%), and 19 (9.5%) perceived their participation as "very good" in the domains of indoor autonomy, family role, outdoor autonomy and social life, respectively. Stroke severity, depressive symptoms, and social support were the common determinants of participation for all the domains, with stroke severity being the strongest correlate. Activities of daily living was associated with indoor autonomy, family role, and outdoor autonomy, but not associated with social life., Conclusions: The perceived participation of our respondents is relatively optimistic. Physical health along with mental and social status can affect participation. Tailored strategies should be implemented early in the rehabilitation phase to promote stoke survivors' participation in all the domains.Implications for rehabilitationAlthough the overall perceived participation of young and middle-aged stroke patients was fair to good, attention should be paid to their family roles.The strategies should be mainly focused on reducing the stroke severity to improve patients' participation.Improving patients' depressive symptom and social support can also be helpful for improving their participation.

Pheromones are a kind of signal produced by an animal that evoke innate responses in conspecifics. In moth, pheromone components can be detected by specialized olfactory receptor neurons (OSNs) housed in long sensilla trichoids on the male antennae. The pheromone receptors (PRs) located in the dendrite membrane of OSNs are responsible for pheromone sensing in most Lepidopteran insects. The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella is a destructive pest of Solanaceae crops. Although sex attractant is widely used in fields to monitor the population of P. operculella , no study has been reported on the mechanism the male moth of P. operculella uses to recognize sex pheromone components. In the present study, we cloned two pheromone receptor genes PopeOR1 and PopeOR3 in P. operculella . The transcripts of them were highly accumulated in the antennae of male adults. Functional analysis using the heterologous expression system of Xenopus oocyte demonstrated that these two PR proteins both responded to ( E , Z )-4,7-13: OAc and ( E , Z , Z )-4,7,10-13: OAc, the key sex pheromone components of P. operculella , whilst they responded differentially to these two ligands. Our findings for the first time characterized the function of pheromone receptors in gelechiid moth and could promote the olfactory based pest management of P. operculella in the field., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 He, Cai, Zhu, Zhang, Zhang, Ge, Zhu, Zhou, Wang and Gao.)

Conspecific aboveground and belowground herbivores can interact with each other, mediated by plant secondary chemicals; however, little attention has been paid to the interaction between leaf feeders and tuber-feeders. Here, we evaluated the effect of the foliar feeding of P. operculella larvae on the development of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by determining the nutrition and defense metabolites in the whole plant (leaf, root and tuber). We found that leaf feeding negatively affected tuber larval performance by increasing the female larval developmental time and reducing the male pupal weight. In addition, aboveground herbivory increased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in tubers and α-solanine in leaves, but decreased α-chaconine and glycoalkaloids in leaves. Aboveground herbivory also altered the levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, starch, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), as well as the C:N ratio in both leaves and tubers. Aboveground P. operculella infestations could affect the performance of conspecific larvae feeding on harvested tubers by inducing glycoalkaloids in the host plant. Our findings indicate that field leaf herbivory should be considered when assessing the quality of potato tubers and their responses to pests during storage.

Thrips hawaiiensis is a common thrips pest of various plant flowers with host preference. Plant volatiles provide important information for host-searching in insects. We examined the behavioral responses of T. hawaiiensis adults to the floral volatiles of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, and Rosa chinensis Jacq. in a Y-tube olfactometer. T. hawaiiensis adults showed significantly different preferences to these four-flower plants, with the ranking of G. jasminoides > G. jamesonii > P. lactiflora ≥ R. chinensis . Further, 29 components were identified in the volatile profiles of G. jasminoides , and (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate (14.38 %), linalool (27.45 %), and (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (24.67 %) were the most abundant. Six-arm olfactometer bioassays showed that T. hawaiiensis had significant positive responses to (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate, linalool, and (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene tested at various concentrations, with the most attractive ones being 10 -3 μL/μL, 10 -2 μL/μL and 100 μg/μL for each compound, respectively. In pairing of these three compounds at their optimal concentrations, T. hawaiiensis showed the preference ranking of (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate > linalool > (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. Large numbers of T. hawaiiensis have been observed on G. jasminoides flowers in the field, which might be caused by the high attraction of this pest to G. jasminoides floral volatiles shown in the present study. Our findings shed light on the olfactory cues routing host plant searching behavior in T. hawaiiensis , providing important information on how T. hawaiiensis targets particular host plants. The high attractiveness of the main compounds (e.g., linalool, (E3,E7)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene, particular (Z)-3-hexenyl tiglate) identified from volatiles of G. jasminoides flowers may be exploited further to develop novel monitoring and control tools (e.g., lure and kill strategies) against this flower-inhabiting thrips pest.

The assembly of one-dimensional nanomaterials into macroscopic fibers can improve mechanical as well as multifunctional performance. Double-walled aluminogermanate imogolite nanotubes are geo-inspired analogues of carbon nanotubes, synthesized at low temperature, with complementary properties. Here, continuous imogolite-based fibers are wet-spun within a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix. The lyotropic liquid crystallinity of the system produces highly aligned fibers with tensile stiffness and strength up to 24.1 GPa (14.1 N tex -1 ) and 0.8 GPa (0.46 N tex -1 ), respectively. Significant enhancements over the pure polymer control are quantitatively attributed to both matrix refinement and direct nanoscale reinforcement, by fitting an analytical model. Most intriguingly, imogolite-based fibers show a high degree of healability via evaporation-induced self-assembly, recovering up to 44% and 19% of the original fiber tensile stiffness and strength, respectively. This recovery at high absolute strength highlights a general strategy for the development of high-performance healable fibers relevant to composite structures and other applications.