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Background: The microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been highly regarded as effective tools that offer a cost-effective and portable solution for point-of-care testing (POCT) and on-site detection. Utilizing paper substrates such as cellulose and nitrocellulose membranes, μPADs have proven beneficial for a range of applications from medical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. Despite their advantages, the fabrication of μPADs often requires sophisticated techniques and equipment, posing challenges for widespread adoption, especially in resource-limited settings. This study addresses the need for a simplified, low-cost method for fabricating μPADs that is accessible without specialized training or equipment., Results: This research introduces a novel, efficient method for producing μPADs using 3D-printed slidable chambers and super glue vapor, bypassing traditional, more complex fabrication processes. The method utilizes super glue (ethyl-cyanoacrylate) vapor to create hydrophobic barriers on paper substrates. By optimizing the exposure sequence to super glue and water vapors and the heating conditions, we achieved rapid hydrophobization within 5 min, creating effective hydrophobic barriers and hydrophilic channels on paper substrates. The technique's simplicity allows for use by individuals without specialized training. The practical application of the fabrication method is demonstrated by the fabrication of μPADs that can detect multiple target analytes. We perform the simultaneous detection of glucose, proteins, and also the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions nickel (Ni 2+ ) and copper (Cu 2+ ), highlighting its potential for broad applications in point-of-care diagnostics., Significance: This study is the first to report a method for selective exposure of ethyl-cyanoacrylate vapor for the fabrication of μPADs. This method significantly reduces the complexity, time, and fabrication cost, making it feasible for use in various settings. It also eliminates the need for specialized equipment and can be executed by individuals without specialized training. We believe that the proposed fabrication method contributes to the wider adoption and deployment of μPADs across various sectors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Joong Ho Shin reports financial support was provided by National Research Foundation of Korea. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, shellac and its crosslinking were studied to produce paper straws for the application of liquid products. Commercial paper straws are not durable for liquid foods due to their hygroscopic nature, and thus, they find it challenging to replace single-use plastics. Shellac is a naturally occurring resin utilized as an adhesive and water-resistant coating over the paper straw. Shellac was cured at 125 °C, 150 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C, and it was crosslinked in about 210 min, 150 min, 60 min, and 30 min respectively and studied for kinetics. The crosslinking of shellac produced a thermally stable material. Compared to commercial paper straws, these paper shellac straws exhibited high bending stiffness (1356.11 Nmm), tensile strength (13,74 MPa), flexural strength (21.72 MPa), and compression strength (24.99 MPa). Moreover, the paper shellac straws didn't bend in wet conditions under load for up to one day, while the commercial paper straw bends in 8 min. Therefore, paper straws with shellac can replace plastic-based straws for a sustainable future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Arihant Ahuja reports financial support was provided by the Prime Minister Research Fellowship, Ministry of Education, India. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, paper microfluidic channel fabricated by directly screen-printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is proposed for paper spray mass spectrometry analysis of therapeutic drugs in the blood samples. Compared with traditional paper spray, PDMS-printed paper spray (PP-PS) allows fluid to flow to the tip of paper with less sample loss which significantly improved the signal intensity of target compounds in blood samples. As paper can reduce the matrix effect, PP-PS also has a greater advantage than electro-spray Ionization (ESI) when directly analyzing complex biological sample in terms of the detection efficiency. Linearity and limits of detection (LOD) were evaluated for five psychotropic drugs: olanzapine, quetiapine, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, clozapine, risperidone. As a result, PP-PS improved the signal intensity of the psychotropic drugs at a concentration of 250 ng/ml in blood samples by a factor of 2-5 times and lowered the relative standard deviation (RSD) by a factor of 2-5.6 times compared with traditional paper spray. And PP-PS also improved signal intensity by a factor of 9-33 times compared with ESI. Quantitative experiments of PP-PS mass spectrometry indicated that the linear range was 5-500 ng/ml and the LOD were improved by a factor of 5-71 times for all these drugs compared with traditional paper spray. In addition, PP-PS was applied to the home-made miniaturized mass spectrometer and the precursor ions of all five psychotropic drugs (250 ng/ml) in the mass spectrometry results were obtained as well. These could prove that PP-PS has the potential to analyze complex biological samples in application on the miniaturized mass spectrometer which can be used outside the laboratory., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) have become promising alternatives to clinical laboratory-based methods for point-of-care testing (POCT) of biomarkers in family care and resource-limited communities. Here, Co-doped carbon dots (Co-CDs) nanozyme with outstanding oxidase-mimicking catalytic activity and red fluorescent emission were prepared, and combined adhered-3D μPAD (A-3D μPAD) to monitor facilely alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level in whole blood samples. Co-CDs catalyzed the oxidization of nonfluorescent o-phenylenediamine (OPD) into 2,3-diaminophenazine (oxOPD) with yellow fluorescent emission due to the generation of tremendous O 2 •- species. With addition of ALP, ALP hydrolyzed l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate into ascorbic acid, and the latter was oxidized by Co-CDs, then reacted with OPD to form blue fluorescent emission 3-(dihydroxyethyl)furo [3,4-b]quinoxaline-1-one (DFQ). Both DFQ and oxOPD quenched the fluorescence intensity of Co-CDs via inner-filter effect. The cascade reaction of ALP/Co-CDs was incorporated into A-3D μPAD based on above sensing principles. A-3D μPAD enabled sample pretreatment, cascade reaction and signal output, and integrated portable minimized device and smartphone for visual ALP detection. The linear range and limit of detection for ALP were 0.5-150 U L -1 and 0.1 U L -1 , respectively, and the color varied from red, yellow to blue. The detection results for whole blood samples were consistent with biochemical detector. The efficiency, disposability, practicality and low-cost of A-3D μPAD can be extended to determine various biomarkers, and provided technical support for nanozyme applications in POCT environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Simple, fast and low-cost paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have a good application prospect for point-of-care detection of GSH. However, effective immobilization of functional nanomaterials onto cellulose, as a critical factor in the construction of PADs, presents numerous difficulties and challenges., Results: In this study, we have developed an exceptionally straightforward and environmentally friendly synthetic approach by using ovalbumin (OVA) as a bio-mineralization template for the preparation of MnO 2 nanosheets. The MnO 2 nanosheets produced in the solution phase exhibited excellent intrinsic nano-enzyme activity and biodegradability. The OVA-MnO 2 nanosheets can effectively oxidize Amplex red in the absence of H 2 O 2 , enabling sensitive detection of GSH with a linear range of 5 nM-10 μM and a detection limit as low as 2.8 nM. Furthermore, we utilized this method to facilitate in situ synthesis of OVA-MnO 2 nanosheets directly on paper substrates. This approach eliminates the need for conventional stirring and centrifugation steps, greatly simplifying the fabrication process while reducing material usage and time expenditure. Characterization of the chemical composition and morphology confirmed the intimate growth of the 2D nano-enzymes on the cellulose fibers. Utilizing smartphone capabilities, the OVA-MnO 2 nanosheet-modified PAD enabled instrument-free detection of GSH, demonstrating high sensitivity (0.74 μM) and a wide linear response range (1-1000 μM)., Significance: The synthesis of MnO 2 nanosheets directly on cellulose substrates substantially streamlines the modification workflow of PADs and reduces detection costs, offering new avenues for clinical diagnostics of relevant diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Although bioplastics and paper straws have been introduced as alternatives to single-use plastic straws, their potential environmental, economic, and social impacts have not been analyzed. This study addresses this gap by designing a polylactic acid layer interface adhesion on cellulose paper-based (PLA-P) composite straws by a dip molding process. This process is simple, efficient, and scalable for massive production. Optimizing key manufacturing parameters, including ice bath ultrasonic, overlapping paper strips (2 strips), winding angle (60°), soaking time (5 min), and drying temperature (50 °C), were systematically evaluated to improve straw quality and manufacturing efficiency. PLA chains were found to deposit onto the cellulose network through intermolecular interactions to form a consistent "sandwich" structure, which can improve adhesion, water resistance, and mechanical properties. Interestingly, PLA-P straws effectively decomposed in soil and compost environments, with a 35-40 % degradation rate within 4 months. Besides, PLA-P straw residues affected seed germination and plant growth, but no significant toxic effects were detected. Further, microplastics were observed in soil and plant tissues (roots, stems, and leaves), and their possible diffusion mechanisms were explored. The results of a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis showed that the process improvements reduced the ecological footprint of PLA-P straws and showed good prospects for commercial application. The study's findings contribute to the understanding of bioplastics and paper straws in effectively reducing environmental impact and fostering sustainable development., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Monitoring various biomarkers in saliva samples emerges as a dynamic and non-invasive method. However, the high viscosity of saliva presents a distinct challenge when integrating paper-based platforms for on-site analysis. In addressing this challenge, we introduced the capillary-driven microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μCD-PAD) designed for user-friendly and simultaneous detection of ethanol and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in saliva without a sample preparation step. Employing a colorimetric approach, we quantified both analytes. Synthetic salivas of varying viscosity flowed seamlessly to the detection zone without needing a sample preparation step, and no impact on colorimetric detection due to viscosity was observed (RSD <5 %). Within 10 min after the solution reached the detection zone, the device produced a homogeneous color signal, easily analyzed by a smartphone camera. To extend the application for determination to cover a legal limit concentration of ethanol and concentration of salivary THC even 24 h after marijuana consumption, the detection time of 30 min was optimized. Moreover, a saliva sample containing both analytes was used to demonstrate the capability of the developed device to detect ethanol and THC simultaneously. No cross-talk between ethanol and THC occurred and showed recovery in the 98-102 % for ethanol and 95-105 % for THC with acceptable accuracy. This developed device exhibits excellent potential for forensic applications, providing a user-friendly, cost-effective, and real-time screening tool for detecting ethanol and THC in saliva., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Accurately predicting durian maturity is a critically unresolved worldwide issue. Farmers currently determine durian ripeness based on their own observation and experience leading to inconsistencies in harvest timing. This reliance on human judgment often results in premature or overripe harvests, impacting fruit quality, yield, and market value. Existing technological solutions, such as sensors are often complex and require specialized expertise, hindering their adoption by farmers and consumers. Developing sensors that can accurately measure durian ripeness without damaging the fruit, are easy to use, and affordable remains a challenge. We introduce a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for on-site, safe matching to meet the demands of durian maturity evaluation. The μPAD automatically collected peduncle fluid without destroying the durian fruit for dual detection of total sugar and amino acid. For determining total sugar including sucrose, glucose, and fructose, several enzymatic steps were reduced to a single step of invertase for sucrose hydrolysis before total reducing sugar was measured using gold nanoparticle (AuNP) generation. Kinetics study of invertase on the μPAD showed V max and K m values of 1.42 mM min -1 and 2.17 mM, respectively, that agreed with the direct study of sucrose conversion. To increase device reliability, amino acid was also simultaneously measured with sugar using the simple ninhydrin test with the addition of SnCl 2 . The developed sensor provided LODs of 3.50, 3.10, 3.30 μM, and 0.02 mg mL -1 for glucose, fructose, sucrose, and amino acid respectively. The μPADs were able to nondestructively discriminate between the mature and immature durians, showing high linear correlation with the standard dry weight method. The development of this μPAD technology has the potential to revolutionize durian cultivation practices, reduce post-harvest losses, and enhance the overall sustainability and profitability of the durian value chain, and can be further developed for maturity tests of other fruits., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Jaruwan Mettakoonpitak reports financial support was provided by National Research Council of Thailand. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sildenafil (SIL) is regarded as an illegal adulterant in functional foods. Some functional foods doped with SIL have posed significant concern about their safety risks. However, the facile colorimetric detection of SIL is rarely investigated., Results: Herein, we prepared a monodispersed spherical composite nanozyme (Fe 3 O 4 -NH 2 /GONRs), possessing excellent peroxidase-like (POD-like) and catalase-like (CAT-like) activities and strong superparamagnetic property. The enzyme-like activities of Fe 3 O 4 -NH 2 /GONRs can be selectively inhibited by SIL due to the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking between Fe 3 O 4 -NH 2 /GONRs and SIL. Leveraging this mechanism, a highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection for SIL with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.26 ng/mL was developed. In addition, we prepared a three-dimensional paper-based analytical device (3D-PAD) for SIL colorimetric detection with naked-eyes and the semi-quantitative analysis with a LOD of 88 ng/mL., Significance: The proposed colorimetric and PAD detections demonstrated the advantages of low-cost, highly sensitive and selective, thus have promise application potential in the rapid detection of adulterated functional foods., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

With the growing global awareness of environmental protection, the demand for biodegradable materials to replace traditional plastic foam has become increasingly urgent. Starch-based foam, with its abundant availability, low cost, and biodegradability, has shown great potential as an alternative to plastic foam. However, its inherent high hydrophilicity and relatively low mechanical performance limit its widespread application. The aim of this study is to modify corn starch (NCS) and waste paper fiber (WPF) using citric acid (CA) and stearic acid (SA), and to develop an efficient hydrophobic coating through an organic-inorganic hybrid approach. This successfully resulted in the preparation of hydrophobic corn starch/waste paper fiber composite foam materials. Experimental results showed that the foam materials treated with a palmitic acid (PA)-modified nano-SiO 2 coating (MCF@PA) exhibited excellent hydrophobic performance, with a water contact angle reaching as high as 138°, and a significant reduction in moisture absorption to 3.1 %. In water immersion tests, the material maintained buoyancy and shape stability, demonstrating excellent self-cleaning properties. Additionally, the coating significantly enhanced the material's compressive strength, increasing by 90 kPa, while also retaining thermal stability. However, the coating prepared by this method increased the material's hardness and reduced its biodegradability, which poses challenges for environmental sustainability. This study provides a new approach for preparing high-strength foam materials with excellent hydrophobicity and mechanical performance, paving an economical and efficient pathway for industrial production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Development of green packaging materials is essential to replace traditional plastics in fresh agricultural products preservation. Herein, a coated paper was designed by applying chitosan-based composite coating on paper substrate through a facile automatic coating method. The hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) was obtained by direct quaternization via the introduction of hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride into the amino group of chitosan, then mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare the HACC/PVA coating. Accordingly, the key performance of coated paper were improved ascribed to the synergy effect of HACC/PVA coating and paper substrate. In particular, the minimum oxygen permeability of the coated paper could reach to 0.87 × 10 -13  cm 3 ·cm/cm 2 ·s·Pa, and the optimum water vapor permeability and tensile strength of HACC/PVA coated paper was 0.75 × 10 -12  g·cm/cm 2 ·s·Pa and 6.88 kN/m, respectively. The coated paper used as packaging material not only reduced weight loss ratio of strawberry and greengrocery, but also exhibited lower chromatic aberration and better sensory evaluation, indicating a favorable effect on fruit and vegetable storage. Taken together, the designed eco-friendly coated paper has shown tremendous potential for green and biodegradable packaging material in agricultural products preservation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Novel eco-friendly strength agent has inspired much attention of researchers. Herein, the PEI-KH560 prepared by PEI (polyethyleneimine) and KH560 (γ-glycidyl ether propyl trimethoxysilane) was added in the pulp suspension to enhance the paper performance. The results showed that the m(PEI):m(KH560) ratio and PEI's molecular weight were closely related with the paper strength and hydrophobicity. The SEM morphology of paper surface showed that the fiber-fiber crosslinking reached the tightest, at the optimal m(PEI):m(KH560) ratio and PEI's molecular weight. The results showed that when the M w (molecular weight) of PEI was 10,000 and the m(PEI):m(KH560) ratio was 1:2, the PEI-KH560 presented the best strengthening performance on the paper strength and hydrophobicity. Dry tensile index and wet tensile index could reach 29.9 N·m/g and 1.37 N·m/g after adding the PEI 10000 -KH560 in pulp suspension before the paper formation. Further, the effect of process conditions (temperature, time, the addition amount, and pulp concentration) on the strength and hydrophobicity of paper network structure was investigated, after adding PEI-KH560 into the pulp suspension. It was of great significance for studying the mechanism between the chemical structures of PEI-KH560 and paper performance, which provided valuable theoretical practice on the preparation of novel strength agent., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

User-friendly in-field sensing protocol is crucial for the effective tracing of intended analytes under less-developed countries or resources-limited environments. Nevertheless, existing sensing strategies require professional technicians and expensive laboratory-based instrumentations, which are not capable for point-of-care on-site analyses. To address this issue, artificial intelligence handheld sensor has been designed for direct reading of Ni 2+ and EDTA in food samples. The sensing platform incorporates smartphone with machine learning-driven application, 3D-printed handheld device, and cellulose paper microfluidic chip stained with ratiometric red-green-emission carbon dots (CDs). Intriguingly, Ni 2+ introduction makes green fluorescent (FL) of CDs glow but red FL fade because of the coordination of Ni 2+ with CDs verified by density functional theory (DFT), concurrently manifesting continuous FL colour transition from red to green. Subsequent addition of EDTA renders FL of CDs-Ni 2+ recover owing to the capture of Ni 2+ from CDs by EDTA based on strong chelation effect of EDTA on Ni 2+ confirmed via DFT, accompanying with a noticeable colour returning from green to red. Inspired by above FL phenomena, CDs-based cellulose paper microfluidic chips are first fabricated to facilitate point-of-care testing of Ni 2+ and EDTA. Designed fully-automatic handheld sensor is utilized to directly output Ni 2+ and EDTA concentration in water, milk, spinach, bread, and shampoo based on wide linear ranges of 0-48 μM and 0-96 μM, and low limits of detection of 0.274 μM and 0.624 μM, respectively. The proposed protocol allows for speedy straightforward on-site determination of target analytes, which will trigger the development of automated and intelligent sensors in near future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Shaomin Shuang reports that funding was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Bianxiang Zhang reports that funding was provided by Central Guidance Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The similar transmission patterns and early symptoms of respiratory viral infections, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza (H1N1), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), pose substantial challenges in the diagnosis, therapeutic management, and handling of these infectious diseases. Multiplexed point-of-care testing for detection is urgently needed for prompt and efficient disease management. Here, we introduce an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) platform for multiplexed and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2, H1N1, and RSV infection using immobilized pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid probes. Hybridization between the probes and viral nucleic acid targets causes changes in the electrochemical response. The resulting sensor offers high sensitivity and low detection limits of 0.12, 0.35, and 0.36 pM for SARS-CoV-2 (N gene), H1N1, and RSV, respectively, without showing any cross-reactivities. The amplification-free detection of extracted RNA from 42 nasopharyngeal swab samples was successfully demonstrated and validated against reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (range of cycle threshold values: 17.43-25.89). The proposed platform showed excellent clinical sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (≥97 %) to achieve excellent agreement (κ ≥ 0.914) with the standard assay, thereby demonstrating its applicability for the screening and diagnosis of these respiratory diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nasal ions environment plays a crucial role in maintaining nasal physiology and supports olfactory transmission. Addressing the limited research on nasal ion levels and their association with olfactory function, paper-based sensors were developed for determination of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride in the nasal mucus of healthy volunteers and patients with olfactory dysfunction. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon quantum dots from beetroot were incorporated into paper substrate where sensors were designed with ion association complexes for sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride enhancing the recognition sensing capabilities. The sensors composition was optimized, including ion-exchange materials and plasticizers, to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. The performance of the sensors is evaluated based on Nernstian slope, dynamic range, detection limit and response time. Selectivity of the sensors was tested and the results demonstrated high selectivity for the target ions. The sensors were successfully determined sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride levels in nasal mucus of healthy volunteers and patients with olfactory dysfunction. The results revealed elevated calcium levels in patients with olfactory dysfunction, highlighting associated diagnostic implications. This suggests that the proposed sensors could serve as a diagnostic tool for olfactory evaluation, particularly in resource-constrained settings where access to advanced diagnostic tools is limited., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relations that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study developed a multifunctional paper-based freshness antibacterial indicator card by dual-sided coating on conventional filter paper. The indicator coating was composed of anthocyanins from purple cabbage, and polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as substrates while the antibacterial coating contained halloysite nanotubes for loaded thyme essential oil and chitosan. FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analyses revealed that the components were well-mixed, and the paper was tightly bound to the coatings through hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the coating effectively filled the porous fiber gaps in the paper, significantly enhancing the mechanical properties of the paper. The tensile strength of the coated paper was enhanced from 14.28 MPa to a range of 42.25-47.71 MPa, and the bending resistance was increased from 0.35 N·mm to a range of 1.72-1.99 N·mm compared to the uncoated paper. The addition of anthocyanins provided excellent sensitivity to pH and ammonia for the indicator card. Furthermore, the coating including halloysite nanotubes for loaded thyme essential oil exhibited antimicrobial resistance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. When used on fresh carp, the antibacterial indicator card not only indicated the freshness of the carp but also extended the best before date of the fish meat by 1-2 days. The indicator exhibited the most pronounced color transformation and optimal freshness indication performance when the mass fraction of anthocyanins was 2 %., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This work is original research and the data presented in the manuscript has not been published elsewhere., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The development of point-of-care testing (POCT) for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is meaningful for the non-invasive cancers screening and diagnosis, particularly in resource-limited settings. The microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) provides an ideal platform, its application in ctDNA assays remains underexplored. In this work, a multifunctional μPAD was manufactured, which can enhance the efficiency and reduce the cost of ctDNA sensing. Additionally, a smartphone-based application analysis was fabricated for convenient, portable detection and colorimetric signal readout. Moreover, the novel oxidase-like MnB 2 nanozyme was introduced in the sandwiches sensing strategy, utilizing its catalytic properties to effectively generate a colorimetric signal. The use of MnB 2 nanozyme in sensing application is relatively novel, and its catalytic performance and mechanism was thoroughly evaluated via experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. After optimizing the detection conditions, the proposed biosensor exhibited satisfactory results. Furthermore, the method was successfully used to detect ctDNA in tumor cell lysates and peripheral blood samples from tumor-bearing mice. The results were consistent with standard qPCR method, affirming the reliability of our POCT analysis device in ctDNA detection. Thus, this work not only provides a paper-based POCT device and intelligent analysis tool for portable cancers diagnosis, but it also paves a new application path for MnB 2 nanozyme in the sensing filed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing interest The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, author-ship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Sensitive and accurate analysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) is of great importance for preventing health hazard in environment. Nevertheless, most of sensors focus on sensitivity and selectivity, but practicality is also a significant quota. How to reconciling sensitivity, selectivity and practicability in one single sensor is desirable but remains challenging. Here, we created a novel metal-carbon nanozyme V 2 O 5 @C with two-dimensional (2D) morphology and high yet exclusive peroxidase (POD)-like activity via a glucose and NH 4 NO 4 -co-directed avenue, and further showed its application in constructing a portable and disposable paper-based analytical chip (PA-chip) for rapid, visual and onsite analysis of PPi. PPi etched V 2 O 5 to prevent the decomposition of H 2 O 2 into ·OH, resulting in weakened POD-like activity. In comparison with PPi deficiency, colorless TMB couldn't be oxidized into oxidized TMB with a dropped absorption at 652 nm. Therefore, obviously shallowed blue color on PA-chip surface was recorded, and demonstrated a negative relationship with PPi dosage, enabling rapid and visual detection of PPi with a limit of detection of 2.6 nM. This study demonstrated the burgeoning applications of nanozymes with POD-like activity in construction of PA-chips for PPi and will quicken the advancement of practical sensors, guaranteeing environmental safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Due to intrinsic defect of fire hazard security, improving the flame retardant capacity of paper is still insufficient in case of precombustion. Herein, we integrate the flame retardant with flame detection performance on the surface of paper, the restricts of graphene oxide (GO) are overcome between high thermoelectric performance and flexibility. A flexible lamellar thermoelectric composite (GO-LA-HP) is constructed through the co-assembly of GO, ascorbic acid (LA), and phenoxycycloposphazene (HP), lamellar GO-LA-HP avoid GO's toughness decline after modification, but also enhance fire sensitivity and flame resistance. The composite could significantly decrease the temperature rise stage (<150 °C), and trigger the fire-warning within 2 s. The hybrid coating composed of phytic acid/phosphoric acid (PyA/PA) and modified thermoelectric GO-LA-HP becomes excellent compatibility on the surface of the modified paper (GPP). GPP is able to extinguish itself immediately after leaving the fire in the vertical combustion, and display the excellent flame resistance. Furthermore, GPP's alarm signal could be timely generated as little as 3 s of contacting the flame, and the response time can exceed 600 s. According to the structure observation and analysis, the related synergistic fire detection reinforcing and flame-retardant mechanisms are also proposed and clarified., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

To optimize the imbalance between the interfacial bonding and porosity properties of carbon paper (CP) caused by phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) impregnation, and therefore improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a new approach through cellulose nanofibers grafted with methyl methacrylate (CNFM) as a modified reinforcement and pore-forming agent for PF is investigated. Through suppressing the methylene backbone fracture of CNFM-modified PF during its thermal depolymerization, the interfacial bonding between PF matrix carbon and carbon fibers is enhanced. Compared with unmodified CP, the in-plane resistivity of CNFM-modified CP is reduced by 35.78 %, while the connected porosity increases to 82.26 %, and more homogeneous pore size distribution (PSD) in the range of 20-40 μm is obtained for CNFM-modified CP. Besides, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and air permeability of CNFM-modified CP increase by 72.78 %, 298.4 %, and 103.97 %, respectively. In addition, CNFM-modified CP achieves the peak power density of PEMFCs to 701.81 mW·cm -2 , exhibiting 10.98 % improvement compared with commercial CP (632.39 mW·cm -2 ), evidently achieving an integral promotion of CP and comprehensive performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

With the public heightened emphasis on mitigating the occurrence risks of health-related ailment and optimizing personal physical performance, portable chemical sensing devices emerged as an indispensable component of pervasive health monitoring. Chemical sensing enabled the immediate and on-site identification of biomarkers in biological fluids by integrating colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemical, and other methods into portable sensor devices. These sensor devices incorporated microneedles, hydrogels, microfluidic modules, and papers, facilitating conformal human-device contact and providing several visual sensing options for disease prevention and healthcare management. This review systematically overviewed recent advancements in chemical sensors for marker detection, categorizing them based on monitoring device types. Furthermore, we also offered recommendations and opportunities for developing portable chemical sensing devices by summarizing sensor integration methods and tracking sites on the human body., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The development of portable, cost-effective, and straightforward DNA biosensors holds immense importance in various fields, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. This study contributes to the objective by introducing an innovative approach for synthesizing carbon dots (Cdots) with high quantum yield (QY) and remarkable selectivity for Fe 3+ ions. Utilizing o-phenylenediamine as a precursor, the study achieved a straightforward and environmentally friendly synthesis method, enabling the efficient detachment of metal ions from the Cdot surface upon introducing pyrophosphate (PPi). The presence of surface hydroxyl and amino groups facilitated specific Fe 3+ recognition. Employing D-optimal response surface methodology, the study optimized Cdot synthesis parameters, identifying temperature and heating time as critical factors influencing QY. Statistical analysis confirmed the model's reliability, predicting maximum QY of 48.8 % with minimal deviation from experimental results. Characterization studies revealed the amorphous nature of Cdots through HR-TEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis. Furthermore, the proposed LAMP/PPi biosensing technique demonstrated higher sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability, with negligible interference from common anions and efficacy across varying pH levels. The limit of detection (LOD) of 0.079 (±0.01) μM and the detection range of 0.1 μM-2 mM underscore the biosensor's practical utility. This study highlights a promising direction for developing paper-based LAMP/PPi biosensors with potential diagnostics and environmental monitoring applications. Significantly, the biosensing technique is applicable to any DNA amplification method generating pyrophosphate (PPi) as a by-product., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Dinesh Prasad reports financial support was provided by Birla Institute of Technology. DINESH PRASAD reports a relationship with Birla Institute of Technology., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A state-of-the-art, ultrasensitive, paper-based SERS sensor has been developed using silver nanostars (AgNSs) in combination with synthetic and natural antibodies. A key component of this innovative sensor is the plastic antibody, which was synthesized using molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology. This ground-breaking combination of paper substrates/MIPs with AgNSs, which is similar to a sandwich immunoassay, is used for the first time with the aim of SERS detection and specifically targets nucleolin (NCL), a cancer biomarker. The sensor device was carefully fabricated by synthesizing a polyacrylamide-based MIP on cellulose paper (Whatman Grade 1 filter) by photopolymerization. The binding of NCL to the MIP was then confirmed by natural antibody binding using a sandwich assay for quantitative SERS analysis. To facilitate the detection of NCL, antibodies were pre-bound to AgNSs with a Raman tag so that the SERS signal could indicate the presence of NCL. The composition of the sensory layers/materials was meticulously optimized. The intensity of the Raman signal at ∼1078 cm -1 showed a linear trend that correlated with increasing concentrations of NCL, ranging from 0.1 to 1000 nmol L -1 , with a limit of detection down to 0.068 nmol L -1 in human serum. The selectivity of the sensor was confirmed by testing its analytical response in the presence of cystatin C and lysozyme. The paper-based SERS detection system for NCL is characterized by its simplicity, sustainability, high sensitivity and stability and thus embodies essential properties for point-of-care applications. This approach is promising for expansion to other biomarkers in various fields, depending on the availability of synthetic and natural antibodies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The growing interest in paper-based materials for packaging is driven by their renewable and eco-friendly characteristics. However, their poor barrier performance against water, oil, and gas limits their application in the food packaging industry. In this study, we developed a simple dual-layer coating method to create water- and oil-repellent, gas barrier, antioxidant, and antibacterial paper-based materials using naturally-derived materials, including chitosan (CS), ethyl cellulose (EC), and cascade biorefinery products from green walnut husk (GWHE and CNC). The bottom CS/CNC oil-resistant coating and the top EC/GWHE water-resistant coating were applied to the paper surface. The synergistic effect of these coatings enhances the gas barrier and imparts functional properties to the paper. Compared to uncoated paper, the dual-layer-coated paper demonstrated a 239.1 % increase in tensile index, a higher kit rating value of 12/12, a lower Cobb 60 value of 3.21 mg/m 2 , a 44.0 % decrease in water vapor permeability (WVP), and a 90.7 % reduction in air permeability (AP). Additionally, this coated paper exhibited good antioxidant and antibacterial properties and favorable biodegradability. This study provides novel insights into the valorization of GWH waste and presents a sustainable strategy for producing high-performance paper-based materials for food packaging applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

MOF-199 is considered to be an excellent CO 2 adsorbent owing to its substantial specific surface area, suitable pore structure and abundant sorption sites. However, powdered MOF-199 is prone to agglomeration and has poor recyclability. Herein, we proposed a MOF-199-based adsorbent by combining the MOF synthesis process with traditional papermaking process. Through such a design, MOF-199 particles are adhered on the surface of wood pulp fiber. The sufficient hydroxyl groups and electrostatic forces of cellulose facilitates the homogeneous and tight adhesion of MOF crystals. The optimal MP-4 sample demonstrated a high CO 2 adsorption capacity (1.80 mmol·g --1 at 25 °C) and good CO 2 /N 2 selectivity (30.06). Moreover, the composite sorbent can be easily regenerated. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed by the density functional theory approach. The simulation results showed that the carboxyl functional groups with a large number of oxygen atoms and active metal sites are the key to boost the CO 2 adsorption performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

There is an ongoing effort in the US illicit drug market to make new psychoactive compounds more potent and addictive. Due to continuous chemical modifications, many fentanyl analogs are developed and mixed with more traditional illicit drugs, such as cocaine and heroin. Detecting fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in these illicit drug mixtures has become more crucial because of the increased potency and associated health risks. Most confirmatory procedures require time-consuming and expensive, highly sophisticated laboratory equipment and experimental procedures, which can delay critical information that might save a victim or find a suspect. In this study, we propose miniaturizing and accelerating this process by combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis and paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). For this aim, dual-purposed paper substrates were developed through soaking in Au/Ag nanostars suspensions. These novel, in-house prepared paper SERS substrates showed stability for up to four weeks with and without the presence of drug compounds. Fentanyl analogs with similar SERS spectra were differentiated by coupling with PS-MS. The limit of detection (LOD) for fentanyl on the paper substrates is 34 μg/mL and 0.32 μg/mL for SERS and PS-MS, respectively. Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs show selective SERS enhancement that helped to detect trace amounts of these opioids in heroin and cocaine street samples. In short, we propose the combination of SERS/PS-MS by using modified paper substrates to develop cost-effective, sensitive, rapid, portable, reliable, and reproducible methods to detect illicit drugs, especially trace amounts of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in illicit drug mixtures. The combination of these two category A techniques allows for the identification of illicit drugs according to the SWGDRUG guidelines., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The contamination of paper products by various chemicals has been reported on a global level, but to date, no published research has investigated pharmaceutical contamination of paper-based products. In this study, pharmaceutical analysis was conducted on 42 samples collected from various points of the recycled paper value chain in Cape Town, South Africa, which included the various grades that may be included in the manufacturing of recycled paperboard. The analysis was achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction of paper samples before detection by UHPLC-Q Orbitrap. Quantification limits ranged from 1.15 pg/g for ketoprofen to 46.07 pg/g for methocarbamol. Pharmaceuticals identified in newspaper samples were dexamethasone, ketoprofen, and 17β-estradiol. The latter was also detected in paper shopping bags (up to 697.49 ng/g), infant bathtub packaging (280.62 ng/g), battery packaging (137.43 ng/g), and an egg carton (170.47 ng/g). Carbamazepine was also prominent with its concentration reaching 13.02 ng/g in a vegetable box. Suspect screening tentatively identified 14 additional pharmaceuticals in paper samples, with minocycline, prazepam, and anabolic steroids appearing more prominently. This pioneering study indicated that unintentional pharmaceutical exposure had expanded beyond environmental media to consumer products., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Nondumiso Mofokeng reports funding was provided by Mpact Operations Pty (Ltd). All other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Accurately identifying and quantifying toxicants is crucial for medico-legal investigations in forensic toxicology; however, low analyte concentrations and the complex samples matrix make this work difficult. Therefore, a simplified sample preparation procedure is crucial to streamline the analysis to minimize sample handling errors, reduce cost and improve the overall efficiency of analysis of toxicants. To address these challenges, an innovative disposable in-tip cellulose paper (DICP) device has been developed for the extraction of three pesticides viz. Chlorpyrifos, Quinalphos and Carbofuran from postmortem blood samples. The DICP device leverages cellulose paper strips housed within a pipette tip to streamline the extraction process, significantly reducing solvent usage, time, and labor while maintaining high analytical accuracy. The extraction of pesticides from postmortem blood using the DICP device involves a streamlined process characterized by adsorption and desorption. The diluted blood samples were processed through the DICP device via repeated aspirating and dispensing calyces to adsorb the pesticides onto the cellulose paper. The adsorbed pesticides are then eluted using acetone, which is collected for GC-MS analysis. The method was meticulously optimized, achieving a limit of quantification in the range of 0.009-0.01 µg mL -1 . The intra-day and inter-day precisions were consistently less than 5 % and 10 %, respectively, with accuracy ranging from 94-106 %. Relative recoveries for the analytes were observed to be between 60 % and 93.3 %, and matrix effects were determined to be less than 10 %. The method's sustainability was validated with a whiteness score of 98.8, an AGREE score of 0.64, a BAGI score of 70 and ComplexMoGAPI score of 77. Applicability was demonstrated through successful analysis of real postmortem blood samples and proficiency testing samples, highlighting its potential utility in forensic toxicology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

An innovative integrated paper-based microdevice was developed for protein separation by isoelectric focusing (IEF), allowing for robust design thanks to a 3D-printed holder integrating separation channel, reservoirs, and electrodes. To reach robustness and precision, the optimization focused on the holder geometry, the paper nature, the reservoir design, the IEF medium, and various focusing parameters. A well-established and stable pH gradient was obtained on a glass-fiber paper substrate with simple sponge reservoirs, and the integration of the electrodes in the holder led to a straightforward system. The separation medium composed of water/glycerol (85/15, v/v) allowed for reducing medium evaporation while being an efficient medium for most hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins, compatible with mass spectrometry detection for further proteomics developments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of glycerol solutions as a separation medium in a paper-based microdevice. Analytical performances regarding pH gradient generation, pI determination, separation efficiency, and resolution were estimated while varying the IEF experimental parameters. The overall process led to an efficient separation within 25 min. Then, this methodology was applied to a sample composed of saliva doped with proteins. A minimal matrix effect was evidenced, underscoring the practical viability of our platform. This low-cost, versatile and robust paper-based IEF microdevice opens the way to various applications, ranging from sample pre-treatment to integration in an overall proteomic-on-a-chip device., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Captopril (CP) is commonly used as an active enzyme inhibitor for the treatment of coronary heart disease, hypertension and angina pectoris. The development of sensitive and efficient method for CP analysis is of great importance in biomedical research. Herein, we fabricated a sensitive and robust hydrogel-assisted paper-based sensor based on fluorescence UiO-66-NH 2 @ZIF-8 and Co, N-doped carbon nanozymes with oxidase-mimicking activity for accurate monitoring of captopril. The hydrogel-assisted paper-based sensor appeared a visible pink signal due to the catalytic oxidation of colorless N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) to oxDPD by Co, N-doped carbon-based nanozymes, and resulted in the fluorescence quenching of UiO-66-NH 2 @ZIF-8. In the presence of captopril, the oxidation of chromogenic substrate DPD by Co, N-doped nanozymes in the hydrogel-assisted paper-based sensor was hindered and accompanied by a change in the visible color, leading to recovery of the fluorescence of UiO-66-NH 2 @ZIF-8, and the change in the fluorescence color could also be observed. Therefore, the quantitative detection of captopril is achieved by taking a smartphone photograph and converting the image parameters into data information using ImageJ software. The portable hydrogel-assisted paper sensor provided sensitive detection of captopril in two modes based on visible color change as well as fluorescence color change with limits of detection of 0.45 μM and 0.47 μM, respectively. This hydrogel-assisted paper-based sensor has been successfully applied to the accurate monitoring of captopril in human serum, providing a potential avenue for in situ detection of captopril., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This work reports the development of low-cost and rapid multiplexed colorimetric assay of antioxidants (total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids and anthocyanins) in wines at daisy-shaped fluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs). The desired fluidic patterns were formed on paper by pen drawing and colorimetric reagents were immobilized at the 6 peripheral test zones. The sample was added at the central sample zone, migrated to the test zones and reacted with the immobilized reagents producing characteristic colors that were captured and analyzed. The paper-based approach was applied to the analysis of several wine samples and the results were statistically correlated to standard solution-based colorimetric assays, indicating that it could be reliably used for ranking wines according to their antioxidants content. In addition, the paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The success of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) depends on the quality of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) templates. This study developed a cost-effective and eco-friendly DNA extraction system utilizing poly(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-modified cellulose paper (polyDOPA@paper). PolyDOPA@paper was prepared by oxidatively self-polymerizing DOPA under weak alkaline conditions and utilizing the adhesive property of polyDOPA on different materials. Compared to the uncoated cellulose paper, polyDOPA coating significantly enhances DNA adsorption owing to its abundant amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl moieties. The DNA extraction mechanism using polyDOPA@paper was discussed. The maximum adsorption capacity of polyDOPA@paper for DNA was 20.7 μg cm -2 . Moreover, an automated extraction system was designed and fabricated using 3D printing technology. The device simplifies the operation and ensures the reproducibility and consistency of the results. More importantly, it eliminates the need for specialized training of operators. The feasibility of the polyDOPA@paper-based automated extraction system was evaluated by quantitatively detecting Escherichia coli in spiked milk samples via a real-time PCR. The detection limit was 10 2 cfu mL -1 . The results suggest that the system would have significant potential in detecting pathogens., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Human sweat can be collected non-invasively with low infectivity; however, its application as a determination method has been challenged due to the presence of trace amounts of chiral metabolites. Moreover, its application as a biological fluid for disease diagnosis has not been previously reported. In this study, the human dried sweat spot paper (DSSP) method was proposed for the derivatization of a novel mass spectrometric chiral probe, N-[1-Oxo-5-(triphenylphosphonium) pentyl]-(S)-3-aminopyrrolidine (OTPA), determination and resolution of DL-lactic acid (DL-LA) enantiomers in human elbow sweat., Results: The methodological validation revealed the resolution (Rs) as 1.78, the limit of detection (S/N = 3) as 20.83 fmol, good linearity (R 2  ≥ 0.9996), and the intra-day and intra-day stability with RSD ranging from 0.53 to 10.85 %, while the average recovery rate of D-LA and L-LA were 104.00 % ± 4.68 % and 107.41 % ± 8.34 %, respectively, with high accuracy. In addition, the method was applied for the determination of DL-LA in the sweat on elbow of 10 healthy volunteers and 30 diabetic patients. The results demonstrated that the D/L ratio and L/D ratio were significantly different (p < 0.0001). In addition, a moderate positive linear correlation between the D/L-LA ratio in human sweat and fasting blood glucose level (r = 0.7744, p < 0.0001) was observed, thereby suggesting that the D/L ratio of lactate in human sweat correlate the glucose level in human fasting blood., Significance and Novelty: The D/L lactate ratio in human sweat could be used as a potential biomarker for diabetes screening. The method can be used to screen for diabetes by providing a dry sweat paper to test equipment and has the potential to be a non-invasive early-warning diagnostic tool for diabetes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The detections of H 2 O 2 and catalase play an important role in daily life. This study introduces a paper-based flow sensor that is specifically designed to detect H 2 O 2 and catalase. The sensor utilizes a hydrogel composed of cross-linked 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid and polyvinyl alcohol. When H 2 O 2 is in contact with the hydrogel, the B-C bonds of the hydrogel undergo a reactive process, causing decomposition of the hydrogel. The pH indicator strip enables the visual monitoring of the viscosity change that occurs during the gel-sol transition. The quantification of H 2 O 2 is accomplished by assessing the proportion of water coverage on the pH indicator strip. The sensor shows a detection limit of 0.077 wt% and is applicable for the quantitative measurement of H 2 O 2 in routinely used disinfectants. Furthermore, the presence of catalase is effectively identified and the detection of catalase in milk is successfully fulfilled. In summary, this work proposes a simple, user-friendly, label-free, and cost-effective method for constructing a paper-based flow sensor using borate cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel, showing great potential for detecting H 2 O 2 and catalase in various practical scenarios., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, a sustainable 3D carbon aerogel (AO-WPC) is prepared from waste paper (WP), and used for efficient antibiotics removal from water. The AO-WPC aerogel shows good mechanical property and can recover after 100th of 30 % compression strain. The specific surface area of AO-WPC aerogel is up to 654.58 m 2 /g. More importantly, this aerogel reveals proper pore size distribution, including micro sized macropores between carbon fibers and intrinsic nano scale mesopores (11.86 nm), which is conducive to remove antibiotics from water. Taking tetracycline (Tc) as an example, the maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption rate of AO-WPC for Tc are as high as 384.6 mg/g and 0.510 g/(mg‧min), respectively, which exhibits significant advantages over most of the recent absorbents, and the adsorption toward Tc reveals good resistance to various environmental factors, including pH, various ions, and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Moreover, good thermal stability enables the AO-WPC aerogel to be regenerated through simple burning, and the adsorption capacity of Tc only decreases by 10.4 % after 10 cycles. Mechanism research shows that hydrogen bonding and π-π electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) interaction play the important role in the adsorption. The excellent mechanical property and adsorption performance imply good practical prospect of the AO-WPC aerogel., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We declare no conflict of interest. This manuscript has not been published or presented elsewhere in part or in entirety, and is not under consideration by another journal. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. All authors have contributed to, read, and approved this submitted manuscript in its current form., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Timely and rapid detection of antibiotic residues in the environment is conducive to safeguarding human health and promoting an ecological virtuous cycle. A foldable paper-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor was successfully developed for the detection of ampicillin (AMP) based on glutathione/zirconium dioxide hollow nanorods/aptamer (GSH@ZrO 2 HS@apt) modified cellulose paper as a reactive zone with laser direct-writing lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide/graphene (PbS/CdS/LIG) as photoelectrode and cobalt hydroxide (CoOOH) as a photoresist material. Initially, AMP was introduced into the paper-based reaction zone as a biogate aptamer, which specifically recognized the target and then left the ZrO 2 HS surface, releasing glutathione (GSH) encapsulated inside. Subsequently, the introduction of GSH into the reaction region and etching of CoOOH nanosheets to expose the PbS/CdS/LIG photosensitive material increased photocurrent. Under optimal conditions, the paper-based PEC biosensor showed a linear response to AMP in the range of 5.0 - 2 × 10 4 pM with a detection limit of 1.36 pM (S/N = 3). In addition, the constructed PEC sensing platform has excellent selectivity, high stability and favorable reproducibility, and can be used to assess AMP residue levels in various real water samples (milk, tap water, river water), indicating its promising application in environmental antibiotic detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The monitoring of foodborne bacterial contamination requires simple and convenient biosensors. This work describes a novel paper-based colorimetric biosensor for the rapid and sensitive bacteria detection. The biosensor was constructed via the encapsulation of D-alanyl-D-alanine capped gold nanoparticles (DADA-AuNPs) in a modified paper that was fabricated by the freeze-drying of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers/cationic guar gum composite hydrogel-modified filter paper. The results indicated that the size of DADA-AuNPs largely determined the color of their aqueous system and they exhibited light red to dark red as their size increased from around 6 to 36 nm. All these different sized DADA-AuNPs turned into colorless when encountered with either S. aureus or E. coli. In particular, the smaller the DADA-AuNPs size, the faster the discoloration. The encapsulation of DADA-AuNPs into modified paper negligibly changed their responsiveness towards bacteria. In comparison to the original filter paper and oven-dried hydrogel-modified filter paper, the freeze-dried hydrogel-modified paper was demonstrated to be a better substrate for the encapsulation of DADA-AuNPs since they could be loaded with a larger amount of DADA-AuNPs in a faster way and showed a better perceivable color. This work demonstrated a promising paper-based colorimetric biosensor for the facile and rapid detection of bacteria., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aging of paper seriously threatens the service life of cultural heritage documents. Bacterial cellulose (BC), which has a good fiber aspect ratio and is rich in hydroxyl groups, is suitable for strengthening aged paper. However, a single BC added was not ideal for paper restoration, since only strengthening was not able to resist the persistent acidification of ancient book. In this work, BC was functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to develop the interface bonding with aged paper. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis identified the successful amino-silanization of BC. The modification parameters were optimized as the concentration of APTES of 5 wt%, the reaction time of 4 h, and the reaction temperature of 80 °C based on a considerable improvement in the strength properties without obvious appearance impact on reinforced papers. Moreover, the pH value of the repaired paper was achieved at 8.03, ensuring the stability of the anti-aging effect. The results confirmed that APTES-BC had great potential applications in ancient books conservation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All the authors listed have approved the manuscript enclosed., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Developing portable and sensitive biosensors for bacteria detection is highly demanded due to their association with environmental and food safety. Paper-based microfluidic chip is the suitable candidate for constructing pump-free biosensor since paper is hydrophilic, low-cost and easy to use. However, the contradiction between sensitivity and small sample volume seriously affects the application of paper-based chip for bacteria detection. Here, a new microfluidic biosensor, combining large PDMS reservoir for sample storage, hydrophilic paper substrate for pump-free water transport, coated microspheres for bacteria capture and super absorbent resin for water absorption, is designed for the detection of bacteria in aqueous samples. Once the sample solution is introduced in the reservoir, water will automatically flow through the gaps between microspheres and the target bacteria will be captured by the aptamer coated on the surface. To facilitate PDMS reservoir bonding and ensure water transport, the upper side of paper substrate is coated with Polyethylenimine modified PDMS and the bottom side is kept unchanged. After all the solution is filtrated, fluorescent dye strained bacteria are enriched on the microspheres. The fluorescent intensity representing the number of bacteria captured is then measured using a portable instrument. Through the designed microfluidic biosensor, the bacteria detection can be achieved with 2 mL sample solution in less than 15 min for water or 20 min for diluted milk. A linear range from 10 CFU/mL to 1000 CFU/mL is obtained. The paper-based 3D biosensor has the merits of low-cost, simple operation, pump-free and high sensitivity and it can be applied to the simultaneous detection of multiple bacteria via integrating different aptamers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Okadaic acid (OA), as a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, can increase the risk of acute carcinogenic or teratogenic effects for the ingestion of OA contaminated shellfish. At present, much effort has been made to graft immunoassay onto a paper substrate to make paper-based sensors for rapid and simple detection of shellfish toxin. However, the complicated washing steps and low protein fixation efficiency on the paper substrate need to be further addressed., Results: A novel paper-tip immunosensor for detecting OA was developed combined with smartphone and naked eye readout. The trapezoid paper tip was consisted of quantitative and qualitative detection zones. To improve the OA antigen immobilization efficiency on the paper substrate, graphene oxide (GO)-assisted protein immobilization method was introduced. Meanwhile, Au nanoparticles composite probe combined with the lateral flow washing was developed to simplify the washing step. The OA antigen-immobilized zone, as the detection zone Ⅰ, was used for quantitative assay by smartphone imaging. The paper-tip front, as the detection zone Ⅱ, which could qualitatively differentiate OA pollution level within 45 min using the naked eye. The competitive immunoassay on the paper tip exhibited a wide linear range for detecting OA (0.02-50 ng∙mL -1 ) with low detection limit of 0.02 ng∙mL -1 . The recovery of OA in spiked shellfish samples was in the range of 90.3 %-113.%., Significance: These results demonstrated that the proposed paper-tip immunosensor could provide a simple, low-cost and high-sensitivity test for OA detection without the need for additional large-scale equipment or expertise. We anticipate that this paper-tip immunosensor will be a flexible and versatile tool for on-site detecting the pollution of marine products., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hyperuricemia (HUA) has gradually become a public health burden as an independent risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases. Herein, a user-friendly point-of-care (POC) detection system (namely "Smart-HUA-Monitor") based on smartphone-assisted paper-based microfluidic is proposed for colorimetric quantification of HUA urinary markers, including uric acid (UA), creatinine (CR) and pH. The detection limits of UA and CR were 0.0178 and 0.5983 mM, respectively, and the sensitivity of pH were 0.1. The method was successfully validated in artificial urine samples and 100 clinical samples. Bland-Altman plots showed a high consistency between μPAD and the testing instruments (HITACHI 7600 Automatic Analyzer, URIT-500B Urine Analyzer and AU5800B automatic biochemical analyzer) in hospital. Smart-HUA-Monitor provides an accurate quantitative, rapid, low-cost and reliable tool for the monitoring and early diagnosis of HUA urine indicators., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A paper electrochemical immunosensor for the combined binding and quantification of the heart failure (HF) biomarker Galectin-3 has been developed. The simple design of the new sensor is comprised of paper material that is decorated with gold nanostructures, to maximize its electroactive surface area, and functionalized with target-specific recognition molecules to selectively bind the protein from aqueous solutions. The binding of the protein caused the blockage of the electron flow to the sensor electroactive surface, thus causing its oxidation potential to shift and the corresponding current to reduce quantitatively with the increase in the protein concentration within the working range of 0.5ng/mL-8ng/mL (LOQ-0.5 ng/mL). This novel sensor was able to quantify Galectin-3 concentration in saliva samples from HF patients and healthy controls within 20 min with good reproducibility (RSD = 3.64%), without the need for complex sample processing steps. The electrochemical measurements of the patient samples were cross validated by ELISA where the percent agreement between the two methods was found to be 92.7% (RSD = 7.20%). Therefore, the new paper immunosensor sensor has a strong potential for rapid and cost-effective screening of the Galectin 3 biomarker at points of care, thus supporting the timely diagnosis of heart failure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Paper-based test film material is widely used in a variety of test instruments for different applications. The enzyme activity test paper sheet is one of the most popularly used test papers. Here we present a novel fabrication of paper-based enzyme activity test paper without cationic resin added in. The chemical pulping fibers were first beaten to different degrees (from 14.6 to 41.5°SR) with a PFI beater. After that, the fibers were modified with a cationic agent (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) under the system of alkali and water solution. Finally, the test papers were made with the modified fiber by a regular paper former in lab. The results showed that beating is beneficial for the improvement of the cationization reaction which is indicated by the Zeta potential, FTIR and EDS. The main mechanisms involved are the destruction of crystalline zone, increase of free hydroxyl group and defibrillation. This hypothesis was supported by the SEM, XRD and fiber analyzer. Beating under the optimized condition, the wet strength and liquid absorbability of test paper can meet the application requirement, and the test results of enzyme activity are quite close to those of commercial test papers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, researchers have put much attention on the improvements and upgrades of novel wet strength agent in the papermaking fields, especially in the usage of household paper. Herein, PEI M -KH560 by polyethyleneimine (PEI) and γ-glycidyl ether propyl trimethoxysilane (KH560) was synthesized with five molecular weights (Mw) of PEI at 600, 1800, 10,000, 70,000 and 750,000. Results showed that the molecular weight greatly influenced the physicochemical properties of PEI-KH560, such as the size and thermal stability. The intrinsic cationic charge of PEI-KH560 provided the bonding sites with the paper fibers, forming strengthened fiber-fiber joints. It was shown that the dry, wet strength and hydrophobicity of cellulosic paper sheets were obviously improved. When the m (PEI):m(KH560) is 1:2, the strength of papers after sizing by Mw of PEI at 600 and 1800 is the most obvious, with the dry strength increased by 227.9 % and 187.5 %, and the wet strength increased by 183.8 % and 207.8 %, respectively. The maximum hydrophobicity was found at the PEI 1800 -KH560 with the contact angle value of 130.6°. The resultant environmental-friendly agent (PEI-KH560) obtained in this work provides valuable significance for the preparation of household and food packaging paper., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Today, diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases that affects the population on a worldwide scale. Patients suffering from this disease are required to control their blood-glucose levels several times a day through invasive methods such as piercing their fingers. Our NaGdF 4 : 5% Er 3+ , 3% Nd 3+ nanoparticles demonstrate a remarkable ability to detect D-glucose levels by analysing alterations in their red-to-green ratio, since this sensitivity arises from the interaction between the nanoparticles and the OH groups present in the D-glucose molecules, resulting in discernible changes in the emission of the green and red bands. These luminescent sensors were implemented and tested on paper substrates, offering a portable, low-cost and enzyme-free solution for D-glucose detection in aqueous solutions with a limit of detection of 22 mg/dL. With this, our study contributes to the development of non-invasive D-glucose sensors, holding promising implications for managing diabetes and improving overall patient well-being with possible future applications in D-glucose sensing through tear fluid., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The rapid emergence of microfluidic paper-based devices as point-of-care testing (POCT) tools for early disease diagnosis and health monitoring, particularly in resource-limited areas, holds immense potential for enhancing healthcare accessibility. Leveraging the numerous advantages of paper, such as capillary-driven flow, porous structure, hydrophilic functional groups, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility, it has become a pivotal choice for microfluidic substrates. The repertoire of microfluidic paper-based devices includes one-dimensional lateral flow assays (1D LFAs), two-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (2D μPADs), and three-dimensional (3D) μPADs. In this comprehensive review, we provide and examine crucial information related to paper substrates, design strategies, and detection methods in multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based devices. We also investigate potential applications of microfluidic paper-based devices for detecting viruses, metabolites and hormones in non-invasive samples such as human saliva, sweat and urine. Additionally, we delve into capillary-driven flow alternative theoretical models of fluids within the paper to provide guidance. Finally, we critically examine the potential for future developments and address challenges for multi-dimensional microfluidic paper-based devices in advancing noninvasive early diagnosis and health monitoring. This article showcases their transformative impact on healthcare, paving the way for enhanced medical services worldwide., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are widely used for their excellent antimicrobial properties, yet their release into aquatic environments pose risks to ecosystems and public health. The accurate monitoring and analysis of FQs present challenges due to their low concentrations and the complex matrices found in actual environmental samples. To address the need for auto-pretreatment and on-line instrumental analysis, developing new microextraction materials and protocols is crucial. Such advancements will provide better analytical assurance for the effective extraction and determination of FQs at trace levels, which is of great significance to environmental protection and human health., Results: In this work, we presented a Co 2+ mediated paper-based molecularly imprinted polymer chip (CMC@Co-MIP), combined with UPLC analysis, to develop an effective analytical method for identifying and quantifying trace amounts of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enrofloxacin (ENR) in water samples. Notably, the addition of Co 2+ in CMC@Co-MIP helped to capture the template molecule CIP through coordination before imprinting, which significantly improved the ordering of the imprinted cavities. CMC@Co-MIP exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity up to 500.20 mg g -1 with an imprinting factor of 4.12, surpassing previous reports by a significant margin. Furthermore, the enrichment mechanism was extensively analyzed by various characterization techniques. The developed method showed excellent repeatability and reproducibility (RSD < 13.0 %) with detection limits ranging from 0.15 to 0.21 μg L -1 and recoveries ranging from 64.9 % to 102.3 % in real spiked water samples., Significance: We developed a novel microextraction paper-based chip based on Co 2+ mediation, which effectively improved the selectivity and convenience of extracting FQs. This breakthrough allowed the chip to have a high enrichment efficiency as well as provide a robust on-line instrumental program. It also confirms that the imprinting scheme based on metal ion coordination is a high-performance strategy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Food adulteration presents a significant challenge due to the evasion of legal oversight and the difficulty of identification. Addressing this issue, there is an urgent need for on-site, rapid, visually based small-scale equipment, along with large-scale screening technology, to enable prompt results without providing opportunities for dishonest traders to react. Colorimetric reactions offer advantages in terms of speed, visualization, and miniaturization. However, there is a scarcity of suitable colorimetric reactions for food adulteration detection, and interference from colored food impurities and easily comparable color results affects accuracy. To overcome limitations, this study introduces a novel approach utilizing polydopamine magnetic nanoparticles to enrich DNA in food samples, effectively eliminating interfering components. By employing gold nanoparticles to generate magnetic-gold nanoparticles, a single magnetic bead achieves simultaneous enrichment, impurity removal, and detection. The use of paper-based biosensors and visualization equipment allows for the visualization and digital analysis of results, achieving a low detection limit of 4.59 nmol mL -1 . The method also exhibits high accuracy and repeatability, with a RSD ranging from 1.6 % to 4.0 %. This innovative colorimetric method addresses the need for rapid, miniaturized, and large-scale detection, thus providing a solution for food adulteration challenges., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The author declare that there are no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript. This research was conducted with utmost integrity and impartiality, adhering to the highest ethical standards. We have no financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence the content or interpretation of this work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study presents a potent paper-based analytical device (PAD) for quantifying various sugars using an innovative bi-nanozyme made from a 2-dimensional Fe/Ce metal-organic framework (FeCe-BTC). The MOF showed excellent bifunctional peroxidase-oxidase activities, efficiently catalyzing luminol's chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. As a peroxidase-like nanozyme, FeCe-BTC could facilitate the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) into hydroxyl radicals, which then oxidize luminol. Additionally, it was also discovered that when reacting with H 2 O 2 , the MOF turns into a mixed-valence MOF, and acts as an oxidase nanozyme. This activity is caused by the generated Ce 4+ ions in the structure of MOF that can directly oxidize luminol. The MOF was directly synthesized on the PAD and cascaded with specific natural enzymes to establish simple, rapid, and selective CL sensors for the measurement of different sugars. A cell phone was also used to record light intensities, which were then correlated to the analyte concentration. The designed PAD showed a wide linear range of 0.1-10 mM for glucose, fructose, and sucrose, with detection limits of 0.03, 0.04, and 0.04 mM, respectively. It showed satisfactory results in food and biological samples with recovery values ranging from 95.8 to 102.4 %, which makes it a promising candidate for point-of-care (POC) testing for food control and medicinal purposes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The rapid development of micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) procedures with new sorption materials, in particular, based on using natural materials, is currently reported. The production of these sorbents and the entire extraction procedure should support the implementation of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles. Promising materials are sorbents based on paper, which can be relatively easily modified, among others: by covering it with a polymer membrane. In this work, the practical application of paper-supported polystyrene used in the analysis of urine samples containing selected date-rape drugs (DRD) substances, and evaluation of the entire procedure using GAC metrics is presented., Results: The paper-supported polystyrene membranes were successfully fabricated and characterized. The successful polystyrene coating on the paper was confirmed through ATR-FTIR measurements, ensuring even coverage. The μ-SPE procedure using this material facilitated extraction with a throughput of approximately 120 samples per hour in just a few steps. Throughout the research, a mixture of 100 mM acetic acid:methanol:acetonitrile (70:15:15, v/v/v) was selected as an optimal background electrolyte for capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry analysis. Validation results of this method demonstrated its suitability, exhibiting good linearity (R 2  > 0.95), low limits of detection (3.1-15 ng mL -1 ), acceptable precision (<15 %), and recovery for all tested analytes. Furthermore, the greenness evaluation conducted with six different metrics: AGREEprep, AGREE, ComplexGAPI, SPMS, hexagonal metric, and WAC indicated the overall eco-friendliness and sustainability of the method, with minor concerns regarding energy consumption., Significance: The use of cellulose paper with polystyrene membranes for μ-SPE provides a versatile and eco-friendly extraction method for detecting DRDs in urine samples. The presented work is an example of the use of GAC metrics in the evaluation of the analytical procedure. The optimized PT-μ-SPE/CE-MS method allows for minimized reagent usage and waste production. Moreover, the method proves to be sustainable and efficient for forensic toxicology analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)