An artificial intelligence handheld sensor for direct reading of nickel ion and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in food samples using ratiometric fluorescence cellulose paper microfluidic chip.

User-friendly in-field sensing protocol is crucial for the effective tracing of intended analytes under less-developed countries or resources-limited environments. Nevertheless, existing sensing strategies require professional technicians and expensive laboratory-based instrumentations, which are not capable for point-of-care on-site analyses. To address this issue, artificial intelligence handheld sensor has been designed for direct reading of Ni ²⁺ and EDTA in food samples. The sensing platform incorporates smartphone with machine learning-driven application, 3D-printed handheld device, and cellulose paper microfluidic chip stained with ratiometric red-green-emission carbon dots (CDs). Intriguingly, Ni ²⁺ introduction makes green fluorescent (FL) of CDs glow but red FL fade because of the coordination of Ni ²⁺ with CDs verified by density functional theory (DFT), concurrently manifesting continuous FL colour transition from red to green. Subsequent addition of EDTA renders FL of CDs-Ni ²⁺ recover owing to the capture of Ni ²⁺ from CDs by EDTA based on strong chelation effect of EDTA on Ni ²⁺ confirmed via DFT, accompanying with a noticeable colour returning from green to red. Inspired by above FL phenomena, CDs-based cellulose paper microfluidic chips are first fabricated to facilitate point-of-care testing of Ni ²⁺ and EDTA. Designed fully-automatic handheld sensor is utilized to directly output Ni ²⁺ and EDTA concentration in water, milk, spinach, bread, and shampoo based on wide linear ranges of 0-48 μM and 0-96 μM, and low limits of detection of 0.274 μM and 0.624 μM, respectively. The proposed protocol allows for speedy straightforward on-site determination of target analytes, which will trigger the development of automated and intelligent sensors in near future.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Shaomin Shuang reports that funding was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. Bianxiang Zhang reports that funding was provided by Central Guidance Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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