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Introduction: Hip fracture is a major public health problem, annually affecting over 350,000 persons in the United States and 1.6 million worldwide. Consequences include decreased survival, loss of independence, and increased risk of subsequent fractures. A substantial decline in bone mineral density (BMD) also occurs, yet the magnitude of the decline specifically attributable to hip fracture has not been documented. Methods: To determine the amount of BMD decline attributable to hip fracture, the rate of decline in BMD in a cohort of hip fracture patients was compared with that in a cohort of women of similar age and BMD but without hip fracture. All subjects were community dwelling when enrolled. Hip fracture patients in the Baltimore Hip Studies (BHS) came from two hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1992 through 1995; comparison subjects came from the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture (SOF) enrolled in four areas of the United States during the same period. Eighty-four white, female hip fracture patients 65 years and older from the BHS were compared with 168 SOF participants matched on age, race, and BMD at baseline. BMD of the femoral neck and total hip was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: Hip fracture patients had a greater decline in BMD during the 12-month postfracture follow-up than that expected on the basis of the nonfracture cohort: 4.9% vs. 0.4% at the femoral neck and 3.5% vs. 0.7% for the total hip. The decline in BMD in hip fracture patients was 11.8 times the amount expected at the femoral neck (matched on age and baseline BMD and adjusted for between-cohort differences in smoking prevalence) and 4.9 times that expected for the total hip at the end of 1 year after the hip fracture. Conclusion: In this sample of older women, bone loss over the year following hip fracture far exceeded that expected and is an important clinical management concern. Keywords Aging * Body composition * Bone mineral density * Epidemiology * Orthopaedics * Osteoporosis

Byline: R. D. Chapurlat (1), D. C. Bauer (1), M. Nevitt (1), K. Stone (1), S. R. Cummings (1) Keywords: Estrogen Osteoporosis Risk factors Second hip fracture Abstract: Women with hip fracture have an increased risk of second hip fracture but other risk factors for a second hip fracture have not been established. We sought to determine the incidence and risk factors for second hip fracture, in a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling postmenopausal women over 65 years: the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. From a cohort of 9,704 women, 632 women with a documented first hip fracture during the study were followed up until a second hip fracture or the end of follow-up. Clinical risk factors and bone mineral density were assessed at the beginning of the study. Fifty-three second hip fractures were validated by radiographs. Women with hip fracture had a 2.3% per year risk of second hip fracture. Women who walked for exercise at baseline were less likely to sustain a second hip fracture with a relative risk (RR) of 0.5 [0.3--0.9], as were those who had normal depth perception (RR=0.5 [0.3--0.9]). Women who lost weight since age 25 years had an increased risk of second incident hip fracture (RR = 2.7 [1.6--4.6]), as did those who had a low calcaneal bone mineral density (RR=1.5 [1.1--2.0] per standard deviation decrease in bone mineral density). Current use of estrogen replacement therapy at baseline was protective (RR=0.5 [0.3--0.9]) up to 2 years of follow-up. We conclude that community-dwelling women with a first hip fracture have a high risk of second hip fracture, and risk factors for this second fracture are similar to those of first hip fracture. Author Affiliation: (1) Prevention Sciences Group, University of California at San Francisco, California, USA (2) Department of Rheumatology and Bone Diseases, Pavillon F, Hospital E Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437, Lyon cedex 03, France Article History: Received Date: 07/03/2002 Accepted Date: 03/09/2002 Article note: Electronic Publication

Byline: K. M. Fox (1), S. R. Cummings (2), E. Williams (2), K. Stone (2) Keywords: Key words:Femoral neck -- Hip fractures -- Intertrochanteric -- Risk factors Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether both types of hip fracture, femoral neck and intertrochanteric, have similar risk factors. A prospective cohort study was carried out on community-dwelling elderly women in four areas of the United States: Baltimore, MD Pittsburgh, PA Minneapolis, MN and Portland, OR. The participants were 9704 Caucasian women, 65 years and older, of whom 279 had fractured their femoral neck and 222 had fractured their trochanteric region of the proximal femur. The predictors used were the bone mass of the calcaneus and proximal femur, anthropometry, history of fracture (family and personal), medication use, functional status, physical activity and visual function. The main outcome measures were femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures occurring during an average of 8 years of follow-up. In multivariate proportional hazards models, several risk factors increased the risk of both types of hip fracture including femoral neck bone density and increased functional difficulty. In hazard regression models that directly compared risk factors for the two types of hip fracture, calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) predicted femoral neck fractures more strongly than intertrochanteric fractures (OR = 1.16 95% CI = 1.02--1.31). Steroid use and impaired functional status also predicted femoral neck fractures instead of intertrochanteric fractures. Poor health status (OR = 0.74 95% CI = 0.55--1.00) predicted intertrochanteric fractures more strongly than femoral neck fractures. We conclude that femoral neck fractures are largely predicted by BMD and poor functional ability while aging and poor health status predispose to intertrochanteric fractures. Author Affiliation: (1) Managed EDGE, New York, NY , US (2) University of California, San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology, Prevention Sciences Group, San Francisco, CA, USA, US Article note: Received: 8 February 2000 / Accepted: 10 June 2000

Developing flow and heat transfer in a wavy passage are studied using a numerical scheme that solves the two-dimensional unsteady flow and energy equations. Calculations are presented for a wavy channel consisting of 14 waves. Time-dependent simulations have been performed for several Reynolds numbers. At low Reynolds numbers, the flow is steady in the complete channel. As the Reynolds number is progressively increased, the flow becomes unsteady. As a result of the unsteadiness, there is increased mixing between the core and the wall fluids, thereby increasing the heat transfer rate. With further increase in Reynolds number, the flow becomes unsteady at a much earlier spatial location.

Byline: K. M. Fox (1), S. R. Cummings (2), K. Powell-Threets (1), K. Stone (2) Keywords: Key words:Bone mineral density -- Family history -- Fracture Abstract: The importance of family history of fractures as a risk factor for fractures is unclear. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that family history of fracture increased a woman's risk of hip, wrist and other osteoporotic fracture and determine whether the influence of family history is independent of low bone density. We tested this hypothesis in a prospective study of 9704 Caucasian women, age 65 years or older, by assessing family history and bone density of the radius and calcaneus at baseline 7963 women had femoral bone density measurements two years later. Fractures occurring during an average of 7.1 years of follow-up since baseline and 5.2 years since the second examination were confirmed by radiographic report. After adjusting for age, risk of hip fracture was increased in those with a maternal (1.48 95% CI = 1.03--2.11) sister's (1.83 1.20--2.80) or brother's history of hip fracture (2.26 1.16--4.42). Risk of wrist fracture was increased by maternal (1.52 1.10--2.11) and paternal (2.41 1.14--5.07) history of wrist fracture. Adjustment for bone density did not consistently and substantially affect the strength of the associations. Family history of hip fracture was not associated with an increased risk of wrist fracture and family history of wrist fracture did not increase the risk of hip fracture. We conclude that family history is an important risk factor for fracture that may act, at least in part, through means besides bone density. Furthermore, the effect of family history is not a general but site-specific predisposition to fracture. Author Affiliation: (1) University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, US (2) University of California, San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology, Prevention Sciences Group, San Francisco, California, USA , US (3) University of California, San Francisco, Division of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA, US Article note: Received: 12 September 1997 / Revised: 6 February 1998

An unsteady time-periodic flow occurs in inline and staggered baffles, attached to channel walls, at the first critical Reynolds number of 110 and 200 respectively. Consequently, heat transfer rate increases at the cost of a higher friction factor that demands more pumping power. The numerical solutions of fluid flow equations of the streamwise periodic baffles are obtained from finite volume method using a fractional step temporal discretization.

Previously we demonstrated that a protein from Xenopus egg jelly exhibits sperm chemoattractant activity when assayed by either video microscopy or by sperm passage across a porous filter (Al-Anzi and Chandler, 1998, Dev. Biol. 198, 366). This protein, referred to as Allurin, has now been isolated and found to be 21 kDa in size and extremely heat and solvent stable. The protein was purified to homogeneity in three steps. Freshly oviposited, jellied eggs were soaked in buffer for 12 h at 4 [degrees] C, and then the buffer was concentrated, loaded onto a Hyper Q anion-exchange column, and eluted at pH 6.5 using a NaCl gradient. One peak in the eluate contained the majority of chemoattraction activity and by SDS-PAGE exhibited a major band at [M.sub.r] = 23 kDa. This peak, applied to a reverse-phase HPLC column, eluted at 60% acetonitrile and was homogeneous as indicated by HPLC, MALDI-MS, and SDS-PAGE. Amino acid analysis showed that it is an acidic, polar protein with a pI of 4.9 as measured by IEF. Currently, we are preparing polyclonal antibodies to localize this protein. Since this protein appears be related to the CRISP family of mammalian proteins that bind to sperm (TPX-1 and AEG; see abstract by Xiang et al.) we expect this protein to bind to Xenopus sperm and to immunolocalize to secretory cells in the oviduct. (This study was supported by NSF Grant IBN-9807862.)

Purpose: To describe and compare measures of cardiovascular function during mechanical ventilation and the initial continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) weaning trial in a group of medical ICU patients. Background/Significance: [...]

University counseling center staff and directors have argued that there has been an increase in severity of psychological concerns among university counseling center clients (R. P. Gallagher, B. Zhang, & R. Taylor, 2004; G. L. Stone, K. M. Vespia, & J. E. Kanz, 2000). A body of literature exists to support this perception; however, this research has been criticized for focusing solely on therapist or client perceptions of psychopathology, rather than on objective data (B. S. Sharkin & L. P. Coulter, 2005). In this investigation, the authors explored changes in severity among a random sample of 827 university counseling center clients over the course of 7 years (1999-2005) by concurrently measuring client self-report on the Outcome Questionnaire--45, number of prior treatments, and urgency of concern, as well as psychologist reports of Axis I diagnosis, diagnosis severity rating, and Global Assessment of Functioning score. No meaningful trend increases in severity of psychopathology were found over time. Practice implications of these findings are presented, and possible explanations for the impression that severity is increasing are discussed. Keywords: college students, psychopathology severity, university and college counseling centers

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs were developed as evidence-based, multi-disciplinary interventions in all the perioperative phases to minimise the surgical stress response, reduce complications, and enhance outcomes. The results across various surgical procedures have been positive, with a reduction in medical complications, a reduction in length of hospital stay, and a reduction in care costs without increased re-admission rates. However, implementation for many institutions has not been easy and suboptimal at best. The robust and pervasive adoption of these programs should be based on effective change management, dynamic and engaged clinical leadership, adherence to the principles of continuous quality improvement programs, and the adoption of evidence-based and data-driven changes in pathway development and implementation. Rapid cycle, randomised/quasi-randomised quality improvement projects must be the core foundation of an ERAS program. Finally, research methodologies should focus on controlling for adherence to the core elements of the pathways and testing for the effectiveness of an individual intervention in a randomised controlled trial. Keywords: Enhanced recovery after surgery, machine learning, perioperative medicine, perioperative research, surgical complications, Author(s): Vijaya Gottumukkala (corresponding author) [1]; Girish P. Joshi [2] INTRODUCTION Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs were introduced into the surgical practice over two decades ago as evidence-based, multi-disciplinary [...]

This scoping review examines known associations between potential traumatic experiences and mental health outcomes among adolescent refugees. Little is known about the type and severity of traumatic experiences among adolescent refugees and whether the type and severity of these experiences are associated with poor mental health. Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles. Inclusion criteria were: 1) trauma was the predictor variable of the article, 2) at least one of two selected mental health conditions (depression and anxiety) was an outcome variable of the study, 3) the quantitative relationship between trauma and mental health was discussed; 4) participants of the study were adolescent refugees or asylum seekers; 5) the article was published between January 1, 2011 and August 30, 2020; 6) and written in English. Adolescents aged 12-18 of all genders were included in this review. Of 3319 potentially relevant articles identified, 11 articles were included. All the included studies employed a cross-sectional study design. Adolescent refugees experienced a variety of traumatic events, such as physical and sexual violence, war-related events, natural disasters, migration-related events, and verbal and emotional abuse. The review found a positive association between trauma exposure and poor mental health outcomes of depression and anxiety in all included studies across diverse adolescent refugee populations. The findings suggest that effective intervention strategies should be implemented to meet the needs of children and adolescent refugees as a vulnerable group in the host community as they adjust to the language, cultural, and school barriers and to support overall growth and development., Author(s): Solomon D. Danga [sup.1] , Babatope O. Adebiyi [sup.1] , Erica Koegler [sup.2] , Conran Joseph [sup.3] , Nicolette V. Roman [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00h2vm590, grid.8974.2, 0000 0001 [...]

This study investigated the unique impacts of emotional abuse and neglect on loneliness. Further, it explored the moderating effect of peer acceptance in these associations among Chinese rural left-behind adolescents with non-left-behind adolescents from the same rural areas as a comparison group. A total of 914 rural adolescents (M.sub.age = 13.71 years, SD = 0.90) participated in the study. Participants completed self-report measures of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and loneliness. Classroom-based peer nominations were used to assess participants' peer acceptance. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the independent and interactive associations linking emotional abuse/neglect and peer acceptance with loneliness. The results showed that left-behind adolescents experienced higher levels of emotional neglect than non-left-behind adolescents. Emotional neglect was more strongly associated with adolescents' loneliness than emotional abuse. The associations between emotional neglect and loneliness were stronger for left-behind adolescents than non-left-behind adolescents. In addition, peer acceptance moderated the association between emotional abuse and loneliness among left-behind adolescents. Gender differences were found in the link between peer acceptance to loneliness among non-left-behind adolescents. Implications of these findings for future research and the development of interventions are discussed., Author(s): Qian Wang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jingxin Zhao [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.410585.d, 0000 0001 0495 1805, Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, , No. 88 East Wenhua Road, 250014, [...]

Early childhood traumas adversely impact both the developmental course and adulthood experiences of individuals. Previous literature showed that alexithymia- difficulties in recognizing, identifying, and expressing feelings increases as experienced childhood adversity increases. In this regard, the development and manifestation of early maladaptive schemas resemble the etiology and indications of alexithymia. Thereby, the current study aims to investigate the mediator role of different early maladaptive schema domains in the relationship between early childhood trauma and alexithymia levels. 435 participants, between the age of 18 and 74, were asked to fill out self-report questionnaires measuring traumatic childhood experiences (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20), and early maladaptive schemas (Young Schema Questionnaire- Short Form 3). Results indicated that participants with more childhood trauma experiences had a significantly higher score of alexithymia than participants with less childhood trauma experiences. Moreover, all early maladaptive schema domains- Disconnection and Rejection, Impaired Autonomy and Performance, Overvigilance and Inhibition, Impaired Limits and Other-Directedness, were found to be mediating the relationship between early childhood trauma and alexithymia levels. The current findings can contribute to the understanding of alexithymia and suggest a direction for schema therapy-based interventions that might reduce alexithymia levels effectively., Author(s): Aynur Feyzioglu [sup.1] , Aliye Canan Taslioglu Sayiner [sup.1] , Dila Özçelik [sup.1] , Feray Tarimtay Altun [sup.1] , Ezgi Nur Budak [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.488643.5, 0000 0004 [...]

Although previous studies found the importance of community subjective social status for adolescent health, its relationship with mental health problems among refugee adolescents is unclear. To close this gap, we examined the nature of the relationship between subjective social status and externalizing problems in refugee adolescents. We carried out a cross-sectional study among three hundred and six 11-18-year-old Syrian refugee adolescents in Turkey. The measurements of the study were the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Depression Self Rating Scale for Children (DSRS-C), and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS). The results supported the idea that adolescent's community subjective social status may affect internalizing problems directly and externalizing problems indirectly via internalizing problems. The mediation effect of the internalizing problems on the relationship between subjective social status and externalizing problems were confirmed by three separate mediation models. The results were discussed in terms of previous literature., Author(s): Rahsan Düren [sup.1] [sup.2] , Özgen Yalçin [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Dunya Doktorlari Dernegi, , Beyoglu, Istanbul, Turkey (2) grid.15876.3d, 0000000106887552, Koç University, , Istanbul, Turkey (3) grid.31730.36, 0000 [...]

Understanding associations between mothers' and children's physical activity and sedentary behavior on more fine-grained timescales can provide insights into real-time intervention opportunities. This study examined the extent to which mothers' and their children's device-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (SDT) were associated at the day level during non-school time. Mother-child dyads (N = 193; baseline Mean ages = 40.69 ± 6.11 [mother] and 9.57 ± 0.89 [child] years) provided 3,135 paired days of accelerometry data from six bi-annual waves across three years. Controlling for covariates, multilevel models revealed that mothers' and their children's MVPA and SDT were positively associated at the day level during non-school time, both on weekdays and weekends. During weekdays, the day-level association for SDT was stronger for older than younger children, and the day-level association for MVPA was stronger for boys than girls. Designing family-based interventions targeting school-age children and their mothers during non-school time across the week may be useful for promoting active lifestyles., Author(s): Chih-Hsiang Yang [sup.1] , Shirlene Wang [sup.2] , Wei-Lin Wang [sup.2] , Britni R. Belcher [sup.2] , Genevieve F. Dunton [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.254567.7, 0000 0000 9075 [...]

Introduction Maternal and child health (MCH) services are critical for vulnerable populations. Workforce shortages, poor retention, and gaps in necessary trainings impede the capacity of public health systems to address needs. This manuscript characterizes the current MCH workforce, MCH program applicants and graduates, and describe findings within a national context to devise elements of a recruitment and retention strategy. Methods Data were obtained for public health program applicants, first-destination employment outcomes, and worker perceptions and demographics. Data were stratified according to the MCH and total public health workforce and by local, state, and national totals. Data were characterized by degree type, discipline, demographics, and employment outcomes. Results MCH staff constitute 11% of the state and local governmental public health workforce. MCH staff are approximately as diverse, have higher educational attainment, and are more likely to hold nursing degrees than the rest of the public health workforce. Yet, just 14% of MCH staff hold any type of public health degree. The MCH pipeline from academia appears modestly sized, with approximately 5% of applicants between 2017 and 2021 applying to a MCH master's degree. Discussion The MCH workforce has a lower proportion of formal training or degrees in public health, though trends seem to indicate improvements. However, it is critical that a multi-faceted recruitment and retention strategy be coordinated by a broad range of stakeholders. These efforts will serve to improve the capability and capacity of the public health system to address critical needs of increasingly diverse MCH populations. Significance In order to modernize and reimagine the academic-public health pipeline, it is critical to better understand how many applicants and graduates exist within Maternal and Child Health programs across the US, and their characteristics. This manuscript connects that information with the most recently available public health workforce information on demographics, workplace perceptions, and intent to leave among staff at state and local health departments. Data presented in this paper allow the most comprehensive characterization of the MCH academia->practice pipeline to-date, identifies a fundamental disconnect in those career pathways, and offers options to repair that break., Author(s): Jonathon P. Leider [sup.1] , Jamie Stang [sup.1] , Zobeida E. Bonilla [sup.1] , Jason Orr [sup.1] , Christine M. Plepys [sup.2] , Moriah Gendelman [sup.3] , Ellen W. [...]

To determine the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of an eHealth intervention with charity-based incentives to increase physical activity (PA) among young adult cancer survivors. Participants were randomized into two groups: PA (N = 25; Fitbit, step goal, electronic weekly newsletter) or PA + Charity (N = 26; same as PA plus charity donation if step goal achieved). At baseline and 12 weeks, steps/day were assessed using an activPAL. Motivation (e.g., BREQ-3) and patient reported outcomes (e.g., sleep quality, fatigue) were self-reported. The mean age was 36.8 years, 56.9% were Non-Hispanic White. We retained 82% (42/51) of participants. The PA + Charity vs. PA group had significantly higher satisfaction with intervention experience (100% vs 85%), greater increases in steps/day (1689 vs 516) and increases in overall self-determination score (13.5 vs 2.2). Both groups significantly improved sleep quality and reduced fatigue. A low-intensity eHealth intervention with charity-based incentives was feasible, acceptable, increased PA and self-determination. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03322059., Author(s): Sarah Kozey Keadle [sup.1] , Leah Meuter [sup.1] , Suzanne Phelan [sup.1] , Siobhan M. Phillips [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.253547.2, 000000012222461X, Department of Kinesiology and Public Health, California [...]

The present study evaluated the effects of online training on educators' knowledge and use of system of least prompts (SLP) to support the communication of individuals with autism who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). A pre/posttest group design with switching replications was utilized. Three dependent variables: (a) knowledge of SLP, (b) planning for SLP, and (c) performance of SLP implementation during teleconference role-plays were analyzed using a two-way mixed analysis of variance. Results indicate that training was effective in increasing educators' knowledge as well as the ability to plan for SLP. Implementation of SLP also increased over time; however, data analysis did not support the conclusion that this result was directly related to the online training. Additional results suggest that the participants viewed online instruction, with teleconference role-play assessments and case study vignettes, as a socially valid activity. Participants reported learning a valuable skill and as a result of the training were more confident working with individuals who use AAC. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed., Author(s): Ashley McCoy [sup.1], David McNaughton [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.253248.a, 0000 0001 0661 0035, School of Counseling and Special Education, Bowling Green State University, , 412 Education Building, 43403, [...]

Over 3,000 children under 10 years old died in 2017 as a result of unintentional injuries (e.g. suffocation, drowning, firearm discharge, burns, and accidental poisonings). Some of these deaths likely occurred when children came across a dangerous item while unsupervised. In the current study two typically developing 4-year-olds were taught to engage in a safety response in the presence of a variety of dangerous stimuli. Behavioral skills training plus in-situ training was used to teach a three- step response in the presence of one dangerous stimulus. Following mastery of this response, equivalence-based instruction was used to create classes of dangerous (i.e., medicine bottle, a lighter, and a handgun) and nondangerous (i.e., container, a flash drive, and a hair dryer) stimuli. Results demonstrated that the addition of equivalence-based instruction to behavioral skills training plus in-situ training was effective at training a safety response across multiple dangerous stimuli. Keywords Behavioral skills training * Equivalence-based instruction * In-situ training * Transfer of function * Safety skills, Over 3,000 children under 10 years old in the United States died in 2017 as a result of unintentional injuries (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2017). Specific unintentional injury causes [...]

The inscription edited in this paper is the third bilingual Chinese-Sogdian epitaph to be made known, following that of Wirkakk (Shijun) and Wiyusi and that of Nanai-vande and Kekan, published in 2005 and 2017 respectively. The new epitaph is that of a Sogdian lady who died in 736 CE. Apart from its linguistic interest, it is important as attesting the conversion of a Sogdian lady to the 'heretical' Buddhist Sanjie or 'Three levels' movement, which remained popular despite being officially suppressed under the Tang., INTRODUCTION In this paper we present our reading and translation of a bilingual Chinese-Sogdian epitaph preserved in the Ancient Steles Art Museum in Yulin. In recent years the tombs of [...]

While emotional abuse has effects on social anxiety, little is known about mechanisms of this relationship, particularly in China. To address this gap, this cross-sectional study estimated mediating roles of self-esteem and loneliness in the relationship between emotional abuse and social anxiety in Chinese culture. 569 adolescents and pre-adolescents (aged between 10 and 15 years, M = 11.68, SD = 0.83; 50.62% boys) completed a series of questionnaires inquiring about emotional abuse, social anxiety, loneliness, and self-esteem. Structural equation modeling was used to examine mediating roles of self-esteem and loneliness in the relationship between emotional abuse and social anxiety. The results revealed that emotional abuse was positively associated with social anxiety and loneliness (r = .36, .29, respectively, p < .01), while it was negatively associated with self-esteem (r = - .22, p < .01). Mediational models testing indirect effects through the bootstrapping method revealed that the total effect of emotional abuse on social anxiety was positive and significant; this effect was mediated by self-esteem and loneliness. Findings suggest that loneliness and self-esteem mediates the relationship between emotional abuse and social anxiety. Decreasing loneliness and increasing self-esteem should be applied in interventions to reduce social anxiety of emotionally abused Chinese adolescents and pre-adolescents., Author(s): Chen Chen [sup.1], Jinliang Qin [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.453534.0, 0000 0001 2219 2654, Hangzhou College of Childhood Teachers' Education, Zhejiang Normal University, , 1108# Gengwen Road, 311231, Hangzhou, [...]

Introduction: Co-located treatment for HIV and opioid use disorder has been shown to improve care outcomes for HIV-positive people who inject drugs (PWID) in Ukraine. However, patients continue to be stigmatized for both HIV and substance use. This study aimed to assess whether co-located care for HIV-positive PWID receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT) services in Ukraine is associated with less stigma and better perceived quality of HIV services. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 191 HIV-positive PWID who received OAT services at three healthcare facilities providing substance use treatment (OAT only) and at four facilities that provided co-located care (both OAT and HIV treatment) in six regions in Ukraine during July-September, 2017. Primary outcomes were HIV stigma (Berger scale), substance use stigma (Substance Abuse Stigma Scale) and intersectional stigma (both stigma forms above 75th percentile). Secondary outcome was quality of HIV care, a composite score based on a package of received services. Linear and ordinal regressions were used to assess the predictors of selected outcomes. Results: Study participants were 75% male, mean age 40 [ +or -] 7 years; 47% received co-located care, and 10.5% had both high HIV and substance use stigma. Co-located care was neither associated with HIV nor substance use stigma but it was linked to better quality of HIV care (adjusted odds ratio: 4.13; 95% CI: 2.31, 7.54). HIV stigma was associated with suicide attempts (adjusted beta (a[beta]): 5.90; 95% CI: 2.05, 9.75), and substance use stigma was linked to poor mental health (a[beta]: -0.26; 95% CI: -0.44, -0.08) and lower ikelihood of receipt of services from non-governmental organization (NGO; a[beta]: -6.40; 95% CI: -10.23, -2.57). Conclusion: One in ten people with HIV in this cohort who received OAT services experienced high levels of both HIV and substance use stigma, which was associated with poorer mental health and less NGO support. Co-located HIV and OAT services were linked to better perceived quality of HIV care, but did not seem to reduce stigma for this key population. Stigma interventions for PWID, possibly delivered involving NGOs, may be an approach to mitigate this challenge. Keywords: discrimination; bias; HIV; injection drug use; quality of care; co-located care, 1 | INTRODUCTION Stigma, the social exclusion of individuals labelled with an undesirable trait, remains one of the key barriers discouraging people from seeking and receiving services for HIV and [...]

This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms in anti-tumorigenesis effects of exercise through evaluation of inflammation and apoptosis. Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into control, exercise, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), and DMH + exercise. After a week, rats in the DMH group were given DMH twice a week for 2 weeks. Animals in the exercise groups performed exercise on a treadmill 5 days/week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of training, levels of COX-2, PCNA, Bax, Bcl-2, and procaspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 were assessed. Histological changes, number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and serum levels of TNF-[alpha] and IL-6 were also analyzed. ACF number was significantly decreased following the exercise program. Protein levels of COX-2 and PCNA and serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-[alpha] were significantly elevated in the rats receiving DMH and downregulated after performing the exercise program (P < 0.05). Exercise upregulated apoptosis, which was evident from the increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and enhanced the expression levels of activated caspase-3 as compared to the DMH group. The colonic architecture was improved in DMH + exercise. Exercise can effectively attenuate DMH-induced increase of inflammatory markers. Exercise induces apoptosis at the downstream of the inflammatory response. Therefore, exercise may play a role as a moderator of inflammation to exert protective effects against colon cancer. Key words: exercise, colorectal cancer, dimethylhydrazine, ACF, PCNA, COX-2, apoptosis. Cette etude portait sur les modes d'action sous-jacents des effets anti-tumorigenes de l'exercice physique par l'intermediaire de l'inflammation et de l'apoptose. Nous avons reparti 24 rats Wistar dans les groupes suivants: temoin, exercice physique, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) et DMH + exercice physique. Apres une semaine, nous avons administre aux rats DMH du DMH 2 fois par semaine pendant 2 semaines. Les animaux des groupes exercice physique ont couru sur un tapis roulant 5 jours par semaine pendant 8 semaines. Apres 8 semaines d'entrainement, nous avons evalue les taux de COX-2, de PCNA, de Bax, de Bcl-2 et de caspase 3 scindee par la procaspase 3. Nous avons aussi evalue les variations histologiques, le nombre de foyers de cryptes aberrantes, ainsi que les taux seriques de TNF-[alpha] et d'IL-6. Le nombre de foyers de cryptes aberrantes etait nettement moins eleve a la suite du programme d'exercice physique. Les taux de COX-2 et de PCNA en proteines et les taux seriques d'IL-6 et de TNF-[alpha] etaient nettement plus eleves chez les rats recevant du DMH, avec une regulation a la baisse apres le programme d'exercice physique (P < 0,05). L'exercice physique entrainait une regulation a la hausse de l'apoptose, ce dont temoignait une augmentation du ratio Bax/Bcl2 avec une augmentation des taux d'expression de la caspase 3 activee par rapport au groupe DMH. Nous avons observe une amelioration de l'architecture du colon dans le groupe DMH + exercice physique. L'exercice physique peut attenuer efficacement la hausse des marqueurs de l'inflammation engendree par le DMH. L'exercice physique engendre de l'apoptose en aval de la reaction inflammatoire. Par consequent, l'exercice physique pourrait jouer un role en tant que moderateur de l'inflammation pour exercer des effets protecteurs contre le cancer du colon. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: exercice physique, cancer colorectal, dimethylhydrazine, foyers de cryptes aberrantes, PCNA, COX-2, apoptose., Introduction Colorectal cancer with an increasing rate of morbidity and mortality is considered as one of the major causes of death worldwide (Haggar and Boushey 2009; Roncucci and Mariani 2015). [...]

In higher organisms, metalloenzymes like cytochrome P450, containing a Fe(III) metal center, play an active role in metabolism of paracetamol (APAP). Here, we have chosen a mimicking [mu]-oxo-diiron complex, [Fe[(III).sub.2]([mu]-O)[(phen).sub.4][([H.sub.2]O).sub.2]].sup.4+] (1, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), to study spectrophotometrically the kinetics of the redox interactions with APAP. In acidic buffer media (pH = 3.4-5.1), APAP quantitatively reduces 1 following first-order reaction kinetics. Each molecule of 1 accepts two electrons from APAP and is reduced to ferroin [[Fe[(phen).sub.3]].sup.2+]. On oxidation, APAP produces N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which on hydrolysis results in a mixture of benzoquinone, quinone oxime, acetamide, and acetic acid. In reaction media due to successive deprotonations, 1 exists in equilibrium with the species [[Fe[(III).sub.2]([mu]-O)[(phen).sub.4]([H.sub.2]O)(OH)].sup.3+] (1a) and [[Fe[(III).sub.2]([mu]-O)[(phen).sub.4](OH).sub.2].sup.2+] (1b) (p[K.sub.a] = 3.71 and 5.28, respectively). The kinetic analyses suggest for an unusual reactivity order as 1 < 1a >> 1b. The mechanistic possibilities suggest that although 1 is reduced by concerted electron transfer (ET)--proton transfer (PT) mechanism, 1a and 1b may be reduced by a concerted PT--ET mechanism where a slow proton-abstraction step is followed by a rapid ET process. It seems that the initial activation of the bridging [mu]-oxo group by a proton-abstraction results in the higher reactivity of 1a. Key words: metalloenzymes, diiron, Fe(III), APAP, redox, PT-ET mechanism. Chez les organismes superieurs, les metalloenzymes qui contiennent un centre metallique a base de Fe(III), comme le cytochrome P450, jouent un rôle actif dans le metabolisme du paracetamol (APAP). Dans le cadre des presents travaux, nous avons choisi un complexe enzymomimetique de [mu]-oxo-difer, le p[Fe[(III).sub.2]([mu]-O)[(phen).sub.4][([H.sub.2]O).sub.2]].sup.4+] (1, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), pour mener une etude spectrophotometrique de la cinetique de ses interactions redox avec l'APAP. Dans un tampon acide (pH = 3,4-5,1), l'APAP reduit quantitativement le complexe 1 suivant une cinetique reactionnelle de premier ordre. Chaque molecule du complexe 1 accepte 2 [e.sup.-] de l'APAP lorsqu'elle est reduite en ferroine, [[Fe[(phen).sub.3]].sup.2+]. En s'oxydant, l'APAP se transforme en N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine (NAPQI), qui s'hydrolyse et produit un melange de benzoquinone, de quinone-oxime, d'acetamide et d'acide acetique. Dans le milieu reactionnel, les deprotonations successives font en sorte que le complexe 1 existe en equilibre avec les especes [[Fe[(III).sub.2]([mu]-O)[(phen).sub.4]([H.sub.2]O)(OH)].sup.3+] (1a) et [[Fe[(III).sub.2]([mu]-O)[(phen).sub.4][(OH).sub.2]].sup.2+] (1b) (p[K.sub.a] = 3,71 et 5,28, respectivement). Les analyses cinetiques laissent supposerun ordre de reactivite inhabituel, soit 1 < 1a >> 1b. Si l'on considere les mecanismes possibles, le complexe 1 pourrait être reduit selon un mecanisme concerte de transfert d'electron et transfert de proton (ET--PT), tandis que les especes 1a et 1b pourraient être reduites selon un mecanisme PT--ET dans lequel une etape lente d'abstraction du proton serait suivie d'un processus rapide de transfert d'electron. L'activation initiale du groupement pontant [mu]-oxo par l'abstraction d'un proton semble se traduire par une plus grande reactivite de l'espece 1a. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: metalloenzymes, difer, Fe(III), APAP, redox, mecanisme PT--ET., Introduction In living organisms, metalloenzymes with heme and non-heme iron sites serve important purposes such as dioxygen binding and C-H activation. (1-3) Such mono- or di-iron cores were found to [...]

Given that different generations of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) have been influenced by substantially different life course events and cultural contexts, we explored [...]

Abstract. Problem definition: Whether information dissemination about chemical hazards drives managers at facilities to undertake corresponding environmental actions, remains an open question that has not been adequately examined in the [...]

The measurement of displacement fields by nondestructive imaging techniques opens up the potential to study the pre-failure mechanisms of a wide range of geotechnical problems within physical models. With the advancement of imaging technologies, it has become possible to achieve high-resolution three-dimensional computed tomography volumes of relatively large samples, which may have previously resulted in excessively long scan times or significant imaging artefacts. Imaging of small-scale model piled embankments (142 mm diameter) comprising sand was undertaken using the imaging and medical beamline at the Australian Synchrotron. The monochromatic X-ray beam produced high-resolution reconstructed volumes with a fine texture due to the size and mineralogy of the sand grains as well as the phase contrast enhancement achieved by the monochromatic X-ray beam. The reconstructed volumes were well suited to the application of digital volume correlation, which utilizes cross-correlation techniques to estimate three-dimensional full-field displacement vectors. The output provides insight into the strain localizations that develop within piled embankments and an example of how advanced imaging techniques can be utilized to study the kinematics of physical models. Key words: model tests, synchrotron tomography, digital volume correlation, soil arching. La mesure des champs de deplacement par des techniques d'imagerie non destructive ouvre la possibility d'etudier les mecanismes de pre defaillance d'un large eventail de problemes geotechniques au sein de modeles physiques. Avec l'avancee des technologies d'imagerie, il est devenu possible d'obtenir des volumes de tomodensitometrie tridimensionnelle haute resolution d'echantillons relativement grands, ce qui peut avoir precedemment entraine des durees de balayage excessivement longues ou des artefacts d'imagerie significatifs. L'imagerie de remblais a petite echelle (142 mm de diametre) comprenant du sable a ete realisee a l'aide de la ligne de faisceau d'imagerie et medicale du<>. Le faisceau de rayons X monochromatique a produit des volumes reconstruits a haute resolution avec une texture fine en raison de la taille et de la mineralogie des grains de sable ainsi que de l'amelioration du contraste de phase obtenue par le faisceau de rayons X monochromatique. Les volumes reconstruits etaient bien adaptes a l'application de la correlation de volume numerique, qui utilise des techniques de correlation croisee pour estimer des vecteurs de deplacement plein champ en trois dimensions. Les resultat donnent un apercu des localisations de deformation qui se developpent dans les remblais empiles et un exemple de la facon dont des techniques d'imagerie avancees peuvent etre utilisees pour etudier la cinematique des modeles physiques. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: essais sur modele, tomographie synchrotron, correlation de volume numerique, effet de voute du sol., Introduction Physical modelling in geotechnics provides a means to investigate the behaviour of prototypes at different scales through similitude conditions and scaling laws (Garnier et al. 2007). While scaled down [...]

Purpose: Various directional hypotheses for the observed links between aging, hearing, and cognition have been proposed: (a) cognitive load on perception hypothesis, (b) information degradation hypothesis, (c) sensory deprivation hypothesis, and (d) common cause hypothesis. Supporting evidence for all 4 hypotheses has been reported. No studies have modeled the corresponding 4 causal pathways into 1 single model, which would be required to evidence that multiple directional hypotheses apply. The aim of the current study was to tease out which pathways apply for 5 different cognitive measures. Method: Data from 1,029 respondents of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used spanning a maximum follow-up of 7 years (3 measurements). Speech-in-noise recognition ability (digit triplet speech-in-noise test) was included as a measure of auditory function. Cognitive measures included global cognitive functioning, fluid intelligence, information processing speed, and verbal memory (immediate recall and retention). Bivariate dual change score modeling was used to model the causal pathways between hearing, cognition, and baseline age. Results: For information processing speed, global cognitive functioning, fluid intelligence, and memory-immediate recall, all pathways except for the sensory deprivation pathway were supported. For memory-retention, only the common cause and the sensory deprivation pathways were supported. Conclusions: Causal pathways corresponding to all 4 hypotheses were supported. Support for the common cause hypothesis, the information degradation hypothesis, and the cognitive load on perception hypotheses was found for 4 of 5 cognitive measures. This was unexpected in some cases (e.g., support for the information degradation pathway for cognitive measures that do not rely on auditory stimuli). The sensory deprivation pathway that emerged for memory-retention might point toward processes related to early stages of dementia. In summary, the results show that the links between decline in auditory function, cognition, and aging are complex and most likely are captured by pathways belonging to various directional hypotheses., Hearing loss and cognitive decline are both known to be strongly related to aging (e.g., Gates & Mills 2005; Schneider, Pichora-Fuller, & Daneman, 2010). In 1994, the cross-sectional structural equation [...]

Graduate students represent a unique demographic within higher education, facing challenges that are distinct from those faced by traditional undergraduate students. Research investigating the pressures associated with graduate study reveal that stress takes a detrimental toll on the mental and emotional well-being of graduate students, leading to unnerving attrition rates within this population. Among the various stressors faced by graduate students, one particular source of concern is the stress associated with managing the financial aspect of their multidimensional lives. The current paper reviews existing literature on graduate student stress, financial stress, and financial education to make a case for developing financial education programs aimed specifically toward the needs of graduate students in higher education. Key Words: Financial Hducation, Graduate Students, Financial Stress, Stress is a major concern on college campuses, drawing the attention of researchers and university administrators alike. Although many studies have examined the impact of stress on undergraduate students, only [...]

Marine user-environment conflicts can have consequences for ecosystems that negatively affect humans. Strategies and tools are required to identify, predict, and mitigate the conflicts that arise between marine anthropogenic activities and wildlife. Estimating individual-, population-, and species-scale distributions of marine animals has historically been challenging, but electronic tagging and tracking technologies (i.e., biotelemetry and biologging) and analytical tools are emerging that can assist marine spatial planning (MSP) efforts by documenting animal interactions with marine infrastructure (e.g., tidal turbines, oil rigs), identifying critical habitat for animals (e.g., migratory corridors, foraging hotspots, reproductive or nursery zones), or delineating distributions for fisheries exploitation. MSP that excludes consideration of animals is suboptimal, and animal space-use estimates can contribute to efficient and responsible exploitation of marine resources that harmonize economic and ecological objectives of MSP. This review considers the application of animal tracking to MSP objectives, presents case studies of successful integration, and provides a look forward to the ways in which MSP will benefit from further integration of animal tracking data. Les conflits entre les utilisateurs du milieu marin et l'environnement peuvent avoir des consequences sur les ecosystemes qui, elles, ont des effets negatifs sur les humains. Des strategies et outils sont necessaires pour cerner, predire et attenuer de tels conflits entre les activites humaines en mer et les especes marines. L'estimation de la repartition d'animaux marins a l'echelle des individus, des populations et des especes s'est averee difficile par le passe, mais des technologies electroniques de marquage et de suivi (c.-a-d. la biotelemetrie et l'enregistrement de donnees biologiques) et des outils analytiques font leur apparition qui peuvent soutenir les efforts de planification de l'espace marin (PEM) en documentant les interactions d'animaux avec les infrastructures marines (p. ex. turbines maremotrices, plateformes petrolieres), en cernant les habitats essentiels d'animaux (p. ex. couloirs de migration, aires d'approvisionnement, de reproduction ou de croissance) ou en delimitant leurs repartitions pour les fins de la peche. Une PEM qui n'integre pas les animaux n'est pas optimale, et les estimations de l'utilisation de l'espace par les animaux peuvent contribuer a une exploitation efficiente et responsable des ressources marines qui repond a la fois aux objectifs economiques et ecologiques de la PEM. La presente synthese examine l'application du suivi d'animaux a la PEM, presente des etudes de cas d'integrations reussies et se penche sur les avantages qu'entrainera pour la PEM l'integration plus poussee de donnees de suivi d'animaux. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The marine realm is composed of highly diverse three-dimensional habitats with variation in depth and substrate, creating a heterogeneous aquascape for plants and animals. Humans are terrestrial animals but [...]