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Table of Contents Introduction I. SIDEWALK LIFE A. Users and Uses 1. Residents 2. Property Owners 3. Nonowner Commercial Interests 4. Communities 5. Governments and Utilities B. Conflicts II. SIDEWALK [...], This Article is about one of the most used, least studied spaces in the country: the sidewalk. It is easy to think of sidewalks simply as spaces for pedestrians, and that is exactly how most scholars, policymakers, and laws treat them. But this view is fundamentally mistaken. In big cities and small towns, sidewalks are also where we gather, demonstrate, dine, exercise, rest, and shop. They are host to commerce and infrastructure. They are spaces of public access and sources of private obligation. And in all of these things, sidewalks are sites of underappreciated conflict. The centrality of sidewalks in our day-to-day lives is rooted in the fact that they are open to everyone and to all of these varied uses, every hour of every day, but it is that very vibrancy that risks being their undoing. As competing claims on sidewalks increase in both number and intensity due to cultural shifts, technological advances, climate change, and more, the sidewalks we take for granted may crumble--both literally and figuratively--under the weight of contradictory and self-defeating governing principles and uncoordinated governmental oversight. This Article is the first to systematically examine the incoherence of the property law of sidewalks and of the fragmented regulatory architecture that municipalities have built to manage them. Drawing on insights from both property and local government law, as well as first-person interviews with current and former municipal officials, it demonstrates how both legal regimes have in fact deepened sidewalk conflict and have confused and undermined accountability for the quality and accessibility of sidewalks. With these shortcomings in mind, this Article charts a new course and constructs from the ground up a new municipal agency to administer the sidewalks--one that would be better positioned to protect and foster the utility and vitality of these critical social, economic, and political spaces.

I HAVE been teaching creative writing for forty years, from first-year composition to the most advanced fiction and nonfiction MFA seminars. In the past few months I've been asked many [...]

Traditional defined benefit pension plans sponsored by state and local governments are dramatically underfunded, requiring large infusions of public funds in future years if they are to deliver promised benefits. [...]

To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, people not only relied on state measures and scientific knowledge, but also drew on the resources of religion. They may also have embraced conspiracy theories that sometimes led them to engage in protest behavior. Against this background, we address the following research question: 'How are people's religiosity and spirituality related to their belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Germany?' We answer this question by conducting a theory-led empirical analysis. We apply quantitative methods based on primary data from a (non-representative) online survey that we carried out with 2,373 respondents in Germany between July 2020 and January 2021. The results show that belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories is positively correlated with the image of a punitive God, with exclusivist beliefs, and with private prayer--and negatively correlated with attendance at religious services. Moreover, Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, and Jews have a lower affinity for conspiracy theories than not religiously affiliated people, while the opposite is true for Evangelicals. Keywords: conspiracy theories, COVID-19, Germany, pandemic, online survey, religiosity, spirituality, The COVID-19 pandemic shook the whole world, leaving individuals with feelings of uncertainty, anxiety, and loss of control, and forcing them to find strategies to cope with this situation. An [...]

The effectiveness of a behavior intervention package depends heavily on the ability of authentic educators to implement procedures with fidelity. However, much of the training literature focuses on teaching educators to implement procedures with relatively few components (Kirkpatrick Journal of Behavioral Education 28(3): 344-361, 2019). We used a multiple probe across participants design to evaluate the effects of intensive coaching on educator fidelity of a comprehensive, function-based intervention package (skill-based treatment; Hanley Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 47(1): 16-36, 2014) for three public school staff members with no previous training in applied behavior analysis. Relative to a workshop-style behavioral skills training session, intensive coaching increased educators' fidelity to criterion levels. Criterion fidelity in one or both major intervention intervals generalized from implementation with an actor to implementation with a target student, and subsequently to implementation with the student in his regularly assigned classroom. Staff reported the training package to be feasible and the intervention to be effective for improving their student's behavior., Author(s): Marney S. Pollack [sup.1] , Johanna L. Staubitz [sup.1] , Blair P. Lloyd [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.152326.1, 0000 0001 2264 7217, Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, , [...]

Motivated by the poorly understood nature of the term 'mindsets' in the domain of entrepreneurship, we embarked on an exploration encompassing three research goals: a) defining and assessing growth mindsets in entrepreneurship, b) investigating how growth mindsets in entrepreneurship correlate with personality constructs, and c) exploring how growth mindsets predict motivation related to being an entrepreneur. Overall, findings from a sample of entrepreneurs (n = 264) and non-entrepreneurs (n = 330) reveal evidence consistent with the inference that a unidimensional, 'growth mindset in entrepreneurship' (GME) construct underlies five distinct mindset measures closely related to entrepreneurship: mindsets of leadership, mindsets of creativity, person mindsets, mindsets of intelligence, and mindsets of entrepreneurial ability. This GME construct correlated positively with conscientiousness and openness (albeit with small effects), but did not consistently correlate with extraversion, agreeableness, or neuroticism. We also found significant and positive relations for the GME with resilience and need for achievement, but a significant (and unexpected) negative correlation with risk-taking. With respect to motivation (operationalized via expectancy-value theory), GME predicted self-efficacy, but only for individuals who did not identify as entrepreneurs. GME exhibited limited utility in predicting enjoyment, utility, or identity evaluations related to value, but was robustly linked to cost evaluations. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest directions for future research., Author(s): Joseph Billingsley [sup.1] , Nikolette P. Lipsey [sup.2] , Jeni L. Burnette [sup.3] , Jeffrey M. Pollack [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.265219.b, 0000 0001 2217 8588, Department of Psychology, [...]

Predicting the dynamics of harvested species is essential for assessing stock status and establishing index-based management strategies. However, conventional approaches for short-lived species predict dynamics poorly, possibly because unobserved interactions with other species and abiotic factors are often treated as noise. Alternatively, the empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) approach, which uses the time delays of the observed states to compensate for unobserved interactions, may improve the predictions for short-lived species. We test this idea using time series data of two federally managed, short-lived penaeid shrimp species, whose abundances were surveyed over 30 years (1987-2018) across the US Gulf of Mexico. We show that (i) abundance dynamics of these annual shrimp stocks are well-predicted by EDM, (ii) the dynamics are spatially similar across most of the gulf, and (iii) the stock dynamics are characterized by nonlinear density-dependent interaction and vary with temperature. Our findings suggest that EDM may be more responsive than single-species, catch-at-age models in assessing the stock dynamics for short-lived penaeid shrimp species. Key words: penaeid shrimp fisheries, short-lived species, nonlinear time-series forecasting, dynamic correlation, spatial synchrony, Gulf of Mexico fisheries management, Introduction Dynamics of short-lived marine species are notoriously difficult to predict, often exhibiting large fluctuations in population size and increased sensitivity to environmental variability compared with longer-lived stocks (Hsieh et [...]

Background: Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite the sensitivity of female reproductive processes to oxidation-reduction reaction stress and endocrine disruption, evidence for the impact of women's phthalate exposure on the ability to establish and maintain pregnancy has been inconclusive. Objectives: We aimed to determine the relationship of preconception phthalate metabolite exposure with a) fecundability and pregnancy loss and b) markers of potential biological mechanisms, including reproductive hormones, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Methods: Data were collected from the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction (EAGeR) trial, a preconception study following 1,228 women who were attempting pregnancy, for up to six menstrual cycles and throughout pregnancy if they became pregnant. Twenty phthalate metabolites were measured in a consecutive 3-d pooled urine sample at enrollment. Pregnancy was determined through urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at the expected date of menses during each cycle and pregnancy loss as an observed loss following positive hCG. Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and isoprostanes were measured at enrollment, and reproductive hormones were measured during the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase. Discrete-time Cox proportional hazards models evaluated the relationship of phthalate metabolites with fecundability and weighted Poisson models with robust variance evaluated the risk of pregnancy loss. Results: An interquartile range (IQR) higher mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [fecundability odds ratio (FOR) =0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78, 1.00], mono-butyl phthalate (FOR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.96), and mono-benzyl phthalate (FOR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.98) was associated with lower fecundability. No consistent associations were observed with pregnancy loss. Preconception phthalates were consistently associated with higher hsCRP and isoprostanes, as well as lower estradiol and higher follicle-stimulating hormone across the menstrual cycle. Discussion: Women's preconception exposure to phthalates was associated with lower fecundability, changes in reproductive hormones, and increased inflammation and oxidative stress. The pre- and periconception periods may represent sensitive windows for intervening to limit the reproductive toxicity of phthalate exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12287, Introduction Phthalates are esters of 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid commonly used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride and as stabilizers in many personal care products. Common sources of phthalate exposure include inhalation [...]

The percentage of American workers currently covered by 'defined contribution' (DC) retirement plans like 401(k)s is far higher than the percentage that has ever been covered by traditional 'defined benefit' [...]

Context.--Effect of tumor nodule (TN) location in the prostate on adverse radical prostatectomy (RP) outcomes is not well studied in contemporary cohorts. Objective.--To investigate the significance of TN location with respect to extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), and positive surgical margin (SM+) in 1388 RPs. Design.--Each TN at RP was independently graded, staged, and volumetrically assessed. TNs with at least 80% of their volume occupying either the anterior or posterior part of the prostate were categorized accordingly and included in our study, while all other TNs were excluded. Results.--A total of 3570 separate TNs (median = 3 per RP; range = 1-7 per RP) were scored. There were 1320 of 3570 (37%) anterior TNs and 2250 of 3570 (63%) posterior TNs. Posterior TNs were more likely to be higher grade, and exhibit EPE (18% versus 9.4%) and SVI (4% versus 0.15%), all P Conclusions.--These associations may be useful in preoperative surgical planning, particularly with respect to improving radiographic analysis of prostate cancer., Prostate cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in men around the world. According to The American Cancer Society, there were approximately 191 930 new cases of prostate [...]

In the aftermath of a police-involved shooting, do social services agencies consider their role in the events prior to the shooting? Not immediately prior, but the preceding 364 days prior [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 564 I. TAKINGS COMPENSATION AND THE ELDERLY OWNER 578 II. WASTE, PARTITION, AND THE ELDERLY LIFE TENANT 592 III. PROTECTION FOR ELDERLY RENTERS 606 IV. NAHRSTEDT [...], Within the next forty years, the number of Americans over age sixty-five is projected to nearly double. This seismic demographic shift will necessitate a reckoning in several areas of law and policy, but property law is especially unprepared. Built primarily for young and middle-aged white men, the common law of property has been critiqued for decades for the ways in which it oppresses or simply leaves behind people based on their race, sex, Native heritage, and more. This Article contributes a new focus on property law's treatment of people based on their advanced age. Burdened by higher relocation costs, more inelastic incomes, and shorter time horizons than those faced by younger people, elderly people encounter a doctrine that often fails to protect their interests. This Article explores five areas of property law and evaluates how each fits--or, more frequently, fails to fit--the characteristics of many older subjects. From the law of takings to the law of waste, and from tenant protections to homeowners' associations, not only is the law a poor fit, but the consequences for the health, safety, finances, and well-being of elderly people are often dramatic. At the same time, one of the rare significant efforts made thus far to protect older people from some of these consequences--the Fair Housing Act's protection for age-restricted communities--has generated new inequities of its own that raise important questions about competing civil rights priorities. Accordingly, mindful of the dangers of overcorrection, this Article offers institutional reforms aimed to better protect the interests of older people in each area without unduly infringing upon those of others.

When results of descriptive functional behavior assessments (FBAs) are inconclusive, experimental analysis methods can be used to directly test hypotheses about when or why a student engages in challenging behavior. Despite growing research on practical variations of hypothesis testing in schools, these methods are rarely incorporated in FBAs in practice. To inform practitioner perspectives on hypothesis testing as a component of FBAs, we surveyed a statewide sample of school practitioners who participate in the FBA process (n = 253). The survey addressed their views on three hypothesis testing strategies (i.e., functional analysis, antecedent analysis, concurrent operant analysis) across several dimensions. On 5-point Likert type scales, participants rated acceptability of procedures, feasibility of implementation, utility of results, conditions in which they would likely use or recommend the strategy, and perceived barriers. We used descriptive and nonparametric statistical analyses to compare ratings among the three hypothesis testing strategies. The majority of participants rated all three strategies favorably with respect to utility. However, ratings on acceptability, feasibility, and barriers were differentiated and favored the concurrent operant analysis over the functional and antecedent analyses. We discuss implications for practice and future research on incorporating hypothesis testing in FBAs for students with persistent challenging behavior., Author(s): Blair P. Lloyd [sup.1] , Jessica N. Torelli [sup.1] , Marney S. Pollack [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.152326.1, 0000 0001 2264 7217, Department of Special Education, Peabody College, Vanderbilt [...]

Young, nascent firms face substantial challenges associated with their ability to capture knowledge from their respective competitive environments and use that knowledge to successfully develop and/or restructure their business models. The present work theorizes that stakeholder knowledge acquisition frequency--defined as the extent to which a venture engages with its customers and stakeholders to gather and/or share information about products/services--causally predicts business model adaptations within nascent firms. To test this proposition, the current study employs a Latent Growth Curve (LGC) model with 138 observations from a 24-week longitudinal sample of nascent firms. Results indicate a quadratic relationship between knowledge acquisition frequency and business model adaptation, meaning that as nascent firms engage with stakeholders, the more (or less) the firms business models change as a result. Results support the causal relationship between knowledge acquisition frequency and business model adaptation and demonstrates the influence of stakeholder knowledge acquisition frequency as an antecedent to business model adaptation for nascent firms. Keywords: business models; business model adaptation; nascent firms, knowledge acquisition, A critical area of research at the intersection of management and entrepreneurship is how nascent firms adapt to challenging environments and strive to create value with limited resources (Baker and [...]

Menarche marks the start of the reproductive life span and has implications for chronic disease and mortality. Earlier age at menarche is a recognized risk factor for breast cancer. (1,2) [...]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spurred a global health crisis. To date, there are no proven options for prophylaxis for those who have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, nor therapy for those who develop COVID-19. Immune (i.e., 'convalescent') plasma refers to plasma that is collected from individuals following resolution of infection and development of antibodies. Passive antibody administration through transfusion of convalescent plasma may offer the only short-term strategy for conferring immediate immunity to susceptible individuals. There are numerous examples in which convalescent plasma has been used successfully as postexposure prophylaxis and/or treatment of infectious diseases, including other outbreaks of coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-1, Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS]). Convalescent plasma has also been used in the COVID-19 pandemic; limited data from China suggest clinical benefit, including radiological resolution, reduction in viral loads, and improved survival. Globally, blood centers have robust infrastructure for undertaking collections and constructing inventories of convalescent plasma to meet the growing demand. Nonetheless, there are nuanced challenges, both regulatory and logistical, spanning donor eligibility, donor recruitment, collections, and transfusion itself. Data from rigorously controlled clinical trials of convalescent plasma are also few, underscoring the need to evaluate its use objectively for a range of indications (e.g., prevention vs. treatment) and patient populations (e.g., age, comorbid disease). We provide an overview of convalescent plasma, including evidence of benefit, regulatory considerations, logistical work flow, and proposed clinical trials, as scale-up is brought underway to mobilize this critical resource., Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been declared a pandemic (1). As of the time of this writing, over 1.2 [...]

In April 2018, a significant cave entrance was recognized during an aerial survey in Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia. A September 2018 assessment of the site confirmed one of the largest known, and previously undocumented, cave entrances in Canada. The feature is a large vertically walled sink swallowing a small river, likely leading to a spring 2.16 km horizontally from, and 460 mbelow, the sink. The entrance shaft was partially descended, surveyed, and found to have a volume of over 450 000 [m.sup.3]. Formed in a carbonate unit of the upper Proterozoic Horsethief Creek Group, the cave entrance occurs in stripe karst extending well beyond the known cave drainage. The disappearing river drains an area of 6.3 [km.sup.2] in a valley containing two small glaciers. The river has a low flow (September) rate estimated at 0.3-0.5 [m.sup.3]/s, comparable with some of the largest sinks in Canada. Historic aerial photographs of the area show the entrance was hidden by perennial snowfields until regional climatic warming caused the snow plug to collapse sometime within the past decade. Key words: stripe karst, cave, marble, Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia, Horsethief Creek Group. En avril 2018, un important porche de grotte a ete decouvert durant un releve aerien dans le parc provincial Wells Gray, en Colombie-Britannique. Une evaluation du site realisee en septembre 2018 a confirme la presence, jusqu'alors non documentee, d'un des plus grands porches de grotte connus au Canada. Le porche est un grand aven d'effondrement aux parois verticales dans lequel une petite riviere s'engloutit, menant vraisemblablement a une source situee a 2,16 km horizontalement du porche et 460 m plus bas. Le volume du porche, dont les parois ont ete partiellement escaladees et qui a fait l'objet d'un releve partiel, serait de plus de 450 000 [m.sup.3]. Forme dans une unite de roche carbonatee du Groupe de Horsethief Creek d'age proterozoique superieur, le porche se situe dans un terrain de <> dont l'etendue va bien au-dela de celle de la grotte. La riviere qui s'y engloutit draine une superficie de 6,3 [km.sup.2] dans une vallee renfermant deux petits glaciers. Le debit d'etiage (septembre) de cette riviere est estime a 0,3-0,5 [m.sup.3]/s, ce qui est semblable au debit observe dans certains des plus grands avens d'effondrement au Canada. D'anciennes photographies aeriennes du secteur montrent que le porche etait cache sous des champs de neige perenne jusqu'a ce que le rechauffement climatique regional entraine l'effondrement de son bouchon de neige au cours de la derniere decennie. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : karst raye, grotte, marbre, parc provincial Wells Gray, Colombie-Britannique, Groupe de Horsethief Creek., Introduction On 22 April 2018, wildlife biologists and their pilot conducting a routine population survey of Mountain Caribou spotted a spectacular and hitherto unreported river sink cave opening in the [...]

Philander Clark finished working for the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad in late 1853 and returned home to Noblesville, Indiana, reuniting with his wife, Philenia, and their toddler son, John. Philander [...]

: Introduction: Stigma and discrimination are important barriers to HIV epidemic control. We implemented a multi‐pronged facility‐level intervention to reduce stigma and discrimination at health facilities across three high‐burden provinces. Key components of the intervention included measurement of stigma, data review and use, participatory training of healthcare workers (HCWs), and engagement of people living with HIV and key populations in all stigma reduction activities. Methods: From July 2018 to July 2019, we assessed HIV‐related stigma and discrimination among patients and HCWs at 10 facilities at baseline and 9 months following an intervention. A repeated measures design was used to assess the change in stigma and discrimination among HCWs and a repeated cross‐sectional design assessed the change in stigma and discrimination experienced by PLHIV. HCWs at target facilities were invited at random and PLHIV were recruited when presenting for care during the two assessment periods. McNemar's test was used to compare paired proportions among HCWs, and chi‐square test was used to compare proportions among PLHIV. Mixed models were used to compare outcomes before and after the intervention. Results: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 649 and 652 PLHIV prior to and following the intervention, respectively. At baseline, over the previous 12 months, 21% reported experiencing discrimination, 16% reported self‐stigma, 14% reported HIV disclosure without consent and 7% had received discriminatory reproductive health advice. Nine months after the intervention, there was a decrease in reported stigma and discrimination across all domains to 15%, 11%, 7% and 3.5%, respectively (all p‐values Conclusions: A multi‐pronged facility‐level intervention was successful at reducing healthcare‐associated HIV‐related stigma in Vietnam. The findings support the scale‐up of this intervention in Vietnam and highlight key components potentially applicable in other settings., INTRODUCTION Globally, stigma and discrimination are recognized as important barriers to ending AIDS by 2030 [1]. People living with HIV face stigma and discrimination in all aspects of their lives; [...]