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Solvent extraction of cesium ions from aqueous solution to hydrophobic ionic liquids without the introduction of an organophilic anion in the aqueous phase was demonstrated using calix[4]arene-bis(tert-octylbenzo-crown-6) (BOBCalixC6) as an extractant. The selectivity of this extraction process toward cesium ions and the use of a sacrificial cation exchanger (NaB[Ph.sub.4]) to control loss of imidazolium cation to the aqueous solutions by ion exchange have been investigated.

A series of N-alkyl aza-18-crown-6 ethers were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These monoaza-substituted crown ethers in ionic liquids were investigated as recyclable extractants for separation of [Sr.sup.2+] and [Cs.sup.+] from aqueous solutions. The pH-sensitive complexation capability of these ligands allows for a facile stripping process to be developed so that both macrocyclic ligands and ionic liquids can be reused. The extraction efficiencies and selectivities of these monoaza-substituted crown ethers for [Na.sup.+], [K.sup.+], [Cs.sup.+], and [Sr.sup.2]. were studied in comparison to those of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 under the same conditions. The extraction selectivity order for dicyclohexano- 18-crown-6 in the ionic liquids investigated here was [K.sup.+] >> [Sr.sup.2+] > [Cs.sup.+] > [Na.sup.+]. The extraction selectivity order for N-alkyl aza-18-crown-6, in which the alkyl group is varied systematically from ethyl to n-dodecyl, was [Sr.sup.2+] >> [K.sup.+] > [Cs.sup.+] > [Na.sup.+] in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide and [K.sup.+] > [Sr.sup.2+] > [Cs.sup.+] > [Na.sup.+] in 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] amide and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide. The strong dependence of selectivity on the type of ionic liquid indicates an important role played by solvation in solvent extraction processes based on ionic liquids. The optimization of macrocyclic ligands and ionic liquids led to an extraction system that is highly selective toward [Sr.sub.2+].

The nature of the weak lipophilic acid used in synergistic combination with a model crown ether cation host was shown to have a strong effect on the strength and selectivity of sodium hydroxide separation from alkaline aqueous salt solutions. Sodium ion-pair extraction employing only cis--syn--cis-dicyclohexano--18-crown-6 (1) in nitrobenzene (NB) was correlated with the standard Gibbs energy ([DELTA][G.sub.p][degrees]) of anion partitioning into NB and was notably weak and nonselective for the hydroxide ion, in accord with Hofmeister bias. The Hofmeister order can be selectively overcome for NaOH by utilization of acid--base chemistry coupled with complexation of sodium ion in the NB phase. Upon addition of a lipophilic organic acid into the solution of 1 in NB, sodium extraction was selectively enhanced due to the initiation of an exchange reaction between the aqueous sodium ion and the ionizable proton of the organic acid. A series of weak lipophilic hydroxy acids (HA) including fluorinated alcohols and phenols was tested. The resulting synergistic pseudo-hydroxide extraction correlates with the p[K.sub.a] of the employed HA; the most acidic cation exchangers provide the greatest synergism. The synergistic factor obtained using a fluorinated benzyl alcohol 7 was as high as 256. Ion-pair extraction of neutral sodium salts was not changed or only mildly enhanced by addition of HA into the NB solution of 1. This enhancement was explained by hydrogen bonding of HA with the anion as related to the hardness of the anion and the acidity of HA. In comparison with the synergism observed for NaOH, this enhancement was weak and unable to overcome the Hofmeister effect. Examination of extraction selectivity revealed that the combination of 1 and 7 preferentially extracted NaOH over all other sodium salts, including the normally preferred nitrate and perchlorate salts. Quantitative recovery of NaOH from the NB phase was demonstrated via hydrolysis of the organic acid upon a single contact of the loaded solvent with water.

Researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Tennessee conducted sorption experiments on pertechnetate using a class of bifunctional strong-base anion-exchange resin sites composed of two trialkyl-ammonium groups

Model distribution studies have demonstrated that the principle of synergistic pseudo-hydroxide extraction in which cation host molecules synergistically enhance liquid-liquid cation exchange of sodium ion by w weakly acidic hydrogen acid at high pH. This novel approach is based on the simultaneous utilizations of ion-exchange recovery and recycles in industrial applications.

Microcantilevers modified with a self-assembled monolayer respond sensitively to specific ion concentrations. Here, we report the detection of trace amounts of [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] using microcantilevers modified with a self-assembled monolayer of triethyl-12-mercaptododecylammonium bromide. The self-assembled monolayer was prepared on a silicon microcantilever coated with a thin layer of gold on one side. The microcantilever undergoes bending due to sorption of [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] ions on the monolayer-modified side. It was found that a concentration of [10.sup.-9] M [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] call be detected using this technology in a flow cell. Other anions, such as [Cl.sup.-], [Br.sup.-], [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], and [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], have minimal effect on the deflection of this cantilever. The mechanics of the bending and the chemistry of cantilever modification are discussed.