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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, contact, education, and employment opportunities have fundamentally changed worldwide. However, various studies have pointed out that not everyone is equally affected by the changed circumstances. This paper focuses on the impact of the pandemic on the study situation in German higher education and explores the question to what extent the pandemic has led to increasing or decreasing social inequalities. Building on social stratification research and Tinto's model of social and academic integration we focus on dropout intentions of traditionally disadvantaged student groups--students with disabilities, with children, from families with lower levels of education, and with a migrant background. Based on comparable data from a German-wide representative student survey 'Studying in Corona Times' (2020) and data from the '21st Social Survey' (2016) our analysis shows to what extent the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced students' dropout intentions in Germany and which vulnerable student groups are particularly affected. The results of our logistic regression analysis indicate that compared to 2016 social inequalities in dropout intention have increased significantly in all vulnerable student groups. In particular, students with disabilities and students with children have a higher risk of intending to drop out in 2020.

Purpose: While previous research has examined the impact of school turnaround models, less is known about the principals who lead these turnaround schools. This study examines the personal demographics, experience, educational background, prior school performance, salaries, and turnover of principals who led two turnaround models in Tennessee's lowest performing schools: a state-run Achievement School District (ASD) that has not yielded positive nor negative effects and local Innovation Zones (iZones) that averaged positive effects on student achievement over six years. Methods: We analyze longitudinal, administrative data from the Tennessee Department of Education from 2006-2007 to 2017-2018 to compare pre- and post-reform means and trends in principal characteristics between ASD, iZone, and similarly low-performing comparison schools. Results: ASD schools had higher principal turnover rates and lost principals whose schools performed higher while iZone schools retained more principals and lost principals whose schools performed lower. Moreover, iZone schools employed more experienced principals, more Black principals, and principals with higher graduate degree attainment and paid their principals more than ASD schools. Salary differences between ASD and iZone schools were not explained by principals' characteristics, such as years of experience. Implications: Our findings reveal differences in leadership characteristics between iZone and ASD schools that were consistent with differences in the effectiveness of the two turnaround approaches.

Many districts and states have implemented incentives to recruit teachers to low-performing schools, and previous research has found evidence that these incentives are effective at attracting teachers. However, effects on the schools and students these teachers leave behind have not been examined. This study focuses on the spillover effects of recruiting effective teachers to Tennessee's Innovation Zone (iZone) schools. We find the short-term effects of losing these teachers range from -0.04 to -0.12 SDs in student test score gains, with larger negative effects when more effective teachers leave. However, combining both these negative effects in schools teachers leave and the positive effects in iZone schools yields overall net positive effects.

Attracting and retaining teachers can be an important ingredient in improving low-performing schools. In this study, we estimate the expressed preferences for teachers who have worked in low-performing schools in Tennessee. Using adaptive conjoint analysis survey design, we examine three types of school attributes that may influence teachers' employment decisions: fixed school characteristics, structural features of employment, and malleable school processes. We find that teachers express a strong preference for two malleable school processes, administrative support and discipline enforcement, along with a higher salary, a structural feature. Estimates indicate these attributes are 2 to 3 times more important to teachers than fixed school characteristics like prior achievement. We validate our results using administrative data on teachers' revealed preferences.

This study assesses the ability of an online sexuality education (OSE) module ('You and Me') to enhance sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge and attitudes among 10th-grade vocational high school students in China. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial, randomizing 29 vocational high schools to (i) receiving the module (intervention) or (ii) not receiving the module (control). Students completed a baseline questionnaire, then completed the module within 8 weeks and then completed a follow-up questionnaire within the following 2 weeks. We assessed the differences in intervention effects using hierarchical linear modeling. No significant differences between intervention and control groups were found for knowledge and attitude scores at baseline among the 2985 students included in the analyses. For the intervention group at follow-up, we observed significant improvements in SRH knowledge scores of approximately 20% for boys and girls although girls responded to the module with larger knowledge gains than boys. At follow-up, intervention group students also had higher SRH attitude scores toward views that are more contemporary than the control group. In addition, girls held more contemporary attitudes than boys. The comprehensive OSE module assessed is effective in improving SRH knowledge, and attitude among Chinese vocational high school students after the module is completed.

This study investigated the impact of a multicomponent training program on the American School Counselor Association's National Model of school counseling. The model was designed to enhance school counselors' competence in implementing a comprehensive school counseling program. An ABA single case design was used to collect baseline, training, and post-training data. The participants (n = 3) were pre-ASCA-trained school counselors with 15 years or more of school counseling experience. All exhibited growth during the training phase, which was sustained through the post-training phase.

Parents of children with hearing loss (HL) often navigate an unfamiliar and uncertain path. This qualitative study investigated the nature of parental uncertainty: (1) immediately after a child's HL was identified; (2) prior to primary school entry; and (3) during primary school. Open-ended questions in online surveys were completed by participants (N = 61) with: (a) personal experience as a parent of a child with HL (n = 35); (b) professional experience with children who have HL (n = 19); or (c) a combination of both parental and professional experience (n = 7). Six major themes were abstracted using thematic analysis, including uncertainty about: (1) the Pervasive Impact of HL, (2) the Nature and Causes of HL, (3) Developmental Impacts, (4) Family Life, (5) Family Decision-Making, and (6) Education and Support Services. The salience of these depended on the stage in time following identification.

In the wake of COVID-19, study conditions in Europe have changed dramatically. To limit contact between students and teachers, since March 2020 teaching has largely taken place digitally (remotely via digital means) and in private. Because the success of digital learning likely relies on many factors beyond good digital infrastructure conditions, this article focuses on which aspects, at both the teacher and the student levels, promote digital learning success. The large-scale student survey "Studying in Times of the Corona Pandemic" conducted at German universities and universities of applied sciences in the summer semester of 2020 offers data on how COVID-19 has affected several aspects of university studying in Germany. Here, we consider this data within the theoretical framework "theory of transactional distance" introduced by Moore (in: Moore (ed) Handbook of distance education, Routledge, 2018), according to which the success of digital teaching is influenced by dialogue, structure, and learner autonomy. Based on various regression analyses, our results show that several (digital) framework conditions must be created on both the teacher and student levels to achieve sufficient digital learning success. In this sense, our findings provide guidance on which aspects institutions of higher education should focus on when developing or updating their digitalization strategies. In accordance with collaborative learning approaches a key factor for learning success appears to be enabling peer-to-peer interactions. This finding supports our prediction that the possibility of engaging in interactive learning activities is crucial for students' learning experience, as it might reduce the perception of transactional distance and allow for social exchange. The strongest predictor of students' learning success turned out to be the (perceived) digital competencies of the teachers. This finding clearly emphasizes that teachers must be qualified to address the very specific challenges of teaching in digital contexts and indicates that universities may need to implement more teacher qualification programs.

Recent evaluations of reforms to improve low-performing schools have almost exclusively focused on shorter term effects. In this study, we extend the literature by examining the sustainability and maturation of two turnaround models in Tennessee: the state-led Achievement School District (ASD) and district-led local Innovation Zones (iZones). Using difference-in-differences models, we find overall positive effects on student achievement in iZone schools and null effects in ASD schools. Additional findings suggest a linkage between staff turnover and the effectiveness of reforms. ASD schools experienced high staff turnover in every cohort, and iZone schools faced high turnover in its latest cohort, the only one with negative effects. We discuss how differences in the ASD and iZone interventions may help explain variation in the schools' ability to recruit and retain effective teachers and principals.

This study investigated a set of online reading courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels in a university's college of education. The courses were thought to integrate culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP), and the study's intent was to determine the extent to which they actually did so. The goals of the study were to determine whether CRP was emphasized in course descriptions, informational materials, activities, assessments, and rubrics, and to determine whether there was alignment between CRP-related descriptions, activities, assessments, and rubrics. Findings indicate that CRP was not strongly emphasized or well aligned in most courses. Indeed, across most or all courses, we found the following: a lack of emphasis on democratic classrooms; a lack of alignment between CRP objectives, assignments, and rubrics; a lack of evidence that depth of CRP knowledge was required across courses; problems with course design; and a lack of emphasis on identity and cultural competence. The study's findings highlight the importance of a fully developed syllabus for adjunct/part-time faculty who rely heavily on the syllabus; emphasize the importance of strong syllabi for curriculum and course integrity (particularly when programs move fully online); and indicate that alignment between assessment and objectives and a detailed syllabus are critical in creating culturally relevant online courses. This study also introduces a tool for evaluating the extent to which CRP is emphasized in a course, which may be valuable to colleges wishing to implement CRP more deeply and consistently. In addition, the study's evaluation process demonstrates that faculty working in teams increases the success of program revision.

Sport management programs are disproportionately represented by students and faculty who possess multiple advantaged identities. This trend is indicative of the broader sport industry, which is troublesome given sports' prominent role in conversations around racial injustice and inequity during the past century. It is incumbent on sport management educators to equip our students to recognize their role in and productively contribute to such conversations. Thus, this manuscript issues a call to action for sport management educators to utilize and build upon Nixon's Coin Model of Privilege and Critical Allyship to understand, address, and normalize discourse around inequity, privilege, and oppression in their pedagogical approaches to education.

STEM graduate students are expected to develop strong writing skills as fundamental components of measured success. Based on a targeted learning outcome for an interdisciplinary graduate program, and a need to support STEM graduate student writing, this study analyzes the effectiveness of a writing community, implemented to assist with enhancing students' writing habits and skills. Twenty-nine STEM graduate students in various fields participated in this multi-year long study, analyzed using a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The analysis demonstrated the implementation of structured writing sessions within a writing community environment enhanced students' writing habits, and development in multiple areas. Furthermore, enhancement increased students' positive perceptions of writing. Knowing the importance of writing success at the graduate level and beyond, ways to support graduate student writing must be developed to increase practice and confidence toward writing in STEM disciplines for sustainable writing and career success.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a measure of practitioner sense of competence when treating children with disruptive behaviours. Design/methodology/approach: Two online surveys were conducted with health, social work and psychology practitioners (n = 113 and n = 239, respectively) working within varied Australian clinical settings. Study 1 developed scale items and conducted an exploratory factor analysis of the initial Professional Sense of Competence Scale (ProSOCS). Study 2 conducted confirmatory factor analysis and tested the construct validity of the scale. Findings: Study 1 established a three-factor model, which accounted for 56.9% of variance in the ProSOCS items. Study 2 confirmed the three-factor model and considered an alternative unidimensional model. Study 2 demonstrated good convergent validity with measures of knowledge and general sense of competence. Originality/value: The ProSOCS is a valid and reliable way to measure three subscales of a more global composite score of practitioner sense of competence when treating children with disruptive behaviours. Disruptive behaviour represents one of the most common reasons for child presentation in mental health care settings. Understanding how sense of competence among professionals who treat disruptive behaviours in children relates to their level of training, treatment decisions and outcomes could help to enhance use of evidence-based treatment strategies and complement strategies for measuring competence-based training in post-graduate settings.

We conducted a meta-analytic review of 53 studies published between 2000 and 2020 to quantify associations of parents' emotion regulation with parenting behavior and children's emotion regulation and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Twelve meta-analyses, which included between 4 to 22 effect sizes (N from 345 to 3609), were conducted to summarize associations of parent emotion regulation with positive or negative parenting behaviors and child outcomes of emotion regulation, difficulties in emotion regulation, internalizing symptoms, or externalizing behavior. Given the range of behavioral parent emotion regulation measures used across studies, effect sizes for parent emotion regulation strategy use ("skill") were analyzed separately from effect sizes for parents' difficulties with emotion regulation. Summary effect sizes ranged from |0.08| to |0.28| for relations of parent emotion regulation skill with parenting behaviors and children's adjustment. Summary effect sizes ranged from |0.03| to |0.42| for relations of parent emotion regulation difficulties with parenting behaviors and children's adjustment. In general, parents with better emotion regulation skill or fewer difficulties are higher in positive parenting behaviors and have children with better emotion regulation and fewer internalizing symptoms. Evidence was less clear-cut for child externalizing behaviors. Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed in most analyses, and study characteristics (measures, child age, parent gender, sampling, and region where the study was conducted) were examined as moderators. Measures used, child age, and participant risk status moderated effect size in some analyses.

One of the controversies surrounding charter schools is whether these schools may either "cream skim" high-performing students from traditional public schools or "pushout" low-achieving students or students with discipline histories, leaving traditional public schools to educate the most challenging students. In this study, we use longitudinal statewide data from Tennessee and North Carolina and linear probability models to examine whether there is evidence consistent with these selective enrollment practices. Because school choice programs managed by districts (magnet and open enrollment programs) have a similar ability to cream skim and pushout students, we also examine these outcomes for these programs. Across the various school choice programs, magnet schools have the most evidence of cream skimming, but this might be expected as they often have selective admissions. For charter schools, we do not find patterns in the data consistent with cream skimming, but we do find evidence consistent with pushout behaviors based on discipline records. Finally, some have raised concerns that students may be pushed out near accountability test dates, but our results suggest no evidence consistent with this claim.

Teachers in general education classrooms must be prepared to meet the needs of all students. This study explored the impact of embedding special education faculty members in general education teacher preparation to coteach a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-based elementary methods block. The Attitudes Toward Inclusion Survey was modified to include STEM education and to develop and implement STEM-based curriculum to meet the needs of all students. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine change over time for the STEM-based cohort in relation to a non-STEM-based cohort in five domains reflected in the survey. Significant increases were apparent for those teacher candidates participating in the cotaught cohort in the domains that reflect perceptions of students with disabilities (SWDs), understanding the role of a general education teacher in working with SWDs, and the knowledge and pedagogical skills needed to integrate STEM instruction. Implications for preservice teachers and teacher preparation programs are discussed.

Java Business Process Model (JBPM) software is the result of a need to have easy to use software that supports the teaching of project management at both the undergraduate and graduate levels of instruction. Existing project management software offerings are not conducive to learning project management techniques as specified in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). This case details the development of the software and describes its use in real world projects. Additionally, it presents empirical evidence that students find the software easy to use and that it enhances their understanding of project management concepts.

In recent years, the federal government has invested billions of dollars to reform chronically low-performing schools. To fulfill their federal Race to the Top grant agreement, Tennessee implemented three turnaround strategies that adhered to the federal restart and transformation models: (a) placed schools under the auspices of the Achievement School District (ASD), which directly managed them; (b) placed schools under the ASD, which arranged for management by a charter management organization; and (c) placed schools under the management of a district Innovation Zone (iZone) with additional resources and autonomy. We examine the effects of each strategy and find that iZone schools, which were separately managed by three districts, substantially improved student achievement. In schools under the auspices of the ASD, student achievement did not improve or worsen. This suggests that it is possible to improve schools without removing them from the governance of a school district.

Address-based sampling (ABS) refers to the use a list of addresses derived from the U.S. Postal Service's Computerized Delivery Sequence File as a sampling frame. While most residential addresses are included on an ABS frame, it still suffers from undercoverage. Undercoverage is problematic only if the uncovered units have different attributes than covered units. In this article, we assess the risk of observing coverage bias on a variety of univariate point estimates in an in-person survey. We accomplish this task using a combination of survey data and Monte Carlo simulation models to vary the coverage rate and the target geography. For some variables, we found low risk of observing coverage bias. But, for others, the risk of observing bias was high for nearly all levels of coverage. Finally, we did not observe any trends by variable type that would give us the ability to predict a priori which variables may suffer bias.

Rejection sensitivity is a bias toward expecting rejection that can result from negative social experiences and degrade emotional adjustment. In this study, rejection sensitivity was expected to predict patterns of adolescent social anxiety over 5 years when considered alongside other known or expected risk and protective factors: peer rejection (peer-reported), emotion dysregulation, self-worth, temperament (parent-reported), female gender, and grade. Participants were 377 Australian students (45% boys; 79% White, 15% Asian) aged 10 to 13 years (M = 12.0, SD = 0.90) and their parents (84%) who completed seven repeated surveys across 5 years. In an unconditional latent growth model, social anxiety symptoms had a significant quadratic pattern of growth, with symptoms increasing about midway into the study when adolescents were age 14, on average. In a model with all predictors, rejection sensitivity was uniquely associated with a higher intercept and a more pronounced quadratic growth pattern of social anxiety symptoms. Other predictors of growth in symptoms were the temperamental trait of negativity affectivity and emotion dysregulation; negative affectivity was associated with a higher intercept and a more pronounced quadratic pattern, and emotion dysregulation was associated with a higher intercept and a less pronounced quadratic pattern. Gender was associated with the intercept, with girls higher in symptoms than boys.

Emotional eating, defined as eating in response to affect, may increase during early adolescence, a time of heightened emotionality and increased prevalence of emotional disorders. We investigated change in emotional eating, while also testing the influence of social-emotional risk factors. Study participants (N = 379, mean age [M[subscript age]] = 12.0 years; 56% girls) completed measures of emotional eating twice over 1 year and reported on social adversity within peer and parent contexts (i.e., appearance teasing by peers and parents, and peer rejection) and depression and social anxiety symptoms. Relational victimization and peer rejection, measured via classmate-reports, were also examined as correlates of emotional eating. Emotional eating increased, on average, for Grade 6 and 7 students, marginally increased in Grade 5 students, and increased in boys and girls. In a multivariate prospective model, appearance teasing by parents and social anxiety symptoms were prospectively associated with a higher level of emotional eating 1 year later.

A review of the current research literature demonstrates that teaching for social justice has been accepted by the research community as best practice for students, especially diverse students from traditionally marginalized populations and communities. However, best practices do no practical good if they are not implemented into real classroom teaching. Teachers must have access to theoretically-sound, research-based, instructional practices in order for classroom implementation to occur. This paper seeks to answer whether these theories and practices which support social justice education are being circulated in practitioner oriented journals, where they are highly accessible to classroom teachers. We conducted a systematic literature review of 12 top practitioner journals across content areas. We found 68 articles focused on social justice education. Our findings indicate that the social justice articles being published in practitioner journals include some strategies to incorporate into teaching practices; however, many recommendations only support superficial social justice education elements rather than truly addressing inequities in schools and society by fully delving into all tenets of teaching for social justice.

Higher education programs face challenges to increase accountability regarding student achievement. Course misalignment occurs as instructors interpret course objectives differently, making changes to the course content without considering overall program alignment and purpose. Misalignment prompts academic programs to revisit its curriculum to assess effectiveness. Faced with a rapidly growing and increasingly diverse student population, the Sport Management (SPMT) division at a southwestern university used action research to redesign their undergraduate curriculum to meet their students' needs. This study assesses the impact of using action research to determine why the SPMT program exists, what a successful SPMT program includes, and what knowledge, skills, abilities, and values industry leaders report necessary for SPMT graduates. Furthermore, methods for addressing challenges and successes through action research are discussed. As a result of the action research process and data collection, eight program learning outcomes were established to guide the next steps of curriculum development. These findings guided syllabus creation for a redesigned SPMT program, allowing for the creation of a rigorous, research based, and customized curriculum.

The current systematic review aimed to investigate "in what ways the incorporation of visual display tasks benefits K-12 students' content-area learning." After screening 1693 articles at abstract level and a systematic evaluation of methodological quality, we synthesized 44 articles for this review. The qualitative synthesis of the studies is organized by categories of interaction with visual displays (ViDis), instructional support, and types of knowledge and learning. Overall findings indicate the simple inclusion of visual displays does not guarantee a positive learning effect. More detailed findings distinguish three categories of ViDis: author-provided, student-filled-in, and student-created visual displays. Furthermore, we discuss each category's effectiveness for students' learning. Additionally, findings on retention and information comprehension are mixed when students are either provided with ViDis or complete ViDis themselves. However, the integration of ViDis in K-12 classrooms indicate highly promising results for enhancing students' higher-level learning (i.e., analyzing, evaluating, applying, and creating). Finally, we provided practical implications for K-12 teachers and recommendations for future research.

A growing body of research evaluates the effects of turnaround on chronically low-performing schools. We extend this literature by formally testing factors that may either mediate or suppress the effects of two turnaround initiatives in Tennessee: the Achievement School District (ASD) and local Innovation Zones (iZones). Using difference-in-differences models within a mediational framework, we find that hiring effective teachers and principals partially explains positive iZone effects. In the ASD, high levels of teacher turnover suppress potential positive effects. Also, in iZone schools, increased levels of student mobility and chronic absenteeism suppress potentially larger positive effects. Policies that increase capacity within turnaround schools, such as financial incentives for effective staff, appear to be important ingredients for realizing positive effects from turnaround reforms.

Overall, game-based technology for early reading instruction has not robustly met the learning potentials of young readers. To better understand the effects and limitations of computer-assisted instruction in classrooms, researchers have called for more critical attention to learning theory, methodological selection, and context for learning. GraphoGame (GG), an adaptive serious game designed to prevent reading difficulties through the promotion of sound--symbol connections, has been implemented in over 20 countries. Therefore, the GG research base provides an opportunity to synthesize research on a single computer-assisted instruction across diverse contexts. Surprisingly, despite extensive use and further implementation plans, no review has yet synthesized GG's effects. Specifically, this systematic literature review, with an embedded meta-analysis, synthesized 28 empirical studies for theory, methodological quality, and outcomes. The GG research base was dominated by theories of reading disabilities and psycholinguistics. Methodologically, quantitative methods, focusing on phonological and decoding outcome measures only, were most common. The meta-analysis (n = 19), measuring GG's impact on word-reading outcomes, did not yield an overall meaningful effect size (g = -0.02). However, among moderators (language complexity, duration of intervention, and adult interaction), adult interaction was significant, favoring implementation contexts with high levels of adult interaction. Specifically, studies with high adult interaction produced an average positive effect size (g = 0.48), which suggests implications for classroom use. Regarding future research, the authors recommend stronger clarity of theory, attention to learning context, and a more purposeful collection of process data, which can be obtained through greater plurality of methodology.

Drawing from dispositional mindfulness research and stress and coping theories, we tested whether adolescents' dispositional mindfulness was associated with perceptions of peer victimization and exclusion and internalizing symptoms. We further explored the role of dispositional mindfulness as a protective factor buffering the impact of peer victimization and exclusion (PVE) on internalizing symptoms. Participants were 361 (40% boys) adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years (M = 14.9, SD = 1.4) who completed a questionnaire to assess dispositional mindfulness, perceptions of PVE, social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and loneliness. As expected, more frequent experience of PVE was associated with reporting more symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Further, adolescents who reported higher dispositional mindfulness also reported fewer symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and loneliness, even after controlling for gender and experiences of PVE. Dispositional mindfulness was not protective against (i.e., did not buffer) the effects of PVE on internalizing symptoms. Instead, we found that PVE had a stronger association with symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and loneliness when mindfulness was high relative to when it was medium or low. Yet, victimization was associated with greater social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and loneliness at all levels of mindfulness.

Although the importance of communicative competences in the workplace is conjured up in most discussions, there is little empirical research (in Germany) describing formal and informal communications in companies and branches with a high percentage of immigrant workers, particularly in the production sector. The study group "Deutsch am Arbeitsplatz/German in the workplace" (DaA), made up of researchers and practitioners, has responded to the urgent need to provide empirically based support for language development for immigrant employees, using instruments of company ethnography and linguistic analysis (DaA1). The follow-up project DaA2 has developed and carried out a training scheme for providers and teachers based on the findings of DaA1. The train-the-trainers concept has been evaluated.

Emotion dysregulation has been associated with increased risks for psychopathology. During adolescence when the onset of mental illnesses peak, emotion dysregulation may be particularly problematic. In this study, we examined transactional associations between young adolescents' self-report of their emotion dysregulation and symptoms of social anxiety and depression at three assessments over 3 years. Participants were 391 Australian students (56% female; 79% White/Caucasian) in Grades 6 to 8 followed until Grades 9 to 11. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), emotion dysregulation was a latent variable indicated by lack of emotional clarity, nonacceptance of emotional responses, impulse control difficulties, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior. A sixth aspect of emotion dysregulation, lack of emotional awareness, which was not correlated with the other five subscales, was examined separately in the SEM. Transactional associations over time were identified between emotion dysregulation and symptoms of social anxiety and depression, with adolescents higher in emotion dysregulation at Time 1 (T1) reporting higher social anxiety and depressive symptoms between T1 and Time 2 (T2), and T2 emotion dysregulation predicting increases in adolescents' depression, but not social anxiety, symptoms from T2 to Time 3 (T3), after controlling for baseline symptoms. In addition, earlier social anxiety, but not depressive, symptom level at T2 was significantly associated with later emotion dysregulation between T2 and T3, after baseline emotion dysregulation was controlled. Furthermore, girls were higher in emotion dysregulation, social anxiety, and depression than boys, but sex did not moderate temporal links between emotion dysregulation and symptoms.

Recognition memory judgments can be influenced by a variety of signals including fluency. Here, we investigated whether the neural correlates of memory illusions (i.e., misattribution of fluency to prior study) can be modulated by fluency context. Using a masked priming/recognition memory paradigm, we found memory illusions for low confidence decisions. When fluency varied randomly across trials, we found reductions in perirhinal cortex (PrC) activity for primed trials, as well as a (pre)cuneus-PrC (BA 35) connectivity. When the fluency context was unchanging, there was increased PrC activity for primed trials, with the (pre)cuneus showing greater connectivity with PrC (BA 36). Thus, our results tentatively suggest two neural mechanisms via which fluency can lead to memory illusions.

This longitudinal mixed methods study investigates the development of teacher candidates' professional identity throughout a four-year degree program. Data were analyzed using the following dimensions of professional identity: task orientation, self-efficacy, commitment to teaching, and professional orientation. During practicum, teacher candidates were able to realize the ideals articulated in their teaching philosophies, including a strong focus on student engagement. Their self-efficacy grew as they developed a sense of purpose in teaching and committed to future growth in assessment. Professional orientation flourished in supportive school-based seminars. All participants remain committed to teaching in part because they were able to persevere through challenges. Program features supporting professional identity are discussed.

Situated on the overlap between visual literacy and content area literacy, we conducted a systematic literature review regarding the impact of visuals for learning in K-12 content area classrooms. The purpose was to critically analyse the methodological rigor of this research base and provide direction for future research. Additionally, we provide a pragmatic update to a methodological quality screening tool and apply it for visual literacy research. In this manuscript, we present the detailed coding procedure and data analysis: We screened 1693 articles that yielded an initial corpus of 88 articles which were evaluated with methodological quality indicators. This process yielded a final set of 44 articles. Finally, we synthesized the methodological weakness and highlight exemplars of methodological strengths as models for future research. Finally, we conclude with additional recommendations for rigorous future research.

Although many agree that writing can make a unique contribution to learning, harnessing that contribution is difficult, particularly in the middle grades. The purpose of this study was to measure the efficacy of a feasible writing-to-learn intervention in Grade 6-11 science classes. We focused on middle school students because this group has been least responsive to writing interventions in previous research. We conducted an 8-week intervention in which students completed short metacognitive and longer argumentative writing tasks. Our results indicated that overall students' ability to engage in scientific rhetoric improved, and we identified minimal difference in the growth of middle and high school students. We therefore conducted a cluster analysis to examine how learner-level variables impacted the effectiveness of the intervention. Most notable was that students with low writing motivation and science knowledge showed the largest response to the intervention. These findings suggest that writing-to-learn can be implemented in secondary science to support scientific literacy development.

This three-year Virtual Measurements Environment curriculum development project for higher education within the Lifelong Learning Programme of the European Union is the result of intense collaboration among four institutions, teaching applied sciences and technology. It aims to apply the principles and possibilities of evolved distance and e-learning in originally traditional course materials and laboratory experiments during all the stages of the learning and assimilating process. One of the challenges for the consortium was the use of a common electronic learning platform. By filling in questionnaires the students at the partner institutions could contribute to the usefulness of the developed outcomes. Some students even volunteered to go abroad to a partner institution for a short time to execute and evaluate some tasks and laboratory experiments, and thus creating added value to the e learning possibilities. The project outcomes are diverse, ranging from physics to electronics. Subsequently, they can be integrated into a broad spectrum of topics. When taking all the developed modules and laboratory experiments the student is awarded a maximum of 20 ECTS credits. On the whole, this Erasmus project was fascinating not in the least because of the possibilities of the blended problem-based learning model and the difficulties raised by the common electronic learning platform--both technically and pedagogically. (Contains 2 tables and 16 figures.)

Studies have shown that performance feedback provided by teachers can communicate mindset messages to students and subsequently impact students' performance. We sought to examine whether non-feedback related comments could also influence students' mindsets and performance. We utilized a sample of undergraduate students enrolled in a research pool (n = 106) and compared their mindset and quiz scores after receiving a statistics lesson under one of three conditions. In two conditions the instructor introduced the lesson making comments that communicated either a fixed or growth mindset. A third condition served as a control. Students receiving growth comments moved towards growth mindset beliefs more so than those who received fixed mindset comments and had higher quiz scores when compared to the control group. These results provide early evidence that even non-feedback related comments can influence students' mindsets and performance. We discuss implications for teaching, teacher training and future research.

The aim of this article was to independently test the factor structure of the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale, 3rd Edition (ECERS-3). Using a sample of 148 independent observations, Standard and Satorra--Bentler confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine if the ECERS-3 conformed to the structure published in its manual using a community sample of urban classroom observations from Rochester, NY. When it was found it did not, exploratory factor analyses of various types, and various number of factors were extracted and compared. In our sample, the ECERS-3 does not conform to the published factor structure. Published subscales have relatively low internal reliability. Exploratory factor analyses suggest that there are three clusters of items (learning activities and environment, interaction, gross motor related) with a number of items failing to load with any construct. Caution should be used when employing the published ECERS-3 subscales for making decisions regarding early childhood programming.

Preservice special education teachers need to understand how to navigate multiple collaborative relationships in inclusive settings. In order to effectively prepare teachers, preparation programs must provide meaningful, scaffolded, and realistic opportunities for practice. Increasingly, teacher preparation programs are incorporating mixed reality simulations to prepare preservice teachers for collaborative classroom environments. Findings are presented from research on the utility of a mixed reality simulation in a teacher preparation course on collaboration. There were significant shifts in preservice teacher perceptions of their readiness to work in collaborative settings from the beginning to the end of the study, as well as improvement in communication skills. Findings hold implications for the preparation of special and general education teachers.

Currently, charter schools represent one of the fastest growing movements of educational reform. The first charter school opened in 1992 and there are now over 3,400 charter schools nationwide. Despite this growth, we are only beginning to learn about the performance and operation of these schools. This article adds to our knowledge of charter schools both by examining the finances of charter schools in California, which has more charter students than any other state, and by highlighting their fiscal challenges. Using survey data of California charter and conventional public schools, the results suggest that the degree charter schools are struggling with resources and facilities depends upon charter school type. (Contains 17 footnotes, 9 tables, and 3 figures.)