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Papers presented by panelists at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference for the Social Studies are reprinted. Titles are: "Why the Focus on Immigration,""The Historical Process of Immigration,""Major Areas of Immigration Concern,""Human Implications of Immigration Law and Policies,""Refugee vs. Immigrant," and "How Educational Agencies Serve Immigrant Populations." (SR)

Reports the author's experiences at a convention on school reform. Examines the educational establishment's search for certainty in generalizable formulae. Reveals irony in reforms that deny or subvert human qualities in an effort to create predictable and manageable institutions. Stresses that such human qualities are the only predictable features of the institution. (DK)

Urges that teachers be allowed to play a more active role in school restructuring. Argues that democratic ideals cannot be taught by a school system that is not run democratically. Insists that proponents of restructuring and educational renewal must see as central the teachers' control over professional affairs. (DK)

Urges incorporation of ethics into social studies curriculum. Provides an overview of ethical theory including principle-based theories of utilitarianism and deontology and virtue-based theories. Discusses philosophies of social science including positivism, interpretivism, and critical social science. Suggests teaching methods and curriculum materials. Warns of difficulties in ethics instruction. (DK)

Asserts that teachers are already significant decision makers regarding curriculum and instruction. Argues that teachers and students cannot be empowered by others. Suggests four conditions to enhance teacher growth and informed engagement: systematic study of self; subject matter, pedagogy, and learners; society; and utilization of contingency theory. (DK)

Argues that historians have often neglected ideological forces that have shaped their work. Offers a meta-analysis of the ideological dimensions of historical scholarship. Proposes a social psychoanalytical approach to history. Argues that a recognition of the connection between past and present would expose the ties between history and politics. (SG)

Discusses a study of teacher conceptions of the meaning of history. Concludes that history teachers tend fall into five broad categories: (1) storyteller; (2) scientific historian; (3) relativist/reformer; (4) cosmic philosopher; and (5) eclectic. Suggests that teaching should be grounded in an explicit educational philosophy that is developed in practice. (SG)

Discusses the eighteenth-century view of virtue as an end in itself. Observes that property, prosperity, and individualistic attitudes were essential aspects of economic virtue, whereas majority rule became a central tenet of civic virtue. Explains that public education and governmental checks and balances were seen as means of promoting economic and civic virtue. (SG)

Discusses an elementary teacher's use of educational skits in history instruction. Describes the preparation of skit scripts. Observes that children who grow up passively watching television need encouragement to become actively involved in learning. Suggests that rehearsing the past may be the best way to prepare for the future. (SG)

Political resistance to apartheid is sweeping South Africa and is being met with brutal government repression. This brief survey of human rights violations demonstrates that the white minority and government continue their commitment to apartheid. (RM)

Recommends the use of conceptual mapping, case studies, and springboards to discussion and inquiry as viable approaches to the study of terrorism in secondary classrooms. Provides numerous examples of conceptual maps. (JDH)

State terrorism is defined as terrorism undertaken by a government against people within its own national boundaries. This article reviews the 12-point anti-terrorism program of Amnesty International, lists the psychological needs of victims, and catalogs the various methods of torture used in state terrorism. (JDH)

Explores questions raised in discussions of genocide and reviews ways in which the topic can be investigated. Argues that no matter what the outcome of student inquiry, it is essential that schools carefully and comprehensively include the study of genocide in social studies curricula as a means of reducing the potential for its occurrence. (GEA)

Discusses the Altruistic Personality Project, a study which is exploring the nature of people who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust. In determining which factors motivated the rescuers, researchers have identified three main areas: values and attitudes, personality traits, and situational factors. Advocates cultivation of prosocial behavior to increase feelings of benevolence, care, and concern. (GEA)

Presents a concept action model utilizing the topic of genocide to facilitate understanding of social phenomena and provide experience in dealing with complex issues. Concludes that effective learning of this concept requires involvement beyond traditional classroom lectures and calls upon both students and teachers to become personally involved in the process. (Author/GEA)

Discusses methods of teaching about the history of genocide and the potential for its occurrence today. Encourages students to confront commonly-held beliefs in order to understand human rights abuses. Studies current genocidal tendencies, such as those in Iran, to demonstrate the "latent potential in all of us to allow such evil to occur." (Author/GEA)

Claims that the arms race is genocidal in intent given the fact that the United States and the Soviet Union are knowingly preparing to destroy each other as viable national and political groups. Cites Falk's "Responsibility Model" in support of an argument calling for all people to rise above government affairs and resist nuclear genocide. (GEA)

Argues that while the study of genocide is not a pleasant one, it cannot be ignored. Advocates the use of the "words of witnesses" as the most effective and powerful method of teaching the subject. Concludes that through written materials, guest speakers, and video presentations, this "human dimension" makes the topic "real" and important to students. (Author/GEA)

Analyzes the treatment of genocide in secondary world history textbooks. Acknowledges that textbook space is limited, but argues that all should contain some reference to the subject. Concludes that the Armenian genocide, as well as the genocidal acts of Hitler, Stalin, and Mao Tse-tung should be presented in all survey texts. (GEA)

Details the founding and growth of the Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation. Begun as a local organization, the Foundation now helps teachers and administrators bring education about 20th century genocide, specifically the Holocaust and the genocide of the Armenian people, to students and communities across the nation. (GEA)

In an interview format, Dadrian discusses his views on the Holocaust and the Armenian genocide. Analyzing topics such as "victimology," he demonstrates how outside countries and the victimized group actually facilitate the genocidal process. Concludes that world concern must be generated so that events similar to those in Armenia are not repeated. (GEA)

Describes the "forgotten genocide" which entailed the systematic massacre of the Armenian people by the Turkish government. Compares the creation of special forces and use of "modern" technologies to carry out the process with events during the Holocaust. (GEA)

Discusses genocide as an historical problem. Focusing on twentieth-century events such as the Holocaust and the Armenian and Cambodian genocides. Assesses the values of the United Nations Genocide Treaty. Calls for world vigilance to prevent future tragedies. (GEA)

Argues for a more humanistic definition of genocide; one that includes the intentional murder of a group of human beings on the basis of any shared identity. Identifies the Holocaust as the world's major genocidal event but urges recognition of the Armenian, Cambodian, and similar tragedies. Proposes an early-warning organization to monitor and publicize genocidal tendencies. (GEA)

Examines the nationalistic bias in the domestic public concept of U.S. foreign policy, and the educational neglect of the critical study of issues. States that critical education in which foreign policy issues are carefully analyzed is the end toward which schools should be striving. (GEA)

Examines the thinking of social scientists, politicians, and others who write on the subject of intervention. Summarizes the past and present treatment of intervention in social studies textbooks, stating that teachers must go beyond their texts in identifying intervention as a problem with which society should be concerned. (GEA)

Examines the general concept of intervention and analyzes specific types of U.S. intervention from a geopolitical perspective. Considers the variables relating to the geography of intervention such as land mass, terrain, population, level of development, political stability, cultural heritage, sphere of influence, expansion, and acquisition of overseas territories. (GEA)

States that social studies education must develop reflective, competent, concerned citizens by immersing students in relevant topics to enhance interest and encourage learning. Presents a concept matrices model designed to assist students' in study of interventionism, resulting in citizenry who can understand and responsibly judge policy intervention decisions. (GEA)

States that foreign policy and intervention studies are appropriate means for helping students develop citizen competencies. Presents an integrated problems approach to teaching about foreign policy and intervention which assists teachers in organizing difficult topics and allows them to educate citizens for a global age. (GEA)

Examines U.S. public perceptions of foreign policy decisions, discussing how they are influenced by mass media, specifically, television. Explains how the general public processes information from the media and states that U.S. ability to practice effective statecraft is dependent upon the provision of education conducive to the development of foreign policy schematics. (GEA)

Evaluates U.S. intervention in neighboring countries, classifying actions according to an eightfold taxonomy: acquisition of continental territory, acquisition of overseas territory, establishment of protectorates, acquisition of transit rights to the Pacific, establishment of custom receiverships, protection of U.S. citizens and property, influence on presidential elections, and control of Communism. (GEA)

States that, in foreign policy and intervention discussions, students often lack adequate background information and need help linking new information with old in a meaningful fashion. Examines how teachers can help students clarify the figurative language and concepts abundant in foreign policy issues to increase understanding and enrich classroom discussion. (GEA)

Analyzes how the need to maintain the societal system results in the practice of power politics and the repression of human needs. Examines how democracy is an institutionalized means of resistance to demands for human needs. States that the Western political philosophy's interest-oriented system is a major source of global violence. (GEA)

Identifies threat, economic, and integrative powers as components of national power, and examines the use of such powers by the United States and other nations. States that threat power is costly, while crippling those who use it. Advises nations to concentrate on economic and integrative powers, avoiding intervention and related actions. (GEA)

Appraises the legality, under international law, of the U.S. intervention in Nicaragua. Describes the concepts of intervention, international resolutions, and declarations on the subject. Points out that international law is violated by many nations. Concludes that U.S. intervention in Nicaragua is impermissible under international law and unwise as a foreign policy initiative. (GEA)

Presents 1988 Democratic presidential candidate, Albert Gore, Jr.'s views about the future direction of U.S. foreign policy. Discusses the U.S. role as leader of the Western world and Gore's policies for dealing with allies and the Soviet Union, while maintaining U.S. respect and power. (GEA)

Evaluates the "Iron Curtain" speech made by Winston Churchill in 1946, discussing its relevance and implications for the present. Examines Churchill's predictions for the future and his assessment of the USSR. Reviews world developments since the speech and proposes foreign policy goals for the next 40 years. (GEA)

Examines the policies of presidents Ford, Carter, and Reagan regarding intervention in foreign affairs. States that their policies were formed as a response to the Vietnam War and that they were not especially successful. Illustrates the difficulties involved in maintaining a consistent intervention policy that will satisfy domestic and foreign interests. (GEA)

Discusses the supervisory responsibilities generated by mandated changes in New York State testing procedures in social studies. Points out that the task in providing remediation programs is now more complicated. Discusses state guidelines for needs assessment, in-service training of staff, coordinating and planning for at-risk students, and evaluation of programs. (KO)

Discusses spatial interaction in terms of the movement of people. Classifies human movement into the categories of: (1) displacement involved; (2) motivation of migration; and (3) boundaries crossed. Concludes that movement is always linked to the spatial and socioeconomic configuration of a country. Two secondary lesson plans and two elementary lesson plans are included. (KO)

Refutes the claims of the neoconservative critics of social studies education. Emphasizes that their work reflects the discontent with public education fostered during the Reagan administration. Analyzes their recommendations for curriculum change, and challenges their assumptions. Encourages the study of social problems as the core of social science education. (NL)

Critically assesses current reformist views on teaching social studies. Warns that these educators and the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) position is anti-intellectual, contradicting the ideals of education and democracy. Encourages healthy debate about social studies and supports the virtues of humanism, skepticism, and pluralism. (NL)

Argues that a separate course of study called "History" should be included in the New York state revised secondary social studies program. History instruction will help the student gain a perspective of time and understand him/herself, his/her society, other societies, and the world. (RM)