Search

With the rise of technology and globalisation, subtitling has become essential for accessibility and cross-cultural communication. This study explores the subtitling strategies employed by Romanian subtitlers in the crime drama series Southland, focusing on the translation of extralinguistic culture-bound references (ECRs). Using Jan Pedersen's model of translation strategies, the research analyses approximately 5,000 subtitles from different episodes, revealing how subtitlers navigate cultural differences between American and Romanian contexts. Findings indicate a strong reliance on source-language oriented strategies such as retention and specification to preserve cultural authenticity, alongside target-language oriented strategies such as generalisation and cultural substitution to adapt references for Romanian viewers. Paraphrase has also emerged as a key method for conveying cultural nuances. This research highlights the challenges of translating culture-bound items and emphasises the role of subtitlers as cultural mediators. By providing insights into Romanian subtitling practices, the study contributes to the understanding of audiovisual translation and sets the stage for future research in this evolving field.

Marriage is one of many important topics discussed in the Qur’an and is a vital component of the customs and traditions of every community. This study aims to qualitatively investigate the procedures employed by classical and recent translators in rendering Qur’anic marriage expressions into English and see whether there has been improvement in tackling them. The collected data consists of a set of marriage expressions that are critically analyzed from a translational perspective. Eight famed English translations from 1930 to 2015, which are trustworthy and easily accessible, are examined, along with three exegesis. They are unlike other earlier translations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that were done by non-Muslims who had little knowledge or no background Islam and were often criticized for biased and erroneous content. The results reveal that both classical and recent translators offer successful renditions in some cases, but they fail to do so in several cases due to hurdles involving lexical and cultural gaps, as well as figurative usage. Although workable formal equivalence should remain a priority, paraphrase, transliteration, footnoting, or combinations of them need to be considered when formal equivalence falters. Further, the results show that there has not been any noticeable improvement in this area from classical to recent translations. The differences between them mainly involve lexical variation only, apart from conceptual emendations. The study recommends that Qur’an translation be conducted by an expert team, rather than one individual, whose members must have high language and cultural competence in both languages, have solid religious and cultural background in Qur’anic discourse, consult authoritative exegeses, and have adequate knowledge of translation strategies and procedures.

This article presents a new account of the reception of John Locke’s Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul (1705–7) in the eighteenth-century Church of England. Although the Paraphrase is rarely discussed in studies of the influence of Locke’s writings, this work was widely used by later scholars and clergymen. The fierce early response to the Paraphrase’s apparently heterodox interpretations of St. Paul’s accounts of the Resurrection and the Trinity soon gave way to a more positive appreciation of the work’s merits. Even in these early years, some putatively orthodox divines had found much that was useful in the Paraphrase. After 1730, such positive readings of the Paraphrase became more prevalent. The growing status of Locke’s philosophy facilitated a re-reading of his religious writings. The Paraphrase was lauded in Biblical commentaries, educational writings, sermons, and systematic treatises. Scholars and clergymen frequently imbibed Locke’s hermeneutic principles; his judicious comments on St. Paul’s style and argumentative strategy; his anti-Calvinist exegesis; and, the contextual knowledge he provided for understanding the epistles. The enduring influence of the Paraphrase also ensured that it was deployed in several significant theological debates around Deism and obligatory subscription to articles of faith.

The present article focuses on the analysis of how adverbs of evidential certainty are translated into Romanian in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. Drawing on previous work, we argue that adverbs of certainty exhibit different interpretations function of their context of occurrence and their position in the clause. In this analysis, I am going to look at the different translation strategies employed in the ten Romanian translations of the book. We are interested in investigating the differences between the earliest translation and the most recent retranslations. We can safely assume that evidentiality is a universal semantic category that is coded differently in different languages. Therefore, it is going to be interesting to see how the rendering of evidential adverbs into Romanian differs from one translator to another across time. Adverbs of certainty express more often than not a degree of confidence on the part of the speaker alongside the speaker’s attitude toward the content of the sentence.

Abstract Pastoral counseling is an important part of church life. Pastoral counseling does not solely focus on overcoming problems and finding ways to overcome these problems, but also on the relationship between the counselor and the counselee. There are three contexts that need to be considered in the relationship, namely community life, spiritual relationships or friendships and pastoral conversations. Good communication skills are needed to build and maintain these relationships. Good communication is necessary because pastoral counseling should aim at liberating service. In a modern perspective, counseling ministry is not enough to simply read a passage of the Bible and people start talking to each other. Counseling ministry also needs other approaches that support it, such as medical, psychological, and other approaches. This paper aims to provide an understanding of the importance of communication in pastoral counseling. Communication techniques that support pastoral counseling will be put forward to provide the practical side of this paper. The method used is a qualitative method based on literature study. Abstrak Konseling pastoral adalah bagian penting dalam kehidupan gereja. Konseling pastoral tidak semata-mata fokus pada upaya mencari jalan keluar untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, tetapi juga pada relasi antara konselor dengan konseli. Ada tiga konteks yang perlu diperhatikan dalam relasi tersebut, yaitu kehidupan komunitas, relasi atau persahabatan spiritual dan percakapan pastoral. Kemampuan berkomunikasi yang baik diperlukan untuk membangun dan menjaga relasi tersebut. Komunikasi yang baik diperlukan karena konseling pastoral harus bertujuan pada pelayanan yang membebaskan. Dalam perspektif modern, pelayanan konseling tidak cukup hanya dengan membaca bagian Alkitab dan orang mulai berbicara satu dengan yang lain. Pelayanan konseling juga membutuhkan pendekatan-pendekatan lain yang mendukungnya, seperti pendekatan medis, psikologi, dan yang lainnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan pemahaman tentang pentingnya komunikasi dalam konseling pastoral. Teknik berkomunikasi yang mendukung konseling pastoral akan dikemukakan untuk memberikan sisi praktis dari tulisan ini. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan berbasis pada studi pustaka.

This study examines the effectiveness of reflective writing pedagogy and elucidates students’ plagiarism behavior, causality, and compositional resources. Drawing on a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design, it addresses the problem of student plagiarism using second-semester graduate students at IAIN Palopo, Indonesia, as a sample and data collected via writing tests, interviews, and documentation studies using Turnitin software. A combination of descriptive and inferential statistical methods was used for evaluation, and a qualitative description was used to analyze the behavior and needs. The results show a 33.13% decrease in plagiarism following attendance of reflective writing classes, with a considerable value of 0.001. Students’ most ubiquitous form of plagiarism was direct quotations without proper citations. The factors driving plagiarism include difficulties with paraphrasing, crafting coherent paragraphs, time constraints, and incorrect utilization of Turnitin software. The study concludes that reflective-writing instructions are imperative for reducing plagiarism propensity as students require writing guidance.

The purpose of community service is the achievement of the tri dharma of higher education by providing knowledge that can be applied by the community. This training aims to encourages the academic community to play an active role in research activities. By the theme of the event, this activity is also present to provide benefits in the form of education for both lecturers and students in preparing themselves to make a scientific journal. The Community Service Team held initial discussions with several lecturers from several universities that have cooperation with the Faculty of Economics, Jakarta State University such as YKPN Polytechnic University Yogyakarta, STABN Raden Wijaya Wonogiri, STIE Pertiwi, STIAB Jinarakkhita Lampung, Podomoro University, Dian Nusantara University, Gunung Swaadaya University. Teak. The partners discussed their desire to receive the Basic Skills Training for Scientific Writing and Publication to Improve Research Competence. The method used is qualitative with descriptive analysis techniques. This activity is carried out so that partners can have basic skills in writing scientific papers and publications in international journals. The result of training in writing articles and scientific publications is to improve the quality of research in universities that have an impact on society.

Teaching and assessing summary writing remains in the focus of research into academic literacy, the issue revisited by every new generation of researchers in the light of the emerging affordances and plurilingual reality. In higher Ukrainian education, where teaching academic skills has gained momentum only in the past 15–20 years, summary writing pertains mostly to teaching Ukrainian to international students, teaching English for professional communication and training post-graduates. A 15-year practice of teaching academic English to students of linguistics has provided the author with extensive empirical data which, upon analysis conducted within action research, have enabled maximized effect on teaching summary writing. Along with the teaching methodology, the assessment technique was also optimized, based on rating scales with the criteria accepted by the students and detailed feedback provided to them via the Google Classroom platform. The comparison of pre-and post-tests of writing summaries of Ukrainian research articles verifies the hypothesis about the transferability of summarization skills built in English to academic L1. The author formulates the limitations of the action research project, implications and prospects of further research.

Adverbs are a very heterogeneous class that raise a lot of problems not only for their syntactic and semantic interpretation but also for their translation. The current analysis draws on previous formal work on manner adverbs as a very heterogeneous class that exhibits different interpretations with respect to their context of occurrence and their position in the clause. Our current discussion of manner adverbs aims at investigating the different strategies employed by the Romanian translator in rendering the variety of manner adverbs occurring in the translation of P.G. Wodehouse’s “Right ho, Jeeves.” Because English is an adverbial language while Romanian appears to be partly adverbial, it will be interesting to see how the Romanian translator fares in the endeavour of translating manner adverbs and if the predictions made in formal studies on manner adverbs are borne out by the data provided by translation.

The present article aims to identify stylistic figures, providing intertextual connections of American presidents’ inaugural addresses with other texts which are of great importance to the USA and the American nation. Stylistic figures are figurative and expressive means of connecting texts of the past with texts of the present. The stylistic figures “allusion”, “application”, “paraphrase”, and “citation” have been analysed in the inaugural addresses delivered by four American presidents (2001–2021) – George Bush Jr., Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joseph Biden. These stylistic figures determine intertextual contacts of the inaugural addresses with the texts which characterize the country’s historical and modern development – the United States Declaration of Independence, John Page’s letter to Thomas Jefferson, the Constitution of the United States, the past Presidents’ speeches, patriotic songs. Inaugural addresses form a well-established genre in political discourse, and this genre is aimed at integrating and inspiring the people as well as at performing and establishing President’s and his administration’s general policies. The analysis of the genre of the “inaugural address” is an integral part of political discourse research. Political discourse is perceived as a system of communication that has real and virtual measures. The analysis of stylistic figures which provide intertextual connections belongs to the study of the virtual measure of political discourse – its semiotic area. The analysis conducted in the article is based on political discourse research, intertextuality theory, critical discourse analysis theory as well as on practical papers on presidential communication. This article’s methodology includes methods of observation, deduction, induction, controlled sampling, and the method of discourse analysis. Having analyzed the inaugural addresses and having identified the stylistic figures which incorporate other texts into the inaugural addresses, the author concludes that, firstly, the ideas and principles formulated in the past and implemented in the country’s development concept are sacred and unshakeable, and secondly, these ideas and principles have a great impact on the American nation’s consolidation and integration.

Scholars commonly move from the premise that Jesus in the Fourth Gospel speaks in Johannine idiom to the conclusion that the evangelist elaborated Jesus’s teachings. We can evaluate this claim better if we distinguish paraphrase from elaboration, restricting the former concept to reports that would be recognizable both in content and in historical context. We should further distinguish different things that could be meant by the phrase “Johannine idiom.” When we do both of these, we can see the weakness of the argument from idiom to elaboration. There is also positive evidence supporting the counterclaim that John was scrupulous in recording the teachings of the historical Jesus. Two lines of such evidence come from the narrator’s explanatory “asides” and from unexplained allusions in Jesus’s teaching in the Gospel of John.

Hicri sekizinci yüzyılda yaşamış olan İbn Hişâm (öl. 761/1360) Arap dilinin önde gelen âlimlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Kaynaklarda tam ismi; Cemâlüddin Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Yûsuf b. Ahmed b. Abdillâh b. Hişâm el- Ensârî el-Mısrî şeklinde yer almıştır. Künyesi, Ebû Muhammed lakabı ise Cemâlüddin’dir. Ayrıca el-Ensârî, el-Mısrî ve en-Nahvî nisbeleriyle de bilinmektedir. Ancak İbn Hişâm veya İbn Hişâm en-Nahvî olarak meşhur olup tanınmıştır. İbn Hişâm, yaşadığı dönemin önde gelen âlimlerinden dersler almış ve Arap diliyle ilgili birçok eser telif etmiştir. Muğni’l-lebib ‘an kutubi’l-e‘arib, Evdahu’l-mesâlik ilâ Elfiyyeti İbn Malik, Katru’n-nedâ ve bellu’s-sadâ, Şerh-u katri’n-nedâ ve belli’s-sadâ, Şerhu şuzûri’z-zeheb, el-İ’rab an kavâ‘idi’l-i’rab yazmış olduğu eserlerden bazılarıdır. İbn Hişâm’ın Katru’n-nedâ adlı eseri Arap dili hakkında yazdığı veciz ve kapsamlı bir gramer kitabıdır. Başta yazarı olmak üzere birçok kişi tarafından şerhi yapılmış ve bu şerhler üzerinde de çok sayıda hâşiye yazılmıştır. Çalışma konumuz olan Şerhu katri’n-nedâ ve belli’s-sadâ adlı eser de müellifin kendisi tarafından Katru’n-nedâ’ya yapılan şerh türü bir eserdir. İbn Hişâm, Şerhu katri’n-nedâ ve belli’s-sadâ adlı eserini telif ederken Arap dili hakkında uzman olan birçok alimin görüş ve eserlerinden istifade etmiştir. Söz konusu eserini telif ederken kendisinden önce yaşamış olan birçok Arap dili âlimine atıfta bulunmuştur. İbn Hişâm, Şerh-u katri’n-nedâ ve belli’s-sadâ isimli eserinde özellikle bazı Arap dili âlimlerinin isimlerini sıklıkla zikrederken bazılarına ise çok az atıfta bulunmuştur. Müellifin söz konusu eserinde isimlerine çokça yer verdiği âlimler arasında Sîbeveyhî (öl.180/796), Kisâî (öl. 189/805), Ferrâ (öl. 207/822), Ebu’l-Hasen el-Ahfeş (öl. 215/830), Ebu’l-Abbâs el-Muberred (öl. 286/900), İbnu’s-Serrâc (öl. 316/929) ve Ebû ‘Alî el-Fârisî (öl. 377/987) gibi alimler yer almaktadır. Dolayısıyla İbn Hişâm, Şerh-u katri’n-nedâ ve belli’s-sadâ adlı eserinde birçok âliminin görüşüne atıfta bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak kendilerine atıfta bulunduğu âlimlerin görüşlerinin hepsini kabul etmemiştir. Bu görüşlerden bazılarını kabul etmiş, bazılarını da reddetmiştir. Bazen de ele aldığı görüşlerle ilgili herhangi bir yorum ve açıklama yapmadan sadece söz konusu görüşleri nakletmekle yetinmiştir. Bazen de söz konusu görüşler içerinde değerlendirmede bulunmuş ve kendi kanaatine göre en sahih olan görüşü tercih etmiştir. Müellifin Arap dili âlimlerine karşı sergilediği bu tutum, ele aldığı Arap dili gramer konularını iyice araştırdığını ve en sağlam bulduğu görüşü tercih ettiğini göstermektedir. Çalışmamızda, İbn Hişâm’ın Arap dili grameri hakkında telif ettiği, metin ve şerhinin kendisine ait olduğu Şerh-u katri’n-nedâ ve belli’s-sadâ adlı eserinde çeşitli dil konularını ele alırken isimlerine çokça atıfta bulunduğu ve nahiv alanında kendilerinden istifade ettiği Arap dili âlimlerine karşı tutumu incelenmiştir. Nitekim İbn Hişâm, söz konusu eserinde birçok dilcinin görüşlerini ortaya koymuş, zaman zaman söz konusu görüşler arasında karşılaştırmalar yapmış ve kendisi bazı tercihlerde bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada İbn Hişâm’ın özellikle nahiv alanında kendilerinden istifade ettiği ve isimlerine çokça atıfta bulunduğu Arap dili âlimleri ele alınmış ve söz konusu dilciler hakkında kısa bir tanıtım da yapılmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada İbn Hişâm’ın Arap dili âlimlerine karşı tutumu, tercihleri, gerekçeleri ve görüşler nakledilirken taassupla hareket edip etmediği hususu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

In this paper, we address the problem of uncertainty management in identification of paraphrase sentence pairs. Paraphrase sentences are simply sets/pairs of sentences that express the same facts and/or opinions using different words or order of words. We propose the use of certainty factor (CF) model in paraphrase detection. A set of succeeding paraphrase detection features (generic and distance based features) is built by filtering and this set is used as evidences in CF model. The CF model is evaluated by F1 and accuracy measures on Microsoft Research Paraphrase corpus. The results are compared to the well-known Bayesian reasoning. The experimental results showed that CF model is an alternating paraphrase detection method to Bayes model.

Sentence adverbs (SAs) take the whole sentence into their scope and express the speaker’s viewpoint, opinion or comment on an action, or some sort of modality assessment on the event. They do not offer any information on how the action occurred and this is what makes them different from manner adverbs. It is interesting to investigate the strategies that two Romanian translators adopt in their renderings of C. S. Lewis’s The Chronicles of Narnia: The Magician’s Nephew, since C. S. Lewis does not shy away from using adverbs in his writings. Retranslation in itself is quite an intriguing phenomenon to analyze, but in this case what makes it even more interesting is the way in which the translators chose to render a grammatical structure which behaves in a very heterogeneous manner.

The received view in the debate on the form–content unity of poetry is that the possibility of paraphrase does not sit well with the unity conception. I will suggest a shift from paraphrase to translation, since the latter is substantially closer to the heart of the matter. I will heretically divert from the ‘commonplace’ view, which claims that poetry cannot be translated. However, I will argue that the possibility of translation in this sense can be reconciled, appearances notwithstanding, with the unity of form and content. A further surprising conclusion will be that, while this possibility prima facie appears to be the best argument against the unity, the contrary is the case.

The present study attempts to focus on the interpretation of colour terms in the Ever-Glorious Quran. The study examines whether it is possible to observe any consistency in the strategies used for the interpretation of colour-terms in the Ever-Glorious Quran. The validity of the notion of foreignisation as brought to the fore of translation studies and advocated by Venuti (1995) is explored. Paraphrase as a strategy adopted by some interpreters of the Ever-Glorious Quran is also investigated. The study, moreover, explores the idiomacity of some colour terms in the Ever-Glorious Quran, and investigates the strategies employed in interpreting such idiomatic expressions. This is attempted under the foreignisation strategy proposed by Venuti (1995) and the framework of Berlin with Kay studies on colours (1969). The present study is a comparative analysis of three authentic interpretations of the Ever-Glorious Quran, namely Pickthall (1938), M. Asad (1980) and Yusuf Ali (1992). The paper describes already-existing interpretations in order to make generalization about translation methods.

Cet article étudie le poème d’Arias Montano, Paráfrasis del Cantar de los Cantares en modo pastoril (Paraphrase du Cantique des Cantiques en mode pastoral), à la lumière des commentaires de Fray Luis de León dans son Exposición de 1561, en se basant sur les opérations menées par l'auteur à sa traduction poétique, pour doter d’une plus grande vraisemblance un texte initialement très complexe et insaisissable et pour convaincre le lecteur du sens véritable du Cantar. Certaines de ces stratégies de persuasion s’appliquent à l’énonciation du poème, à la disposition des exhortations des époux, ou à l’inclusion d’une nouvelle fin, totalement opposée au texte original.

In defending the startling claim that that there are no artifacts, indeed, no inanimate material objects of the familiar sort, Peter van Inwagen has argued that truths about such putative objects can be paraphrased as truths that do not make essential reference to them and that we should endorse only the ontological commitments of the paraphrase. In this note I argue that the paraphrases van Inwagen recommends cannot meet his condition. Read one way, they lose us some truths. Read another, they entail the existence of the very objects they are supposed to rid us of. However, we need not share van Inwagen's distaste for the latter: to say that they exist is not to say that anything exists in addition to the simples composing them.

Cet article vise à examiner la présence et la fonction du discours indirect dans le langage de la bande dessinée. À cet égard, à partir d’un échantillon de bandes dessinées (du type roman graphique, noir et récit historique), nous avons analysé la position du discours indirect, dans les bulles ou dans les légendes, et les fonctions qu’il exerce par rapport à verba dicendi, verba rogandi etc. Ces fonctions ont été comprises dans leur valeur illocutoire, par exemple pour mentionner ce qui a été dit/rapporté/demandé etc. par d’autres, pour signaler quelque chose de connu/une rumeur, pour exprimer un doute/une incertitude/une opinion etc., pour exprimer une demande/un désir/une opportunité etc.

"In the present article, the actual problem of modern linguistics is considered – the process of nomination, through the interaction of such factors as meaning and reference, as well as their influence on the process is under consideration. It seems relevant to consider meaning in terms of the surrounding world, so semantics should include the whole volume of human knowledge which does not contradict the meaning. Moreover, there are some terms in the language that can not be divided into smaller components, but they can be interpreted by events coming around."

В статье рассматривается песнопение эпохи Барокко, использующееся в современной культовой практике католических приходов России. Значительное переосмысление культового репертуара обусловлено реформами Второго Ватиканского собора (1962-1965), позволившими использовать в службе национальный язык и разнообразный музыкальный материал. В Мессу включается множество обработок гимнов разных эпох, в первую очередь, Возрождения и Барокко. Актуальность статьи обусловлена отсутствием исследований о русскоязычной гим-нографии XX-XXI вв. Автор отмечает, что современное литургическое бытование католических песнопений может быть рассмотрено через ракурс проблемы парафразирования. Под парафразами понимаются новые текстовые и музыкальные варианты - авторские обработки гимнов. Анализ русскоязычных версий анонимного песнопения XVII в. на стихи Фридриха фон Шпее «О Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf» демонстрирует лексическое многообразие современного католического репертуара. Русский перевод гимна «Господь, открой небес врата» (Е. Перегудова) на немецкую мелодию исполняется в российских приходах и с другими стихами («В долине слез»). Текстовые парафразы имеют разные авторские мелодические версии (А. Куличенко и С. Мовчана). Автор полагает, что вариативность современного католического репертуара связана с ситуацией новой литургической коммуникации после реформ Второго Ватиканского собора.

Paraphrase detection and generation are important natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Yet the term paraphrase is broad enough to include many fine-grained relations. This leads to different tolerance levels of semantic divergence in the positive paraphrase class among publicly available paraphrase datasets. Such variation can affect the generalisability of paraphrase classification models. It may also impact the predictability of paraphrase generation models. This paper presents a new model which can use few corpora of fine-grained paraphrase relations to construct automatically using language inference models. The fine-grained sentence level paraphrase relations are defined based on word and phrase level counterparts. We demonstrate that the fine-grained labels from our proposed system can make it possible to generate paraphrases at desirable semantic level. The new labels could also contribute to general sentence embedding techniques.

XIII. yüzyılın sonlarından XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar Osmanlı Devleti’nin sınırlarının ve sesinin ulaştığı hemen her yerde güçlü bir edebiyat olarak varlık gösteren Klasik Türk Edebiyatı; telif eserlerin yanı sıra, İslâmî, tarihî ve kültürel müşterekler dolayısıyla dinî veya ilmî eserlerde çoğunlukla Arapça, edebî yahut kültürel eserlerde de Farsça metinler üzerinde yapılan tercüme ve şerh faaliyetleri ile gelişmiştir.Cumhuriyet Döneminin ilk yıllarından itibaren bir bilim olarak çerçevesi çizilen Klasik Türk Edebiyatı ürünlerinin tasnif, inceleme, çeviri gibi yöntemleri belirli bir sisteme oturtulmuş olmasına rağmen bazı eserler, birtakım özgünlükleri ve özellikleri dolayısıyla tek ve tam bir başlık altında değerlendirilememektedir. Hasan Rızâyî’nin “Cûy-ı Rahmet” adlı manzum Gülistân şerhi de “şerh, tercüme ve tefsir” olarak nitelenmekle birlikte kendine has bir yöntemle kaleme alındığından özgün bir şerh hüviyeti göstermektedir.Bu çalışmada; bilinen tek manzum Gülistân şerhi olan Cûy-ı Rahmet’i özel kılan yöntem ve özellikler incelenmiş, eserin şerh geleneği içindeki yeri belirlenmiştir.

In the context of complete meaningful linguistic activities such as writing summaries, the paraphrase prompts reflection on the interaction between words, meaning and discourse, and thus helps develop thelexical component of discourse competence. Paraphrasing exercises are useful for both native and foreign language practice, especially for future translators, and lend students greater awareness of the shades of meaning distinguishing synonymic expressions in given contexts. We show that variations in meaning due to the use of synonyms and morpho-syntactical reformulations may be analyzed in terms of point of view and focalization, thereby taking into account the subjective and intersubjective dimensions of lexicon and discourse.

In this work we examined the phenomenon of citation and other forms of intertextuality in the novels of Danilo Nikolić. The research has shown that this contemporary Serbian writer consistently achieves intertextual relationships in his works, in various ways, which makes the process prominent in the poetics of his novels. We noticed that the phenomenon of citation is not equally characteristic of all the novels the writer wrote, but is especially emphasized in the first three novels (The Owners of Former Happiness, The Queen of Fun and The Ending in Grgeteg) because in these novels, the citations are separated from the main text, in both graphical and spatial sense, while in other novels they are represented to a lesser degree and are mainly located within the primary text. Considering the type of subtext which they were taken from, we concluded that the interliterary quotations have been inserted into the structure of Nikolić's novels, as well as self-citations and non-aesthetic quotations. Apart from the quotations, we also encountered other forms of intertextual relations in the novels of Danilo Nikolić, in which we did not see any matching, that is to say equivalence between his own and other texts, and the intertextual contact is achieved in other ways. That led to us discovering the allusion, reminiscence, the comment and the paraphrase of someone else's text. The analysis has shown that these forms of intertextuality largely appear in two latest novels this author wrote, The Corrector and The List of the Future Deceased, while they only scarcely appear within several of his other novels. Based on the given results, we could conclude that Danilo Nikolić, in his novels, accomplishes the dialogue with foreign texts in a creative way, because through the given communication, he manages to achieve authentic literary artistic structures.

Studdy of ba'ooza's expository hadis in Qomi's interpretation and Pathology of it. In time lapse, some hadises effected by many damages like: paraphrasing without mentioning its qualifications, sophistication and inaccurate adjustment to the verses of Quran. these damages are prohibiting the true intellection and cause without enquire acceptance of some hadises. Therefore it is required to acceptance or rejection of the credit of it or if a hadis accepted, to get logical understanding, must research about it source and credit of it. among the hadises that some interpreters claimed that they're fake, is the hadis of ba'ooza in qomi's interpretation that say the purpose of ba'ooza in verse(Bagharah/26) is Imam Ali. another hadis which is said in Imam Askari's interpretation, some people define it as the sign of ba'ooza's fiction. in opposition, some people has been efforted to discover a relationship between these two hadises. In this article we seek for taking reasons or possibility of these hadises preferences with logical and practical documentary and the text of ba'ooza with its technical research among that creation of hadises group and textual analysis of related hadises and it is clarified that ba'ooza's hadis has been harmed from paraphrasing without mentioning its qualifications, and it caused false understanding from explanation of verse. in addition, destroying sophistication in text and dissemble in ba'ooza hadis's document are traceable and it is agumented that "ba'ooza" word adjustment to Imam as the heart of 26th verse of bagharah is incorrect and true hadis is accessible.

In the Digital Humanities, source analysis for classical studies must take into account the specific editing techniques and models associated with the transmission of ancient texts. The paper proposes methodological principles that show all kinds of references (editions, fragment collections, quotations, paraphrases) in the automatic extraction. This is exemplified in the application of a co-occurrence search (political debate in Athens in the 5th century B.C., nomads in Greek historiography) and network visualization with Gephi (construction of tradition vs. visualization of source networks using the example of the source network in Plutarch’ s oeuvre).

Les MRP du catalan, ayant pour fonction d’établir l’équivalence entre les énoncés qu’ils relient, constituent-ils une classe homogène ? Telle est la question à laquelle l’article tente de répondre en fixant trois objectifs : a) analyser le fonctionnement de quatre marqueurs de reformulation paraphrastique : és a dir, o sigui, dit d’una altra manera et en altres paraules; b) en dégager les ressemblances et les différences; et c) déterminer si les différences pragmatiques entre ces quatre marqueurs peuvent être attribuées à leur composition morphologique et à leur degré de grammaticalisation. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que, s’ils établissent toujours une équivalence entre énoncés, il existe cependant des différences quant aux instructions de second niveau que ces marqueurs véhiculent et quant au degré de grammaticalisation. Par conséquent, ces marqueurs ne sont pas interchangeables dans toute situation discursive, et ils ne peuvent pas être considérés comme une classe homogène en catalan.

Les MRP du catalan, ayant pour fonction d’établir l’équivalence entre les énoncés qu’ils relient, constituent-ils une classe homogène ? Telle est la question à laquelle l’article tente de répondre en fixant trois objectifs : a) analyser le fonctionnement de quatre marqueurs de reformulation paraphrastique : és a dir, o sigui, dit d’una altra manera et en altres paraules; b) en dégager les ressemblances et les différences; et c) déterminer si les différences pragmatiques entre ces quatre marqueurs peuvent être attribuées à leur composition morphologique et à leur degré de grammaticalisation. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que, s’ils établissent toujours une équivalence entre énoncés, il existe cependant des différences quant aux instructions de second niveau que ces marqueurs véhiculent et quant au degré de grammaticalisation. Par conséquent, ces marqueurs ne sont pas interchangeables dans toute situation discursive, et ils ne peuvent pas être considérés comme une classe homogène en catalan.

The Lives of the Saints compendium by Dymytriy Tuptalo belongs to a special type of rewritten literature representing a collection of already existing and retold texts. The paper discusses how numerous authors, often distanced in time, can coexist within one text. It focuses on the combination of various (medieval and early modern) approaches in the gathering of a hagiographical collection, as well on Tuptalo’s individual traits as a hagiographer-compiler, his original source processing, and his collaboration with predecessors. The paper attempts to reveal the characteristic features of the compendium that provide a better understanding of the concept of the author and authorship in the process of metaphraseis.

This research is aiming to find out the types, how to convey, and paraphrase’s purposes or in Japanese is iikae. Paraphrase in Japanese communication is the fundamental aspect for the Japanese language learners. However, in the communication, there are still many problems, for example, vocabulary knowledge limit and grammar knowledge. Although, there are still many problems, it could be overcome with paraphrase or iikae in Japanese. The data source of this research is TV Show Ameejipangu which is broadcasted on TBS channel or can be downloaded on YouTube. Data were collected by watch and note method on the sentences which consist of iikae or paraphrase from foreigner to Japanese. The results of this research are four types iikae or paraphrases. There are definitive paraphrase, suironteki iikae (parphrase based on conclusion), synonym paraphrase, and explicative paraphrase. Thence, how to convey iikae with gairaigo (foreign origin words), gesture, and periphrase. Finally, iikae’s purposes are to give a general image to listener, giving prominent, to make the sentence shorter, etc.

L’enseignement du lexique est un incontournable des acquisitions à l’école maternelle. Il fait l’objet d’ateliers dits ‘’de langage’’ auprès des jeunes élèves. C’est alors souvent un lexique nominal et concret qui leur est enseigné via des cartes-images. Le verbe, pivot de la phrase, est ainsi peu étudié (excepté certains verbes d’action). C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons souhaité travailler sur ce matériau lexical. Par ailleurs, il s’avère que la dimension syntagmatique du lexique, si elle participe à la construction sémantique de l’unité lexicale, est également peu mobilisée dans l’enseignement. La compétence lexicale se construisant au vu de l’accroissement du lexique disponible, mais aussi au vu des habiletés des élèves et des stratégies qu’ils peuvent mettre en place, nous supposons que le fait d’enseigner des stratégies de précision du sens des verbes va les aider à s’approprier ce lexique. À partir de l’analyse de verbes sélectionnés avec deux enseignants de grande section (5 ans), le présent article présente un dispositif d’exploration des verbes et de leur entour via la paraphrase, habileté essentielle dans les acquisitions lexicales, afin de favoriser la compréhension et le réemploi des verbes étudiés. Trois tests émaillent la mise en oeuvre, les séances ont été enregistrées et retranscrites. Leurs analyses tendent à montrer que les élèves comprennent mieux les verbes étudiés et qu’ils se les sont appropriés au point de pouvoir les réemployer. Mots clés : lexique, paraphrase, acquisition

The paper traces one aspect of R. I. Rozhdestvenskiy’ works, namely his accusatory poems, in comparison with Vladimir Mayakovskiy’s satirical works. The satirical techniques of creating artistic images that were common for both authors are researched and classified, they are: sarcasm, grotesque hyperbole, fantasy, allusion, metaphor, allegory, paraphrase, irony, etc. Based on the analysis, the traditions of the poet of the “Silver Age” and the innovations of Rozhdestvenskiy as an accuser are traced in accusatory verses and poems by R. Rozhdestvenskiy.The study proved that Mayakovskiy’s and R. I. Rozhdestvenskiy’s satires are organic parts of their concept of aesthetic ideals in their personal relationship to the world and the people, setting new spiritual values of the poet’s contemporary society. In mock-satirical works by R. I. Rozhdestvenskiy the

In this study there is analyzed the impact of patristic literature on the first translation into Romanian of the Book of Psalms, in 1651, under the coordination of Simion Ştefan, the Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania. The translation was done from Hebrew, but the influence of the Greek Septuagint, the Latin (not necessarily the Vulgate) and the Slavic versions cannot be ignored. In the Second Introduction (Predoslovie), the Archbishop gives an erudit presentation of the origin, authorship, aims, structure, main ideas of the Book of Psalms, using – with or without specific nomination – the works of Basil the Great, Jerome, Augustine and of the less known Byzantine writer Euthimius Zigabenus. The Western manner of quotation and paraphrase is obvious, having as a result a very modern and scientific version of the Book of Psalms.

After contextualizing the edition and the tradition of the reading of spirituality books - from prayer books to treatises of spiritual theology - in small or even tiny format - which competed to make them accessible by their cost and by their size, also making them «perishable» objects –, we study two works in very small format and of extreme rarity - the Paraphrasis do Psalmo Beati immaculati... (Lisbon, 1630), by Pedro Calvo, O.P., and the Declaração do Padre Nosso (Lisbon, 1624) by Martim Afonso de Miranda, a soldier doublé in moralist - trying to integrate these comments in their bibliographical and devotional tradition.

The paper contains objections to Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz’s semantic argumentagainst subjective idealism of George Berkeley, formulated in Ajdukiewicz’s articleEpistemology and Semiotics. It is argued that this argument is question-begging,as it presupposes a realistic conception of intentionality. It is analyzed whetherAjdukiewicz’s argument against idealism fromOn the Notion of Existencecould beused to support the former reasoning, and I argue that it could not. I also evaluateRoman Suszko’s modification of Ajdukiewicz argument and show that this modifi-cation is superficial, as it lays on the very same question-begging assumption thatAjdukiewicz made. In the conclusion I attempt a general defense of Ajdukiewicz’sphilosophical method, regardless of its misapplications.

Supported by examples taken from publications in Romanian alphabet of transition, focusing its analysis on onomastic and toponymic transliterations, and especially on the processes of lexical "parenthesizations" seen as innovative strategies adopted for didactical purposes linked to the French influence, this paper proposes gathering of "parenthesized" occurrences of that time (doublets, synonyms, glosses, paraphrases, translations, interpretations etc...) present in the whole corpus of periodicals and volumes. Thanks to computer technology, detailed analyzes and comparison with prior results will allow to reach a better clarification and accuracy about the history of Romanian lexicography and words (attestation of words, uses and significations, neologisms etc.), and about the evolution of the cultural landscape and various areas of the local imaginary.

The article is devoted to the research of Christian reminiscences in A. D. Kantemir's works. Such works of Kantemir’s psalm poetry as the Symphony of the Book of Psalms, paraphrases Metaphrasis Ps. 36, Metaphrasis Ps. 72, Song I Against the Godless, Song II Hope for God are used for this purpose. Images, motives and certain verses of psalms are presented in many Kantemir's works written in different years beginning with his early Symphony to the late translation of The Existence of God by Fenelon. A. D. Kantemir combined verses from the Book of Psalms with similar motives from antique authors' works.

Fray Luis de Leon’s dedication to the translation of the Psalms was not uncommon in 16th century spiritual literature, where approaches of all kinds to the Book of David abound. Translating poetry was not unusual either, in a European context with a large production of that genre. This paper aims at proving how, based on the analysis of Psalm 26, the interest shown by Fray Luis in paraphrasing the Psalms does not stem from his desire to use rhetorical style or from a piety-through-poetry approach, but rather from his interpretation and personal adoption of meanings established by exegetical tradition.

In writing his historical works, Dimitrie Cantemir used an impressive number of bibliographical sources, most of them written in Latin and Greek. One of the most important sources used in Historia Moldo-Vlachica and its Romanian version Hronicul vechimei a Romano-Moldo-Vlahilor is represented by Annales sive de origine et rebus gestis Polonorum et Lithuanorum libri octo by the Polish historian Stanisław Sarnicki. Cantemir critically takes over the information, which he disputes most often using bibliography-based reasons. The quotation or the paraphrase is interrupted by Cantemir’s personal observations, which have more passion and, at times, subjectivism in the Romanian work.

on Gnosticism school and Batinis religion, have common belief that Quran have esoteric meanings on words and verses, therefore, those two methods have specific approachs to finding the real meanings of this verses. With exact focus on the texts and Sources of this two methods, we faced with Similarities and differences of hermeneutic on three specific Gnosticism Aspects A) finding the meanings on context of verses, B) by moral edification to achievement this meanings, C) by passing through apparent feeling and reaching to spiritual feeling of real meaning of verses. In the Batini ’ s beliefs, the main specifications of paraphrase are: a) Specifying the antitye of the words in the Qoran. b) Education of Paraphrases. c) Specifying the relation between feeling and spiritual meanings and vice versa. This Study, at first, has abigated to explane the meaning of paraphrase and allegory, and eventually, reviewed to similiarities and differences between them and Quran explanation, in addition we doing a arbitration between them.

on Gnosticism school and Batinis religion, have common belief that Quran have esoteric meanings on words and verses, therefore, those two methods have specific approachs to finding the real meanings of this verses. With exact focus on the texts and Sources of this two methods, we faced with Similarities and differences of hermeneutic on three specific Gnosticism Aspects A) finding the meanings on context of verses, B) by moral edification to achievement this meanings, C) by passing through apparent feeling and reaching to spiritual feeling of real meaning of verses. In the Batini ’ s beliefs, the main specifications of paraphrase are: a) Specifying the antitye of the words in the Qoran. b) Education of Paraphrases. c) Specifying the relation between feeling and spiritual meanings and vice versa. This Study, at first, has abigated to explane the meaning of paraphrase and allegory, and eventually, reviewed to similiarities and differences between them and Quran explanation, in addition we doing a arbitration between them.

Este texto alude ó nacemento da Tradutoloxía e amosa de xeito breve e conciso as etapas esenciais da súa traxectoria. Evoca algúns conceptos capitais que xeran debate entre os especialistas na materia, como o da equivalencia ou o da interpretación do sentido, e lígaos coa paremioloxía, xa que, o estudo dos refráns presenta dificultades importantes na tradución, tanto lingüísticas coma culturais. Este artigo salienta algunhas das máis importantes, como a metáfora, a equivalencia etc. // This text refers to the beginning of Traductology and it shows in a concise and brief way the essential stages of its trajectory. It evokes some main concepts such as equivalence or sense interpretation, which are object of discussion among specialists in this field. It links these concepts to paremiology, since the study of proverbs involves important problems, both linguistic and cultural. This paper remarks some of the most significant difficulties such as metaphor, equivalence, etc.

It is well known that some people have the skill to translate whereas others find it difficult and complicated. Sandor Harvey, Ian Higgings and Louise Haywood explore these concepts in the introductory chapter of their book "Thinking Spanish Translation". For these authors the idea that a translator is born with the talent to perform his or her job is very possible.

This study aims to describe the diversity of reformulative and explanatory strategies adopted by the participants in a French course implying the use of peer to peer video conferencing. The data collected during the exchanges between French tutors and allophone learners allow us to highlight the variety of means (verbal, paraverbal, mimo-gestural) used to solve problems of mutual understanding, as well as the complexity of multimodal interactions. The three conversational sequences analyzed show how the tutors adapt their teaching regulations to the constraints of the device, which may result in the use of live chat and a more expressive body language to paraphrase what has been said.

The following analysis is to show that Portuguese, paraphrase syntax haver de brings difficulties both: people who learn Portuguese as well as translators. The syntax is often used to describe the future tense however it has got a lot of modal aspects. It expresses: the intensions of speaking person, uncertainty and it may express obligation. In that way the tense values is always strictly connected with modal's value. In our compilation we used the translation of book written by José Saramago Memorial do Convento (Baltazar i Blimunda) translated by Elzbieta Milewska. First we did the analysis of all cases where the syntax appears as a modal one and it express: obligation, possibility and presumption. We compared original text with Polish translation which is full of different forms. In another part of our compilation we showed some cases where Portuguese syntax was not translated at all or some cases where Polish text was different than Portuguese one. We come to conclusion Portuguese syntax haver de is a big challenge for those who are not native speakers. It is important to pay more attention when it is used as modal syntax because they bring a lot of problems when it comes to translation.

The aim of this paper is to analyse Italian nominal groups containing proper nouns. The article discusses two syntagma types with elliptical structure as well as analogical structures where the common and proper nouns are joined by the preposition “di”. The classification and analysis of nominal groups have been carried out on the basis of the function of the proper noun in the syntagma. Two groups of syntagmas have been distinguished: one with the proper noun functioning as a superordinate constituent and one with the proper noun functioning as a modifier. In the former type (where the proper noun is a superordinate constituent), the common noun functions as a descriptive or restrictive appositive. The syntagmas, where the proper noun functions as a modifier, are of particularly diverse character. In such cases, the possibility to paraphrase them by means of the analysed structures constitutes an additional criterion. Consequently, three syntagma types have been distinguished as represented by the following examples: il progetto Leonardo (which does not allow for an alternative synonymous version, *il progetto di Leonardo), il governo Monti (where the prepositional structure il governo di Monti may be used interchangeably) and un quadro di Rubens (which does not allow for an alternative synonymous version with the ellipsis of the preposition “di” *un quadro Rubens).

Abstract: The ideophone, a word class not unique to but highly characteristic of the Bantu languages, presents particular challenges in both monolingual and bilingual lexicography. Not only is this part of speech without a counterpart in most other languages, the meaning of ideophones is highly elusive. In this research article these challenges are studied by means of an analysis of the treatment of ideophones in a corpus-driven Zulu–English school dictionary project.Keywords: LEXICOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY, BILINGUAL, CORPUS, FREQUENCY, BANTU, ZULU (ISIZULU), ENGLISH, IDEOPHONE, SEMANTIC IMPORT, PARAPHRASE, PART-OF-SPEECH MISMATCHSamenvatting: De lexicografische behandeling van ideofonen in Zoeloe. De ideofoon, een woordklasse die niet uniek maar wel heel karakteristiek is voor de Bantoetalen, is een echte uitdaging in zowel de monolinguale als bilinguale lexicografie. Niet enkel heeft deze woordklasse geen equivalent in de meeste andere talen, de betekenis van ideofonen is heel moeilijk vast te leggen. In dit onderzoeksartikel worden deze uitdagingen onderzocht aan de hand van een analyse van de behandeling van ideofonen in een corpus-gedreven Zoeloe–Engels schoolwoorden-boekproject.Sleutelwoorden: LEXICOGRAFIE, WOORDENBOEK, TWEETALIG, CORPUS, FRE-QUENTIE, BANTOE, ZOELOE, ENGELS, IDEOFOON, SEMANTISCHE LADING, PARAFRASE, VLOEKENDE WOORDKLASSEN

This work aims to show how the Theory of Predicative and Enunciative Operations, by Culioli, approaches the phenomenon of translation. We believe translation is a particular case of paraphrase that should be treated in terms of equivalence, as a complete identity is not possible.

on Gnosticism school and Batinis religion, have common belief that Quran have esoteric meanings on words and verses, therefore, those two methods have specific approachs to finding the real meanings of this verses. With exact focus on the texts and Sources of this two methods, we faced with Similarities and differences of hermeneutic on three specific Gnosticism Aspects A) finding the meanings on context of verses, B) by moral edification to achievement this meanings, C) by passing through apparent feeling and reaching to spiritual feeling of real meaning of verses. In the Batini’s beliefs, the main specifications of paraphrase are: a) Specifying the antitye of the words in the Qoran. b) Education of Paraphrases.c) Specifying the relation between feeling and spiritual meanings and vice versa.This Study, at first, has abigated to explane the meaning of paraphrase and allegory, and eventually, reviewed to similiarities and differences between them and Quran explanation, in addition we doing a arbitration between them.