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Right to action as a natural right recognized in Constitution an International Pacts. Except some rare cases, everybody is free to act with this right. The conflict is a pre se requisite of litigation but we see some cases by the subject of homologation a contract which has not yet a conflict and courts have not a similar jurisprudence in cases. Although courts can, qualification or requalification the title of litigation but the manner is civil cases is different and the courts can see the cases, which permitted by laws and regulations exceptionally. We think that a litigant has profit to litigate and so we are trying to critic the case law and courts can, qualification or requalification the title of litigation but the manner is civil cases is different and the courts can see the cases, which permitted by laws and regulations exceptionally. So as a result, every conflict by a legal consequence will be accepted as litigation.

The composition of Homologation that has been approved is ratified and decided by the court. But the problem is when composition that have been agreed and have been validated are then changed for certain interests so that the contents are no longer the same that has been validated. The purpose of this study is to find out how the legal consequences of amendments and/or the implementation of homologation outside the court. This study case uses a normative juridical method by using a statutory, case approach, and conceptual approach. Homologation composition through Suspension of Obligation for Payment and Bankruptcy have been regulated, so when there is a change and/or implementation of a composition agreement passed by the court (Homologation) outside the court, it is invalid.

This article examines the Russian translation of 'Le leggende sarde' [Sardinian Legends] by Grazia Deledda, which deals with the extremely complex language of the Italian-Sardinian hybrid original text. The aim of this work is to verify the achievement, in the target text, of functional equivalence (f-equivalence). In direct dialogue with the translator, the strategies involve the explanation and application of the theoretical tools dictated by the most recent studies in translation studies.

An efficient method for the synthesis of deuterated homologation of boronate esters was developed. This discovery uses robust deuterated agent 5-(methyl-d3)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-5-ium trifluoromethane sulfonate (DMTT) as d2-methylene source. Mechanistically, base promoted deprotonation of DMTT to generate d2-sulfur-methylene ylide intermediate, which attack the boron atom of boronic ester and followed by 1,2-migration to afford the deuterated boronic homologues. The developed protocol provides a unique approach to achieve one-carbon growth under the practical mild conditions.

In the present work, we propose and validate a Common Criteria Standard Protection Profile (sPP) for videoconferencing equipment. The research presents the definition and analysis of the homologation system used to validate the standard protection profile, focusing on its application focused in a large Brazilian financial company. We address the main points to consider in the acquisition and current use of this product: reasonable information security assumptions, technical standards, recommendations, and international best cybersecurity practices. As a result, we have developed a Standard Protection Profile identifying the information security risks involved and the minimum parameters required in those systems acquired and used for Government environments. This paper also presents all tests performed to validate the proposed sPP. As the application is critical, involving sensitive data, our results can also foster less risky conditions in the myriad situations caused by the COVID pandemic.

The process of verification and validation of automated vehicles poses a multi-faceted challenge with far-reaching societal, economical and ethical consequences. In particular, fully automated vehicles at SAE Level 4 and 5 will be expected to operate safely in an arbitrarily complex, infinite-dimensional domain called open context. In order to give structure to the open context, we propose a methodical criticality analysis that maps an infinite-dimensional domain onto a finite and manageable set of artifacts that capture and explain the emergence of critical situations for automated vehicles. We propose a combined approach of expert-based and data-driven methods to identify relevant phenomena and explain the underlying causalities. Leveraging on abstraction, we define a clearly laid out process that converges towards a manageable set of artifacts based on two assumptions on the nature of traffic. A criticality analysis precedes the design phase of an automated vehicle and is therefore located outside the V-model. As the open context is analyzed independently of a concrete realization, it is relevant for any automated vehicle operating within that domain. Therefore, its results can subsequently be used to derive safety principles and mitigation mechanisms for automated driving and to set up a coherent safety argument for the homologation process.

In the regulations concerning approval of light vehicles starting from September 2019 it will be necessary to conduct exhaust emis-sions tests both on a chassis dynamometer and for real driving emissions. It is a legislative requirement set forth in EU regulations for the purpose of the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure. To decide on the RDE route for the purpose of the LV exhaust emissions tests many requirements must be fulfilled, regarding for ex-ample external temperature and the topographic height of the tests, driving style (driving dynamic parameters), trip duration, length of respective test sections (urban, rural, motorway, etc.). The works on outlining RDE routes are continued across the country in various research centres. Specifying the RDE route for test purposes, i.e. works in which the authors of this article are actively involved, has become a major challenge for future approval surveys concerning the assessment of hazardous emissions from light vehicles and for development studies focusing on – for example – the consumption of energy in electric and hybrid vehicles. The vehicle load was consistent with the requirements of the standard and included the aforesaid measurement device, the driver and the operator of PEMS. The tests were carried out on working days. The streets and roads used for the tests were hard-surfaced. Meas-urements were performed in accordance with the requirements of RDE packages (Package 1–4), i.e. taking into account – among others the engine cold start. The article discusses the method of outlining the test route fulfilling the specific requirements for RDE testing. Chosen results of ex-haust emissions from a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine along the defined RDE test route have been provided. The tests discussed in the article are introductory in the area of RDE tests and provide an introduction into further studies of exhaust emissions and energy consumption in real driving conditions in conventional vehicles and vehicles with alternative engines, e.g. hybrid and electric vehicles.

This article analyzes and systematizes the rules which regulate the recognition of foreign judgments in Brazil. An opening of the Brazilian legal system to international procedural standards was observed, explicitly confirmed by the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code of 2015, confirming the existence of four systems of recognition of foreign sentences in Brazil: ordinary system, mercosuline system, arbitration system and extraordinary system. The adequate understanding of the ways of doing a foreign judicial or arbitral award produce effects in the national order is essential to the effective judicial protection. The deductive-comparative method was used, based on indirect bibliographic and documentary sources.

The traditional automotive homologation processes aim to ensure the safety of vehicles on public roads. Autonomous Vehicles (AV) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) are difficult to account for in these conventional processes. This research aims to map and attempt to close the gaps in the areas of testing and approval of such automated and connected vehicles. During our research into the homologation process of traditional vehicles; functional safety issues, challenges of AI in safety critical systems, along with questions of cyber security were investigated. Our process focuses on the integration of the already existing functions and prototypes into new products safely. As a key result, we managed to identify the main gaps between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and automotive technology: the rigidity of the automotive homologation process, functional safety, AI in safety critical areas and we propose a solution.

The paper focuses on the presence of botanical figures, such as flowers and gardens, in the sources of the Litany of Loreto, aiming to reconstruct how the function of these figures changed from the Old and New Testament through the acclamations of the Great Akhatist Hymn (626 B.C.) and the Aquileian version of the litany (8th century). Early patristic tradition established an opposition between Mary and Eve, the first woman, according to a soteriological perspective. However, it was not until the 4th century, in Efrem, that the contrast was extended to Eden, which surrounds Eve whereas it is embodied by Mary - see also Appiano Caprettini (1979). This successful association slowly disappeared during the western low middle ages as the cosmological function was replaced by the soteriological one in the Litany to the Virgin, following the model of the Litany to the Saints.

Acylhydrazones are still an important framework to the design of new bioactive compounds. As treatment of chronic pain represents a clinical challenge, we decided to modify the structure of LASSBio-1514 (1), previously described as anti-inflammatory and analgesic prototype. Applying the homologation as a strategy for molecular modification, we designed a series of cyclopentyl- (2a–e), cyclobutyl- (3a–e), and cyclopropylacylhydrazones (4a–e) that were synthetized and evaluated in murine models of inflammation and pain. A comparison of their in silico physicochemical and drug-like profile was conducted, as well as their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect. Compounds 4a (LASSBio-1755) and 4e (LASSBio-1757) displayed excellent in silico drug-like profiles and were identified as new analgesic lead-candidates in acute and chronic model of pain, through oral administration.

In recent years, a new class of compact vehicles has been emerging and wide-spreading all around Europe: the quadricycle. These four-wheeled motor vehicles, originally derived from motorcycles, are a small and fuel-efficient mean of transportation used in rural or urban areas as an alternative to motorbikes or city cars. In some countries, they are also endorsed by local authorities and institutions which support small and environmentally-friendly vehicles. In this paper, several general considerations on quadricycles will be provided including the vehicle classification, evolution of regulations (as homologation, driver licence, emissions, etc), technical characteristics, safety requirements, most relevant investigations, and other additional useful information (e.g. references, links). It represents an important and actual topic of investigation for designers and manufacturers considering that the new EU regulation on the approval and market surveillance of quadricycles will soon enter in force providing conclusive requirements for functional safety environmental protection of these promising vehicles.

The purpose of this article is to examine the abatement of action due to the lack of interest to sue in the writ of security against an act in a public bidding, when an injunction is not granted and the bidding proceeds. The writ of security against acts in biddings must comply with the action conditions established in the Civil Procedure Code, among which the interest to sue, under penalty of loss of object and abatement of action according to the Federal Law 12.016/2009. According to the doctrine, rejected the injunction, and once the bidding process is homologated with the agreement signing, there is no interest to sue. However, the current case law of the Supreme Court went on to decide that the nullity of the act contaminates all stages of the proceeding, including the contract, preventing the extinction of the proceedings, that is, there is no loss of object. The Federal Court of the 4th Region and the Court of Justice of the Rio Grande do Sul State, there is a harmonious application of this understanding. So while persist the current case law, the Administration should enhance the reasons for their actions in order to reduce the risk of legal challenge of their decisions.

Root-knot nematodes are microscopic round worms, which cause severe agricultural losses. Their attacks affect the productivity by reducing the amount and the caliber of the fruits. Chemical control is widely used, but biological control appears to be a better solution, mainly using microorganisms to reduce the quantity of pests infecting crops. Biological control is developing gradually, and with time, more products are being marketed worldwide. They can be formulated with bacteria, viruses or with filamentous fungi, which can destroy and feed on phytoparasitic nematodes. To be used by the farmers, biopesticides must be legalized by the states, which has led to the establishment of a legal framework for their use, devised by various governmental organizations.

A gram-scale synthesis of terminally-branched iso-fatty acids (iso-C12–C19) was developed commencing with methyl undec-10-enoate (methyl undecylenate) (for iso-C12–C14) or the C15 and C16 lactones pentadecanolide (for iso-C15–C17) and hexadecanolide (for iso-C18–C19). Central to the approaches outlined is the two-step construction of the terminal isopropyl group through addition of methylmagnesium bromide to the ester/lactones and selective reduction of the resulting tertiary alcohols. Thus, the C12, C17 and C18 iso-fatty acids were obtained in three steps from commercially-available starting materials, and the remaining C13–C16 and C19 iso-fatty acids were prepared by homologation or recursive dehomologations of these fatty acids or through intercepting appropriate intermediates. Highlighting the synthetic potential of the iso-fatty acids and various intermediates prepared herein, we describe the synthesis of the natural products (S)-2,15-dimethylpalmitic acid, (S)-2-hydroxy-15-methylpalmitic acid, and 2-oxo-14-methylpentadecane.

A stereocontrolled approach to the cis-decalin framework of clerodane diterpenes and biologically active quinone sesquiterpenes is reported. Starting from an inexpensive optically pure tetrahydroindanone, Birch reductive alkylation builds two new contiguous chiral centers—one of which is quaternary and all-carbon-substituted. Also featured is a highly regioselective diazoalkane—carbonyl homologation reaction to prepare the 6,6-bicyclic skeleton. Therein, the utility of Sc(OTf)3 as a mild catalyst for formal 1C insertion in complex settings is demonstrated.