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Even though Indonesia’s start-up scene is experiencing rapid growth, the industry is grappling with considerable hurdles, such as a high rate of business closures, strong dependence on employee efficiency, and heavy reliance on technology. This paper examines the correlation between leadership styles, job challenges, job engagement, and job insecurity in Indonesian start-ups, which face unique challenges affecting employee job security. Unlike most research on how job insecurity impacts job engagement, this study explores whether higher job engagement impacts job insecurity, providing practical insights for leaders. The study was structured using a quantitative approach known as structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS), which analyzed 198 responses from Indonesian start-up employees. This study found that leadership styles significantly affect job insecurity (β = 1.337, p-value < 0.05), however, leadership styles do not substantially affect job engagement (β = 0,435, p-value > 0.05). Another finding states that job challenges do not significantly affect job engagement (β = 0.491, p-value > 0.05) and job insecurity (β = –0.037, p-value > 0.05). Job engagement significantly influences job insecurity (β = –0.428, p-value < 0.05). This study specifically targets employees in Indonesian start-ups to uncover mechanisms and offer practical recommendations for enhancing job security and motivation. The findings underscore the significant impact of leadership style on job insecurity, emphasizing the importance of engaging and motivating employees through personalized leadership style approaches to enhance job stability and overall workforce effectiveness in Indonesian start-ups.

Abstract Objective The present study was investigate parents’ experiences of children with Epidermolysis bullosa. So, this descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was conducted on 17 parents of children with EB from five hospitals affiliated with the University of Medical Sciences, west of Iran. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. COLAIZZI’s method was also used to analyze the data. Results Three main themes were extracted in this study: invasion of psychological crisis, alive but no living, and comprehensive support, including 10 categories. The parents of these children are the target of psychological crises that severely reduce their quality of life. In this regard, they need extensive support to improve their living conditions. Therefore, it is suggested to provide cultural and institutional contexts in which all components of the children’s dignity are emphasized.

The translation of song lyrics is challenging for translators primarily due to the intricate poetic and musical elements, which often compel them to employ specific strategies for effective translation. This study was an attempt to investigate the translation strategies in selected translated movie song lyrics and explore the challenges in translating the lyrics. In this qualitative study, the songs were purposefully selected from “Mulan” (1998) and “Aladdin” (2019) movies. Low’s (2013) translation strategies were applied during the process of translation. The “Translation” (transfer of material with a reasonably high degree of semantic fidelity), and “Replacement” (a re-creation of text by only preserving the music element) strategies were found as the common strategies in the translation of song lyrics. The use of a replacement strategy could be due to technical difficulties in translating songs, such as the constraint of rhythm, hence a total replacement of meanings to match the rhythm of the song. A significant challenge in translating song lyrics from English to Chinese was in translating the concept of face-saving, which is an eminent process in social interactions in Chinese culture. It was concluded that the use of a translation strategy depended on the lyrics, translators’ creativity, melody, rhyme, and the differences between the languages and cultures, while the “skopos”, i.e., the correspondence of aim/purpose in the source and target cultures should play the key role.

In today’s world, supply chains must adopt new and intelligent technologies to achieve objectives such as enhancing productivity and performance, competitiveness, and overcoming challenges. The Internet of Things (IoT), as an emerging and transformative technology, is considered one of the most significant technology areas today and has garnered considerable attention across various industries. However, the implementation of IoT at the supply chain (SC) level faces numerous challenges and obstacles, and its acceptance at this level requires specific drivers. To date, no specific classification has been provided for drivers at the SC level, and existing classifications for challenges also need to be reviewed and updated. Given the importance of IoT in SC management, a systematic review at this level is necessary. This article provides a systematic literature review to identify and classify the challenges and drivers of IoT at the SC level. The study reviewed articles published from 2004 to 2023, ultimately identifying and categorizing 92 challenges into 16 categories: financial, standards and government regulations, privacy and security, energy consumption, health issues, hardware and software issues, culture in the SC, lack of knowledge and awareness, poor IT management, coordination in the SC, perception, the Challenge of uncertainty, lack of Plan and Strategy, incompatibility with existing technology, supply Problems, and user acceptance and trust in technology. Additionally, the study identified 4 antecedent drivers (pressures, understanding the benefits, government regulations, government incentives) and 10 consequent drivers (production benefits, improving competitive advantage, inventory management, cost management, improving transparency, efficiency of information flow, development of responsiveness and agility, sustainable development, facilitation of management, and development of cooperation and coordination). Finally, a model for implementing IoT technology in the SC is presented. This model synthesizes the findings from the literature review and offers a practical roadmap for organizations seeking to leverage IoT in their supply chains. By addressing the identified challenges and utilizing the drivers, organizations can effectively integrate IoT technology, thereby enhancing the efficiency, transparency, and overall performance of their SC operations.

卒中是中国居民致死和长期致残的主要原因，传统的治疗药物受限于血脑屏障阻碍、稳定性差、缺乏靶向性、低载药量，治疗效果可能欠理想。纳米材料作为一种新兴的、非侵入性、可实时控制的药物，已被广泛用于卒中的诊疗。纳米药物能够有效提高药物的生物相容性、稳定性、靶向性，并延长药物的半衰期，从而有效改善传统药物的疗效。近年来纳米材料在缺血性卒中诊疗领域取得了一定进展，但仍面临临床转化等挑战。本文主要综述纳米材料在缺血性卒中诊疗中的研究进展和挑战，旨在继续推动纳米材料在卒中诊疗中的研究与应用。 Abstract: Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability among residents in China. Traditional therapeutic drugs are limited by the obstruction of the blood-brain barrier, poor stability, lack of targeting, and low drug loading, which may result in suboptimal treatment outcomes. Nanomaterials, as an emerging, non-invasive, and real-time controllable drug delivery system, have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke. Nanomedicines can effectively enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and targeting of drugs, as well as prolong their half-life, thereby significantly improving the efficacy of traditional medications. In recent years, there has been some progress in the application of nanomaterials in the field of ischemic stroke diagnosis and treatment, although challenges in clinical translation remain. This article primarily reviews the research progress and challenges of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke, aiming to further promote the research and application of nanomaterials in stroke therapy.

Objectives: Newly graduated nurses commence night shifts during a phase of heightened vulnerability to reality shock, exacerbating the challenges faced by these graduates. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the challenges experienced by newly graduated nurses when undertaking night shifts in order to help identify a strategy for supporting their adaptation to these shifts. Methods: Semi-structured personal interviews were used to collect data. Fifteen newly graduated nurses were selected to participate in the study by purposive sampling method from November 2021 to March 2022 in one of four general hospitals situated in the southwestern region of Japan. Semi-structured interviews were analyzed by using thematic analysis. Results: The analysis revealed five central themes and nine subthemes: challenges in task efficiency (task organization challenges, challenges in time-constrained task performance), challenges in responding to patients’ changing conditions (challenges in responding to patients’ irregular conditions, challenges in responding to nighttime changes in patients’ behaviors), challenges in independent practice (challenges in engaging in independent nursing practice, challenges in dealing with unexpected events), challenges in establishing collaborative relationships (challenges in working closely with other staff, challenges in establishing collaborative relationships during night shifts with limited resources), challenges in adapting to shift work (challenges in managing physical conditions for shift work). Conclusions: Newly graduated nurses often encounter challenges in performing their tasks during the transition period. When working night shifts, they face additional hurdles unique to nocturnal duties. The findings underscore the necessity for these graduates to develop night shift-specific readiness to effectively navigate the demands inherent in such work schedules.

Background & Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medical education worldwide with several opportunities and challenges. This study aims to provide an overview of medical education's opportunities and challenges according to the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to guide future endeavors in conducting the teaching-learning process in post-COVID era support. Material & Methods: In this systematized review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Eric, in addition to Google Scholar as a search engine, were searched to retrieve relevant original peer-reviewed, review, editorial, and commentary articles published from Dec 2019 to the end of Sep 2022. Results: As per the qualitative synthesis, a total of 29 articles were included from the 1534 records that were identified. Reviewing the included articles showed that most of the relevant studies were considered Medical and healthcare students (51.8%) at undergraduate level (72.5%) in University settings (62.1%). As per the qualitative synthesis, a total of 29 articles were included from the 1534 records that were identified. Reviewing the included articles showed that most of the relevant studies were considered Medical and healthcare students (51.8%) at undergraduate level (72.5%) in University settings (62.1%). On the other hand, post-COVID medical education opportunities have been grouped into four main categories, which are teaching and learning processes, psychological impact, accessibility and education equity, and management and administrative affairs. Post-COVID medical education opportunities also consist of four main categories: teaching-learning process, psychological impact, accessibility and education equity, and management and administrative affairs. Conclusion: Changes in teaching and learning processes in medical education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic created opportunities and caused important challenges that should be considered in the post-COVID era. In this regard, blended learning with the integration of technology using a flexible approach could be an effective recommendation.

Abstract Introduction Identifying and exploiting stewardship and financing challenges in Iran’s health insurance system as an ecosystem is essential to achieving predetermined goals. This study aimed to determine the challenges and strategies in the Iranian health insurance ecosystem to provide relevant evidence to healthcare managers and policymakers to improve its functions and perform necessary reforms. Method This qualitative study was conducted at the national level in Iran. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the directed content analysis method. The study participants included managers and experts in health insurance and faculty of universities of medical sciences, who were selected by purposive sampling. Results The challenges and strategies expressed by participants were categorized into two functions: stewardship and financing. Four main themes, ten subthemes, 22 challenges, and 24 strategies were identified in the stewardship function, along with three main themes, 12 subthemes, 17 challenges, and 16 strategies in the financing function. The major challenge in the Iranian health insurance ecosystem was the complexity and conflict of interests between multiple actors with different roles, which led to fragmentation, diverse structures, and a gap between other functions and objectives, hindering the effective functioning of the ecosystem. Conclusion In order to deal with the challenges of the health insurance ecosystem, it is suggested to create a coherent insurance system through a single utility system, and by paying more attention to health-oriented services, the health insurance ecosystem becomes a health-oriented system instead of being treatment-oriented. In addition, in order to strengthen the governance of the country’s health insurance ecosystem, the number of actors with multiple roles should be reduced and the roles of the actors should be clarified and separated in order to prevent conflicts of interest and structural corruption in this ecosystem.

Undoubtedly, Instagram significantly impacts people's everyday life in the social, cultural, economic, and political arenas. One of the handset applications become common among young Iranians, especially girls, during their free time is Instagram. In recent years, this app has evolved from a domain of recreation to, in many cases, a career field for youth. In the meantime, one of the most well-liked Instagram activities is what is known as an Instagram challenge. In general, "challenge" refers to videos shared widely, especially by bloggers. This study examines twenty young female bloggers between the age group of 18 and 30. Thematic analysis, a semi-structured interviewing tool, and coding for data analysis were used in this study's qualitative methodology. To better analyze the behavior of these young women, Robert Stebbins' theory of transforming informal leisure time into formal one has been used. The three main categories of the paradoxical situation of leisure/career, the centrality of Instagram in facilitating the possibility of challenge, and the creation of financial channels in the context of Instagram rituals were extracted from the interviews. In general, these users talked about the goals and methods of setting challenges, the conditions of creating these challenges, and how they turned casual leisure into serious leisure by paying for classes to increase their audience on Instagram and not be discouraged despite failures and the efforts they made.

In the European Union, the withdrawal of pharmaceutical zinc oxide (ZnO) poses challenges for post-weaning pigs management. The present work aims to elucidate, using a meta-analytical and a systematic review approach, the effects of different doses and forms of zinc (Zn) on health, performance, and gut health of weaning pigs. A total of 309 articles were identified from a literature research from 2001 to 2021; 85 were selected. Articles were divided in 3 datasets to evaluate: 1) the effects of ZnO doses (ZnO database); 2) the efficacy of ZnO on infection models (challenge database); 3) the effect of different Zn sources (special Zn database). The experimental groups were classified according to their Zn dose: low Zn (LZn: 0–200 ppm); medium (M1Zn: 201–630 ppm; M2Zn: 631–1600 ppm); high (HZn:>1601 ppm). Dataset 2 and 3 were analysed by a systematic review approach. Results showed that M1Zn and M2Zn guarantee comparable average daily gain, villus height and crypt depth to HZn. The HZn group had higher Escherichia coli (p = 0.04) in the small intestine. The ZnO database confirmed that Zn doses between 600 and 1600 ppm had comparable results for intestinal function and growth performance to pharmacological doses of Zn. The challenge dataset confirmed the positive effect of HZn in counteracting infections resulting in higher performance, lower diarrhoea and better intestinal morphology. The special zinc dataset suggested that coated, capsulated and nano Zn represent the most promising alternative sources to reduce the detrimental effects of weaning on pigs.

Dear Editor, At present is the era of tremendous changes in human knowledge. The importance of knowledge transfers and the use of research results for decision makers, as a supplement to knowledge production, is increasing in developed and developing countries. In Iran, knowledge-based development is one of the pillars of the country's 20-year vision. Nevertheless, despite three decades of efforts in knowledge translation produced in medical sciences, the status of knowledge transfers and exchange is not satisfactory. On the other hand, due to the large amount of time, money and energy that is spent on conducting research, greater effectiveness and optimal use of its results are always the concern of managers and executives at all levels. In such a situation, it is necessary to move from the current situation to the ideal situation through review the current process, formulate intervention and solutions based on the existing context and platform, modify and improve the current trends.

Enhancing awareness of personal cleanliness and antibacterial resistance has intensified the antibacterial substance request on consumable products. Antibacterial agents that have been commercialized nowadays are produced from inorganic and non-renewable substances. This provides several drawbacks, particularly against health and environmental issues. Therefore, many scientists work on substituting fossil-fuel-based antibacterial agents with natural ones such as from biomass. Biomass derivatives, natural abundances of biopolymers in the world, amount to major compounds including polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitosan) and polyphenol (tannin and lignin) substances which are capable to combat the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. To date, no report focuses on a deep understanding of antibacterial properties derived from biomass and the internal and external factors effects. This work provides that gap because comprehensive knowledge is necessary before applying biomass to the products. The potency of biomass derivatives as antibacterial additives is also summarized. Basic knowledge of antibacterial characteristics to the application in products is highlighted in this review. Besides, the discussion about challenges and future perspectives is also delivered.

Task-based Learning (TBL) is a dynamic, student-centered approach where learners actively engage in guided learning tasks that mimic real-world scenarios. This hands-on experience encourages the practical application of language skills, fostering deeper understanding and retention. Meta-synthesis, in this context, involves the systematic integration and coordination of various educational components to maximize the benefits of TBL. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impacts of TBL on students’ language proficiency, critical thinking abilities, and overall engagement. Additionally, it enhances teachers’ competencies, allowing them to adapt their methodologies to better meet student needs and improves classroom organization by promoting active participation. However, challenges remain, particularly due to limited knowledge and skills surrounding TBL among educators. These insights are significant not only for enhancing the theoretical foundations of TBL but also for providing foresight into potential obstacles educators may face. By understanding these challenges, educators can develop effective strategies for resolution, ensuring a smoother implementation of TBL. Teachers are, therefore, encouraged to embrace this innovative approach within their teaching practices, as it holds the potential to vastly improve students’ language acquisition. Ultimately, integrating TBL can create a more interactive and engaging learning environment, equipping students with the essential skills needed for effective communication in English.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a disease of clinical and public health importance globally with over nine million cases occurring yearly. An increasing number of cases has been identified all over the world in the past two decades because of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus pandemic. The emergence of mutated drug resistant and multidrug resistant strains offers new challenges to the clinician as well as the public health physician. The present case report draws attention to the problem of multidrug resistant TB and the implications for TB control if not adequately tackled.

Abstract Background A challenge to pre-hospital emergency care is any barrier or obstacle that impedes quality pre-hospital care or impacts community pre-hospital utilization. The Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission (AAFDRMC) provides pre-hospital emergency services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These services operate under a government-funded organization that delivers free emergency services, including out-of-hospital medical care and transportation to the most appropriate health facility. This study aimed to assess the challenges of pre-hospital emergency care at the Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted from November 20 to December 4, 2022. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 21 experienced individuals in the field of pre-hospital emergency care, who were selected using purposeful sampling. A thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results This study includes twenty-one participants working at the Addis Ababa Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission. Three major themes emerged. The themes that arose were the participants’ perspectives on the challenges of pre-hospital emergency care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Conclusion and recommendation The Fire and Disaster Risk Management Commission faces numerous challenges in providing quality pre-hospital emergency care in Addis Ababa. Respondents stated that infrastructure, communication, and resources were the main causes of pre-hospital emergency care challenges. There has to be more focus on emergency management in light of infrastructure reform, planning, staff training, and education, recruiting additional professional power, improving communication, and making pre-hospital emergency care an independent organization in the city.

Abstract Background This study aims to investigate international measures for pandemic control in the workplace based on guidelines from international organizations to learn from their experiences. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using content analysis. The search method involved reviewing published guidelines on preventing and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in workplaces. After the screening process, ten guidelines were included in the content analysis. During the analysis, 200 meaning codes, 49 subcategories, and eleven categories were identified. Trustworthiness criteria were utilized to ensure the accuracy and strength of the findings. Results Eleven categories of international content during the COVID-19 pandemic were legal requirements and duties of employees and employers, structural and program changes, risk assessment, risk communication, information and training, internal and external consultation and cooperation, provision of facilities and tools for workplace hygiene, special conditions, special groups, closing and reopening workplaces, reducing contact and exposure and mental health. Conclusions Protecting employees during a pandemic requires a multifaceted approach and strong advocacy. The operational plan for pandemic control should be developed based on the level of risk, with support tailored to employees’ conditions and needs. Cooperation among international organizations is essential to develop a standardized plan and issue comprehensive guidelines in response to health emergencies with a global perspective and local implementation, drawing from the lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic.

NATO’s 2022 Strategic Concept views China as a “systemic challenge” to the Alliance. Joint statements regarding China began to appear several years before the adoption of the new Concept on the official NATO agenda in response to increasing pressure from the Trump administration. The military-political, technological and discursive power of the PRC is perceived by the bloc as a threat to their strategic interests. The greater military-political presence of China in the Arctic and in the Middle East and North Africa is regarded by NATO countries as strengthening the hegemonic aspirations of the PRC. Technological dependence on supplies from China harms the Alliance’s operational capabilities and military mobility. NATO has set itself the goal of adapting to strategic competition with China, particularly in the areas of advanced technologies, artificial intelligence and 5G. China’s influence on the media agenda, as well as its ability to promote its own narrative, threatens transatlantic solidarity and the “soft power” of the Alliance countries. Moreover, China is accused of systematically seeking to sow divisions in transatlantic relations and exploit differences between Western countries to its own advantage. China’s efforts to forge a multipolar world order pose a direct challenge to Western liberal democracies and the rules-based international order. European NATO states have begun to regularly encounter the “China factor” when interacting with the United States. However, there remains disagreement over what policies should be pursued toward Beijing. Those who see China as a security threat advocate general policy coordination with the United States. Those who recognize Beijing as a necessary economic partner and participant in global governance insist that Europe pursue independent policies that distance itself from US strategy. All this suggests that practical steps within the Alliance to counter China, especially outside the Euro-Atlantic region, will face resistance from the United States’ European allies.

ABSTRACT: With its more sustainable production mode and higher healthy food supplying, cultivated meat is gradually regarded as the promising alternative meat food in future by human beings. Most of the countries in the planet had participated in the cut-throat competition for sustainable protein searching, especially for the regions with low food self-sufficiency rate. In this paper, by reviewing the commercial market participation, product development stage, and technical research progress related to cultivated meat in detail, we demonstrated the industrialization progress of cultivated meat and explored the challenges of cultivated meat in the near future. 1) Seeded cell and serum free medium were the basic raw materials, which were directly related to the food safety regulation, production cost control and productivity improvement; 2) Bioreactor and regulation were the cornerstone of industrialization, which were closely related to the capacity expansion, product marketing; 3) Technological improvements in taste, texture, safety, scale, cost were the foundation of realizing product iterative upgrade and market acceptance.

The sustainable redevelopment of urban brownfields represents a complex interplay of socio-economic, environmental, and regulatory factors. This study addresses the research problem of quantifying the challenges inherent in the sustainable redevelopment process and hypothesizes that these challenges vary significantly across different domains such as governance, environmental impact, financial economics, technical operations, and legal regulations. Employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the study aims to explore and quantify these challenges, providing actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. Focusing on brownfield projects within Chengdu’s five urban districts, a survey was conducted spanning from November 1, 2023, to March 1, 2024, with a total of 436 respondents participating. Drawing upon an extensive dataset encompassing governance, environmental impact, financial economics, technical operations, and legal regulations, we provide a comprehensive analysis of their influence on the sustainable development of urban brownfields. The results indicate that legal and regulatory challenges exert the most significant negative impact on sustainable development, necessitating policy reforms and strategic initiatives. This research contributes to the urban planning literature by offering a nuanced understanding of the obstacles faced in urban brownfield redevelopment and highlighting the potential pathways to navigate these challenges.

Background: This study investigated the impact of socio-economic variables influencing the provision of basic skills for navigating the challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Objectives: The study aims to describe the variables underpinning this study, using statistical analysis and quantitative measurement as displayed in Table 1. It also investigates the role of socio-economic variables, using a Chi-Square test and Multinomial Logistic Regression techniques, in the provision of basic skills for handling direct and indirect challenges of the 4IR. Further, it attempts to provide recommendations, based on research findings, on strategies for ensuring that long-distance truck drivers are well-equipped with the necessary skills for meeting the demands of the 4IR. Method: The study utilised a quantitative research method. A multinomial regression model was used to describe long-distance truck driver data collected in South Africa. A total of 314 participants completed the questionnaire. Results: Results revealed that variables such as driver’s education level, frequency of route usage, company type, and driver’s work location are significant predictors in predicting whether a given truck driver possesses basic skills for handling the challenges of the 4IR. This finding holds significant practical implications, as it allows for targeted interventions and tailored strategies aimed at effectively addressing the identified predictors to encourage the desired response of having long-distance truck drivers equipped with essential 4IR skills. Conclusion: This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding factors affecting long-distance truck drivers in getting basic 4IR skills essential for them to properly implement new technologies arising in the haulage trucking industry. Contribution: It documents the experiences of long-distance truck drivers in the face of newly emerging technologies in the transport industry.

IntroductionThis study aimed to evaluate the status, resource use, and challenges of the capture-based hatchery of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (BTS).MethodsData was obtained through the investigation of 15 broodstock fishing boats and 60 capture-based BTS broodstock hatcheries. Resource use index (RUI) of the capture-based BTS hatchery, calculated from 1,000 female brooders to produce 15-day-old post-larvae (PL15) (production efficiency of PL15, or PE-PL15), was analysed.ResultsThe results indicated that the fishing boats captured an average of 5,900 brooders.boat-1.year-1, 20,856 kg of by catch.boat-1.year-1, and the PE-PL15 production of 937 million for 1,000 female brooders. In the hatchery stage, the use of larger body weight female brooders had benefits in terms of higher survival rate and better efficiency of labour use, Artemia cyst, and probiotic products, but it reduced the efficiency use of chemicals, pellets, and total tank volume of the hatchery.DiscussionThere is increasing use of domesticated brooder sources, but wild-caught brooders still play an important role in producing low-cost PL15 for traditional shrimp farming systems, accounting for most farmed BTS production. Therefore, the certification of good practices should be implemented to capture-based BTS hatcheries for the reasonable use of this brooder resource to sustain BTS farming in Vietnam.

This study explores religious moderation on social media, which has become the main platform for disseminating information and building interactions between individuals. However, in the context of religious plurality, using social media often poses challenges to religious moderation. This study will explore the use of social media in religious moderation, whether as a bridge or as a wall in providing space for interfaith dialog. Through a qualitative approach by analyzing controversial phenomena, user perceptions, and the role of algorithms. This research aims to identify critical points that affect the success or failure of religious moderation in creating an inclusive and productive dialog space. The researcher found that the narratives on social media have become conservative, allowing the free transmission of religious views without a filter. This research suggests that moderates should be more active in filling the spiritual space of the people so that social media can be a positive bridge to promote religious moderation. The research provides practical implications by detailing findings related to positive dialog, the role of opinion leaders, and the challenge of hoaxes. This can help design better strategies and policies to promote religious moderation on social media.

Abstract Tibetan-speaking patients seeking care in predominantly Mandarin-speaking healthcare settings frequently face communication barriers, leading to potential disparities and difficulties in accessing care. To address this issue, we translated, culturally adapted, and validated the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and the Global Rating of Change (GRoC) into Tibetan (NPRS-Tib and GRoC-Tib), aiming to facilitate cross-linguistic and cross-cultural interactions while examining potential challenges in the adaptation process. Using standard translation-backward translation methods, expert review, pilot testing, and validation through a cross-sectional study with a short-term longitudinal component, we engaged 100 Tibetan patients with musculoskeletal trauma for psychometric validation, including 37 women (aged 22–60 years, mean age 39.1 years). The NPRS-Tib and GRoC-Tib exhibited outstanding psychometric properties, with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.983 for NPRS-Tib indicating superb test–retest reliability, and expert review confirming good content validity for both instruments. A Spearman's correlation coefficient (Rho) of -0.261 (P = 0.0087) revealed a significant, albeit weak, correlation between changes in NPRS-Tib scores and GRoC-Tib scores. The adaptation process also presented notable challenges, including translation discrepancies from translators' diverse backgrounds and levels of expertise, ambiguity in scale options, and the lack of established tools for criterion validity assessment in Tibetan.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of jurisprudential and legal challenges of infertility on couples' relationships in Isfahan city. According to the objective, the research style was applied and practical and the method of collecting data was descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population includes all the infertile people who were referred to the infertility treatment centers located in Isfahan city, and 201 people were selected as a sample by cluster sampling. The data collection tool included two questionnaires, one was made by the researcher and the other was the standard questionnaire on the marital compatibility of Spanier (1976). The collected data were analyzed through one-sample t-test and multiple regression with SPSS25 quantitative software. The findings of the quantitative section show that violence with an average of 4.16 is the highest and divorce with an average of 3.69 is the most minor challenge among Infertile couples. Legal challenges have a negative effect on couples' relationships, But jurisprudential challenges do not have significantly affect on couples' relationships; Therefore, it cannot be said that couples' relationships are affected by the increase or decrease of jurisprudential challenges.

Widespread livelihood shocks and vulnerability in rural areas highlight the critical need to extend the provision of social protection interventions, as targeted to reduce vulnerabilities and poverty. Evaluating the real effects of social protection instruments on rural communities is an important concern for governments and policymakers. Hence, the objectives of this review were to examine the effects and challenges of social protection in rural Ethiopia. The review was conducted by synthesizing peer-reviewed journals, books, working papers, and organization reports, which were obtained through internet searches from Google Scholar, AgEcon, Science Direct, Taylor, and Francis. Interestingly, among the documents retrieved, 45 were included using eligibility criteria. Finally, the data were presented and narrated in texts. The review outcome indicated that Idir, Zakat in Afar, community-based health insurance and productive safety net program were important to reducing risk vulnerability, poverty, and food insecurity in the rural community. Moreover, a productive safety net program has both positive and negative effects on beneficiaries’ social, economic, and environmental development. In a nutshell, social protection services play a vital role in addressing poverty, hazardous events, and vulnerabilities that affect livelihood. Therefore, concerned bodies should be focused on targeting rural communities to achieve food security and health services through social protection.

卒中是中国居民致死致残的主要原因，给社会带来了极重的负担。面对这一严峻的卒中救治形势，卒中急救地图应运而生。卒中急救地图通过地理信息系统和人工智能等先进技术整合医疗资源，构建了涵盖急救、转运、治疗到康复全流程的卒中救治网络，可较为显著地提升卒中的急救效率并改善患者预后。作为创新技术平台，卒中急救地图在提升卒中急救效率和治疗效果方面至关重要。目前，中国卒中急救地图取得初步成效，且发展态势良好，然而在实际应用中，仍然面临一些重要挑战。为了更好地发挥地图的作用，未来的研究应着眼于如何完善这一平台，加强推广，提升应用效果，才能更好地应对我国严峻的卒中救治形势，减轻卒中为社会带来的沉重负担。 Abstract: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability among Chinese residents, imposing a heavy burden on society. In the face of this severe situation in stroke treatment, the stroke emergency map has emerged. By integrating medical resources through advanced technologies such as geographic information system and artificial intelligence, it has established a comprehensive stroke treatment network covering the entire process from emergency response, transfer, treatment to rehabilitation. This can significantly improve the efficiency of stroke emergency response and enhance patients’ prognosis. As an innovative technological platform, the stroke emergency map plays a crucial role in improving the efficiency of stroke emergency response and treatment outcomes. Currently, the stroke emergency map in China has achieved initial success and has a good development trend. However, it still faces some important challenges in practical application. To better leverage the map’s role, future research will focus on how to enhance this platform, strengthen its promotion, and improve its application effects to better address the severe stroke treatment situation in China and alleviate the heavy burden brought by stroke to society.

The Social Teachings of the Church define work as a “human act” (opus humanum), an “arduous good” (bonum arduum), and an expression of the intrinsic value and dignity of the human person. The right to work is not only granted by the State but rather a disposition of the value possessed by a person in fulfilling his/her “destiny and vocation” as a rational and autonomous being. However, the breakthroughs of modernity dichotomized the established value of humanity and his work. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is on the way to altering this essential relationship, giving priority to Machine Intelligence (MI). This admiration of humanity for the proliferation of technical advances lurks a certain danger, “a danger as such” if I may use Heidegger’s term. The danger is not only the possible displacements of humanity in his/her work but rather an alienated individual stripped of his/her worth and dignity as a person who is the sole object of work. This paper argues that (1) the human person remains the indispensable subject of work and (2) artificial intelligence is problematic. To facilitate the said discourse, the work of John Paul II “Laborem Exercems” (John Paul II, 1981), shall be the guide in exploring the issue.

Objective: A corporate startup is a business development initiative led by a company's employees, using the company's resources and with the support of top managers. It aims to address business problems that arise within the company. This study seeks to define a corporate startup, highlight its challenges, and identify areas for future research. Design/Methods/Approach: The method employed is a literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) paradigm, with systematic searches from a database of high-quality scientific journals indexed by Scopus (Q1 and Q2). Selected publications relevant to the theme will be reviewed, and data will be summarized. Findings: This study finds three challenges that occur for corporate startups, namely collaboration development with internal and external corporate startups, finding competent mentors for corporate startups, and resource management competency. Further research can be continued by discussing three things, namely identifying companies that practice corporate entrepreneurship and capturing qualitative and quantitative organizational designs to enable corporate entrepreneurship, more research on developing countries, and the creation of standard standards regarding the evaluation of startup corporate models in various companies across industries and countries. Originality/Value: This research is the first study to describe the definition of corporate startups obtained from various high-quality journals (Scopus Q1 and Q2), which discusses various applications of corporate startups worldwide, the majority in the form of case study studies. With various views on the applications in the industry through Case Studies, this research also explained a review of the challenges and agenda of research in the future Corporate Startup, originating from various practices over the past 20 years on four different continents. Practical/Policy implication: Companies can implement corporate startups by utilizing a model derived from this paper. This involves embracing specific definitions, addressing challenges proactively, and outlining future research directions based on the findings of this study. Academics can also apply future research agendas to subsequent research to develop research related to Corporate Startup.

The relevance of the topic of the study lies in the fact that the problems of hybrid warfare, hybrid operations, hybrid influence have become especially important in the context of the complicated geopolitical situation in the world after February 2022. In the author’s opinion, Russia’s forced conduct of the Special military operation is one of the tools of the US hybrid influence on China. In the study several methods were applied: the content analysis of conceptualdoctrinal and normative documents, analyzed the views of Chinese scientists, political and military figures on hybrid warfare and operations, as well as publications of authoritative media on this issue. As a result, it is concluded that in the Chinese understanding hybrid wars and operations are becoming the main form of confrontation between states and blocs of states. At the same time, the hybrid impact is exerted on the national security assurance system, which should effectively counter “traditional and non-traditional” threats and challenges, that are hybrid. Chinese experts note that there is a risk of underestimating the responsibility for a possible global conflict, which may be caused by inadequate projection of hybrid threats onto a country or group of countries. The author also concludes that we may be witnessing one of the last stages of the unfolding U.S. hybrid war against China.

Abstract Background Despite countless benefits of home care, unfortunately, the variety and quality of services provided by homecare centers are uncertain. This study was conducted to explore of home care challenges. Methods The present qualitative study used the content analysis approach. A total of 17 participants, including nurses, managers of home care centers, and patients, were enrolled through purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed through Granheim’s qualitative content analysis method. Results In order to explain the challenges of home care, after analyzing the data, 700 primary codes, 15 initial categories, sub-subcategories and two main categories, including ‘infrastructural challenges’ and ‘challenges related to the process of home care services provision’ emerged. The main category, “infrastructural challenges”, consisted of 4 sub-categories (the challenge of acculturalization of home care services, economic challenges of providing services, challenges related to human resources, and the challenge of policymaking and setting regulations and rules for home care). The second main category, “challenges related to the process of home care services provision”, consisted of 2 subcategories: challenges of improving the quality of home care services and the challenge of facilities for service provision. Conclusion In order to promote and improve the quality of home care services, in addition to providing insurance coverage for the services, acculturalization and revising the bylaws, empowering the human resource, enhancing the monitoring of the performance of home care centers, and employing modern technology need to be taken into account.

Beny Rilianto, Ricky Gusanto Kurniawan, Nurfadilah M Rajab, Bambang Tri Prasetyo Neurointervention Division, Mahar Mardjono National Brain Center Hospital, East Jakarta, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Beny Rilianto, Neurointervention Division, Mahar Mardjono National Brain Center Hospital, East Jakarta, Indonesia, Tel +62 823-8945-7858, Email beny.rilianto@gmail.comAbstract: High rates of morbidity and mortality indicate that stroke is a major health concern. Unfortunately, the management of ischemic stroke is hindered by several obstacles, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, where the burden of morbidity and mortality remains high. In this literature review, we intend to conduct a thorough investigation and analysis of the obstacles to stroke thrombectomy in developing countries, with a focus on Indonesia. Even though numerous studies and recent advances in thrombectomy techniques have been developed, many centers around the world continue to struggle to implement them. The majority of these institutions are located in developing nations like Indonesia. It faces numerous obstacles, including a lack of public awareness, infrastructure, human resources, and financial difficulties. The absence of early education and large-scale campaigns contributes to the dearth of public awareness. Inadequate imaging facilities, prehospital and referral systems, as well as disparities in healthcare expenditure and accessibility, contribute to the absence of infrastructure. Inadequate numbers of neurointerventionists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons, as well as a disparate distribution of these professionals, contribute to human resource issues. Inadequate national insurance coverage, high import tariffs on medical devices, and the high cost of healthcare have a negative impact on the financial situation. We provide related strategies regarding the current situation in Indonesia based on the recent evidence and comparison with developed countries. Academic institutions, medical associations, and government agencies must collaborate to overcome these challenges.Keywords: ischemic stroke, endovascular thrombectomy, large vessel occlusion, Indonesia, challenge

Negesse Cherie,1 Teshiwal Deress,1 Dereje Mengesha Berta,2 Elias Chane,3 Bisrat Birke Teketelew,2 Kasaw Adane,1 Mesele Nigus1 1Department of Quality Assurance and Laboratory Management, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Negesse Cherie, Tel +251 962-712-572, Email negessecherie45@gmail.comAbstract: External quality assessment is the process of evaluating the performance of a laboratory and the competence of professionals. Participation in EQA and standardizing the quality of laboratory services are a mandatory requirements for accreditation. This review is aimed at identifying and discussing challenges that hinder the effective implementation of an EQA program in countries with resource limited setting. To obtain abundant information, articles were identified by searching the literature publishedin English using the National Library of Medicine, PubMed, Science Direct and AMC digital library databases. The articles identified in the references were manually searched and included. After the article was identified, it was imported to Endnote version 8.1 and exported to Microsoft Word for citation. Based on this review, the major identified challenges that hinder the implementation of an EQA program include the high cost of control materials, malfunction and lack of maintenance for equipment failure and breakdown, a knowledge gap among laboratory professionals, noncommutability of control samples, and difficulty in assigning target values. In addition, failing to participate in EQA and failing to take corrective action are the major challenges identified. As a result, applying to an EQA program in resource-limited counties was highly challenging. To attain high performance in the laboratory and to provide quality laboratory service for patient care, the EQA supplier and the user laboratory must pay attention to these issues and take appropriate corrective actions for ongoing quality improvement and accreditation.Keywords: external quality assessment, proficiency testing, challenge, resource-limited countries

This reviewed work aims to provide evidenced-based review of economic, environmental, ecological and socio-cultural roles of Ethiopia Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOTC) forests, significant challenges threatening the survival and conservation of these sacred forest treasures of EOTC, and major opportunities and prospects for the conservation of native and endangered fauna and flora species hosted in EOTC forests. The review used Boolean operators AND OR as appropriate: ‘EOTC Forest’, ‘Sacred Forest’, ‘Church Forest’, ‘Amhara’ or ‘Tigray’ or ‘SNNPR’ or ‘Oromiya’, and ‘Ethiopia and finally 56 papers were identified for final review. The outcome of this review presented that EOTC forests have been islands for ecological, socio-economic, environmental, cultural, institutional and historical service stations and repositories for many native and endangered fauna and flora species. Although the EOTC forests have been threatened by different bottlenecks, there are also several opportunities and prospects emphasizing and strengthening the conservation of these forests. In general, developing and implementing more effective mechanisms to conserve the church forests, to save endemic and endangered fauna and flora species, to tackle encroachments and unfavorable edge effects against the church forests need collaborative effort of all the stakeholders including EOTC, the community, governmental and non-governmental organizations, scientists and youths.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the challenges basic school tutors face when integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into their instructing and learning activities and to recommend possible strategies for addressing those challenges. This study employed an interpretive paradigm and a qualitative method approach to analyze the challenges basic school teachers face when integrating ICT into teaching in an emerging country, particularly Ghana. The participants of this study were chosen using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. A total of twenty (20) respondents were chosen for this study. The study found that teachers, despite their challenges, had a strong desire to integrate ICT into their instruction and learning activities. These challenges are the limited number of ICT tools and the absence of fully-subscribed software package that runs on them, the lack of electrical outlets in some classrooms, poor internet connectivity and power fluctuation. These teachers also had to deal with challenges like Trojan horses and spam despite the slow internet connectivity. The study suggested that basic school management should procure modern ICT tools and fully-subscribed software package to expand the school’s ICT infrastructure giving teachers the choice to choose the ICT tools they will integrate into their teaching and learning activities for the successful integration of ICT into instruction and learning activities. Again, school management should ensure teachers are given basic training regarding ICT and its incorporation into tuition and learning activities to acquire the necessary competencies, understanding, and attitudes that will enhance teaching and learning activities.

AbstractEthiopia held its first national dialogue in response to historical and present issues. This study critically explored the opportunities and challenges of Ethiopia’s present national dialogue. To this end, both the primary and secondary data were collected. To collect primary data, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of various political parties and key informants. Books, articles, reports, and news are examples of secondary data used in this study. As a result of the findings of this research, the prospects include the development of the Ethiopian National Discussion Commission, the release of political prisoners, favorable reactions to the importance of national discussion, and Ethiopian religion and cohesion. On the other hand, the study explained that the controversy surrounding the establishment of Ethiopian national dialogue, the reduced inclusiveness of the national dialogue process, conflict with the TPLF and Shene, the inclusion of the TPLF and Shene as terrorists by the Ethiopian parliament, a lack of good governance, political polarization (centripetal and centrifugal forces), and imperial syndrome are all posing challenges to the current Ethiopian national dialogue. Overall, despite the major hurdles, the national conversation initiative has a high chance of uniting Ethiopians. Finally, the report recommended that the Ethiopian National Dialogue Commission draft a clear activity plan and begin its implementation as soon as possible.

Abstract Background and Aims Children and neonates are more susceptible to diseases and are a vulnerable group in medication administration (MA). Nurses interact directly with patients, ensuring safety and preventing unintended outcomes. Health Information Technology (HIT) has transformed health care, aiding nurses in decision‐making and treatment responses. Despite its benefits, technology presents challenges that must be overcome to facilitate the nursing practice. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the barriers to HIT use in the process of MA in children and neonates in a developing country. Methods Semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 22 health care professionals across seven pediatric and neonatal settings. Also, observations were made of these settings for 3 weeks. A qualitative analysis was performed using the conventional content analysis method, recommended by Colaizzi's seven‐step approach. Results The results showed that the most significant barriers to adopting technology in MA process could be classified into two main categories: “inappropriate management approaches” with two sub‐categories (“Managers' reluctance to adopt new technology”, “lack of adequate budget for hardware resources”), and “resistance to change” with two sub‐categories (“A desire to use conventional (traditional) approaches in care”, “cultural issues and impracticality of providing some specialized technology services”). Conclusion The findings revealed MA process complexities, which have been insufficiently examined in the current literature. We have highlighted the need for improved “effectiveness of HIT systems in administering medication processes, budget for hardware resources, and managers” interest in using new technology. The present findings can guide the development of more effective and user‐friendly HIT systems in pediatric and neonatal care settings.

The role of the therapist has received growing attention in psychotherapy research, suggesting that training effectiveness may also depend on the person of the trainees, with relevant implications in terms of candidate selection or tailoring training to the person. In the present study, we focused on how and how much psychotherapy training can be effective in fostering trainees’ characteristics associated with successful therapists and contrast trainees’ characteristics that could represent limitations as therapists. The aim was to explore training program directors’ perspectives on individual trainees’ limitations and strengths, and on the effectiveness of training in shaping successful therapists. To this aim, we interviewed 14 training program directors with different psychotherapy approaches. Audio recordings of these semi-structured interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using NVivo software. According to our findings, transversally to different psychotherapy approaches, trainees’ self-awareness and the ability to embrace uncertainty were recognized as the main characteristics of good trainees. Four training elements were fre- quently mentioned by directors as effective in shaping trainees’ development: experiential learning, the use of paradigm that pri- oritizes self-awareness (instead of technique-focused approaches), the centrality of supervision and inter-vision, the trainer-trainee relationship. These insights highlight the importance of trainees’ self-awareness and the ability to embrace uncertainty as potential personal variables that may influence the effectiveness of future psychotherapists and suggest giving attention to experiential learning and training relationships as crucial elements of psychotherapists’ development during the training.

ABSTRACT A Mycobacterium ulcerans human challenge model has the potential to fundamentally advance our understanding of early human immune responses to infection, while rapidly evaluating vaccines and other therapeutic interventions. Here, using a murine tail infection model, we tested a very well-characterized working cell bank of the proposed challenge isolate M. ulcerans JKD8049 in naïve and Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated BALB/c mice. All 10 naïve mice were successfully infected with 20 colony-forming units (CFU) of M. ulcerans [95% confidence interval (CI) 17–22 CFU] with a mean time to visible lesion of 86 days (95% CI 79–92 days). In the 10 vaccinated mice, there was a significant delay in the mean time to lesion compared to the naïve controls of 24 days (P = 0.0003), but all mice eventually developed ulcerative lesions. This study informs a future human infection model by demonstrating the successful application of the challenge agent in this in vivo model and highlights both the promise and the problems with trying to induce protective immunity against M. ulcerans.IMPORTANCEIn preparation for its proposed use in a controlled human infection model (CHIM), this study reports the successful infection of BALB/c mice using a carefully characterized, low-dose inoculum of Mycobacterium ulcerans JKD8049 (our proposed CHIM strain). We also demonstrate that Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guérin delays the onset of disease but cannot alter the course of illness once a lesion becomes apparent. We also validate the findings of previous low-dose challenges that used less accurate methods to determine the inoculum, but our presented methodology is practical, accurate, and anticipated to be reproducible.

This article investigates the challenges and opportunities in international human resource management (HRM) in Indonesia and its strategies. This qualitative study describes how companies manage HRM across various dimensions and addresses cultural differences, employment policies, and international recruitment factors. Data were obtained from secondary sources such as journals, books, and relevant industry reports. Challenges include cultural aspects, distance management, and international talent selection, while opportunities include enhancing competitive advantages and employee productivity. Strategies to address these challenges involve cross-cultural understanding, training, global communication technology, and policies accommodating differences in regulations between countries. Collaboration with international HR consultants is also recommended. With a holistic approach, international HRM can build an efficient and diverse global workforce, ensuring the success of global operations. Keywords: Global Workforce; International Human Resource Management; Challenge; Opportunities

Antibiotic resistance, a known global health challenge, involves the flow of bacteria and their genes among animals, humans, and their surrounding environment. It occurs when bacteria evolve and become less responsive to the drugs designated to kill them, making infections harder to treat. Despite several obstacles preventing the spread of genes and bacteria, pathogens regularly acquire novel resistance factors from other species, which reduces their ability to prevent and treat such bacterial infections. This issue requires coordinated efforts in healthcare, research, and public awareness to address its impact on human health worldwide. This review outlines how recent advances in gene editing technology, especially CRISPR/Cas9, unveil a breakthrough in combating antibiotic resistance. Our focus will remain on the relationship between CRISPR/cas9 and its impact on antibiotic resistance and its related infections. Moreover, the prospects of this new advanced research and the challenges of adopting these technologies against infections will be outlined by exploring its different derivatives and discussing their advantages and limitations over others, thereby providing a corresponding reference for the control and prevention of the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Introduction to the Special Section Discourses n Challenging Times.

This article aimed to investigate how much participatory management techniques aid in enhancing primary school governance. The main question of this article is, “To what degree do principals practice participative management in primary schools’ governance in the Tshwane-West District?’’ In this article, the quantitative methodology was applied. Information on the post-positivistic and interpretivist viewpoints was gathered via a questionnaire. The information in the questionnaire was strengthened by thoughtfully applying the knowledge gleaned from the literature review. A pilot study was conducted to validate the questionnaire. The triangulation of data from sources like literature reviews and questionnaires was the main method of reliability used in this study. All primary school principals (n=98) in the District of Tshwane-West area of the Gauteng Province of the Republic of South Africa made up the research population. The data were defined using the quantitative approach, which comprised explanatory techniques, inferential statistics like factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and descriptive statistics like frequencies and mean scores.

Lumpy skin disease is a viral disease of cattle and buffaloes which causes skin nodules in susceptible animals. Implementation of mass vaccination is the most effective way for LSD control in endemic countries. LSD vaccine that was used in the current study is a domestically produced vaccine containing live attenuated Neethling strain. In this clinical trial, 11 male calves aged 6 to 9 months with an approximate weight of 150 to 250 kg and without antibodies against LSDV were used. The calves were divided into three groups: the first group consisted of two animals that were injected with ten times the vaccine dose, the second group comprised of four calves that were injected with one dose of vaccine and the third group consisted of five calves that received the vaccine diluent and assigned as control. On the 21st day after vaccination, the calves were challenged with a pathogenic strain of LSD virus through simultaneous intravenous and intradermal inoculation. All 11 calves were examined clinically daily for 14 days after the challenge and all clinical signs were recorded. None of the vaccinated animals (ten times the dose and one dose) showed any clinical signs of LSD including cutaneous nodules and fever within 14 days after challenge, while all the animals in the control group (non-vaccinated) showed clinical signs of LSD including cutaneous nodules. Therefore, the vaccine used in the present study was effective in protecting against wild LSD virus.

Emerging digital technologies generate new business opportunities, competitive advantages and companies’ development. The implementation of digitization, in today's digital age, also influences the application of enterprises management. Enterprises managers drive the digital transformation of the enterprises. They have to face both the general, classic challenges, as well as the challenges specific to the digitization period we are going through today. The way of recruiting employees, how to motivate them, how to train them in work, but also how to form effective teams that add value to the company's processes and the company in general depends on the skills of the company manager. Managers who implement digital transformation in any enterprise must know digital technologies to understand their potential to transform the enterprise; they must have digital skills, but also social skills. In this paper, the challenges of business managers in today's digital age are presented, along with solutions to some of the problems faced by managers, but also what are the categories of digital managers along with their requirements and responsibilities.

In Morocco, as almost everywhere in the world, the preventive measures induced by the health crisis have forced not only urgent and massive but also radical and permanent changes in school practices. Therefore, digital technology has been introduced as the most appropriate outcome to ensure pedagogical continuity. Apprenticeships and classes, which until then were entirely provided in person, were suddenly turned into an educational model that alternates face-to-face and virtual self-learning courses, at a distance, hence the concept of “hybrid” teaching. Given its abrupt and hasty nature, much has been said about this “hybrid approach”. Some may see it as a fantastic opportunity to promote ICTs, but most consider it very random and even chaotic. With that being said, the following contribution aims to study the hybridization of FLE teaching/learning as it has been implemented by some high schools in Kenitra during the pandemic (school year 2020/2021) to analyze its effects and main factors, before giving suggestions to improve and take full advantage of this learning system.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has witnessed exponential growth in recent years fueled by advancements in software, hardware, and application development across diverse domains. This research utilizes a thorough analytical methodology to investigate the multifaceted concept of AI implementation in Malaysia’s public sector. It underscores the transformative potential of AI to enhance operational efficiencies yet highlights critical challenges hindering its adoption. Through a detailed examination of the Malaysian public sector’s AI landscape and previous research, our investigation identifies three key obstacles: a lack of qualified expertise, concerns over data privacy, and entrenched resistance to changes in organizational culture. The main findings suggest that despite these hurdles, the benefits of AI implementation, such as increased operational efficiency, streamlined processes, and improved public service delivery, are significant. Ultimately, this research concludes that Malaysia can navigate these challenges effectively with persistent efforts and strategic commitments. Embracing AI promises correctness advancements in public service quality, benefiting citizens and the nation’s clarity.

Pathloss quantifies the reduction in power density of a signal radiated from a transmitter. The attenuation is due to large-scale effects such as free-space propagation loss and interactions (e.g., penetration, reflection, and diffraction) of the signal with objects such as buildings, vehicles, trees, and pedestrians in the propagation environment. Many current or planned wireless communications applications require the knowledge (or a reliable approximation) of the pathloss on a dense grid (radio map) of the environment of interest. Deterministic simulation methods such as ray tracing are known to provide very good estimates of pathloss values. However, their high computational complexity makes them unsuitable for most of the applications envisaged. To promote research and facilitate a fair comparison among the recently proposed fast and accurate deep learning-based pathloss radio map prediction methods, we have organized the ICASSP 2023 First Pathloss Radio Map Prediction Challenge. In this overview paper, we describe the pathloss radio map prediction problem, provide a literature survey of the current state of the art, describe the challenge datasets, the challenge task, and the challenge evaluation methodology. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the submitted methods and present the results of the challenge.

Background: Salmonella has become one of the hazards prevalent foodborne pathogens causing different diseases in chickens. However, Salmonella Typhimurium (ST), a non-host-specific serovar, is a major avian agent that causes severe disturbance in young chicken wellness. Aim: The occurrence of Salmonella in chickens and their antimicrobial resistance were explored in this study. Additionally, the immune response of one-day-old broiler chicks, against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhimurium infection, was also assessed at 4 and 24 h post-infection in the cecum and spleen, representing their mucosal and systemic immune responses, respectively. Methods: A total of 375 samples from 130 diseased and apparently healthy broiler and layer chickens were randomly collected for Salmonella isolation, identification, and resistance profile evaluation, from farms and different clinical laboratories. The immune response of one-day-old broiler chicks, Ross 308, against in-vivo ST infection was ascertained through the evaluation of heterophile phagocytosis and mRNA expression of cytokines, immunoglobulin A and other immune-regulating genes in the cecum and spleen. Twenty-four, one-day-old non-vaccinated broiler chicks were used and divided into two groups. The chicks in the infected group were orally inoculated with 0.5 mL of 2 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of MDR ST suspension, while those in the control group were taken nutrient broth. Results: Seven out of 130 (5.38%) examined chickens were positive for Salmonella. All isolates (100%) were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefazolin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, fosfomycin, and colistin with multiple antimicrobial resistances (MAR) index range of 0.72-0.83, where none of them was resistant to meropenem. The results of immune response revealed that chicks infected with ST showed significantly different phagocytosis percentages and index values compared to controls. According to the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results, the transcription of IL-8, iNOS, IL-18, IgA, and IFN-γ for chicks infected by ST showed a significantly increased trend (P < 0.01) with increasing chicken age and was higher in the cecum than spleen compared to controls (P < 0.05) during 24 h after infection. Conclusion: The findings indicated a strong mucosal immune response in the chicks after the ST challenge, which reflects humoral and cellular responses. Our insight recommended the occurrence of a natural immune response stimulator at one day age to face the infection, and this can prevent the resistance transfer, with efficient control measures. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(1.000): 200-213]