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Although the size of the houses has increased in recent years, the number of house users is decreasing. The decrease in the number of users has brought forth the concept of tiny houses which use less materials, less energy, and produce less waste compared to large houses. There are several types of tiny houses, with tiny houses on wheels (THOWs) being the most preferred type. However, THOWs are subject to high-way rules because they are not permanent structures. Such rules limit the dimensions of THOWs, thus preventing the creation of necessary spaces in the interior. In this study, we exanimated mobile housing, revealed barriers to their use and dissemination, and proposed a system called POD-THOW, which could offer a solution to the space needs of THOWs. As a result, it was understood that POD-THOWs provide a solution to size restrictions, but they should be combined with lightweight constructions and sustainable energy sources to prove effective.

Çalışmada Mo folyolar ve cam üzerine DC saçtırma yöntemiyle kaplanmış Mo ince filmler üzerine aynı anda termal buharlaştırma metoduyla CIGS yarıiletken malzemesi biriktirilmiştir. İki grup Mo alt katmanların AFM cihazı ile topoğrafyaları ve ortalama yüzey pürüzlülükleri elde edilmiştir. CIGS ince filmlerin kalınlıkları SEM cihazı ile kesit görüntüleri alınarak, 1,122 µm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Numunelerin XRD ölçümleri alınarak yapısal farklılıkları belirlenmiştir. Mo folyo ve ince film alt katmanı üzerine biriktirilen CIGS ince filmlerin yüzeyinden 5000, 10000, 25000 ve 50000 büyütmelerde SEM görüntüleri alınmıştır. Elde edilen SEM görüntülerinin GLCM metodu ile Haralick doku özellikleri incelenmiş, elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilerek alt katman Mo topoğrafyasının CIGS ince filmlerin morfolojisi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Hesaplanan Haralick doku özelliklerinin görece geniş alanlardan daha küçük alanlara doğru değişimleri değerlendirilmiştir. A grubu numunelerden elde edilen görüntülerde enerji değerinin 0,21 ile 0,54 arasında, karşıtlık değerinin 0,15 ile 0,35 arasında, korelasyon değerinin 0,66 ile 0,65 arasında ve homojenite değerinin 0,82 ile 0,92 arasında değiştikleri tespit edilmiştir. B grubunda aynı doku özelliklerinin farklılık gösterdiği görülmüştür. Alttaş farklılığının yapı ve morfoloji üzerine etkisi, SEM görüntülerinin doku özellikleri farklılıkları ile açıklanmıştır.

FAST (focused assessment with sonography for trauma) is an ultrasound protocol developed to assess conditions such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, hemoabdomen, bladder rupture, and organ damage due to trauma. It is performed at the time of presentation of a trauma patient for rapid diagnosis. The aim of this study is to compare the results of FAST and ATT (Animal Trauma Triage) scoring system, which are among the first triage examinations, and to determine whether they support each other. Material of the study consisted of 50 dogs (diff erent breed, sex and age) presented in years between 2019-2020 to Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery Clinics with trauma history within 24 h. FAST and ATT scoring system were performed for each dog. ATT score of 50 traumatized dogs was evaluated by dividing into 3 categories; ATT scores of 21 dogs were good (0-5), 19 dogs were moderate (6-11), and 10 dogs were poor (12-18). Thoracic and abdominal abnormal findings were detected by T-FAST in 12 dogs (24%) and by A-FAST in 10 dogs (20%). Spearman correlation analysis showed there was no significant association between ATT score and A-FAST (r=0.04, P=0.75), and ATT score and T-FAST (r=0.140, P=0.33) in traumatized dogs. In conclusion, FAST should be performed for urgent diagnosis of possible thoracic or abdominal pathological findings in traumatized dogs, regardless of ATT score.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate histopathologically the therapeutic effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and MPA (methylprednisolone acetate) injections in rabbits achill tendinopathies induced by collagenase (Collagenase Type I) Materials and Methods: Achilles tendinopathy was formed with intrathendinous injections of type I collagenase into the proximal and distal regions of the right and left achilles tendons of 23 rabbits. PRP was injected distal to the right Achilles tendons and MPA to the distal of the left Achilles tendons. A 0,9% saline solution was also injected into the proximal parts of all achilles tendons. Rabbits were euthanized 3, 6, and 8 weeks after the therapeutic injections. The degree of histopathological degeneration of the tendons was made according to the Modified Movin scoring. Results: Statistically significant differences were detected between the treatment groups and the 0.9% saline injected group (p0.05) without tenocyte nuclei (p Conclusion: In conclusion, we consider that PRP injections tend to provide an earlier improvement in the treatment of tendinopathy compared to MPA injection.

Bu çalışmada yüksek şeffaflığa sahip Flor katkılı Kalay Oksit ince filmleri ultrasonik sprey piroliz tekniği ile başarılı bir şekilde üretilmiştir. İnce filmlerin yapısal ve morfolojik karakterizasyonu için X-ışını kırınımı, taramalı elektron mikroskobu ve atomik kuvvet mikroskobu analizleri yapılmıştır. X-ışını kırınımı desenleri göstermiştir ki filmler polikristal haldedir ve (200) tercihli yönelimi boyunca büyümüşlerdir. 3,16 eV’luk bir band aralığı UV-Vis ölçümlerinden elde edilmiştir. İnce filmlerin öz direnci 1,35×10-3W-cm olarak bulunmuştur.

Camels (Camelus dromedarius) are bred in Western Turkey, particularly in the province of Aydin, for touristic, social and cultural purposes. Bovine enterovirus‑1 (BEV‑1), Bovine herpesvirus type‑1 (BHV‑1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and Parainfluenza‑3 (PI‑3) virus infections are significant causes of health and/or economic concerns in several animal species. These agents have not been investigated in the camel population in Turkey. The objective of this study was to serologically investigate the presence and infection rates of these viruses in camels in Aydin province, Western Turkey. Ninety‑two serum samples were taken from clinically healthy camels that were kept in private farms or brought to the local slaughterhouses. Serum neutralization test was performed to assess the presence and the titers of specific antibodies against BEV‑1, BHV‑1, BVDV, and PI‑3 virus in camel sera. Of the 92 camels tested, 30 (32.61%), 2 (2.17%), 54 (58.7%), and 20 (21.74%) were seropositive for BEV‑1, BHV‑1, BVDV, and PI‑3, respectively. These results suggest that, except for BHV‑1, these viral infections are common among camels in Western Turkey. To our knowledge, this the first comprehensive, large‑scale study investigating these viral infections in camels in Turkey.

Özet: Bu çalışmada, güneş hücrelerinde soğurucu malzeme olarak kullanılan CuInSe2 ince filmler 10-4 Pa vakum altında, yapıyı oluşturan malzemelerin aynı anda termal buharlaştırılma yöntemi ile 400 °C sabit alttaş sıcaklığında cam altlıklar üzerine biriktirilmiştir. Tavlama sıcaklığı ve tavlama yönteminin, filmler üzerine etkisini belirlemek için 3 grup ince film üretilmiş ve bunlardan bir grup referans olarak ayrılmıştır. İkinci grup ince filmler vakum altında 400 °C – 700 °C arasındaki sıcaklıklarda tavlanmıştır. Üçüncü grup ince filmler yapısal değişimlerini incelemek için 500 °C’de azot gazı ortamında selenyum parçacıklarıyla beraber tavlanmıştır (selenizasyon). Vakum altında tavlama işleminde sıcaklık ile kristalleşme arasında doğrudan bir ilişki olmadığı görülmüştür. Azot ortamında yapılan selenizasyon işlemi ise CIS ’in kristalleşmesini iyileştirmiş fakat azot gazının safsızlığından kaynaklanan In2O3 pikleri de oluşmuştur. Yapısal karakterizasyon için SEM, EDS, AFM, XRD sistemleri kullanılmıştır. Farklı ortamlarda tavlamanın etkileri araştırılmış ve Ga katkılı CIS ince filmler için üretim parametreleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Abstract: In this study, the CuInSe2 thin films, which are used as an absorbing material in solar cells was deposited on glass substrate at a constant substrate temperature of 400 °C by means of thermal co-evaporation method, under 10-4 Pa vacuum pressure. Three groups of thin films were produced to determine the effect of annealing temperature and annealing method on the films, and a group of them were separated as reference. Second group thin films were annealed between 400 °C and 700 °C temperature under vacuum. Third group of thin films were annealed at 500 °C together with the selenium particles in nitrogen gas atmosphere (selenization) to investigate the structural change of the films. It has been found that there is no direct relationship between temperature and crystallization during vacuum annealing. The selenization process in the nitrogen environment improved the crystallization of CIS but the formation of In2O3 peaks originating from the impurity of the nitrogen gas has been seen. SEM, EDS, AFM, XRD systems were used for structural characterization. The effects of annealing in different environments have been investigated and production parameters have been tried to be determined for the Ga doped CIS thin films.

Kasım 2011’de Almanya’nın Schmallenberg kasabası yakınlarında ateşli, ishal ve süt verimi azalan sığırlardan elde edilen plazma örneklerinde yeni bir Orthobunyavirus varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu yeni virus pozitif örneklerden izole edildikten sonra Schmallenberg Virus (SBV) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Bunyaviridae ailesi üyelerinden olan bazı viruslar (Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus, Sin Nombre Virus ve Sandfly Fever Naples Virus) zoonoz olup, halk sağlığını önemli derecede etkilemektedir. Bu yüzden, SBV’nin üzerinde detaylı araştırmalar yapılmasına gereksinim duyulmaktadır. SBV’unun, Avrupa’da bir Simbu serogrup üyesinin neden olduğu bilinen ilk salgın olup, Shamonda ve Sathuperi viruslarından köken aldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu derlemede, Avrupa ülkelerinde sığır, koyun ve keçilerde abort vakalarından sorumlu olduğu düşünülen bu yeni virus türünün neden olduğu SBV enfeksiyonu hakkında kısa bir bilgilendirme yapılması amaçlandı.

A survey was conducted to determine of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Leukosis Virus infections in a dairy cattle herd with abortion problem in Çankırı. A total of 172 serum and 172 leukocytes samples were collected from unvaccinated Holstein cows for mentioned infections in 2010. All sampled animals were over 3 years. While the serum samples were analysed by commercially available indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), leukocyte samples were analysed by direct ELISA. Out of 172 serum samples 106 (61.62%) were found to be positive for BVDV antibodies. None of 172 cattle leukocyte samples were positive for BVDV antigen. Antibodies against BHV-1 and BLV were not detected in any serum samples. The findings imply that antibodies to BVDV infections are widely distributed in this herd. In this farm, cows have not been previously vaccinated for BVDV, thus seropositive results indicate that there was an acute BVDV infection in cattle. Cows should be routinely checked for BVDV status. Seronegative results for BHV-1 and BLV can be explained by the management conditions. As the negative results of BHV-1 and BLV assessed as positive in terms of herd. In conclusion, it is considered that viral agents can play an important role in abortion in cattle and these factors should be checked regularly. Furthermore it is always taken into consideration viruses may also lead to reproductive problems on cattle breeding.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) is a common infection all over the world. It causes important economical losses in cattle breeding. In this study, a total of 46 blood samples were examined taken into tubes with and without EDTA from bulls in Artifical Insemination Centers. Blood serum samples were tested to detect for antibodies against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and leukocyte samples were tested for BVDV antigens by ELISA methods. Eight (17.3%) out of 46 serum samples were found as positive by the means of antibodies against BVDV while 3 (6.5%) out of 46 leukocyte samples were detected as positive for BVD antigens. One (2.1%) of the seropositive bulls was detected as positive for BVD antigen. Two (4.3%) of the seronegative bulls were detected as positive for BVD antigens.

Two types of Canine Adenovirus (CAVs), Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), the virus which causes infectious canine hepatitis, and Canine Adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), which causes canine infectious laryngotracheitis, have been found in dogs. In this study, blood samples taken from 111 dogs, which were admitted to the Internal Medicine Clinic of Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, with clinical symptoms. Seventy-seven dogs were sampled from Isparta and Burdur dog shelters by random sampling, regardless of the clinical findings. Dogs showed a systemic disease, characterized by fever, diarrhea, vomiting, oculonasal discharge, conjunctivitis, severe moist cough, signs of pulmonary disease and dehydration. Two dogs had corneal opacity and photophobia. In serological studies, 188 serum samples were investigated on the presence of CAV antibodies by ELISA. Total 103 (103/188–54.7%) blood samples were detected to be positive for CAV antibodies by ELISA. However, 85 (85/188–45.2%) blood samples were negative. Blood leukocyte samples from dogs were processed and inoculated onto confluent monolayers of MDCK cells using standard virological techniques. After third passage, cells were examined by direct immunoflourescence test for virus isolation. But positive result was not detected. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates the high prevalence of CAV infection in dogs.

In this study was carried out to show the damage of high osmolality ionic and low osmolality non-ionic contrast media in indirect radiography of kidneys, invitro. In this study MDBK was used as permanent cell culture. Omnipaque (lohexol) which is low osmolality non-ionic and Urografin 76 % (Diatrizoate) which is high osmolality ionic contrast media were used in different dilution con-cdntrations. As a result ionic contrast media even in low concentration produced CPE in kidney cell culture, but alternatively the same effect .was determined in non-ionic media after 24 hours without any dilution. CPE was not determined in cell cultures dilution of these media.

A total of 300 blood sera samples taken from bulls in various ages and breed in Meat and Fish Association's Slaughterhouse in Konya were tested against Bovine Herpes Virus type 1 (BHV-1) antibodies by mic-roneutralisation test. 125 (41.66 %) sera were found to be positive . The neutralising antibody titers of the positive sera were detected between 1:2.37 and 1:200. The highest antibody incidence (91.1%-100%) and titers were observed in bulls over 3 years old. In addition, conjunctival or nasal swap samples from 15 bulls with respiratoric symptoms in Slaughterhouse were taken for virus isolation. A virus was isolated by inoculation onto cell culture. The isolated virus was identified BHV-1 by cross microneutralisation test for used hyperimmun sera obtained from rabbits.

In this study; 60 semen samples from the artificial insemination centre in Ankara and also from the bulls -under the possessions of farmers- brought to be slaughtered in Meat and Fish Foundation Slaughterhouse in Konya were examined for virus isolation on sensitive cell cultures. As a result of inoculation of 60 semen samples onto cell cultures, 5 viruses were isolated. 3 of the isolated viruses were identified as Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) according to the results of cross microneutralisation test by rabbit hyperimmun sera.

A highly fethal disease, suspected of, resembling Rinderpest, was diagnosed as a result of elinical and pathological examinations, in calves, in october 1991. in Konya. Total of 9 specimens, including 2 mesenteriallymph nodes, 2 spleens, 2 buffy coat samples and 3 nasal swaps was obtained for virology testing from Rinderpest suspected calves. The inoculation of specimens to Foetal Calf Kidney (FCK) cell cultures, showed that, 4 of the specimens of the 2 mesenterial lymph nodes and 2 nasal swaps was positive for cytopathologic effect (CPE). The histopathologic examination of specimens with CPE in cell cultures, revealed intrastoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies.

This study was carried out to determine serologically the bovine adenovirus (BA V) type 2 infections on 950 cattle blood sera in Konya. The cattle blood sera collected from 950 cattle in Meat and Fish Association's Slaughterhouse in Konya, were subjected to microneutralization test, initially by diluting 1/10, then by diluting them two times and by comparing BAV type 2 viruses with the ratio of 100 DKID501.05 ml. MDBK (Madine Darby Bovine Kidney) cell culture were used in virus production, in titration and in microneutralization test. As a cell medium, Eagle's MEM with % 10 inactivated calf sera and as virus medium Eagle's MEM medium without sera were used. Based on the results the neutralization antibodies were found in 247 sera of the 950 sera against BAV type 2. This study pointed out that the adenovirus infections were prevalent in cattle in Konya.

Das Zielder vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Wirkung der einfachen Knopfnaht und der zweireihigen Nâhte über das Darmlumen und die Heilung miteinander zu vergleichen. Die Untersuchung wurde an Hunden durchgeführt. Das Untersuchungsmaterial bestand aus 20 Hunden, die verschiedene Alter, Rasse und Geschlecht hatten. Auf dem gleichen Abschnitt des Dünndarmes der Hunde wurden zwei verschiedene Lânginzisione gemacht. Eine dieser Enterotomiewunden wurde mit dem einfachen Knopfheft, dann eine andere mit zweireihigen einstülpenden Nâhten (Schmieden-Lembert) verschlossen. Diese Teile des Dünndarmes wurden nach einer Woche rezesiert und makroskopisch sowie histopathologisch miteinander verglichen. Nach den makroskopischen Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, daβ bei der Knopfnaht das Einengen des Darmlumens gering ist und an der Schnittstelle sehrgeringe Verwachsungen su sehen sind. Nach den histopathologischen Untersuchungen wurde bei der Heilungsdauer kein deutlicher Unterschied be-obachtet. Bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung hat es sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, daB die Knopfnaht erhebliche Zeit-und Materialeinsparung ermöglicht, jedoch ein geringes Einengen des Darmlumens. verursacht. Es wurde in Erwagung gezogen, daβ die bei solchen Nahtmethoden entstehende Verwachsungen jedoch die Darmtâtigkeit nicht verhindern.

Diese Arbeit wurde ausgeführt, um die Frage zu beantworten, an welchen Kiauenerkrankun-gen die Tiere ieiden, die in den Schlachthof zur wirtschaftii-chen Verwertung eingeiiefert waren, und die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen entsprechend der Ergebnisse durchzufüh-ren. Das Untersuchungsmateriai be stand aus 100 Rinderfüs-sen, die den 73 Rindern von unterschiediichen Alter, Gesch-lecht und Rasse gehörten. İn der voriiegenden Untersuchung wurde bei Kiauenerkrankungen, die in Konya ein wichtiges Zuchtproblem darsteilen, die kiinische Untersuchung nacher mit röntgenologischen und histopathologischen Untersuchungen ausgewertet und die richtige Diagnose gesteiit. Unter 100 Füssen waren in 84% der Kiauen, eine Defor-mierung des Kiauenschuhs vorhanden. Nach diesen Untersuchungen waren die Ergebnisse wie foigendes: Nichteitrige Klaueniederhautentzündung (32%), Ostitis-Periostitis 15 %), Bailenhorfaeuie (12%), Podarthrose (11%), Eitrig-infizierte Klaueniederhautentzündung (8%), Klauengeienkentzündung (6 %), Hornspalt (3%) Rusterholz'sches SohlengeschwOr (4%), ZwischenkiauenhautentzOndung (3%), Eitrige Entzün-dung der gemeinsamen digitalen Beugesehnenscheide (1%), Zwischenkiauenwuist (2%), Ankyiosierung des Klauenge-ienkes (1%), Klauenbeinfraktur (1%) und Knochentuberkulose (1%). Ais Schlussfolgerung wurde die Wichtigkeit der Klauen-pflege ausgesagt, da bei 84% der erkrankten Kiauen eine Formveraenderung vorhanden war.

With this study it was tried to use the rather simple, cheap and uncomplicated treatment method of crystallise sugar application as an help of treatment in the field of veterinary medicine. In this study materials were consisted of total 28 cases; these were; 1 dog, 1 rabbits, 2 horses and 4 cattle which had been brought to the surgery clinics. 1 horse, 2 catle had bursitis purulenta, 2 calves had arthritis purulenta, 1 cat, 1 sheep, 4 horses, 3 cattle had infected and necrotic wounds, 6 dogs had experimentally made symetric wounds. Granulated sugar was applied in crystallise form as 40% solution and 59% paste form. One of the experimentally made wounds was treated in clasical medhod, and the next one is by grunulated sugar application. Any antibiotic was used expect in arthritis purulenta cases. The resistance of the wound was measured comparatively with an electronic prebe (Eastern-Animdletek-lnc. USA) in order tohave an idea about the improvement rate of the healing results of granulation tissue of experimentally made wounds in 3 dogs. From the other 3 dogs 1 gram of muscle piece was taken before and third and sixth day after the treatment in order to detect the bacteria level on both of the wounds, that colony counts were made. Putrid flow from abscesses in different dimensions has stopped varying in time of 3 to 5 days by application of 40 % granulated sugar solution. This time was obtained as 4 days in arthritis and 2-3 days in bursitis cases. Complete healing was in between 10-17 days. In the infected wounds it was detected that production of granulation tissue by ceasing of flow occured in 3 to 5 days depending on the size of the wound, it has neeted 7 to 13 days for granulation tissue to reach to the skin level. It was reported that the regression of the size of the wound half of its original size on the fifth day and a higher resistance of sugar applied wound was detected in the measurements of the granulation tissue improvement. Reduction of bacteria number was detected in sugar applied wounds comparing with the other one in colony countings bacteriologically. Findings at the end of this study was showed that because of good results, cheapness, easily applicabliness and most abundancy of sugar it may be an alternative to other classical treatment methods.

Bei einem 12 Jahre alten maennli-chen Kangal-Hund werden im rechten Hoden Sertolizelltumor mit Invasion und im Unken Hoden diffuses Seminom beschrie-ben. Beide Tumoren lagen im Skrotum. Der rechte Hoden war atrophisch, ca. 2 x 1.5 x 1.5 cm gross und derbe Konsistenz.Die Schnittflaeche war weisslich-grau und durch wenig entwickeltes Bindegewebe lobuliert. Pa-renchym des Tumors wurde aus ungeordneten und erweiter-ten Samenkanaelchen, gross vakuolhaltigen, oft laenglichen neoplastischen Zellen bestanden. Die relativ kleinen, chromat-inarmen Kerne mit einem Nukleolus hatten eine ovale bis langgestreckte Form. Mitosen traten sehr selten auf und Infiltration der Tumorzellen in die Umgebung war zu beobachten. Die Oberflaeche des ca. 18x13x8 cm grossen ünken Hodens war unregelmaessig. Die Schnittflaeche war grau-weiss, durch unterschiedliche grosse Knoten lobuliert und wiess blutige sowie nekrotische Herde auf. Mikroskopisch, wurde die tubulere Hodenstruktur unsichtbar. Durch sehr dunnes Stroma getrennte Zellen waren uniform, rund Oder polyhedral und wiesen dichte Massen auf. Tumorzellen hatten grosse, rundliche, blaeschenförmige Kerne mit einem Oder mehreren deutlichen Kernkörperchen. Zellriesen und mehrker-nige Riesenzellen wurden gelegentlich und Mitosen haeufiger festgestellt. Lymphozyten werden als herdförmige Anhaeufun-gen Oder lockere Infiltrationen im Stroma besonders perivas-kulaer und an den Tumorraendern nachgewiesen. Haemorrha-gische Bezirke und nekrotische Herde sowie Hyperaemie wurden aufgewiesen, wobei in manchen Gefaessen metasta-tische Tumorzellen angetroffen wurden. Dies ist die erste Fallbeschreibung dieser primaeren kom-binierten Hodentumoren in der Turkei.

A swn of 86 blood sera of sheep were collected from Konya Livestock Research Centre. The blood sera were examined to detennine the presence of neutralizing antibodies to BTV (Bluetongue Virus), type SA4 by microneutralization test. BHK (Baby Hamster Kidney) permanent eeliline was used for production and titration of BTV and neutralisation test. Glascow Eagle's MEM (Minimum Essential Medium) with 10 % calf sera for cell medium and Glascow Eagle's MEM without sera for virus medium were used in this research. The blood sera were tested at the rate of 1/10 dilution. At the end of the microneutralization test, the 31 (36.04 %) sheep blood were found seropozitive to BTV, type SA4.

This study was carried out in three groups, that each group consists of 5 dogs. In the first group xylazine, in the second group propionylprozmazine and third group promazine was used intravenously, as a doses of mg per kg body weight 3.5, 0.3 and 3 mg respectively. In all the animals blood an cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken first before and then after the application of drug on 30th, 60th and 120th minutes. In the samples changes in glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphor paramaters were investigated.

In this study it was aimed to find the most suitable region comparing both the spread of injected material and appropriaty of the region by means of intramuscularly injections which are applied from different regions in veterinary clinics. In tills study 16 dogs were used under two separate groups. The dogs in the first group were injected 2 ml. of contrast medium with a 2i2 mm. long needle from the infraspinata, supraspinata, gluteal and fem.oris caudalis regions. Latero-medial radiographs of all the regions were taken and the spread of con/trast medium Was examined, after 5,15, and 30 minuteis of injections. In the second group the dogs were injected 2 ml. of indian ink to the above mentioned regions with the same length needles. The dolgs were euthanized after 30 minutes of injection and were kept in a deepfreeze for a day. After the end of this prioed, sections were done on the regions in order to determine the degree of spread of indian ink. As a result it has been decided that infraspinata and gluteal regions were superior to the other regions from the point of spread of contrast medium and indian ink, and from the anatomical point of view regio infraspinata was superior to other regions.

A sum of 1032 blood serum samples of the beef cattle were collected from Konya province of Turkey. The blood sera, were examined for neutralizing antibodies to PIV-3 by microneutralisation test. At the end of the this test, 45.6 percent of these serum samples were found to be positive against PIV-3 at the level of 1:5

The 238 blood sera taken from cattle in Konya Livestock Central Research Institute were examined for antibodies to IBR / IPV virus by microneutralisation test. At the end of the test, at undiluted blood sera, the 134 cattle blood sera (56.30 %) were found seropositive for the neutralizing antibodies to IBR / IPV virus. The highest incidence of antibody was found in cattle over two years old. The 61 (45.52 %) of the 134 titrated positive sera showed a neutralizing antibody-titers in a range of 1:39.9 and 1:317. The cattle over two years old had the high antibody-titers.

In this study the blood sera collected from 238 cattle belonging to Livestock Central Research Institute of Konya were examined by micro-neutralisation test against parainfluenza-?) (PI-3) virus from the point of neutralizing antibodies. 116 cattle blood sera (49.57%) in a 1:5 dilution were found to be positive against PI-3 virus. It was determined that the antibody titers of positive sera ranged 1:5.63-1:317.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in the treatment of some traumatic lesions occured in different parts of the body of small and large animals. For this purpose 9 ca ttle ( calf, heifer, co w, bull), 7 horses, 2 cocks, 1 ram, 16 dogs and cats, totally 35 animals were used as materials. Undiluted pure DMSO or its 1/3 diluted solutions of it with glycerine, were applied locally once or twice in a day for the period until recovery of the lesions. DMSO was poured on the surface of the traumatic lesions by naked hand or piece of cotton or gause. The lesions were recovered between 2 - 15 and 2 - 5 days in small and large animals respectively. The treatment was failed on only two animals. As a conclusion, DMSO applications were found to be a simple and effective treatment in acut traumatic lesions of both small and large animals.

In this study an experimental angiography was applied to 10 dogs in 9- 28 kg. weight. Henceforth, the applicational possibility of this method in dog was investigated. For this purpose, the skin upon M. pectineus anterior, at the medial face of os femoris was incised in 5 cm. length. After uncovering up A. femoralis, the Cook's Catheter (6F) was inserted by means of the Sedlinger Cannula and a metalic guide. The point of catheter, under the scopy, was inserted into A. femoralis and advanced through aorta abdominalis up to the bifurcational region of A. renalis. The radiographic film was obtained following the injection of contrast mediums such as Urografin %76 (Schering), Omnipaque (Nyegaard). Later the catheter was taken out by making pressure with adrenalin soaked cotton. Slkin and subcutan tissues were sutured. Since the bleeding would not have been stopped in two cases, ligature was applied to A. femoralis. Besides that, any kind of complications did not happened either before or during the experiments. In this study it is deduced that the application of renal angiography would be benefidal in diagnosis of renal diseases of dogs.

In may 5th 1983 a male puppy in 5 days old with a slight occular purulent discharge was brought to the clinics of the Veterinary Faculty of Ankara University, for treatment. The lid area was swollen and a purulent discharge was extruding throung a small lid openin. The lid separation was performed with a blunt scissors. By this, the conjunctival and the corneal surface were exposed and two worms were found on the corneal surface. The worms were removed with forceps. Perforation and panophthalmia was seen in the cornea. The worms were identified as Calliphora vomitoria.

A case of spondylitis ossificans in a dog was reported. The dog was six years old, and had paraplegia in the hind limbs. In radiographical examination, the ossified bridges among the vertebral bodies in the lumbosacral area were seen. Upon the consent of the owner, because the treatment was impossible the animal was euthanesied.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine of lipid peroxidation biomarkers in Vero cell line inoculated with Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV, Genbank No: GQ229452.1). Materials and Methods: Cell supernatants were collected 4 h/day for 5 days after BEFV inoculation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) values were analyzed from the test media by commercially available ELISA kits. In addition to this, cytopathogenic effects (CPE) of BEFV in cell culture were evaluated periodically by invert microscope. Results: In this research, CPE of BEFV was observed at 72 h post-inoculation. Maximum level of SOD was determined at 56 h, while minimum levels of CAT and GPX were determined at 8 and 104 hours, respectively. Maximum GSH levels were determined at 30, 60, 84 and 120 hours while minimum GSH concentrations were measured at 44, 92 and 112 hours. A sudden decrease of MDA level was observed in the first 8 hours occurred. In addition, CAT, MDA and SOD levels decreased before developing BEFV-caused CPE. Conclusion: It is concluded that lipid peroxidation biomarkers can be useful in the pathogenesis of BEFV. It may prove helpful in the design of future protect from decreasing of oxidative damage associated with BEFV infection.

Aim: Prophylactic gastropexy is an applicated for prevention in large breed dogs, especially gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV)'s surgery. In this study, ventral midline gastropexy and laparoscopic gastropexy which are effect of prophylaxis of GDV were compared for prognosis and surgical intervention. Materials and Methods: The study material consisted of 12 dogs. Average weight of 20-30 kg dogs, respectively. The dogs were divided into two groups. The dogs in group 1 classic gastropexy method were applied. Laparoscopically assisted gastropexy was applied in dogs in group 2. Biochemical analysis and blood gas have been investigated for examination in the preoperative and postoperative period by the 9th day. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed with convex probe 5-7.5 MHz. Direct and indirect radiographic examinations were performed of postoperative period by 9th days. Results: Post-operatively, dogs, daily controlled for 9 days after the operation. The results of both operative techniques revealed fast and easy applicability. The average operating time for the classic gastropexy was 20 minutes. Laparoscopic group which time 41.5 minutes was determined to be average. There were no complications of both techniques of post-operative care. Postoperative gastric peristaltic contractions were counted on day 7 by ultrasonography for both groups. Classic laparoscopic supported gastropexy and found an average of 4-5 contraction. Radiologic examination of the stomach, location, size, shape, content, and rugal gastric wall were encountered with any pathological condition. Conclusions: At the end of the study, both techniques, laparoscopic and conventional gastropexy can be applied for emergency surgery and prophylactic interventions.

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate pestiviral antigen in sheep fetuses in Konya. Materials and Methods: Totally 170 samples (liver, lung, lymph, spleen, and brain) from 34 sheep fetuses were investigated to determine the presence of Border Disease Virus (BDV) with immunoperoxidase (IP) in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney permanent cell culture. Results: Presence of pestiviral antigen was detected by IP in 8.82% of fetuses. 8 tissue (3 livers, 3 lungs, and 2 brains) samples of 3 fetuses were detected as positive. Lymph and spleen samples of the same fetus were not determined in any positivity. Conclusion: It can be expressed that control programme of BDV is needed in Konya.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraocularpressure (IOP) in extracapsular extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification (PHACO) methods with or without intraocular lens (IOL) on dogs with cataract for a 28-day period. Materials and Methods: Twenty adult dogs of both sexes with cataracts, weighing between 10 to 30 kg and at different ages were used as materials. Cataracts were diagnosed by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, ultrasonographic examination and biomicroscopy. Cataracts were classified as immature (7 animals), mature (7 animals) and hypermature (6 animals). Dogs were divided into two groups each consisting of 10 animals. Ten dogs with cataract were operated on for ECCE and the other group of 10 dogs underwent a phacoemulsification procedure. In the two groups, 10 animals were used for 41 dioptry single-piece acrylic intraocular lens. Results: Intraocular pressure was felt at the lowest level 14 days after the operation in the ECCE without IOL implanted group. The IOL implanted group showed irregular levels. Intraocular pressure level was the lowest on the 21st day, without IOL implanted group in phacoemulsification. However, all values remained within the reference values at the end of a 28-day period postoperatively. Conclusions: Both surgeries could be used for cataract cases in terms of IOP effects. Selection of the patient, correct surgical technique and adequate equipment are important for the success of a surgery. But, it has been also concluded that success of phacofragmentation surgery increased when the animals are in immature stages.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determination of the seroprevalences of major respiratoric viral agents of cattle in central region Anatolia. Materials and Methods: In the present study, blood serum samples were collected from 500 cattle not vaccinated against Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3) and Bovine Adenovirus- 3 (BAV-3), which are the most important infectious agents of respiratory system in cattle, in five provinces (Amasya, Çorum, Kayseri, Nevşehir, and Yozgat) of Central Anatolia. Serum samples were investigated serologically with indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for specific antibodies developed against BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV, PIV-3 and BAV-3. Results: Seropositivity of the serum samples of BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV, PIV-3 and BAV-3 were determined as 57.8%, 68.0%, 78.2%, 85.6% and 76.8%, respectively. Conclusions: It may be stated that main infectious viral agents for respiratory disease of cattle in Central Anatolia is still presents, and vaccine programs should be applied.

Aim: The aim of this research was determine the changes in plasma biochemical values of sheep with foot and mouth disease (FMD). Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from Akkaraman sheep with FMD (n=6) and healthy (n=6, control), later plasma samples were extracted. Plasma cardiac (Creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase), hepatic (Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin) and renal damage (Creatine, blood urea nitrogen) markers, lipid metabolism products (Cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein), and phosphor levels were measured with auto-analyzer. Results: Alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein levels of control group were statistically significant (P Conclusion: It may be stated that FMD do not cause seriously damages at cardiac, hepatic, renal, fluid-electrolyte, and lipid metabolism parameters in adult sheep because of measured values determined statistically significant within the healthy sheep parameters.

In this study, blood samples taken from 143 bulls choosen bulls that using in artificial insemination centers were investigated for antibodies against BHV-1, BVDV and EBLV infections by ELISA/Ab. It was determined as positive that antibodies against 12 bulls (8.3%) for BHV-1, 25 bulls (17.4%) for BVDV and 14 bulls (9.7%) for EBLV. Besides, all seronegative bulls were also detected as antigen negative by ELISA/Ag.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the presence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection in a cattle herd with abortion problem in Konya. Materials and Methods: Totally 228 blood serum and 228 leukocytes taken from cattle selected according to criteria for infertile and abortion problems were examined for antigens and antibodies to BVDV by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: In this research, 41 (17.9%) sera were found seropositive and 4 (1.7%) leukocytes were BVDV antigen positive. Of these 4 BVDV antigen positive cattle, a number of 2 (0.8%) were detected seropositive while 2 (0.8%) were seronegative. The animals being antigen positive and antibody negative were sampled second time after two weeks. The same results were detected for two seronegative cattle. The animals detecting persistent infection status were sent to slaughter. Conclusion: It is recommended that the animals should be checked in terms of BVDV for being negative both antigen and antibody before accepting them to the herds.

Aim: In this study, it was purposed detecting of presence and seroprevalence of Maedi Visna Virus (MVV) infection of sheep in private flocks in Konya. Materials and Methods: Blood serum samples taken from sheep (different race, age and sex) in Konya and the surrounding in the private sheep farms were used. Samples obtained from flocks analyzed by agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) for determine the presence of antibodies against MVV. Results: Thirty nine (2.90%) of 1343 sheep blood serum were found to be positive for the presence of MVV antibodies. Seropositivity rates of flocks were determinated between 0.85-13.33%. When the results were analyzed by race: Seropositivities for Akkaraman and Morkaraman as follows: 36 (2.68%) and 3 (0.22%), respectively. Seropositivity rates by gender were evaluated to be 33 females (2.45%) and 6 males (0.44%). Thirty of 33 seropositive females were Akkaraman and 3 were Morkaraman. Six seropositive males were determined as Akkaraman. Ranges of ages of 39 seropositive sheep were about between 1-2.5 years old. Conclusion: The seroprevalence detected in this study was lower than that in other countries.

In this study, presence of some important pathogens such as Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Campylobacter, Brucella and Mycoplasma were investigated by viral and bacteriological isolation, PCR/RT-PCR and serological methods in bulls. Seventy three semen, 94 preputial washings and 101 serum samples from bulls above 1 year old brought in slaughterhouse and, 210 extended semen samples collected in different dates from 19 bulls in an artificial insemination center and their sera were examined. BHV-1 and BVDV were not determined by PCR/RT-PCR and virus isolation in semen samples. Brucella and Campylobacter were not isolated in any of semen and preputial washing samples. Mycoplasma spp. was isolated in 24 (25.5%) of 94 preputial washing samples. In 120 bull sera (19 sera from an artificial insemination center, 101 from slaughterhouse) tested by ELISA, 42 (35 %) were positive for BHV-1 and 46 (39.6 %) for BVDV antibodies. Of the 19 bulls in an artificial insemination center all were seropositive for BHV-1 and 4 were seropositive for BVDV. All serum samples were negative for Brucella antibodies. None of the bulls examined in this study had any clinical symptoms.

In this study, blood, semen and nasal swap samples were taken from 100 clinically healty, indigenous and one year old bulls brought lo Konya Private Konet abbatoir from Konya and its environment with the purpose of slaughter. Semen and nasal swap samples were inoculated into Foetal Bovine Kidney (FBK) and Madin Daiby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell cultures. At the end of Incubation, cytopatogenic effect (CPE) was determined in 26 semen and 2 nasal swap samples. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (EUSA/Ag) was used for identification of viruses isolated. Two isolates from nasal swap could not be identified, while 15 out of 26 isolates from semen samples was identified as BHV-1 by EUSA Following EUSA/Ag and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method was applied for detection of BHV-1 in semen and nasal swap samples. One semen sample and 1 nasal swap sample were found as positive by ELISA/Ag. No positive result could be detected in any of nasal swap samples while 23 semen samples were detected as positive by PCR. Besides, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum micro neutral i zat ion test (serum mNT) were used for detection of antibodies aganist to BHV-1. Twenty-three blood sera samples were detected positive by ELISA, while 14 blood sera samples were detected positive by serum mNT. SNso values of the positive sera samples were detected between 1:1.78-1:22.4.

In this study, Bovino Leucosis (BL) infection in five-years old Holsteln breed cow was investigated clinicaly. hematological and serologicaly. Clinical examinations revealed weakness, lymph nodes enlargements in neck and plica genus and weak exophtalmus in eye. Hematological^, it was determined to increase total leucocytes counts. Serologically, BLV aniibodies were detected in blood and milk serum samples by Agar-Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELİSA).

In this study, seroprevalence of BAV-1-2-3 infections was investigated in different regions of Turkey. A total of 986 blood sera from cattle in middle (567 blood sera), south (145 blood sera), southeast (176 blood sera) and east Anatolia regions (98 blood sera) were screened for presence of neutralizing antibodies and titers againsl BAV-1,2 and 3 by microneutralization test (mNT). The number of seropositive cattle were 263 (26.67 %) ol 986 for BAV-1, 197 (19,98 %) of 986 for BAV-2 and 190 (19.27 %) of 986 for BAV-3. BAV type 1, 2 and 3 antibodies were observed in 22.05 %, 16.93 % and 19.40 % of 567 blood sera from middle Anatolia; in 31.72 %, 21.38 % and 17.24 % of 145 blood sera from south Anatolia; in 31.25 %, 24.43 % and 20.45 % of 176 blood sera from south-east Anatolia; 37.76 %, 27.55 % and 19.39 % of 98 blood sera from east Anatolia, respectively. Titers of serum neutralizing antibodies were found 1/14.1-1/1260 for BAV-1,1/14.1-1/1060 for BAV-2 and 3. 35.90% of the cattle had antibodies to only one type of BAV. 10.64 % of sera had antibodies to two types of BAV and 2.83 % of sera had antibodies to BAV type 1, 2 and 3. However antibodies to BAV type 1, 2 and 3 were not detected in 50.60 % of 986 sera.

Blood samples which were collected with and without EDTA were taken from 62 prenatal pregnant cows, from both cows and precolostral calves at the time of birth and, after approximately 3 months, from postnatal calves which were all present in a private management in this research. Direct immunoflourescence (DIF) and direct immunperoxidase (DPLA) tests were used for virus isolation from leucocyte samples, serum neutralisation test was used to detect antibodies against BVDV. Viral antigen wasn't delected in BVDV from first and second blood samples obtained both all pregnant cows and all calves. By SN testing which was used to detect antibodies against BVDV. while all the pregnant cows were found to be positive after both sampling, 7 precolostral calves were positive and 55 precolostral calves were negative all the calves, from which the second sampling was carried out approximately during 3 months after birth, were detected as positive. SN50 titers of the pregnant cows from which sera samples were collected before birth were noted between 1/7,5 and 1/160≤ However, SN50 titers of sera taken from cows just after giving birth were detected between 1/7,5 and 1/160≤ The sera samplss obtained from 7 precolostral - seropositive calves immediately following birth, SN50 titers were lound to be between 1/20 and1/120. The samples taken from calves within 3 months after birth SN50 tilers were detected between1/5 and 1/160.

In this study, 100 feces samples from 0-1 old year calves with clinical sign of respiratory and digestive systems, fever and acut diarrhae symptom in eight private managements of Konya and its arround were used for virus isolation studies in sensitive cell cultures and checked for BAV 1,2 and 3. As a result of inoculation of 100 feces samples onto foetal calf kidney cell cultures, 2 viruses were isolated. The isolated viruses were identified as BAV-1 by cross microneutralization test with rabbit hyperimmun sera. Blood serum samples from these animals were tested using microneutralization test tor neutralizing antibody to BAV 1, 2 and 3. The presence of neutralizing antibody was detected in 17 out of 100 blood sera (17%) against BAV-1, in 21 (21%) against BAV-2 and in 23 (23%) against BAV-3. Serum neutralization 50 (SNso) values of seropositive animals were detected to be 1/14.1-1/531, 1/14.1-1/316 and 1/ 14.1-1/531 for BAV-1,2 and 3 respectively.

The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the aplicability of autogenic skin graft in the treatment of large hernial defects in sheep. Total of 24 sheep used, were divided into 4 groups. Each groups had 6 sheep. Skin flaps, approximately 11 cm in diameter and 15 cm in length were removed over the umbilical area Consequently, hernial defect corresponding to the removed skin flap size, were created through the removal of abdominal musculuture and periton. Epidermal and dermal layers of skin flaps facing to the abdominal wall were placed in 3 sheep of each groups. Sheep were euthanized in 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, in groups 1. 2. 3 and 4, respectively. Following this, tissue samples were collected from different spots of autogen skin flaps and submitted for histologic evaluations. It was concluded thai skin autograft was superior to other hemioplasty materials because of the elasticity, easy applicability and inexpensiveness.

Blood samples were collected intotubes with EDTA from 15 calves with a respiratory disease and inoculated on to foetal calf kidney (FCK) cell culture. Two viruses isolated from these blood samples. The cytophatic effect (CPE) in FCK cell culture were occurred fourth and fifth passage.