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Field documentation of archaeological sites and built heritage by point-cloud is very effective in yielding arbitrary 3- dimensional shapes of various objects. There are several options for methods and devices such as TLSs, Mobile scanners, and SfM-MVS-based CRP. These are based on different technology, mechanism, and algorithm. Therefore, it is difficult to compare their precision, resolution, and measurement error in the same manner under practical conditions rather than catalog specification. The authors plan and carry out a field experiment of 3D point-cloud measurement in an archaeological site to obtain sample data for comparison between methods and devices under controlled conditions. Through comparative analysis, we evaluate character and advantage, as well as comparative measurement errors between methods and devices, then argue the combined use of different methods and devices under the “Multi-scale 3D scan strategy”.

We fabricated ytterbium-doped yttrium aluminum oxide (Yb:Y–Al–O) thin films by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and evaluated their crystallinity and anti-Stokes photoluminescence (PL) properties for optical refrigeration. The Yb:Y–Al–O films that were grown on c-sapphire substrates had better transparency than the films deposited on fused-quartz substrates. The better transparency is considered to be a result of the smaller mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of Yb:Y–Al–O and c-sapphire. We found that the thin films on the c-sapphire substrates consist of densely packed sub-micron columnar crystals that are aligned perpendicular to the substrate. In these films, we confirmed the existence of perovskite, garnet, and monoclinic phases despite using a single-phase sputtering target. The excitation wavelength dependence of anti-Stokes PL is used to investigate the energy transfer process between trivalent Yb ions in neighboring columnar crystals. The data indicate that the resonant energy transfer from Yb3+ ions at a specific seven-coordinated site of the monoclinic phase to Yb3+ ions in neighboring columnar crystals is faster than the radiative relaxation at the energy-donor site.

Background: Oily fish and their extracted oils may be a source of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which can induce toxic effects on the consumers. The main aim of this survey was estimation of PCBs intake through fish oil-derived dietary supplements and prescription drugs in the Japanese population. Methods: PCBs levels were determined in 20 fish oil-derived dietary supplements and 6 oil-derived prescription drugs from the Japanese market using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Then, the daily exposure to PCBs was estimated. Data were statistically analyzed using JMP software suite. Results: Totally, 17 of the 26 fish oil-derived products were contaminated with PCBs. The median PCB concentrations in the total set of fish oil-derived products was 2.2 ng/g oil wt. with a range of

Abstract Reflection states are introduced in the vertical and horizontal modules of the Ding-Iohara-Miki (DIM) algebra (quantum toroidal gl1 $$ \mathfrak{g}{\mathfrak{l}}_1 $$). Webs of DIM representations are in correspondence with (p, q)-web diagrams of type IIB string theory, under the identification of the algebraic intertwiner of Awata, Feigin and Shiraishi with the refined topological vertex. Extending the correspondence to the vertical reflection states, it is possible to engineer the N=1 $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ quiver gauge theory of D-type (with unitary gauge groups). In this way, the Nekrasov instanton partition function is reproduced from the evaluation of expectation values of intertwiners. This computation leads to the identification of the vertical reflection state with the orientifold plane of string theory. We also provide a translation of this construction in the Iqbal-Kozcaz-Vafa refined topological vertex formalism.

Abstract Instanton partition functions of N=1 $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ 5d Super Yang-Mills reduced on S 1 can be engineered in type IIB string theory from the (p, q)-branes web diagram. To this diagram is superimposed a web of representations of the Ding-Iohara-Miki (DIM) algebra that acts on the partition function. In this correspondence, each segment is associated to a representation, and the (topological string) vertex is identified with the intertwiner operator constructed by Awata, Feigin and Shiraishi. We define a new intertwiner acting on the representation spaces of levels (1, n) ⊗ (0, m) → (1, n + m), thereby generalizing to higher rank m the original construction. It allows us to use a folded version of the usual (p, q)-web diagram, bringing great simplifications to actual computations. As a result, the characterization of Gaiotto states and vertical intertwiners, previously obtained by some of the authors, is uplifted to operator relations acting in the Fock space of horizontal representations. We further develop a method to build qq-characters of linear quivers based on the horizontal action of DIM elements. While fundamental qq-characters can be built using the coproduct, higher ones require the introduction of a (quantum) Weyl reflection acting on tensor products of DIM generators.

Despite their role in oceanic CaCO3production, the physiological processes responsible for calcification in foraminifera are poorly understood Here, the authors show that calcification is driven by rapid transformation of bicarbonate to carbonate inside the cytoplasm, achieved by active outward proton pumping.

BACKGROUND: In the absence of stimuli, most motile eukaryotic cells move by spontaneously coordinating cell deformation with cell movement in the absence of stimuli. Yet little is known about how cells change their own shape and how cells coordinate the deformation and movement. Here, we investigated the mechanism of spontaneous cell migration by using computational analyses. METHODOLOGY: We observed spontaneously migrating Dictyostelium cells in both a vegetative state (round cell shape and slow motion) and starved one (elongated cell shape and fast motion). We then extracted regular patterns of morphological dynamics and the pattern-dependent systematic coordination with filamentous actin (F-actin) and cell movement by statistical dynamic analyses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We found that Dictyostelium cells in both vegetative and starved states commonly organize their own shape into three ordered patterns, elongation, rotation, and oscillation, in the absence of external stimuli. Further, cells inactivated for PI3-kinase (PI3K) and/or PTEN did not show ordered patterns due to the lack of spatial control in pseudopodial formation in both the vegetative and starved states. We also found that spontaneous polarization was achieved in starved cells by asymmetric localization of PTEN and F-actin. This breaking of the symmetry of protein localization maintained the leading edge and considerably enhanced the persistence of directed migration, and overall random exploration was ensured by switching among the different ordered patterns. Our findings suggest that Dictyostelium cells spontaneously create the ordered patterns of cell shape mediated by PI3K/PTEN/F-actin and control the direction of cell movement by coordination with these patterns even in the absence of external stimuli.