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Amylase enzyme has extensive usage in different industries and can be obtained from microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) before purification and usage. In the current study, the amylase-producing potential of bacteria isolated from selected dumpsites in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, was investigated. A total of 54 soil samples were obtained from three different dumpsites (Ikhueniro, Eyaen, and Uhumarioge) between August and October 2023. The pour plate method was used to quantify the total number of heterotrophic bacteria, and starch hydrolysis agar was used to assess the organisms' starch-hydrolyzing capacity. The bacterial isolates' capacity to produce amylase was assessed qualitatively using starch agar and quantitatively using colorimetric (3,5-dinitro salicylic acid reagent) techniques, while optimal pH and temperature for amylase production were done by spectrophotometric technique. The bacterial isolates were further identified by their cultural, morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA characteristics. A total of 23 different bacterial isolates were identified from the soil samples, out of which 8 were found to hydrolyze starch. Achromobacter anxifer, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Proteus mirabilis were further reported as the highest producer of amylase enzyme, with optimum temperature and pH being 35°C and 6, respectively. The study of amylase-producing bacteria from the soil of waste dump sites reveals a complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem with profound ecological, industrial, and scientific significance. Efforts must, therefore, be made to obtain this enzyme in sufficient amounts and ensure its usage in different industries.

Purpose – This study aims to assess the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in retail stores to improve supply chain visibility and integration. Design/methodology/approach – This study employed a qualitative methodology with data collected using semi-structured interviews from a sample selected using purposive sampling. The population consists of 48 employees, of which 6 were selected for the sample as they worked directly with IoT and supply chain issues. Participants were from a SPAR franchise store (Samenwerken Profiteren Allen Regalmatig). Findings – Thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcribed data from the interviews. The themes identified include supply chain visibility, supply chain integration and IoT. The findings indicate that the main IoT used is an organisational-wide system, the SIGMA (SPAR Integrated Goods Management Application) system. Other technologies that aid supply chain visibility and integration are geotags, the internet, WhatsApp social media applications, emails and scanners. Practical implications – From the findings, this study recommends that IoT systems should be frequently updated to reflect current trends and that IoT systems should enable the integration of small and medium Enterprises (SMEs) suppliers. Originality/value – The Fourth Industrial Revolution has ushered in new technologies that revolutionise business operations. Among these technologies is the IoT, which has ushered in a new connectivity area. However, there is little research on the use of IoT for supply chain visibility and integration in the South African retail sector. It provides sector-specific insights and recommendations for retailers, which might not be covered in general supply chain management literature.

Background Janus kinase inhibitors are an effective option for achieving sustained remission or low disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) following inadequate response to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Filgotinib is a Janus kinase 1–preferential inhibitor available in two doses for moderate-to-severe RA. We report the long-term efficacy and safety of filgotinib.Methods In the ongoing long-term extension study FINCH 4 (NCT03025308), patients continue filgotinib 200 mg or 100 mg from FINCH 1, 2 or 3 or receive filgotinib 200 mg or 100 mg de novo. Efficacy assessments up to week 156 include American College of Rheumatology 20% response (ACR20), Disease Activity Score 28 using C-reactive protein of

The concept of a circular economy (CE) is a sustainable development strategy aimed at minimising waste and maximising resource efficiency. This paper explores the transition towards a circular economy in Nigeria, providing an overview of the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives. Nigeria is rich in natural resources and has significant economic potential. However, the country faces severe environmental, economic, and social challenges that could be met with a circular economy. Although Nigeria has abundant natural resources and great economic potential, it faces many significant environmental, economic, and social challenges that must be addressed to move to a circular economy as a viable solution. The methods used in research are based on a mixed-methods research approach; the study synthesises findings from a comprehensive literature review, case studies of Nigerian businesses adopting CE practices, and insights from a SWOT analysis conducted in consultation with experts. The conclusions of the SWOT analysis, enriched by discussions with experts, form the basis for a set of targeted recommendations. These recommendations are aimed at policymakers, business leaders, and practitioners, outlining strategic actions to overcome the identified barriers and harness the opportunities inherent in a circular economy. This paper contributes to the scholarly discourse on sustainability and serves as a practical guide for other developing countries navigating the transition to a circular economy. It underscores the urgency and feasibility of adopting circular economy principles in Nigeria, highlighting the path towards a more sustainable, efficient, and economically robust future. In the study, prospects for Nigeria to benefit from include increased resource efficiency, job creation, economic diversification, and environmental sustainability if the circular economy approach were applied.

When olive mill wastewater is given directly to nature without being treated, natural waters become coloured, aquatic life is adversely affected, surface and underground waters are polluted, bad odours occur, and soil quality deteriorates. For these reasons, waste water is not allowed to be poured into soil and water without being discharged. This problem has become a problem that needs to be solved for the Mediterranean countries. With this study, acid cracking and chemical treatability studies achieved the conversion of the physicochemical pretreatment process of olive black water to an automation system. With the applied processes, removal efficiencies of 85% for Chemical Oxygen Demand, 99% for suspended solids, 97% for oil grease and 92% for phenol were obtained. Since the mixing processes of the tanks in the chemical additions are long, the heating chamber in the acid cracking process is designed larger than the tanks. Thus, when there is a black water density in the system, the heating tank in this system can be used as a heating and resting tank in sudden densities in this system. This waste separation process includes producing raw materials, protecting natural resources, and increasing sustainability. In particular, separating the phenol material and making it usable have been essential gains.

Diatoms which are classified into centric diatoms and pPennate diatoms play vital role in themarine food chain. Hence, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the abundance, distribution, dynamics and occurrence of Coscinodiscus and Pluerosigma in Atlantic Ocean from Bight of Benin to Bight of Bonny in Nigeria. This study considered the abundance, dynamics and environmental factors influencing the distribution of centric and pennate diatoms in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Guinea (Nigerian). Water samples for diatom analysis and physico-chemical analysis were collected along transect of the Atlantic Ocean (Nigerian) from Twenty (30) oceanic water stations in ten (10) locations from the eight (8) Nigerian coastal states. Eight taxa each of centric and pennate diatoms were found in the Atlantic Ocean. Coscinodiscus radiatus was the most widely distributed and abundant among centric diatom Coscinodiscus while Pleurosigma enlongatum was the most widely distributed species for the pennate diatom Pleurosigma. Coscinodiscus maginatus was least in distribution and abundant for the centric diatom Coscinodiscus while Pleurosigma formosum and Pleurosigma P. formosum v. longissimum were least occurring among the pennate diatom Pleurosigma. Ondo oceanic water was richest in the diversity of Coscinodiscus in Gulf of Guinea while Bayelsa oceanic water was richest in the diversity of Pleurosigma in Gulf of Guinea. Result revealed significant difference in the abundance of centric and pennate diatoms in the Atlantic Ocean. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, salinity, alkalinity, total hardness calcium, chloride silicate, sulphate and rainfall were environmental factors controlling the distribution and abundant of pennate and centric diatoms.

Abstract Background This case report is applicable to the field of ophthalmology because there is a paucity of medical literature related to the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of uveal effusion syndrome. This is an urgent concern because there are severe complications associated with this disease, including non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, angle closure glaucoma, and possible blindness. This report will fill clinical knowledge gaps using a patient example. Case presentation A 68-year-old white male with multiple cardiovascular risk factors initially presented to the Eye Institute Urgent Care Clinic with new onset visual symptoms, including eye pain, eye lid swelling, redness, and tearing of his left eye. He had experienced a foreign body sensation in the left eye and bilateral floaters weeks prior to his presentation. The patient was examined, and vision was 20/30 in both eyes, and intraocular pressure was 46 in the right eye and 36 in the left eye. After initial assessment, including compression gonioscopy, intermittent angle closure glaucoma was suspected. He received oral diamox 500 mg, one drop of alphagan in both eyes, one drop of latanoprost in both eyes, one drop of dorzolamide in both eyes, and one drop of 2% pilocarpine in both eyes. There was only slight response in intraocular pressure. Owing to the bilateral angle closure, he underwent laser peripheral iridotomy to decrease intraocular pressure and open the angle that was found closed on gonioscopy. The patient was discharged on oral and topical glaucoma drops and scheduled for the glaucoma clinic. When he presented for follow-up in the glaucoma clinic, he was evaluated and noted to have bilateral narrow angles and intraocular pressure in the mid-twenties. A brightness scan (B-scan) was performed and was noted to have bilateral choroidal effusions, confirmed by Optos fundus photos. He was started on prednisone at 60 mg once per day (QD) with taper, continuation of oral and topical glaucoma medications, and a retina evaluation. Evaluation with a retina specialist showed resolving choroidal effusion in the left eye. He continued the prednisone taper as well as glaucoma drops as prescribed. Follow-up in the glaucoma clinic revealed a grade 3 open angle. He continued the prednisone taper, cosopt twice per day in both eyes, and discontinued brimonidine. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was performed showed results that were remarkable. No hemorrhage or mass was present. Follow-up with the retina specialist found that the choroidal effusions had resolved completely. Conclusion This case report emphasizes the value in early detection, keen diagnostic evaluation, and cross-collaboration between multiple ophthalmology specialists to optimize healthcare outcomes for patients with uveal effusion syndrome.

Background: The use of herbal medicine has increased globally due to people's dissatisfaction with conventional medicine, family traditions, poverty, and prior positive experiences. Since the last decade, the general public has become increasingly interested in herbal products from several medicinal plants. This study sought to evaluate the microbial contamination of liquid herbal drinks sold in Benin City, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fifty different herbal medicines were purchased from three different locations in the study area. The 50 herbal medicines were centrifuged and the sediment was used for culture, biochemical, and antibiotic tests for the identification of isolated microorganisms and the assessment of the total viable bacterial count. Results: In comparison to regulated herbal preparations (4%), a percentage (36%) of unregulated herbal preparations contained viable bacteria. The most common bacterium found in unlicensed herbal medicines was Klebsiella pneumonia (10%). The percentage of regulated and unregulated herbal preparations that had microbiological contamination that was above the permissible limit (>10 colony-forming unit/ml) was 2% and 26%, respectively. Conclusions: Numerous unlicensed herbal treatments in Benin City have microbial contamination over the World Health Organization-permitted limit for aerobic and coliform bacteria. The regulatory bodies should step up their efforts to make sure that all herbal medicines marketed in the nation are legally registered and created in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice standards.

Lessertia frutescens (synonym Sutherlandia frutescens) is an important South African medicinal plant used traditionally to treat different human pathologies and is considered an adaptogenic plant. This study sought to isolate compounds from the plant and determine their protective potentials using SH-SY5Y cells and MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) to mimic Parkinson’s disease. The phytochemical analysis of a 70% aqueous methanolic extract of L. frutescens leaves resulted in the isolation and identification of 11 pure compounds (1–11), among which compounds 1 and 2 were identified as new metabolites. The new compounds were characterised using IR, UV, NMR, and HRESIMS and were given the trivial names lessertiosides A (1) and B (2). Additionally, the flavonoids 8-methoxyvestitol (7) and mucronulatol (8) were isolated for the first time from the plant. The biological actions show that the isolated compounds had negligible toxicity on SH-SY5Y cells and improved cell viability in the cells exposed to MPP+. Furthermore, as a mechanism of action, the compounds could sustain cellular ATP generation and prevent MPP+-induced apoptotic cell death. Our findings provide evidence for the neuroprotective properties of compounds isolated from L. frutescens in MPP+-induced neuronal damage for the first time and create an avenue for these compounds to be further investigated to elucidate their molecular targets.

This study examines the impact of digital financial services (DFS) on savings development in Nigeria, from 2009 to 2021, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. A phenomenon in the annals of Nigeria’s financial system, is the funding-gap to meeting her development needs, evidenced in rising interest rates, increasing budget deficit, failure of national development plans, etc, which this study attributes to lack of digital savings facilities. The findings revealed that in the long-run, automated teller machine (ATM) has positive effect on total savings (TS) while web transfer (WT), mobile transfer (MT), and point of sales (POS) have negative long[1]run effect on TS. It implies that, in the long-run, ATM may develop savings potency of the saver, perhaps by technological instinct and capacity. The study upholds the technology acceptance theory, that digital technology may develop savings in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the Central Bank of Nigeria needs to create an enabling environment and policies to encourage the innovation of more digital savings platforms to diversify and increase savings. Financial institutions should design user[1]friendly interfaces that could facilitate savings and educate bank service consumers about the benefits of using ATM savings platform. Fiscal incentives should be provided to boost savings via ATM. Further studies on savings development are suggested to apply different methods to test the potency of all digital platforms.

This study examines the impact of digital financial services (DFS) on savings development in Nigeria, from 2009 to 2021, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. A phenomenon in the annals of Nigeria’s financial system, is the funding-gap to meeting her development needs, evidenced in rising interest rates, increasing budget deficit, failure of national development plans, etc, which this study attributes to lack of digital savings facilities. The findings revealed that in the long-run, automated teller machine (ATM) has positive effect on total savings (TS) while web transfer (WT), mobile transfer (MT), and point of sales (POS) have negative long[1]run effect on TS. It implies that, in the long-run, ATM may develop savings potency of the saver, perhaps by technological instinct and capacity. The study upholds the technology acceptance theory, that digital technology may develop savings in Nigeria. Based on these findings, the Central Bank of Nigeria needs to create an enabling environment and policies to encourage the innovation of more digital savings platforms to diversify and increase savings. Financial institutions should design user[1]friendly interfaces that could facilitate savings and educate bank service consumers about the benefits of using ATM savings platform. Fiscal incentives should be provided to boost savings via ATM. Further studies on savings development are suggested to apply different methods to test the potency of all digital platforms.

The Pennsylvanian unconformity, which is a detrital surface, separates the beds of the Permian-aged strata from the Lower Paleozoic in the Central Basin Platform. Seismic data interpretation indicates that the unconformity is an angular unconformity, overlying multiple normal faults, and accompanied with a thrust fault which maximizes the region's structural complexity. Additionally, the Pennsylvanian angular unconformity creates pinch-outs between the beds above and below. We computed the spectral decomposition and reflector convergence attributes and analyzed them to characterize the angular unconformity and faults. The spectral decomposition attribute divides the broadband seismic data into different spectral bands to resolve thin beds and show thickness variations. In contrast, the reflector convergence attribute highlights the location and direction of the pinch-outs as they dip south at angles between 2° and 6°. After reviewing findings from RGB blending of the spectrally decomposed frequencies along the Pennsylvanian unconformity, we observed channel-like features and multiple linear bands in addition to the faults and pinch-outs. It can be inferred that the identified linear bands could be the result of different lithologies associated with the tilting of the beds, and the faults may possibly influence hydrocarbon migration or act as a flow barrier to entrap hydrocarbon accumulation. The identification of this angular unconformity and the associated features in the study area are vital for the following reasons: 1) the unconformity surface represents a natural stratigraphic boundary; 2) the stratigraphic pinch-outs act as fluid flow connectivity boundaries; 3) the areal extent of compartmentalized reservoirs' boundaries created by the angular unconformity are better defined; and 4) fault displacements are better understood when planning well locations as faults can be flow barriers, or permeability conduits, depending on facies heterogeneity and/or seal effectiveness of a fault, which can affect hydrocarbon production. The methodology utilized in this study is a further step in the characterization of reservoirs and can be used to expand our knowledge and obtain more information about the Goldsmith Field.

Purpose – Qualitative research that involves the use of human participants calls for the need to protect those participants to give their honest view during data collection. This is an important part of every primary data collection in qualitative studies using interviews. This paper aims to investigate all available ethical considerations that need to be observed by the researcher when conducting primary data collection through interview and to explore the theories that underpin the ethics in qualitative studies. Design/methodology/approach – This paper systemically reviewed existing qualitative data on ethics and gathered information that were analysed and presented on the topic area. Findings – The findings show that ethical considerations deal with the various approaches adopted by the researcher to make the participants feel safe to participate in any given researcher. During an interview process in qualitative research, the findings show that anonymity, voluntary participation, privacy, confidentiality, option to opt out and avoiding misuse of findings are ethical considerations that must be observed by the researcher. The outcome of the investigation also shows that deontology and utilitarianism, rights and virtue are the main theories that underpin ethical considerations in research. Originality/value – The rights of the research participants need to be respected in qualitative research to assist in gathering accurate information to achieve the objectives of study. This and other ethical principles such as anonymity, privacy, confidentiality, voluntary participation and option to opt out guide the researcher to systematically adhere to data collection approaches that yield valid results in qualitative data collection using interviews.

Background: It has been known for centuries that plants and plant-derived chemicals are useful in treating diseases, with Aloe vera being one of the biologically active plants. A significant role is played by the C-reactive protein (CRP) in many inflammatory conditions, while leukocytes play an integral role in the response of the immune system to infectious diseases. Objectives: This study explored the potential anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera methanolic extract on the total white blood cell (TWBC) count and CRP levels in Wistar rats received formalin. Methods: A total of 25 Wistar rats were divided into five groups (A to E), with group A serving as the control and the other groups receiving formalin to induce inflammation, followed by increasing doses of Aloe vera extract. The CRP level was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, and the TWBC count was determined using a Sysmex haematology autoanalyzer. Results: Research findings showed that 200 mg of Aloe vera methanolic extract effectively reduced the CRP level (0.056±0.0027) (P=0.04), while 600 mg of the extract significantly increased the TWBC count (13.920±4.757) (P=0.03). Conclusion: These findings suggest that Aloe vera extract may be an effective natural supplement for improving the immune system function and reducing inflammation in the body. However, further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms for these effects and to determine the optimal doses and potential side effects.

Rotavirus is responsible for the most severe dehydrating diarrhea among young children due to gastroenteritis. In this study, we aimed to ascertain the occurrence of childhood gastroenteritis caused by Rotavirus among infants and young children who are younger than 5 years of age in Ilorin, Kwara State and determined the risk factors posing the challenges to be susceptible to diarrhea associated with rotavirus in Ilorin, Kwara State. Diarrhea stool samples were collected from children who passed watery stools, who met predetermined inclusion criteria and who presented at the study hospitals Viz: General Hospital and Specialist Hospital Alagbado and Children Specialist Hospital, Igboro. All within Kwara State either on outpatient care basis or those admitted into the pediatric ward. Sample of stool habouring rotavirus antigens was detected by commercial Rotavirus IgM ELISA kit to target recent infections among the participants. Out of three hundred (300) stool samples that were collected from children suffering from acute diarrhea, a total number of eighty-six (86) were found to be Rotavirus positive (28.7 %) and two hundred and fourteen (214) were found to be negative (71.3%). The age group 3-5 years, showed the highest prevalence rate which is in line with some research findings that attribute this age range with certain feeding habits and cultural practices, predisposing them to gastroenteritis. It is therefore advised that parents and guardian alike should ensure that special care is given to children, with emphasis on their feeding habits and sanitation.

Soil nutrients consist of minerals such as Ca, Mg, K and Na ions among others which are essential to plant growth. Soils can become deficient in these nutrients on account of pollution, flooding and over cultivation. The soil condition can be ameliorated by addition of clay minerals which are rich in aforementioned cations. The mineralogy of the clay mineral was investigated using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and the effect of pH variation on the release of exchangeable cations of the clay mineral deposit were investigated by varying the pH of the solution in which the clay mineral was immersed whereas the amount of the cations released were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(AAS) and Flame Emission Spectrophotometer. Three clay minerals clinochlore, kaolinite and illite were detected. The quantity of cations released from the clay mineral varied with pH; and the pH at which the maximum quantity of the cations were released were pH4 for K+ ions(4.63±0.38cmol/kg), pH7 Ca2+ (12.09±0.96 cmol/kg) and Mg2+(3.48±0.08 cmol/kg) ions and pH8 for Na+(7.81±0.58 cmol/kg) ions respectively for site 1. This trend was observed in the three sites that were studied. This study has revealed that different pH conditions are required if this mixed clay mineral is to be employed in the remediation of nutrient deficiency in any soil in respect of a particular mineral.

Conclusion: Leaf extract from Moringa oleifera reduces blood sugar and lessens the damage caused by hyperglycemia in the pancreas and liver.

SARS-CoV-2 shedding in human stool has been suggested as a probable route for faeco-oral transmission of the virus due to the availing evidence on the infectivity and pathogenicity of similar highly infectious respiratory viruses. Determining association of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in stools and presenting clinical status might be useful for prediction of the viral transmission spectrum and disease outcome. This study involved a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 91 consenting hospitalized, confirmed COVID-19 patients in Infectious Disease Isolation Centre, Oyo State, Nigeria. Socio-demographic characteristics and other ancillary data were collected from patient's hospital records with the aid of a structured investigator administered questionnaire. The laboratory detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the stool of patients was performed using RT-PCR method. 27 (29.7%) of the 91 COVID-19 patients shed SARS-CoV-2 in their stools. The frequency of male (38.3%) patients shedding the virus in stools was higher than female (12.9%) patients (P = 0.012). Higher proportion of patients who had symptoms (41.2%) at admission shed the virus in their stool (P

Abstract Background Carpobrotus edulis (Mesembryanthemaceae), also known as igcukuma in Xhosa language is a medicinal plant used by the traditional healers to treat common infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Based on this information, we researched on the plant phytoconstituents, as well as its inhibitory effect using aqueous and three different organic solvent extracts in order to justify its therapeutic usage. Methods Antioxidant activity of the extracts were investigated spectrophotometrically against 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) diammonium salt, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and ferric reducing power, Total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, tannins, alkaloids and saponins were also determined using the standard methods. Results Quantitative phytochemical analysis of the four solvent extracts revealed a high percentage of phenolics (55.7 ± 0.404%) in the acetone extract, with appreciable amount of proanthocyanidins (86.9 ± 0.005%) and alkaloids (4.5 ± 0.057%) in the aqueous extract, while tannin (48.9 ± 0.28%) and saponin (4.5 ± 0.262%) were major constituents of the ethanol extract. Flavonoids (0.12 ± 0.05%) and flavonols (0.12 ± 0.05%) were found at higher level in the hexane extract in comparison with the other extracts. The leaf extracts demonstrated strong hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, with the exception of water and ethanol extracts. IC50 values of the aqueous and ethanolic extract against DPPH, ABTS, and NO were 0.018 and 0.016; 0.020 and 0.022; 0.05 and 0.023 mg/ml, respectively. The reducing power of the extract was found to be concentration dependent. Conclusion The inhibitory effect of the extracts on free radicals may justify the traditional use of this plant in the management of common diseases in HIV/AIDs patients in Eastern Cape Province. Overall, both aqueous and ethanol were found to be the best solvents for antioxidant activity in C. edulis leaves.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a plant commonly utilized in herbal medicine and stands out as one of the more extensively researched medicinal plants globally. It has been documented with respect to several pharmacological activities, notably, neuroprotective effects, among others. However, the neuroprotective activity of pure phenolic compounds has not been reported yet. The chromatographic of a methanolic extract yielded twenty-two compounds, viz.: naringenin 4′-O-glucoside (1), 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavanone (butin) (2), liquiritin (3), liquiritin apioside (4), abyssinone (5), glabrol (6), isoliquiritin (7), neoisoliquiritin (8), isoliquiritin apioside (9), licuraside (10). 3’[O], 4’-(2,2-dimethylpyrano)-3,7-dihydroxyflavanone (11), glabrocoumarin (12), glabrene (13), isomedicarpin (14), 7-hydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone (formononetin) (15), ononin (16), glycyroside (17), (3S)-7,4′-dihydroxy-2′-methoxyisoflavan (18), glabridin (19), neoliquiritin (20), 3,11-dioxooleana-1,12-dien-29-oic acid (21), and 3-oxo-18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (22). The results of the neuroprotection evaluation showed that G. glabra total extract (TE) and compounds 1, 7, 11, 16, and 20 protected SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the depletion of ATP and elevated caspase 3/7 activities induced by MPP+. Indeed, this study reports for the first time the structure and activity of compound 11 and the neuroprotective activity of some phenolic constituents from G. glabra.

Nigeria loses thousands of its populace annually to cancer. Probable upsurge in the atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been suggested as a contributor to this menace. This baseline study has evaluated the concentrations of the 16 priority PAHs in urban and rural communities, Southern Nigeria to establish a nexus. Air samples were collected monthly for a period of 12 months from 10 sampling locations using passive samplers (polyurethane foams (PUF) disk). Results obtained revealed an average ambient air concentrations (∑16PAH) of 0.817 ± 0.33 µg/m3for the urban, 0.087 ± 0.05 µg/m3 for the rural and 0.011 ± 0.01 µg/m3 for the control site. Remarkably, the obtained urban and rural benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) mean concentrations, mainly from incessant combustion of unsorted municipal solid wastes and bush burning were outrageous (63 ng/m3 and 9 ng/m3 respectively), indicative of a significant cancer health hazard and a possible overlooked source of the global BaP burden. The Total Toxicity Equivalent Concentration (TTEC) were found to vary from 0.000063 – 0.417 µg/m3 with BaP once more reporting the highest toxicity value of 0.314 µg/m3. However, the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values obtained, ranged from 7.8 × 10−8 to 5 × 10−5 which were within the acceptable limits. The Health Impact Assessment (HIA) reported symptoms suggestive of exposure to PAHs, with neurological and respiratory symptoms being the most prevalent by 31.4 - 61.4 % of the respondents. Spatial and temporal variations in the obtained PAH data were found to be significant (p

Data on geographically restricted SARS-CoV-2 variants is lacking in some regions. In this nationwide effort including 18 public health labs, the authors used genomic epidemiology and travel data to understand the origin and spread of 2 variants of interest that predominated during the second wave of the pandemic in Nigeria.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is usually acquired early in life resulting in an asymptomatic, subclinical, and mostly latent infection in immune-competent persons. Infections could be acquired during infancy with asymptomatic and undetectable infections in immune-competent persons. Cytomegalovirus infection has been documented to be prevalent among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of CMV among HIV positive patients as well as to determine the risk factors associated with the transmission of the disease. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional and epidemiological survey involving 400 HIV positive patients attending Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) clinic at Ilorin and Offa general hospital, Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. 5 ml of serum was aseptically collected from the consented participants while Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit (Biogenix, india) was used for the detection of CMV specific IgG antibodies. The test procedures were followed strictly according to the manufacturer instructions. Result: The results obtained showed that 368 samples out of the 400 samples screened for CMV were positive, which depicted a prevalence of 92% while 32(8.0%) were negative. Out of which, 270(73.4%) were females and 98(26.6%) were males. statistically, this research showed that there was a significant association between blood transfusion and CMV infection which may be suggestive that having blood transfusion could be a potential risk factor for CMV transmission (p < /em>=0.037), while there were no statistical relationship between the prevalence of CMV and some demographic characteristics such as age (p < /em>=0.71), gender (p < /em> = 0.748), educational Status (p < /em> = 0.104), occupation (p < /em> = 0.846), marital Status (p < /em> = 0.509), viral Loads (p < /em> =0.285), sexual activity (p < /em> = 0.314), and immunosuppression (p < /em> = 0.644). Conclusion: The high prevalence of CMV (92.0%) among the studied population is a clear indication that a vast majority of HIV seropositive individuals in Kwara State are at risk of contracting CMV infection and as such, more preventive measures should be employed to mitigate the menace of CMV infection among HIV positive patients.

Background: Oral candidiasis has proven to be endemic amongst people infected with HIV/AIDS. The initial symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are accompanied by other diseases which indicate a suppressed immune system. In this study, an epidemiological survey was conducted on HIV positive patients who visited Kwara state general hospital, Kwara state specialist hospital, Civil service hospital and Cottage hospital, Ilorin. Methods: Oral swabs were collected and cultured for the isolation and characterization of Candida and speciation of isolates were done using Chromagar Candida. The socio-demographic and clinical data of the HIV patients were obtained using a structured researcher-administered questionnaire and were correlated with presence or absence of oral candidiasis. Results: Out of a total of the 300 HIV positive patients, 40 (13.4%) yielded growth of Candida species with distribution of Candida albicans 20(6.7%), Candida tropicalis 6(2.0%), Candida krusei 6(2.0%), Candida glabrata 2(0.7%) and a mixed growth of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis 6(2.0%). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and significance level were set at p < /em>=Conclusion: The study revealed that Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata were the species causing oral candidiasis among people living with HIV/AIDS. An overall oral candidiasis prevalence of 13.4% was observed among the studied population.

Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a life-threatening condition affecting alcoholics who ceased or decreased their alcohol consumption. The synthetic drugs used to manage these consequences are not without undesirable effects; hence, the need for a natural and affordable approach is raised. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the effect of aqueous extract of gum arabic (GA) on hepato-renal functions during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in Wistar rats. Methods: In phase I, dose-response for GA and alcohol for the study were determined. In phase II, the effect of GA on biomarkers during AWS was studied. A total of 60 male Wistar rats were used for the study. Blood and tissue samples were obtained at the end of stipulated periods of oral administration for biochemical and histological analysis, and biochemical parameters were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Results: In the dose-response study, there were no significant differences (P≥0.05) in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities as well as in total bilirubin (TBIL), malondialdehyde (MDA), sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), and creatinine concentrations in groups treated with 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 400 mg/kg bw GA aqueous extract compared to the control group. However, significant alterations were observed in groups treated with 600 and 800 mg/kg bw GA extract. Furthermore, rats that received 5.5 mL/kg bw alcohol showed marked changes in biochemical parameters compared to the group that received 4.5 mL/kg bw and the control group. The results obtained in Phase II exhibited the hepato-renal protective effect of GA during ethanol withdrawal. Statistical analysis of the obtained results indicated a better response from the study groups that were pre-treated or co-administered with GA compared to the group that was post-treated. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that GA aqueous extract offered better protection prophylactically than curatively.

With two central galaxies engaged in a major merger and a remarkable chain of 19 young stellar superclusters wound around them in projection, the galaxy cluster SDSS J1531+3414 ( z = 0.335) offers an excellent laboratory to study the interplay between mergers, active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, and star formation. New Chandra X-ray imaging reveals rapidly cooling hot ( T ∼ 10 ^6 K) intracluster gas, with two “wings” forming a concave density discontinuity near the edge of the cool core. LOFAR 144 MHz observations uncover diffuse radio emission strikingly aligned with the “wings,” suggesting that the “wings” are actually the opening to a giant X-ray supercavity. The steep radio emission is likely an ancient relic of one of the most energetic AGN outbursts observed, with 4 pV > 10 ^61 erg. To the north of the supercavity, GMOS detects warm ( T ∼ 10 ^4 K) ionized gas that enshrouds the stellar superclusters but is redshifted up to +800 km s ^−1 with respect to the southern central galaxy. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array detects a similarly redshifted ∼10 ^10 M _⊙ reservoir of cold ( T ∼ 10 ^2 K) molecular gas, but it is offset from the young stars by ∼1–3 kpc. We propose that the multiphase gas originated from low-entropy gas entrained by the X-ray supercavity, attribute the offset between the young stars and the molecular gas to turbulent intracluster gas motions, and suggest that tidal interactions stimulated the “beads-on-a-string” star formation morphology.

ABSTRACT Mycotoxins produced by several Fusarium species have a significant effect on reducing maize yield and grain quality and have led to food safety concerns. The antifungal activities of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia species) tea extracts reduced the growth of plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea, but their efficacy against Fusarium spp. is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of fermented and unfermented rooibos (A. linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) aqueous extracts as well as green tea (Camellia sinensis) against 10 Fusarium species. Conidial viability was assessed by fluorescence microscopy dyes, ATP production was determined using the BacTiter-Glo assay, the mode of action was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantification of polyphenols was done using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Fermented rooibos extract demonstrated the highest antifungal activity (P < 0.0001) against Fusarium verticillioides MRC 826-E, Fusarium subglutinans MRC 8553, Fusarium proliferatum MRC 8549, and Fusarium globosum MRC 6647, with only 9.53%, 9.26%, 11.0%, and 12.7% ATP production, respectively, followed by antifungal activity of the fermented C. subternata extract against F. subglutinans MRC 8553, F. subglutinans MRC 8554, F. proliferatum MRC 8550, and F. verticillioides MRC 826-E with 3.79%, 6.04%, 6.04%, and 8.40% ATP production, respectively. Extract-treated conidia examined by SEM exhibited disruption of conidial hyphae and collapsed spores. Overall, the fermented rooibos and C. subternata extracts showed higher antifungal activity against the Fusarium species than the unfermented extracts. IMPORTANCE In maize subsistence farming areas in South Africa, daily consumption of maize contaminated by high level of mycotoxins contributes to long-term health effects such as immune deficiency and cancer. Biocontrol methods that are safe and cost-effective are critical to addressing this public health problem. Plant extracts known as biocides or green pesticides are alternatives to chemical pesticides due to their safety and eco-friendly properties. In South Africa, rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia species) contain polyphenols with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These indigenous herbal teas are widely available and consumed in South Africa and have potential as an innovative approach to reduce mycotoxin levels and, subsequently, human and animal exposure to these toxins. This study evaluates the efficacy of the antifungal activities of several aqueous extracts prepared from fermented and unfermented rooibos (A. linearis), honeybush (Cyclopia subternata), and green tea (Camellia sinensis) on 10 Fusarium strains.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a commonly used medication for its immunosuppressive and dermatologic effects. It has known ocular side effects, which include retinopathy, corneal deposits, and choroidal thinning. Herein, we report the first known case of HCQ-induced hyperpigmentation of the sclera. A 75-year-old female presented after 10 months of gradual progression of painless blue-gray discoloration of the bilateral sclera, fingernails, and lower extremities secondary to oral HCQ therapy. Cessation of the drug led to a partial reversal of the hyperpigmentation at 5 months, further supporting HCQ as the causative agent. Hyperpigmentation reactions can be distressing to patients and lead to decreased medication adherence; given the widespread use of HCQ, it is important to increase awareness of this potential drug reaction.

Abstract Aim The study examines limiting factors associated with cervical cancer Pap smear screening among participants of reproductive age attending a healthcare facility in Namibia. Design A cross‐sectional descriptive and exploratory study was conducted. Methods The data were collected using a face‐to‐face interview (qualitative) and a structured questionnaire (quantitative). A total of 49 participants (10 qualitative and 39 quantitative) aged 17–45 years participated in the study. Results The study revealed that 80% of participants have limited knowledge of cervical cancer, while 49% have never done the test before and 8% were not informed of the screening and risk of the disease. Furthermore, 49% of participants responded that the screening fees are not affordable. Meanwhile, all participants (100%) complained of the long waiting period. Other main barriers for not screening were missed announcements and unsuitable time allocation. Knowledge on cervical cancer and turn‐up for Pap smear screening test was low among participants of reproductive age.

Sloan W Rush,1,2 Felix Omoruyi,2 Ryan B Rush2,3 1Rush Eye Associates, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA; 2Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA; 3Southwest Retina Specialists, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USACorrespondence: Ryan B Rush, Southwest Retina Specialists, 7411 Wallace Blvd, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA, Tel +1-806 351-1870, Email ryan.rush.md@gmail.comPurpose: To analyze patient attitudes and desirability regarding routine immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery (ISBCS).Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective, consecutive survey-based case series from a single private practice institution serving a mostly rural population. A standardized phone survey assessing patient perspectives on ISBCS was administered to patients before and after routine delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery (DSBCS) was performed. Subject responses were analyzed, including a subset analysis on patient responses under a variety of circumstances.Results: There were 61 patients enrolled into the study and 47 completed the surveys before and after routine DSBCS (77.0% completion rate). Thirty-nine (83.0%) of respondents had a favorable outlook of ISBCS preoperatively, whereas 36 (76.6%) had a favorable outlook of ISBCS postoperatively (p> 0.05). On the postoperative questionnaire, twenty-five (53.2%) of respondents were willing to accept additional surgical risk if necessary to receive ISBCS, and this finding was significant between the subgroup of patients with systemic health co-morbidities compared to those without systemic health co-morbidities (p=0.05).Conclusion: Most patients had a favorable outlook of ISBCS before and after undergoing DSBCS. Patients with underlying systemic health co-morbidities were most likely to accept additional surgical risk if necessary to receive ISBCS. From a patient’s perspective, ISBCS may be an acceptable option to routinely implement when cataract surgery is required for both eyes.Keywords: bilateral cataract surgery, patient desirability

SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance has been important for informing pandemic responses but many regions remain under-sampled, limiting knowledge of circulating strains. Here, the authors sequence 378 isolates from Nigeria and identify two strains that appear to be important locally though globally uncommon.

Background: Protozoan and helminthes infections are common parasitic infections in Nigeria associated with fatal complications if not detected early or neglected. This work, therefore, investigated parasitic infections among pupils in Kwara Senatorial Districts for useful information for preventive healthcare. Methods: Stool, urine, and blood samples of 638 subjects (Kwara Central: 152; Kwara South: 263 and Kwara North: 223) were examined for parasites using concentration techniques, Giemsa staining, and microscopy. Results: The results obtained showed the overall prevalence of pupils infected with parasites in Kwara state was 17.9% (114/638). The result obtained in Kwara Central indicated that 15.1% (23/152) of the pupils were infected with parasites. In Kwara South, 2.66% (7/263) of the pupils were infected with parasites. In Kwara North, 37.7% (84/223) were infected with parasites. Distribution of parasitic infection in primary school pupils in Kwara State was: 60.5% (69) Ascaris Lumbricoides; 12.2% (14) Schistosoma mansoni; 8.8% (10) Hookworm; 9.7% (11) Entamoeba histolytica; 4.4% (5) Fassiola gigantical; 2.6% (3) Plasmodium spp., and 1.8% (2) Schistosoma haematobium. The distribution of parasitic infections among the pupils based on age included: 0% (0) (1–5 years). 55.3% (63) (6–10 years) 43.8% (50) (11–15 years), and 0.9% (1) (16–20 years). Conclusion: The parasitic infections among pupils in Kwara Senatorial Districts were lower than the prevalence earlier reported, possibly due to the intervention of donor agents and health promotion. The infection also varied across the three Kwara State Senatorial districts and age categories which might be due to the level of hygiene, degree of intervention, practices, accessibility to portable water, and health facilities.

Objective: Mercury (Hg) is a classic cumulative neurotoxicant implicated in neuronal deficit via oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. We sought to investigate whether Buccholzia coriacea seed methanol extract (BCSE) would modulate oxidative neurotoxicity induced by Hg in rats.Materials and Methods: Rats were orally treated with BCSE (200 or 400 mg/kg body weight of rat) for 28 days, while Hg was administered from day 15 to day 28. After sacrifice, antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and adenine deaminase (ADA) activities were evaluated in the cerebrum and cerebellum of rats.Results: Mercury induced significant depressions in catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and GSH levels, whereas levels of NO and activities of AchE and ADA markedly increased. The histopathology of the brain tissues confirmed these changes. In contrast, BCSE administration prominently modulated the brain NO production and reversed the Hg-induced biochemical alterations comparable to normal control.Conclusion: Methanol extract of B. coriacea seeds protects the cerebrum and cerebellum against Hg-induced brain damage via its antioxidant and NO modulatory actions.

Objective. We systematically identified the prevalence of triplex infections (combined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)) in pregnancy. Methods. To gather information on the frequency of triplex infections, we searched the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Without regard to language, we utilized search terms that covered HIV, HBV, HCV, and pregnancy. Pregnant women with triplex infections of HIV, HBV, and HCV were included in studies that also examined the prevalence of triplex infections. Review Manager 5.4.1 was employed to conduct the meta-analysis. Critical appraisal and bias tool risk data were provided as percentages with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and I2 was used as the statistical measure of heterogeneity. The checklist was created by Hoy and colleagues. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO, under the registration number CRD42020202583. Results. Eight studies involving 5314 women were included. We identified one ongoing study. Pooled prevalence of triplex infections was 0.03% (95% CI: 0.02–0.04%) according to meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a significantly high prevalence of 0.08% (95% CI: 0.06–0.10%; 3863 women) in HIV-positive population than 0.00% (95% CI:−0.00-0.00; 1451 women; P

This study examined the effects of corporate governance elements on the dividend distribution of listed corporations in the three Sub-Saharan African countries of South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya. The inquiry used inferential statistics in the form of the system generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings show that corporate governance factors have a fundamental influence on dividend distribution in the three Sub-Saharan African countries. More specifically, board independence has a significant negative influence on dividend payout, but board size, board gender diversity, and management ownership all directly and materially affect the dividend payout of listed non-financial firms. The paper suggested that authorities in charge of regulation in the examined Sub-Sahara Africa nation's securities exchange have to continually ensure that all firms comply stringently with the codes of corporate governance in other to limit market infractions and boost stakeholders' confidence and thus stimulate more investment in their respective capital markets.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led recent advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy improving overall survival in multiple malignancies with abysmal prognoses prior to their introduction. The remarkable efficacy of ICIs is however limited by their potential for systemic and organ specific immune-related adverse events (irAEs), most of which present with mild to moderate symptoms that can resolve spontaneously, with discontinuation of therapy or glucocorticoid therapy. Cardiac irAEs however are potentially fatal. The understanding of autoimmune cardiotoxicity remains limited due to its rareness. In this paper, we provide an updated review of the literature on the pathologic mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of autoimmune cardiotoxicity resulting from ICIs and their combinations and provide perspective on potential strategies and ongoing research developments to prevent and mitigate their occurrence.

Public procurement occupies a key role in government departments and public entities. Supplier selection, a sub-function of procurement, has become one of the elementary roles of procurement managers since it virtually affects any industry’s competitiveness. Therefore, selecting suitable suppliers brings substantial benefits to enterprises and increases customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between supplier selection practices, supplier risk management, supplier commitment, and procurement performance in the public health industry in Gauteng province. The survey material was designed in a structured questionnaire to measure the study constructs. The collected quantitative data were analysed using the SMART-PLS 3 structural equation modelling procedure. The study results showed positive and significant relationships amongst all variables except for one. Supplier risk management had a weak and insignificant connection with procurement performance. The results are essential to the existing literature on procurement performance within public health industries in developing countries such as South Africa. The study concludes by suggesting recommendations for limiting the impact of the identified challenges on procurement performance.

Public procurement occupies a key role in government departments and public entities. Supplier selection, a sub-function of procurement, has become one of the elementary roles of procurement managers since it virtually affects any industry’s competitiveness. Therefore, selecting suitable suppliers brings substantial benefits to enterprises and increases customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between supplier selection practices, supplier risk management, supplier commitment, and procurement performance in the public health industry in Gauteng province. The survey material was designed in a structured questionnaire to measure the study constructs. The collected quantitative data were analysed using the SMART-PLS 3 structural equation modelling procedure. The study results showed positive and significant relationships amongst all variables except for one. Supplier risk management had a weak and insignificant connection with procurement performance. The results are essential to the existing literature on procurement performance within public health industries in developing countries such as South Africa. The study concludes by suggesting recommendations for limiting the impact of the identified challenges on procurement performance.

Background: With the observed cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Africa, coupled with varying levels of national lockdowns, food retail supply chains in South Africa were adversely affected. The pandemic affected international travel, global logistics, supplier production and stockpiles at the supply end, which resulted in shortages at retailers and increased prices for basic food items. Objectives: The purpose of this article was to provide insights into and a synthesis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food retail supply chain models in South Africa. Method: A general review of both academic and grey literature (including commentaries) was studied to draw insights into the issues of food retail supply chain. This was combined with an examination of websites and annual reports of the major food retailers in South Africa to find their responses to the pandemic related to their supply chains. Results: It was found that the investment in supply chains and local supply development and the technology by the large food retailers in the country have paid off in the ways that they have been able to respond to and contain the shocks of the pandemic and point to the local versus the international when thinking about new supply chain models for the post-COVID-19 world. Conclusion: The insights drawn from this article may be useful in building more resilient food retail supply chains in the South African context. This article charts a way for more focused analyses using empirical data to thresh out more nuanced insights that will benefit the food retail supply chain and create a more resilient food system in South Africa.

IP6 (phytic acid) is a naturally occurring compound in plant seeds and grains. It is a poly-phosphorylated inositol derivative that has been shown to exhibit many biological activities that accrue benefits in health and diseases (cancer, diabetes, renal lithiasis, cardiovascular diseases, etc.). IP6 has been shown to have several cellular and molecular activities associated with its potential role in disease prevention. These activities include anti-oxidant properties, chelation of metal ions, inhibition of inflammation, modulation of cell signaling pathways, and modulation of the activities of enzymes and hormones that are involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Studies have shown that IP6 has anti-oxidant properties and can scavenge free radicals known to cause cellular damage and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes mellitus. It has also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties that may modulate immune responses geared towards the prevention of inflammatory conditions. Moreover, IP6 exhibits anti-cancer properties through the induction of cell cycle arrest, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell growth. Additionally, it has been shown to have anti-mutagenic properties, which reduce the risk of malignancies by preventing DNA damage and mutations. IP6 has also been reported to have a potential role in bone health. It inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation, which may help in the prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Overall, IP6’s cellular and molecular activities make it a promising candidate for disease prevention. As reported in many studies, its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties support its inclusion as a dietary supplement that may protect against the development of chronic diseases. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of this dynamic molecule and its derivatives and determine the optimal doses and appropriate delivery methods for effective therapeutic use.

Background: Understanding the epidemiology of battlefield casualties is required for plans and coordinated efforts towards improved combat trauma care (CTC) performance and outcome. The engagement of the Armed Forces of Nigeria (AFN) in containing Boko Haram Terrorism (BHT) and insurgency in Northeast Nigeria has increased the risk of combat injuries to the troops. This study determined the characteristics of combat injuries sustained by soldiers on counter terrorism and counter-insurgency operations to contain BHT. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of combat casualties managed in 7 Division (Field) Hospital, [an equivalent of UN Level 2 facility] Maiduguri, Northeast Nigeria between November 2013 and October 2014. Using data obtained from a designed Operational Casualty Card that contains their sociodemographic characteristics, categorization (as Combat Arm, Combat Support Service, Civ-JTF), nature, mechanism and sites of injury as well as inpatients records. The data were collated and analysed using SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 209 casualties were treated. The age of the casualties ranged from 18 to 57 years with a mean of 30.6 ± 7.7 years and males constituting 99%. Over two-third (71.3%) casualties had gunshot injuries while 14.3% and 8.1% sustained improvised explosive device (IED) and fragments injuries respectively. Over three-quarter (77.5%) sustained injuries on the upper and lower extremities while 17 (7.7%) and 12 (5.7%) had injuries on thorax/abdomen and head/neck respectively. Nineteen (9.1%) casualties resulted from friendly forces/colleagues. Conclusion: The study revealed that gunshot and IED/blasts on the extremities were the most frequent mechanism and pattern of injuries sustained with less than a tenth of the casualties resulting from friendly forces. Training health personnel on CTC, deployment of combat lifesavers to improve pre-hospital CTC, employment of skilled Orthopaedic Surgeon and other relevant surgical subspecialties and timely air evacuation of critical cases from the Field Hospital to the Base Hospital are recommended.

Multitarget directed ligands (MTDLs) are emerging as promising treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Coumarin derivatives serve as a good starting point for designing MTDLs due to their inherent inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cholinesterase enzymes, which are complicit in AD’s complex pathophysiology. A preliminary series of 3,7-substituted coumarin derivatives were synthesised and evaluated for enzyme inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity as well as neuroprotective ability. The results indicated that the compounds are weak cholinesterase inhibitors with five compounds demonstrating relatively potent inhibition and selectivity towards MAO-B with IC50 values between 0.014 and 0.498 hx00B5;µM. Significant neuroprotective effects towards MPP+-compromised SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were also observed, with no inherent cytotoxicity at 10 µM for all compounds. The overall results demonstrated that substitution of the phenylethyloxy moiety at the 7-position imparted superior general activity to the derivatives, with the propargylamine substitution at the 3-position, in particular, displaying the best MAO-B selectivity and neuroprotection.

Mercury (Hg) exposure is known to damage vital components of the central nervous system primarily through oxidative stress. Although Phyllanthus amarus (PA) is reported to be rich in antioxidants, there is a dearth of relevant research evidence to show its protective activity against Mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced neurotoxicity. Accordingly, this study was designed to investigate the possible protective activity of aqueous Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract (APALE) in HgCl2-exposed rats using standard neurobehavioral assessments. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomized into six groups of five rats each viz: A: Control, distilled water; B: HgCl2 (4 mg/kg body wt.); C: APALE (200 mg/kg body wt.) + HgCl2 (4 mg/kg); D: APALE (400 mg/kg body wt.) + HgCl2 (4 mg/kg); E: APALE (200 mg/kg body wt.); F: APALE (400 mg/kg body wt.). All administrations were through an orogastric tube for 14 days. Thereafter, neurobehavioral tests (open field, novel object and Y-maze) were done and experimental rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Body, brain and cerebellar weights were examined across all groups. HgCl2 exposure significantly (p

Objectives: To systematically review literature and identify mother-to-child transmission rates of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women with single, dual, or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria. PRISMA guidelines were employed. Searches were on 19 February 2021 in PubMed, Google Scholar and CINAHL on studies published from 1 February 2001 to 31 January 2021 using keywords: “MTCT,” “dual infection,” “triplex infection,” “HIV,” “HBV,” and “HCV.” Studies that reported mother-to-child transmission rate of at least any of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women and their infant pairs with single, dual, or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria irrespective of publication status or language were eligible. Data were extracted independently by two authors with disagreements resolved by a third author. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird, to produce summary mother-to-child transmission rates in terms of percentage with 95% confidence interval. Protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020202070. The search identified 849 reports. After screening titles and abstracts, 25 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 18 were included for meta-analysis. We identified one ongoing study. Pooled mother-to-child transmission rates were 2.74% (95% confidence interval: 2.48%–2.99%; 5863 participants; 15 studies) and 55.49% (95% confidence interval: 35.93%–75.04%; 433 participants; three studies), among mother–infant pairs with mono-infection of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus, respectively, according to meta-analysis. Overall, the studies showed a moderate risk of bias. The pooled rate of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus was 2.74% and hepatitis B virus was 55.49% among mother–infant pairs with mono-infection of HIV and hepatitis B virus, respectively. No data exists on rates of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus on mono-infection or mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among mother–infant pairs with dual or triplex infection of HIV, hepatitis B virus and HCV in Nigeria.

Prostate cancer is a disease of males. Though commoner in the elderly, cases are beginning to be reported in the younger population. It is the commonest cancer diagnosed in males. Risk factors include ageing, genetic/familial factors, racial predilection, increased fat diet, and hormonal imbalance. It is a slow-growing tumour but can be associated with severe morbidity. The commonest histologic type is adenocarcinoma (>95%). When detected early, cure may be possible. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the major serum marker used to monitor progress of the disease and its’ response to therapy. Several treatment modalities have been used inthe management of prostate cancer. This includes watchful waiting, prostatectomy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. These treatment options are not without devastating and sometimes life-threatening adverse effects; hence the choice of therapy depends on patient’s age, stage of disease, other co-morbidities,and even patient’s choice. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at establishing the variation in PSA among patients with advanced CaP treated either with Flutamide or Stilboestrol monotherapy in UCTH, Calabar. This helped in choosing an agent with better patient compliance, better therapeutic effect, minimal side-effects, and cost-effectiveness. METHOD: All newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients in the Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, UCTH, Calabar that met certain inclusion criteria were treated either with Flutamide or Stilboestrol monotherapy over a period of one year. Patients enrolled into the study were shared into two equal groups based on certain considerations. Response to therapy was monitored by conducting a three-monthly PSA check and results from the groups compared. RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled into the study. The mean age was 70.12±8.93, and age range was 51-93 years. The peak age range was 61-70 years constituting 40.0% of total number of patients. The decline in serum PSA caused by flutamide and stilboestrol during each quarter of the year was 8.0%, 12.0%, 12.0%, 4.0% and 28.0%, 4.0%, 28.0%, 4.0% respectively. Overall flutamide caused a 36.0% reduction and stilboestrol 64.0% reduction in serum PSA over the period. In all, stilboestrol caused a greater decline in serum PSA compared to flutamide, and this became statistically significant at 9 months(p=0.044) and one year (p=0.048) of therapy. CONCLUSION: Patients who are on androgen deprivation therapy for CaP have their serum PSA reduced by either flutamide or stilboestrol monotherapy. However, over time, the PSA is more rapidly reduced by stilboestrol monotherapy compared to flutamide monotherapy.

This study explored the sector-wise effect of firm life cycle stage on dividend payout of listed non-financial firms in three selected Sub-Saharan African countries that include; South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya, utilizing the dynamic panel data regression technique - system generalized method of moments (system GMM) for the period 2007 to 2017. The outcomes of the empirical analysis revealed that the earned/contributed capital mix exerts a direct and significant effect on payout of dividend in seven out of the 10 subsectors analyzed while firm age exerts an inverse and significant effect on payout of dividend in six out of the 10 subsectors analyzed. The study recommended among others that stock market regulators in the selected Sub-Sahara Africa countries should consider the life cycle stage of the firms and the earned/contributed capital mix should be used in measuring the maturity of firms, thus payment of dividend by firms should be based on when its profitability and growth rate are expected to fall in future.

We present a case study of HE 0040-1105, an unobscured radio-quiet active galactic nucleus (AGN) at a high accretion rate of λ _Edd = 0.19 ± 0.04. This particular AGN hosts an ionized gas outflow with the largest spatial offset from its nucleus compared to all other AGNs in the Close AGN Reference Survey. By combining multiwavelength observations from the Very Large Telescope/MUSE, Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3, Very Large Array, and European VLBI Network, we probe the ionization conditions, gas kinematics, and radio emission from host galaxy scales to the central few parsecs. We detect four kinematically distinct components, one of which is a spatially unresolved AGN-driven outflow located within the central 500 pc, where it locally dominates the interstellar medium conditions. Its velocity is too low to escape the host galaxy’s gravitational potential, and may be re-accreted onto the central black hole via chaotic cold accretion. We detect compact radio emission in HE 0040-1105 within the region covered by the outflow, varying on a timescale of ∼20 yr. We show that neither AGN coronal emission nor star formation processes wholly explain the radio morphology/spectrum. The spatial alignment between the outflowing ionized gas and the radio continuum emission on 100 pc scales is consistent with a weak jet morphology rather than diffuse radio emission produced by AGN winds. >90% of the outflowing ionized gas emission originates from the central 100 pc, within which the ionizing luminosity of the outflow is comparable to the mechanical power of the radio jet. Although radio jets might primarily drive the outflow in HE 0040-1105, radiation pressure from the AGN may contribute to this process.

Background: There are no national data on hepatitis C virus awareness and burden among pregnant women to justify its routine screening. Objectives: To investigate awareness, seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Nigeria. Methods: A total of 159 pregnant women from antenatal clinics across six geopolitical zones in Nigeria consented to anti-hepatitis C virus testing which was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction technique. Confirmed hepatitis C virus positive women were further tested for hepatitis B and HIV. Participants were evaluated for risk factors for hepatitis C virus. Odds ratios, adjusted odds ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined, and p-values of