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Objective To assess the influence of advanced maternal age on congenital malformations, short- and long-term outcomes in offspring of nulligravida. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database spanning from January 2005 to December 2019. All live-born offspring of nulligravida (n=3,685,817) were included. The maternal age was subdivided into the following subgroups: 44 years (n=9,296). Outcomes were assessed based on International Classification of Diseases-10 codes. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated with the group of 25-29 years as a reference. Result Most congenital malformations showed an age dependent increase, but cleft lip and abdominal wall defect exhibited a U-shape curve, indicating an increase even in those 44 years old and 1.18 (95% CI, 1.11-1.25) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.09-1.30) in

Background This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of programmed intermittent epidural boluses (PIEB) and continuous epidural infusion (CEI) for postoperative analgesia after elective cesarean section (CS). Methods Seventy-four women who underwent elective CS were randomized to receive either PIEB or CEI. The PIEB group received 4 ml-intermittent boluses of 0.11% ropivacaine every hour at a rate of 120 ml/h. The CEI group received a constant rate of 4 ml/h of 0.11% ropivacaine. The primary outcome was the pain score at rest at 36 h after CS. Secondary outcomes included the pain scores during mobilization, time-weighted pain scores, the incidence of motor blockade, and complications-related epidural analgesia during 36 h after CS. Results The pain score at rest at 36 h after CS was significantly lower in the PIEB group compared with that in the CEI group (3.0 vs. 0.0; median difference: 2, 95% CI [1, 2], P < 0.001). The mean time-weighted pain scores at rest and during mobilizations were also significantly lower in the PIEB group than in the CEI group (pain at rest; mean difference [MD]: 37.5, 95% CI [24.6, 50.4], P < 0.001/pain during mobilization; MD: 56.6, 95% CI [39.8, 73.5], P < 0.001). The incidence of motor blockade was significantly reduced in the PIEB group compared with that in the CEI group (P < 0.001). Conclusions PIEB provides superior analgesia with less motor blockade than CEI in postpartum women after CS, without any apparent adverse events.

Proper placentation during early pregnancy is a key factor for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Placental insufficiency leads to critical complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and fetal demise. These complications are often associated with pathological findings of restricted remodeling and obstructive lesions of the myometrial spiral arteries, which have high recurrence rates during subsequent pregnancies. Currently, there are no pharmacological interventions other than aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a well-known antimalarial drug, reduces inflammatory and thrombotic changes in vessels. For decades, the use of HCQ for autoimmune diseases has resulted in the successful prevention of both arterial and venous thrombotic events and has been extended to the treatment of lupus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome during pregnancy. HCQ reduces the risk of preeclampsia with lupus by up to 90%. Several recent studies have investigated whether HCQ improves pregnancy outcomes in women with a history of poor outcomes. In addition, in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of HCQ in improving endothelial dysfunction and alleviating hypertension and proteinuria. Therefore, we hypothesized that HCQ has the potential to attenuate the vascular inflammatory and thrombogenic pathways associated with placental insufficiency and conducted a multicenter clinical trial on the efficacy of combining aspirin with HCQ for pregnancies at high risk for preeclampsia in Korea. This study summarizes the potential effects of HCQ on pregnancies with placental insufficiency and the implications of HCQ treatment in the field of obstetrics.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes following delayed cord clamping (DCC) versus immediate cord clamping (ICC) in twin pregnancies. This was a retrospective cohort study of 705 twin pregnancies who delivered at ≥ 24 weeks of gestation. Maternal and neonatal hemoglobin levels, blood transfusion, and neonatal outcomes were compared between DCC (n = 225) and ICC (n = 480) groups. Mean maternal predelivery and postpartum hemoglobin levels and the rate of postpartum hemoglobin drop ≥ 20% or maternal blood transfusion were comparable between the two groups. The DCC group had a significantly higher mean neonatal hemoglobin level (DCC vs. ICC: 17.4 ± 3.5 vs. 16.6 ± 2.7 g/dl, P = 0.010) but significantly lower rates of neonatal blood transfusion (DCC vs. ICC: 3.3% vs. 8.8%, P

Abstract Background Cleansing of the vulva and perineum is recommended during preparation for vaginal delivery, and special attention is paid to cleansing before episiotomy because episiotomy is known to increase the risk of perineal wound infection and/or dehiscence. However, the optimal method of perineal cleansing has not been established, including the choice of antiseptic agent. To address this issue, we designed a randomized controlled trial to examine whether skin preparation with chlorhexidine-alcohol is superior to povidone-iodine for the prevention of perineal wound infection after vaginal delivery. Methods In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, term pregnant women who plan to deliver vaginally after episiotomy will be enrolled. The participants will be randomly assigned to use antiseptic agents for perineal cleansing (povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine-alcohol). The primary outcome is superficial or deep perineal wound infection within 30 days after vaginal delivery. The secondary outcomes are the length of hospital stay, physician office visits, or hospital readmission for infection-related complications, endometritis, skin irritations, and allergic reactions. Discussion This study will be the first randomized controlled trial aiming to determine the optimal antiseptic agent for the prevention of perineal wound infections after vaginal delivery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05122169. First submitted date on 8 November 2021. First posted date on 16 November 2021

Abstract We aimed to compare cervical elastographic parameters based on a previous loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and to determine whether they can predict preterm delivery in pregnant women with a history of LEEP. This multicenter prospective case–control study included 71 singleton pregnant women at 14–24 weeks of gestation with a history of LEEP and 1:2 gestational age-matched controls. We performed cervical elastography using E-cervix and compared maternal characteristics, delivery outcomes, cervical length (CL), and elastographic parameters between the two groups. The median mid-trimester CL was significantly shorter in the LEEP group. Most elastographic parameters, including internal os (IOS), external os (EOS), elasticity contrast index (ECI), and hardness ratio (HR), were significantly different in the two groups. In the LEEP group, the sPTD group compared to the term delivery (TD) group showed a higher rate of previous sPTD (50% vs. 1.7%, p

Abstract Background To compare obstetric and neonatal outcomes in twin pregnancies with or without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) before and after changes in GDM diagnostic criteria. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 1,764 twin pregnancies including 130 women with GDM (GDM group) and 1,634 women without GDM (non-GDM group). Patients with pregestational diabetes, unknown GDM status, and fetal death at

BackgroundExisting data on the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during late pregnancy is well established, providing assurance. However, the use of NSAIDs during early pregnancy remains inconclusive owing to conflicting findings on adverse neonatal outcomes as well as the limited data on adverse maternal outcomes. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether early prenatal exposure to NSAIDs was associated with neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes.Methods and findingsWe conducted a nationwide, population-based cohort study using Korea's National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database with a mother-offspring cohort constructed and validated by the NHIS to include all live births in women aged 18 to 44 years between 2010 and 2018. We defined exposure to NSAIDs as at least two records of NSAID prescriptions during early pregnancy (first 90 days of pregnancy for congenital malformations and first 19 weeks for nonmalformation outcomes) and compared against three distinct referent groups of (1) unexposed, no NSAID prescription during the 3 months before pregnancy start to end of early pregnancy; (2) acetaminophen-exposed, at least two acetaminophen prescriptions during early pregnancy (i.e., active comparator); and (3) past users, at least two NSAID prescriptions before the start of pregnancy but no relevant prescriptions during pregnancy. Outcomes of interest were adverse birth outcomes of major congenital malformations and low birth weight and adverse maternal outcomes of antepartum hemorrhage and oligohydramnios. We estimated relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs using generalized linear models within a propensity score (PS) fine stratification weighted cohort that accounted for various potential confounders of maternal sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, co-medication use, and general markers of burden of illness. Of 1.8 million pregnancies in the PS weighted analyses, exposure to NSAIDs during early pregnancy was associated with slightly increased risks for neonatal outcomes of major congenital malformations (PS-adjusted RR, 1.14 [CI, 1.10 to 1.18]) and low birth weight (1.29 [1.25 to 1.33]), and for maternal outcome of oligohydramnios (1.09 [1.01 to 1.19]) but not antepartum hemorrhage (1.05 [0.99 to 1.12]). The risks of overall congenital malformations, low birth weight, and oligohydramnios remained significantly elevated despite comparing NSAIDs against acetaminophen or past users. Risks of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes were higher with cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors or use of NSAIDs for more than 10 days, whereas generally similar effects were observed across the three most frequently used individual NSAIDs. Point estimates were largely consistent across all sensitivity analyses, including the sibling-matched analysis. Main limitations of this study are residual confounding by indication and from unmeasured factors.ConclusionsThis large-scale, nationwide cohort study found that exposure to NSAIDs during early pregnancy was associated with slightly higher risks of neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes. Clinicians should therefore carefully weigh the benefits of prescribing NSAIDs in early pregnancy against its modest, but possible, risk of neonatal and maternal outcomes, where if possible, consider prescribing nonselective NSAIDs for

Objective: To investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with twin pregnancy in South Korea. Materials and methods: We performed a single-center, retrospective cohort study involving 1028 women with twin pregnancy from January 2006 to December 2018 in South Korea. Pregnancies with monoamnionic twins, twin–twin transfusion syndrome, fetal death in utero before 24 weeks, pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, and unknown BMI or GDM status were excluded. Subjects were grouped into four groups based on pre-pregnancy BMI: underweight (

Objectives: Cerclage operation is one of the most common obstetric controversies. The aim of this study was to compare the perinatal outcomes and placental inflammation of cerclage performed adherent and non-adherent to international guidelines. Material and methods: This study included all consecutive women with singleton deliveries who underwent cerclage. According to the current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guideline, we designated our study population into two groups: the adherent-to-guideline and non-adherent groups. Each group was categorized into two groups according to cervical length (CL) at the time of cerclage (

Objective This study aimed 1) to investigate the clinical characteristics of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) cases clinically diagnosed by maternal fetal medicine (MFM) specialists in Korea, 2) to check the disagreement with 4 recently proposed criteria by the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) for research purpose, and 3) to compare maternal outcomes between cases satisfying all 4 criteria and cases with at least 1 missing criterion. Methods This study included 12 patients clinically diagnosed with AFE from 7 referral hospitals in Korea. We collected information, including maternal age, symptoms of AFE, the amount of transfusion, and maternal mortality. Results The median maternal age was 33 years (range, 28–40 years). Regarding symptoms, cardiovascular arrest, hypotension, respiratory compromise, clinical coagulopathy, and neurologic signs were observed in 41.7%, 83.3%, 83.3%, 100%, and 66.7% of the cases, respectively. Among the 12 cases, 5 women died and 2 suffered severe neurologic disability, showing an intact survival rate of 41.7%. Disagreement with all 4 criteria proposed by the SMFM was found in 66.7% of the cases, due to the lack of criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation or strict onset time (

Abstract Postpartum pubic symphysis diastasis (PPSD) refers to the separation of pubic symphysis after delivery. It is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and radiologic findings. This study tried to assess clinical characteristics and risk factors of PPSD. This was a nested case–control study matched for year of delivery and gestational age at delivery using a retrospective cohort of women who delivered vaginally at a single institution. The incidence of PPSD was 0.156% (33/21,131). The incidence rate increased from 0.08% (7/9328) in 2000–2004 to 0.13% (9/7138) in 2005–2009 and to 0.36% (17/4665) in 2010–2016, simultaneously with an increase of maternal age (30.7 ± 3.5 years in 2000–2004 to 31.8 ± 3.8 years in 2005–2009 and 32.8 ± 3.8 years in 2010–2016). Nulliparity was associated with a higher incidence of PPSD (81.8% in cases vs. 57.6% in controls, p = 0.01). Other factors including pre-pregnancy body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, induction of labor, duration of labor, epidural anesthesia, vacuum-assisted delivery, episiotomy, neonatal sex and birth weight failed to show difference between the two groups. In short, the incidence of PPSD increased with time along with an increase of maternal age. Nulliparity was the only significant risk factor for PPSD.

Objective To evaluate the effects of maternal body mass index (BMI) and plurality on maternal and umbilical cord serum magnesium levels after antenatal magnesium sulfate treatment. Methods This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 135 women treated with antenatal magnesium sulfate at less than 32 weeks of gestation between January 2012 and June 2018. Subjects were stratified into groups according to maternal BMI (group I [18.5–22.9 kg/m2], group II [23.0–24.9 kg/m2], and group III [≥25.0 kg/m2]) and plurality (singleton and twin). Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to compare the umbilical cord serum magnesium levels between the groups. Results Maternal serum magnesium levels were not significantly different between the maternal BMI groups and singleton and twin pregnancies. Umbilical cord serum magnesium levels were significantly different among the maternal BMI groups (3.3±1.2 mg/dL in group I, 3.3±1.2 mg/dL in group II, and 4.0±1.4 mg/dL in group III, P=0.003). The trend of increase in magnesium levels was statistically significant (P=0.001, Jonckheere-Terpstra test). Umbilical cord serum magnesium levels were not significantly different according to plurality. However, in the multivariable analysis, maternal BMI and plurality were not significantly associated with umbilical cord serum magnesium levels after adjusting for indication and total dose of magnesium sulfate treatment, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, neonatal sex, and birth weight. Conclusion Maternal BMI and plurality were not significantly associated with maternal or umbilical cord serum magnesium levels after exposure to antenatal magnesium sulfate treatment.

Objective We investigated prenatal sonographic characteristics of esophageal atresia (EA) with advancing gestation. We focused on the degree of polyhydramnios and the stomach shape. Methods This study included 27 EA cases (EA group) and 81 idiopathic polyhydramnios cases (non-EA group). The non-EA group consisted of cases without any fetal structural anomaly, musculoskeletal disorder, chromosomal abnormality, or maternal diabetes. Both groups included only singleton pregnancies. Amniotic fluid index (AFI) and width/length (W/L) ratio as well as the product of width and length (W×L) of stomach were serially assessed during gestation and compared between the 2 groups. To predict EA using W/L ratio and W×L, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed. Results Polyhydramnios was evident in 77.8% of EA cases. We observed 25.9% and 22.2% EA cases with an absent stomach and a small visible stomach, respectively. After 28 weeks, the EA group manifested significantly higher AFI than the non-EA group. After 32 weeks, W/L ratio in the EA group tended to be lower than that in the non-EA group (32–36 weeks: 1.36 vs. 1.72, P=0.092; >36 weeks: 1.43 vs. 1.63, P=0.024). To predict EA, the calculated area under the curve for W/L ratio was 0.651 after 32 weeks. The diagnosis of EA using a cut-off value of W/L ratio

During placentation, cytotrophoblasts differentiate and fuse to form multinucleated cells (syncytiotrophoblasts) in a process that involves autophagy. Appropriate syncytial differentiation is essential for establishing a healthy pregnancy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two chloroquine compounds, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ), on syncytial differentiation and autophagy in cultured primary human trophoblasts (PHTs). PHT cells were isolated from the human term placenta. Bafilomycin, a well-known autophagy inhibitor, was used as a positive control. Biochemical and morphological differentiation was assessed in syncytiotrophoblasts, and autophagy-related proteins and genes were evaluated. Affymetrix Human Gene 2.0 ST Array profiling was used to identify genes affected by HCQ during syncytial differentiation. Chloroquine compounds lowered the production of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and the fusion index in PHTs. Syncytial differentiation in PHT was associated with the increased expression of ATG4C mRNA (autophagy-related gene), and this expression was affected by CQ but not by HCQ. Microarray analysis revealed that HCQ or CQ affected several genes (MMP15, GPC3, CXCL10, TET-1, and S100A7) during syncytial differentiation, which were different from that of the syncytial differentiation suppression (Ham’s/Waymouth media) or autophagy inhibition (bafilomycin treatment). Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis we identified that HCQ might affect JAK2 signaling in the syncytial differentiation of PHT. In conclusion, chloroquine compounds could mitigate biochemical and morphological syncytial trophoblast differentiation in cultured PHT cells through the JAK signaling pathway rather than the inhibition of autophagic activity.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the value of serum procalcitonin as an early predictor of antibiotic treatment response in the inpatient management of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was carried out at a university hospital. Patients admitted for pelvic inflammatory disease were classified into 2 groups: responders and non-responders. The primary outcome measure was the serum level of procalcitonin at the time of admission. The secondary outcome measures were other serum inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell (WBC) count. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Serum level of procalcitonin at the time of admission did not differ between the groups (P = 0.564). However, the non-responders had more elevated CRP and ESR compared to the responders (P = 0.045 and P = 0.030, respectively). CRP showed the highest accuracy of 72.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.2 to 82.9) in predicting antibiotics response, while procalcitonin showed the lowest accuracy of 49.1% (95% CI, 35.1 to 63.2). Conclusion: Compared with standard inflammatory markers such as CRP or ESR, procalcitonin had limited diagnostic value in predicting antibiotics response in patients admitted for PID. Therefore, procalcitonin measurement cannot be recommended as a laboratory test for patients with PID and the value of its routine use remains inconclusive.

ObjectiveTo analyze the changes in the clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies delivered at a tertiary referral center in Korea during a 24-year period.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of twin pregnancies delivered at 24–40 weeks of gestation, from 1995 to 2018. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the year of delivery: 1995–2000, 2001–2006, 2007–2012, and 2013–2018. The trends in the changes in the twin birth rate, maternal age, assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancy rate, chorionicity, obstetric complications, delivery outcomes, and neonatal outcomes over the periods were analyzed.ResultsA total of 2,133 twin pregnancies were included in the study. The twin birth rate increased from 16.7/1,000 in 1995–2000 to 42.2/1,000 in 2001–2006, 49.5/1,000 in 2007–2012, and 61.8/1,000 in 2013–2018. The maternal age and ART pregnancy and dichorionic twin rates increased, while the monochorionic twin rate decreased over the periods. The incidence of fetal congenital anomalies, cervical incompetence, gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and placental abruption increased over the periods. The preterm birth (PTB) rate significantly decreased owing to the decreasing elective late-PTB rate; however, the early-PTB rate significantly increased.ConclusionThis study found that twin pregnancies increased steadily over the last 24 years and that the increase was related to increased maternal age and ART pregnancy rate. The incidence of obstetric complications increased over the periods; however, the neonatal intensive care unit admission rate decreased, along with decreases in the elective late-PTB rate.

ObjectiveTo provide a standardized protocol for the measurement of cervical strain elastography, present its reproducibility, and analyze baseline clinical factors affecting the measurement of elastographic parameters.MethodsThis study was performed by the Korean Research Group of Cervical Elastography. We enrolled pregnant women according to our study protocol. After measuring the cervical length, elastography was performed using the E-Cervix™ quantification tool to measure the strain of the cervix using intrinsic compression. We evaluated 5 elastographic parameters, namely, the strain of the internal os of the cervix (IOS), strain of the external os of the cervix (EOS), ratio of the strain of IOS and EOS, elasticity contrast index, and hardness ratio. For baseline clinical factors, we examined the maternal body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, uterine artery Doppler indices, and fetal presentation.ResultsWe established a specific protocol for the measurement of cervical elastography using the E cervix program. For all elastographic parameters, the intra-observer intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.633 to 0.723 for single measures and from 0.838 to 0.887 for average measures, and the inter-observer ICC ranged from 0.814 to 0.977 for single measures and from 0.901 to 0.988 for average measures. Regression analysis showed that the measurement of the elastographic parameter was not affected by baseline clinical factors.ConclusionWe present a standardized protocol for the measurement of cervical elastography using intrinsic compression. According to this protocol, reproducibility was acceptable and the measurement of elastographic parameters was not affected by the baseline clinical factors studied.

Objective: To investigate the severity of histologic chorioamnionitis /funisitis according to the indication for preterm delivery and their corresponding neonatal outcomes. Method: This study included 411 singleton women who delivered between 21+0 and 31+6 week of gestation due to preterm labor (PTL, n = 165), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM, n = 202), or incompetent internal os of the cervix (IIOC, n = 44). The primary outcome measure was the rate of severe histological chorioamnionitis/funisitis. Secondary outcome measure was neonatal outcomes including neonatal and infant death, and neonatal composite morbidity. Results: The PPROM group demonstrated a higher rate of severe histological chorioamnionitis/funisitis compared to the PTL group (severe histological chorioamnionitis; PPROM, 66.3% vs. PTL, 49.1%, p = 0.001, severe funisitis; PPROM, 44.1% vs. PTL, 23.6%, p < 0.001) and this remained significant after multivariable analysis (severe histologic chorioamnionitis, OR 2.367, 95% CI 1.517–3.693; severe funisitis, OR 2.668, 95% CI 1.684–4.226). For neonatal outcomes only, a higher rate of patent ductus arteriosus was observed in the IIOC group compared to the PTL and PPROM groups (IIOC, 77.3% vs. PTL, 54.0% vs. PPROM, 54.0%, p = 0.043) and this remained significant after multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Indication of spontaneous preterm delivery might affect the placental inflammatory pathology and neonatal morbidity.

Objectives: We assessed the usefulness of ultrasonography (USG) findings of adenomyosis during pregnancy in the prediction of subsequent preterm delivery. Materials and methods: We included consecutive pregnant women who underwent first trimester ultrasonography in our institution, confirmed as having adenomyosis and subsequently delivered in our institution from January 2006 to April 2018. The subjects were classified into two groups: preterm delivery group and term delivery group. Information of maximal uterine wall thickness measured at first trimester and second trimester, maternal characteristics, pregnancy outcomes, and neonatal outcomes were reviewed and compared between preterm and term delivery group. Results: A total of 57 pregnancies were included in this study, and 14 women (24.5%) delivered before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The women from the preterm delivery group had a significantly thicker uterine wall during the second trimester of pregnancy compared to the women from the term delivery group (4.49 ± 1.62 cm vs. 3.05 ± 1.6 cm, p = 0.004). From the first trimester to the second trimester of pregnancy, uterine wall thickness showed a significantly smaller decrease in the preterm delivery group than the term delivery group (−0.42 ± 0.93 cm vs. −1.04 ± 0.89 cm, p = 0.02). By receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis, uterine wall thickness greater than 4.6 cm in the second trimester of pregnancy showed 57.1% sensitivity, 86.1% specificity, 57.1% positive predictive value (PPV) and 86.1% negative predictive value (NPV) for subsequent preterm delivery (area under curve = 0.758). Conclusions: Uterine wall thickness measurement in second trimester can help to identify preterm delivery in pregnant women with adenomyosis. Keywords: Adenomyosis, Preterm delivery, Ultrasonography

ObjectiveTo investigate the perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies according to maternal age.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of twin pregnancies delivered ≥24 weeks' gestation at a tertiary academic hospital from 1995 to 2016. Subjects were categorized into 5 groups according to maternal age:

A rapid method for obtaining group B streptococcus (GBS) screening results has been required in the obstetric field. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay is acceptable compared to the existing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The study involved 527 pregnant women aged 19 to 44 years. Rectovaginal swabs were collected between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation or prior to impending preterm births or term labor without GBS screening. We presented the diagnostic performance of the LAMP assay with a 95% confidence interval (CI) compared to the PCR and microbiological culture. In total, 115 (21.8%), 115 (21.8%) and 23 (4.4%) patients showed positive results using the LAMP, PCR assay and microbiological culture method, respectively. The LAMP assay showed 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 96.8–100.0), 100% specificity (95% CI, 99.1–100.0) and 100% diagnostic accuracy (95% CI, 99.3–100.0) with the reference being the PCR assay. Meanwhile, the LAMP assay showed 87.0% sensitivity (95% CI, 71.0–100.0), 81.2% specificity (95% CI, 77.6–84.7), and 81.4% diagnostic accuracy (95% CI, 78.0–84.8) with the microbiological culture as a reference. This study presented the LAMP assay as an acceptable method for GBS screening with a similar performance to the existing PCR method.

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of extracardiac anomalies (ECA) in prenatally diagnosed congenital heart diseases (CHD), and to provide more information for counseling of women with prenatally diagnosed fetal CHD.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of 791 cases of fetal CHD diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound from January 2005 to April 2018. Associated ECAs included extracardiac structural malformation (ECM), chromosomal anomaly, and 22q11.2 microdeletion. CHD was classified into 10 groups according to a modified anatomic and clinical classification of congenital heart defects.ResultsThe overall prevalence of ECA in our CHD cohort was 28.6% (226/791): ECM, 25.3%; chromosomal anomaly, 11.7%; and 22q11.2 microdeletion, 5.5%. For those with ECM, ventricular septal defect (VSD) had the highest prevalence (34.5%), followed by anomalies of atrioventricular junctions and valves (28.8%) and heterotaxy (26.9%). For those with chromosomal anomaly, anomalies of atrioventricular junctions and valves had the highest prevalence (37.5%), followed by anomalies of atria and interatrial communications (25.0%) and VSD (22.9%). 22q11.2 microdeletion was detected only in those with anomalies of extrapericardial arterial trunks (14.3%) or ventricular outflow tracts (6.4%).ConclusionECM, chromosomal anomaly, and 22q11.2 microdeletion have different prevalence according to the type of CHD.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors associated with successful amniopatch treatment in patients with iatrogenic preterm premature rupture of membranes (iPPROM) or spontaneous PPROM (sPPROM) before 23 weeks' gestation. Materials and methods: This cohort study included 28 women who received amniopatch treatment due to iPPROM or sPPROM at 15–23 weeks' gestation. Patients' clinical characteristics before performing the amniopatch, factors associated with the procedure, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were compared between the iPPROM and sPPROM groups, and also between the successful and failed groups. Results: The amniopatch was successful in 6 of 28 patients (21.4%) with a success rate of 36.4% (4/11) and 11.8% (2/17) in the iPPROM group and sPPROM group (P = 0.174), respectively. The success group had a longer PPROM-to-delivery interval, fewer cases of clinical chorioamnionitis, larger birth weight, and lower neonatal intensive care unit admission rate than the failed group. The success rate of amniopatch procedure was proportional to maximal vertical pocket prior to procedure, which showed statistically significant association (adjusted odds ratio: 3.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–11.31, P = 0.027). Conclusion: The amniopatch treatment success rate was higher in the iPPROM group than the sPPROM group, but was not statistically significant. The neonatal outcome was more favorable when the amniopatch was successful. However, the only predictive factor associated with successful amniopatch was a larger amniotic fluid volume before the procedure.

AIM:To assess the effects of differential exposure to antenatal corticosteroid (ACS) on short- and long-term outcomes of infants born before 24 weeks of gestation. METHODS:This is a retrospective cohort study of 147 infants delivered by 116 women at 21-23 weeks of gestation between January 2001 and December 2016 at a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, Korea. Eligible subjects were categorized into the following three groups according to ACS exposure: non-user (n = 53), partial-course (n = 44), and complete-course (n = 50). Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to compare neonatal mortality, neonatal morbidities including intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and neurodevelopmental impairment including cerebral palsy among the three groups. RESULTS:Neonatal mortality rate was significantly lower in the ACS-user groups (non-user, 52.8%; partial-course, 27.3%; complete-course, 28.0%; P = 0.01), but complete-course of ACS therapy had no advantages over partial-course. A lower incidence of IVH was observed in the complete-course group (non-users, 54.8%; partial-course, 48.6%; complete-course, 20.5%; P = 0.003). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that ACS therapy, either partial- or complete-course, was associated with a lower rate of neonatal mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.375; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.141-0.996 in partial-course; aOR 0.173; 95% CI 0.052-0.574) in complete-course). IVH (aOR 0.191; 95% CI 0.071-0.516) was less likely to occur in the complete-course group than in the non-user group. Neurodevelopmental impairment of survivors at 18-22 month after birth was not significantly different among the three groups. CONCLUSION:ACS therapy in preterm births at 21-23 weeks of gestation was associated with significantly reduced rates of neonatal mortality and IVH, especially with complete administration.

In animal models of stroke, behavioral assessments could be complemented by a variety of neuroimaging studies to correlate them with recovery and better understand mechanisms of improvement after stem cell therapy. We evaluated morphological and connectivity changes after treatment with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in a rat stroke model, through quantitative measurement of T2-weighted images and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats randomly received PBS (PBS-only), FBS cultured hMSCs (FBS-hMSCs), or stroke patients' serum cultured hMSCs (SS-hMSCs). Functional improvement was assessed using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS). Quantitative analyses of T2-weighted ischemic lesion and ventricular volume changes were performed. Brain microstructure/connectivity changes were evaluated in the ischemic recovery area by DTI-derived microstructural indices such as relative fractional anisotropy (rFA), relative axial diffusivity (rAD), and relative radial diffusivity (rRD), and relative fiber density (rFD) analyses. According to mNSS results, the SS-hMSCs group showed the most prominent functional improvement. Infarct lesion volume of the SS-hMSCs group was significantly decreased at 2 weeks when compared to the PBS-only groups, but there were no differences between the FBS-hMSCs and SS-hMSCs groups. Brain atrophy was significantly decreased in the SS-hMSCs group compared to the other groups. In DTI, rFA and rFD values were significantly higher and rRD value was significant lower in the SS-hMSCs group and these microstructure/connectivity changes were correlated with T2-weighted morphological changes. T2-weighted volume alterations (ischemic lesion and brain atrophy), and DTI microstructural indices and rFD changes, were well matched with the results of behavioral assessment. These quantitative MRI measurements could be potential outcome predictors of functional recovery after treatment with stem cells for stroke.

Only a few reports have been published on women with an infectious respiratory viral pathogen, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus delivering a baby. A laboratory confirmed case of MERS was reported during a MERS outbreak in the Republic of Korea in a woman at gestational week 35 + 4. She recovered, and delivered a healthy baby by emergency cesarean section (C-sec). We present the clinical course and the emergency C-sec in a pregnant woman with MERS.

Stroke induces complex and dynamic, local and systemic changes including inflammatory reactions, immune responses, and repair and recovery processes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to enhance neurological recovery after stroke. We hypothesized that serum factors play a critical role in the activation of bone marrow (BM) MSCs after stroke such as by increasing proliferation, paracrine effects, and rejuvenation. Human MSCs (hMSCs) were grown in fetal bovine serum (FBS), normal healthy control serum (NS), or stroke patient serum (SS). MSCs cultured in growth medium with 10% SS or NS exhibited higher proliferation indices than those cultured with FBS ( P < 0.01). FBS-, NS-, and SS-hMSCs showed differences in the expression of trophic factors; vascular endothelial growth factor, glial cell–derived neurotrophic factor, and fibroblast growth factor were densely expressed in samples cultured with SS ( P < 0.01). In addition, SS-MSCs revealed different cell cycle– or aging-associated messenger RNA expression in a later passage, and β-galactosidase staining showed the senescence of MSCs observed during culture expansion was lower in MSCs cultured with SS than those cultured with NS or FBS ( P < 0.01). Several proteins related to the activity of receptors, growth factors, and cytokines were more prevalent in the serum of stroke patients than in that of normal subjects. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis were markedly increased in rats that had received SS-MSCs ( P < 0.05), and these rats showed significant behavioral improvements ( P < 0.01). Our results indicate that stroke induces a process of recovery via the activation of MSCs. Culture methods for MSCs using SS obtained during the acute phase of a stroke could constitute a novel MSC activation method that is feasible and efficient for the neurorestoration of stroke.