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Objective: To build a model based on cardiometabolic indicators that allow the identification of overweight adolescents at higher risk of subclinical atherosclerotic disease (SAD). Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 161 adolescents with a body mass index ≥ +1 z-Score, aged 10 to 19 years. Carotid intima-media complex thickness (IMT) was evaluated using ultrasound to assess subclinical atherosclerotic disease. Cardiometabolic indicators evaluated included nutritional status, central adiposity, blood pressure, lipidic profile, glycemic profile, as well as age and sex. Data was presented using measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as absolute and relative frequency. The relationship between IMT measurement (outcome variable) and other variables (independent variables) was assessed using Pearson or Spearman correlation, followed by multiple regression modeling with Gamma distribution to analyze predictors of IMT. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and R software, considering a significance level of 5 %. Results: It was observed that 23.7 % had Carotid thickening, and the prevalence of abnormal fasting glucose was the lowest. Age and fasting glucose were identified as predictors of IMT increase, with IMT decreasing with age by approximately 1 % per year and increasing with glucose by around 0.24 % per mg/dL. Conclusion: The adolescent at higher risk is younger with higher fasting glycemia levels.

Abstract Fatty acids have been shown to modulate glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo. However, there is still a need for substantial evidence and mechanistic understanding in many cell types whether both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (SFAs and UFAs) pose a similar effect and, if not, what determines the net effect of fatty acid mixes on glucose metabolism. In the present study, we asked these questions by treating granulosa cells (GCs) with the most abundant non-esterified fatty acid species in bovine follicular fluid. Results revealed that oleic and alpha-linolenic acids (UFAs) significantly increased glucose consumption compared to palmitic and stearic acids (SFAs). A significant increase in lactate production, extracellular acidification rate, and decreased mitochondrial activity indicate glucose channeling through aerobic glycolysis in UFA treated GCs. We show that insulin independent glucose transporter GLUT10 is essential for UFA driven glucose consumption, and the induction of AKT and ERK signaling pathways necessary for GLUT10 expression. To mimic the physiological conditions, we co-treated GCs with mixes of SFAs and UFAs. Interestingly, co-treatments abolished the UFA induced glucose uptake and metabolism by inhibiting AKT and ERK phosphorylation and GLUT10 expression. These data suggest that the net effect of fatty acid induced glucose uptake in GCs is determined by SFAs under physiological conditions.

In modern medical science great attention is paid to the clarification of the molecular mechanisms, which are the basis of adaptation to environmental factors of unusual origin and/or extraordinary strength. The aim of the study is to determine the features of a group of genes with low expression level, associated with hypoxia in the pancreas of Wistar rats under conditions of intermittent hypoxia. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 10 white, sexually mature Wistar rats, which were divided into 2 groups (5 animals in each). Animals of group 1 were part of the control (intact) group. The animals of the 2nd group were subjected to hypoxic training according to the following scheme: for 15 days, 6 hours daily, namely on days 1–5 they simulated an ascent to a height of one to five kilometers above sea level under the conditions of a barometer, and the last 10 days 6 km above the sea level. To analyze gene expression, we used the polymerase chain reaction method with real-time reverse transcription (PCR) CFX-96 Touch™ (Bio-Rad, USA) and the RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Hypoxia Signaling Pathway kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where 84 genes were the subject of research in experimental animals. Results. According to the results of the PCR study of genes in the pancreas samples of intact animals and animals exposed to hypoxic training, it was established that out of 84 genes associated with hypoxia, a group of 5 genes with a low expression level (∆∆Ct < 30) was found. This pattern includes Bhlhe40 genes, Ctsa, Hif1a, Lox, and Slc16a3, the expression of which is statistically reduced. Thus, compared to the level of their expression in intact animals, the expression of Bhlhe40 decreased by 2.59 times, Ctsa by 6.02 times, Hif1a by 3.85 times, Lox by 3.01 times, and Slc16a3 by 2.40 times. Conclusions. Intermittent hypoxia reduces the expression of the Bhlhe40 gene by 2.59 times, which can be considered as an element of adaptation of cells to a low level of oxygen and modulation of genetic programs. The decrease in Ctsa gene expression by 6.02, Hif1a by 3.85, and Lox by 3.01 times during intermittent hypoxia demonstrates, that these effects can be used as sanogenic factors in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The 2.40-fold decreased expression level of Slc16a3 is probably an element of metabolic adaptation and adaptation of the metabolic pathway of cells to hypoxia conditions.

In eutrophic environments, aquatic weeds reproduce rapidly, occupying extensive areas of the waterbody and preventing the multiple use of water resources. The use of the biomass of these plants invermicomposting represents a sustainable alternative utilization of the excess biomass produced byeutrophication. The enrichment of macrophyte biomass during vermicomposting was tested using aninorganic solution (NPK1:75% and NPK3:50%) and an organic solution with glucose (0:25g=L and0:50g=L) to improve the quality of the vermicompost. The consumption of biomass of the macrophytesby theEisenia fetidaincreased as the vermicomposting progressed, reaching the highest values atthe end of the experimental period. The control treatment, i.e., without earthworms, remained stable.The electrical conductivity tended to increase for the treatments NPK1:75%, Glucose0:25g=L andGlucose0:50g=L. The pH of the vermicomposting tended to be neutral in all treatments. The controland inorganic treatments showed a reduction in macrophyte biomass and the number of individualsofEisenia fetida. The additions of NPK and glucose slightly improved vermicompost quality andbiomass consumption by the earthworms. However, using vermicompost alone does not meet therequirements for its use as a fertilizer. Thus, we suggest the use of vermicompost in association withother fertilizers, adding moisture and structuring the soil.

Abstract The adaptation of biochar in anaerobic digestion (AD) positively influences the conversion of substrate to biomethane and promotes system stability. This study investigated the influence of biochar (BC) doses (0 to 8 g/L) on the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) of glucose during a 60-day AD in a mesophilic batch-type reactor. The first 6.5 weeks of the experimentation were dedicated to the microorganism’s adaptation to the biochar and degradation of organics from the used inoculum (3 phases of the glucose feeding). The last 2 weeks (4th phase of glucose feeding) represented the assumption, that glucose is the sole carbon source in the system. A machine learning model based on the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method was used to model the cumulative BMP. The results showed that the BMP increased with the amount of BC added. The highest BMP was obtained at a dose of 8 g/L, with a maximum cumulative BMP of 390.33 mL CH4/g-VS added. Likewise, the system showed stability in the pH (7.17 to 8.17). In contrast, non-amended reactors produced only 135.06 mL CH4/g-VS and became acidic at the end of the operation. Reducing the influence of carbon from inoculum, sharpened the positive effect of BC on the kinetics of biomethane production from glucose.

The impact of supplementing glucose, glycine, or a combination of both in Ringer’s lactate egg yolk base extender to preserve the quality of semen from local Indonesian chickens has not been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the potential of glucose and glycine on chicken semen stored at 5°C for 120 hours. In this study, five local roosters were used. The parameters under observation included semen volume, odor, pH levels, consistency, color, mass movement, concentration, motility, viability, abnormality, plasma membrane integrity, chromatin degeneration, and acrosomal cap integrity. This study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments groups and 10 replication, i.e. T1 (control without supplementation), T2 (50 mM glucose), T3 (60 mM glycine), and T4 (a combination of 50 mM glucose and 60 mM glycine), respectively. In result, semen volume was 0.54 ± 0.17 mL/ejaculate, a milky white color, distinctive odor, thick consistency, good mass movement (++/+++), pH of 7.37 ± 0.23, motility of 91.50 ± 2.42%, plasma membrane integrity of 96.85 ± 0.96%, abnormality at 2.88 ± 0.77%, the concentration of 3.04 ± 0.3 billion/mL, and viability of 96.47 ± 1.71%. Following storage at 5°C for 120 hours, the motility, viability, abnormality, and acrosomal cap integrity of local chicken spermatozoa significantly different (p < 0.05) between T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2 groups. Moreover, the integrity of the plasma membrane and chromatin degeneration in treatment T3 significantly different (p < 0.05) from T1, T2, and T4 groups. In conclusion, local chickens exhibited fair quality fresh semen both in macroscopic and microscopic evaluations. Furthermore, the combination of 60 mM glycine and 50 mM glucose into local chicken semen stored at 5°C for 120 hours effectively preserved motility and viability, minimized abnormality, maintained plasma membrane integrity, minimized chromatin degeneration, and retained acrosomal integrity.

Background. Type 2 diabetes, as the most common metabolic disease, is a chronic and progressive disorder that causes permanent complications and increases cardiovascular diseases, brain vessels, peripheral vessels, and mortality in affected people. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training and caffeine supplementation on glycemic indices in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods. The current research was a semi-experimental study. As a pilot research, 50 people were selected trough an available and targeted manner, among men with type 2 diabetes (with a history of more than one year) referring to Salamat and Sheikh Al-Rais Specialist clinics, Tabriz, Iran In the period of 2020-2021. 32 people met the inclusion criteria and entered into the study. Participants in the study were simple randomly divided into four homogenous groups of 8 including; Placebo, caffeine, exercise and exercise + caffeine were divided. Drug interventions and intermittent exercises were performed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected during two stages (pre-test and post-test) to measure serum levels of glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR index. The data were analyzed using repeated analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc and independent t tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results. The results showed that the levels of the glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in the three intervention groups significantly decreased compared to those in the placebo group (P=0.001). Furthermore, the results of post hoc test showed that the combined group of interval training + caffeine, compared to the caffeine group, had double effects on the changes in studied indices (P=0.001). Conclusion. A combination of interval training and caffeine supplementation may have been adopted as an effective method to improve and treat symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes.

Background Previous studies have reported that oxidative stress contributes to obesity characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy. However, mechanism has not been studied extensively. In the current study, we evaluated role of extracellular vimentin secreted by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in energy metabolism in adipocytes. Methods We treated 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes with oxLDL and measured vimentin which was secreted in the media. We evaluated changes in uptake of glucose and free fatty acid, expression of molecules functioning in energy metabolism, synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lactate, markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in adipocytes treated with recombinant vimentin. Results Adipocytes secreted vimentin in response to oxLDL. Microscopic evaluation revealed that vimentin treatment induced increase in adipocyte size and increase in sizes of intracellular lipid droplets with increased intracellular triglyceride. Adipocytes treated with vimentin showed increased uptake of glucose and free fatty acid with increased expression of plasma membrane glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), GLUT4, and CD36. Vimentin treatment increased transcription of GLUT1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) but decreased GLUT4 transcription. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and 2 were decreased by vimentin treatment. Markers for ER stress were increased and autophagy was impaired in vimentin-treated adipocytes. No change was observed in synthesis of ATP and lactate in the adipocytes treated with vimentin. Conclusion We concluded that extracellular vimentin regulates expression of molecules in energy metabolism and promotes adipocyte hypertrophy. Our results show that vimentin functions in the interplay between oxidative stress and metabolism, suggesting a mechanism by which adipocyte hypertrophy is induced in oxidative stress.

Abstract Background To investigate the capacity of 99mTc-labeled 1-thio-β-D-glucose (1-TG) and 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) to act as a marker for glucose consumption in tumor cells in vivo as well as to evaluate the biodistribution of 1-TG and 5-TG. We investigated the biodistribution, including tumor uptake, of 1-TG and 5-TG at various time points after injection (0.5, 2 and 4 h) in human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) xenograft bearing nude mice (N = 4 per tracer and time point). Results Ex vivo biodistribution studies revealed a moderate uptake with a maximum tumor-to-muscle ratio of 4.22 ± 2.7 and 2.2 ± 1.3 (HCT-116) and of 3.2 ± 1.1 and 4.1 ± 1.3 (A549) for 1-TG and 5-TG, respectively, with a peak at 4 h for 1-TG and 5-TG. Biodistribution revealed a significantly higher uptake compared to blood in kidneys (12.18 ± 8.77 and 12.69 ± 8.93%ID/g at 30 min) and liver (2.6 ± 2.8%ID/g) for 1-TG and in the lung (7.24 ± 4.1%ID/g), liver (6.38 ± 2.94%ID/g), and kidneys (4.71 ± 1.97 and 4.81 ± 1.91%ID/g) for 5-TG. Conclusions 1-TG and 5-TG showed an insufficient tumor uptake with a moderate tumor-to-muscle ratio, not reaching the levels of commonly used tracer, for diagnostic use in human colorectal carcinoma and human lung adenocarcinoma xenograft model.

Abstract Background Propionic acid fermentation from renewable feedstock suffers from low volumetric productivity and final product concentration, which limits the industrial feasibility of the microbial route. High cell density fermentation techniques overcome these limitations. Here, propionic acid (PA) production from glucose and a crude glycerol/glucose mixture was evaluated using Acidipropionibacterium acidipropionici, in high cell density (HCD) batch fermentations with cell recycle. The agro-industrial by-product, heat-treated potato juice, was used as N-source. Results Using 40 g/L glucose for nine consecutive batches yielded an average of 18.76 ± 1.34 g/L of PA per batch (0.59 gPA/gGlu) at a maximum rate of 1.15 gPA/L.h, and a maximum biomass of 39.89 gCDW/L. Succinic acid (SA) and acetic acid (AA) were obtained as major by-products and the mass ratio of PA:SA:AA was 100:23:25. When a crude glycerol/glucose mixture (60 g/L:30 g/L) was used for 6 consecutive batches with cell recycle, an average of 35.36 ± 2.17 g/L of PA was obtained per batch (0.51 gPA/gC-source) at a maximum rate of 0.35 g/L.h, and reaching a maximum biomass concentration of 12.66 gCDW/L. The PA:SA:AA mass ratio was 100:29:3. Further addition of 0.75 mg/L biotin as a supplement to the culture medium enhanced the cell growth reaching 21.89 gCDW/L, and PA productivity to 0.48 g/L.h, but also doubled AA concentration. Conclusion This is the highest reported productivity from glycerol/glucose co-fermentation where majority of the culture medium components comprised industrial by-products (crude glycerol and HTPJ). HCD batch fermentations with cell recycling are promising approaches towards industrialization of the bioprocess.

Glucose is a major energy substrate for porcine adipocytes and also serves as a regulatory signal for adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. In this study, we combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses to reveal the underlying regulatory mechanisms of high glucose (HG) on adipogenesis by comparing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) identified in porcine adipocytes. Results showed that HG (20 mmol/L) significantly increased fat accumulation in porcine adipocytes compared to low glucose (LG, 5 mmol/L). A total of 843 DEGs and 365 DAMs were identified. Functional enrichment analyses of DEGs found that multiple pathways were related to adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and immune-inflammatory responses. PPARγ, C/EBPα, ChREBP, and FOS were identified as the key hub genes through module 3 analysis, and PPARγ acted as a central regulator by linking genes involved in lipid metabolism and immune-inflammatory responses. Gene-metabolite networks found that PPARγ-13-HODE was the most important interaction relationship. These results revealed that PPARγ could mediate the cross-talk between adipogenesis and the immune-inflammatory response during adipocyte maturation. This work provides a comprehensive view of the regulatory mechanisms of glucose on adipogenesis in porcine adipocytes.

Common dysglycemia measurements including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived 2 h plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) have limitations for children. Dynamic OGTT glucose and insulin responses may better reflect underlying physiology. This analysis assessed glucose and insulin curve shapes utilizing classifications—biphasic, monophasic, or monotonically increasing—and functional principal components (FPCs) to predict future dysglycemia. The prospective cohort included 671 participants with no previous diabetes diagnosis (BMI percentile ≥ 85th, 8–18 years old); 193 returned for follow-up (median 14.5 months). Blood was collected every 30 min during the 2 h OGTT. Functional data analysis was performed on curves summarizing glucose and insulin responses. FPCs described variation in curve height (FPC1), time of peak (FPC2), and oscillation (FPC3). At baseline, both glucose and insulin FPC1 were significantly correlated with BMI percentile (Spearman correlation r = 0.22 and 0.48), triglycerides (r = 0.30 and 0.39), and HbA1c (r = 0.25 and 0.17). In longitudinal logistic regression analyses, glucose and insulin FPCs predicted future dysglycemia (AUC = 0.80) better than shape classifications (AUC = 0.69), HbA1c (AUC = 0.72), or FPG (AUC = 0.50). Further research should evaluate the utility of FPCs to predict metabolic diseases.

Abstract Background Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of deuterated glucose, termed deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI), is emerging as a biomarker of pathway-specific glucose metabolism in tumors. DMI is being studied as a useful marker of treatment response in a scan-rescan scenario. This study aims to evaluate the repeatability of brain DMI. Methods A repeatability study was performed in healthy volunteers from December 2022 to March 2023. The participants consumed 75 g of [6,6′­2H2]glucose. The delivery of 2H-glucose to the brain and its conversion to 2H-glutamine + glutamate, 2H-lactate, and 2H-water DMI was imaged at baseline and at 30, 70, and 120 min. DMI was performed using MR spectroscopic imaging on a 3-T system equipped with a 1H/2H-tuned head coil. Coefficients of variation (CoV) were computed for estimation of repeatability and between-subject variability. In a set of exploratory analyses, the variability effects of region, processing, and normalization were estimated. Results Six male participants were recruited, aged 34 ± 6.5 years (mean ± standard deviation). There was 42 ± 2.7 days between sessions. Whole-brain levels of glutamine + glutamate, lactate, and glucose increased to 3.22 ± 0.4 mM, 1.55 ± 0.3 mM, and 3 ± 0.7 mM, respectively. The best signal-to-noise ratio and repeatability was obtained at the 120-min timepoint. Here, the within-subject whole-brain CoVs were -10% for all metabolites, while the between-subject CoVs were -20%. Conclusions DMI of glucose and its downstream metabolites is feasible and repeatable on a clinical 3 T system. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05402566 , registered the 25th of May 2022. Relevance statement Brain deuterium metabolic imaging of healthy volunteers is repeatable and feasible at clinical field strengths, enabling the study of shifts in tumor metabolism associated with treatment response. Key points • Deuterium metabolic imaging is an emerging tumor biomarker with unknown repeatability. • The repeatability of deuterium metabolic imaging is on par with FDG-PET. • The study of deuterium metabolic imaging in clinical populations is feasible. Graphical Abstract

Yessica Cusquisibán-Alcantara,1,&ast; Cesia Toledo-Garrido,1,&ast; Yaquelin E Calizaya-Milla,1 Sandra P Carranza-Cubas,2 Jacksaint Saintila2 1Research Group for Nutrition and Lifestyle, School of Human Nutrition, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Perú; 2School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Perú&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yaquelin E Calizaya-Milla, Research Group for Nutrition and Lifestyle, School of Human Nutrition, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Chosica, 15, Perú, Email yaquelincalizaya@upeu.edu.pe Jacksaint Saintila, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Carretera a Pimentel, Chiclayo, Lambayeque, 14001, Perú, Email jacksaintsaintila@gmail.comBackground: Non-communicable diseases in adults and anemia in children represent a major global public health problem, with multiple causes including poor dietary quality. However, nutrition education interventions can empower individuals to make appropriate dietary changes.Objective: To evaluate the impact of a nutritional education intervention on nutrition knowledge (NK), healthy eating index (HEI), and biochemical profile in families in the community in Peru.Methods: A pre-experimental study was conducted in the community of Sinchicuy, located on the banks of the Amazon River, Iquitos, Peru. Nutrition education was provided over a 16-week period to a total of 61 heads of household (23 children under 5 years of age and 23 older adults). Fasting glucose and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration analyses were also carried out before and after the intervention.Results: After the intervention, a significant improvement in the NK score was observed, increasing by 90% (p < 0.001). Additionally, the average HEI scores experienced a significant increase, rising by approximately 11.4% (p < 0.001). In children under 5 years of age, the Hb level showed a significant increase of 5.1% (p = 0.017). However, no statistically significant difference in glucose concentration was observed in older adults after the intervention.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated a positive impact on NK, HEI, and Hb in heads of households, older adults, and children under five in a rural community where there is limited access to basic services.Keywords: nutrition education, nutritional knowledge, hemoglobin, glucose, children, rural communities

Abstract Blood glucose levels fluctuate during daily life, and the oxygen concentration is low compared to the atmosphere. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) maintain vascular homeostasis by sensing changes in glucose and oxygen concentrations, resulting in collective migration. However, the behaviors of ECs in response to high-glucose and hypoxic environments and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the collective migration of ECs simultaneously stimulated by changes in glucose and oxygen concentrations. Cell migration in EC monolayer formed inside the media channels of microfluidic devices was observed while varying the glucose and oxygen concentrations. The cell migration increased with increasing glucose concentration under normoxic condition but decreased under hypoxic condition, even in the presence of high glucose levels. In addition, inhibition of mitochondrial function reduced the cell migration regardless of glucose and oxygen concentrations. Thus, oxygen had a greater impact on cell migration than glucose, and aerobic energy production in mitochondria plays an important mechanistic role. These results provide new insights regarding vascular homeostasis relative to glucose and oxygen concentration changes.

Abstract This study presents a biosensor working at a frequency of 3.5 GHz, which is designed as a square ring metamaterial resonator. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of blood amount on the metamaterial-based resonator sensor’s sensitivity. The structure was constructed using Rogers-RT5880 material, with an overall area of 85.71 mm × 85.71 mm2. The simulation of the design involved modelling the blood samples using Debye 1st-order equations. The empirical results observed a noticeable shift towards a lower frequency range in the response and changes in the magnitude, corresponding to an increase in the blood sample’s glucose concentration and thickness. Following this, the experiment was designed to corroborate the simulated results. The sensor achieved the highest sensitivity of 0.23 dB per 100 mg/dl change in glucose level when the thickness of blood was 0.1 mm. It was concluded from the results that the increase in the volume of blood increases the sensor’s sensitivity. However, a trade-off mark is necessary in which an optimum sensitivity is achieved with blood volume as minimum as possible so that a noninvasive biosensor can be designed.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease initiated by genetic predisposition and environmental influences, which result in the specific destruction of insulin‐producing pancreatic β‐cells. Currently, there are over 1.6 million cases of T1D in the United States with a worldwide incidence rate that has been increasing since 1990. Here, we examined the effect of Cornus officinalis (CO), a well‐known ethnopharmacological agent, on a T1D model of the non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. A measured dose of CO extract was delivered into 10‐week‐old NOD mice by oral gavage for 15 weeks. T1D incidence and hyperglycemia were significantly lower in the CO‐treated group as compared to the water gavage (WT) and a no handling or treatment control group (NHT) following treatment. T1D onset per group was 30%, 60% and 86% for the CO, WT and NHT groups, respectively. Circulating C‐peptide was higher, and pancreatic insulitis was decreased in non‐T1D CO‐treated mice. Our findings suggest that CO may have therapeutic potential as both a safe and effective interventional agent to slow early stage T1D progression.

Bacterial stress adaptive response is formed due to changes in the cell gene expression profile in response to alterations in environmental conditions through the functioning of regulatory networks. The mutual influence of network signaling molecules represented by cells’ natural metabolites, including indole and second messengers (p)ppGpp and cAMP, is hitherto not well understood, being the aim of this study. E. coli parent strain BW25141 ((p)ppGpp+) and deletion knockout BW25141ΔrelAΔspoT which is unable to synthesize (p)ppGpp ((p)ppGpp0) were cultivated in M9 medium supplemented with different glucose concentrations (5.6 and 22.2 mM) in the presence of tryptophan as a substrate for indole synthesis and in its absence. The glucose content was determined with the glucose oxidase method; the indole content, by means of HPLC; and the cAMP concentration, by ELISA. The onset of an increase in initially low intracellular cAMP content coincided with the depletion of glucose in the medium. Maximum cAMP accumulation in the cells was proportional to the concentration of initially added glucose. At the same time, the (p)ppGpp0 mutant showed a decrease in maximum cAMP levels compared to the (p)ppGpp+ parent, which was the most pronounced in the medium with 22.2 mM glucose. So, (p)ppGpp was able to positively regulate cAMP formation. The promoter of the tryptophanase operon responsible for indole biosynthesis is known to be under the positive control of catabolic repression. Therefore, in the cells of the (p)ppGpp+ strain grown in the tryptophan-free medium that were characterized by a low rate of spontaneous indole formation, its synthesis significantly increased in response to the rising cAMP level just after glucose depletion. However, this was not observed in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant cells with reduced cAMP accumulation. When tryptophan was added to the medium, both of these strains demonstrated high indole production, which was accompanied by a decrease in cAMP accumulation compared to the tryptophan-free control. Thus, under glucose depletion, (p)ppGpp can positively regulate the accumulation of both cAMP and indole, while the latter, in its turn, has a negative effect on cAMP formation.

Glucose plays a vital part in milk protein synthesis through the mTOR signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). The objectives of this study were to determine how glucose affects hexokinase (HK) activity in BMEC and investigate the regulatory effect of HK in kappa casein (CSN3) synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in BMEC. For this, HK1 and HK2 were knocked out in BMEC using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The gene and protein expression, glucose uptake, and cell proliferation were measured. We found that glucose uptake, cell proliferation, CSN3 gene expression levels, and expression of HK1 and HK2 increased with increasing glucose concentrations. Notably, glucose uptake was significantly reduced in HK2 knockout (HK2KO) BMEC treated with 17.5 mM glucose. Moreover, under the same glucose treatment conditions, the proliferative ability and abundance of CSN3 were significantly diminished in both HK1 knockout (HK1KO) and HK2KO BMEC compared with that in wild-type BEMC. We further observed that the phosphorylation levels of ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 (S6K1) were reduced in HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following treatment with 17.5 mM glucose. As expected, the levels of glucose-6-phosphate and the mRNA expression levels of glycolysis-related genes were decreased in both HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following glucose treatment. These results indicated that the knockout of HK1 and HK2 inhibited cell proliferation and CSN3 expression in BMEC under glucose treatment, which may be associated with the inactivation of the S6K1 and inhibition of glycolysis.

Background: Glycemic markers, including postprandial glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance, are strong predictors of morbidity and mortality in individuals with and without diabetes. Stair-climbing and -descending (SCD) at a comfortable pace for 3 minutes after a sugary beverage (300 kilocalories; 100% carbohydrate) lowers insulin, with insulin sensitivity improving in 10 minutes. If similar benefits are seen following consumption of a mixed meal is unknown. We hypothesize SCD will improve these markers in a dose-response manner following a mixed meal. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, young adults (N = 31) performed SCD for 0 (seated control), 1, 3, and 10 minutes after a mixed meal (650 kilocalories; 53% carbohydrates, 33% fat, and 14% protein). Differences in glucose, insulin, and insulin sensitivity (ISI) from baseline to 30 min were analyzed using a mixed-effects ANOVA. Results: A significant fixed-effect was found for change in glucose [F(2.551,67.17) = 4.724,p = 0.007)], insulin [F(2.692,74.49) = 11.28,p

Isomerization of glucose to fructose is a fundamental and key intermediate process commonly included in the production of valuable chemicals from carbohydrates in biorefinery. Enhancement of fructose yield is a challenge. In this work, Sn-doped silica nanotube (Sn-SNT) was developed as a highly efficient Lewis acid catalyst for the selective isomerization of glucose to fructose. Over Sn-SNT, 69.1 % fructose yield with 78.5 % selectivity was obtained after reaction at 110 °C for 6 h. The sole presence of a large amount of Lewis acid sites in Sn-SNT without Brønsted acid site is one of the reasons for the high fructose yield and selectivity. Otherwise, high density of Si−OH groups in Sn-SNT can ensure the presence of Si−OH groups near the Sn sites, which is important for the isomerization of glucose to fructose, leading to the high fructose yield and selectivity. Furthermore, the Sn-SNT is recyclable.

This study focused on the effect of a typical phenolic inhibitor, vanillin, on the growth and ethanol production of Starmerella bacillaris R5, as well as the effect of varying levels of glucose on its growth and fermentation performance. The results indicated that when the vanillin concentration was fixed at 3 g/L, increasing glucose concentration in the medium from 2% to 6% shorten the lag phage by 25.92%, increased the specific growth rate by 82.1%, and the ethanol conversion rate by 17.88%. Further analysis showed that increased glucose concentration resulted in an increase in the proportion of cells containing reactive oxygen species (ROS), a decrease in membrane permeability, and a reduction in intracellular H2O2 content. In addition, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased by 58%, 35.5%, and 2.3 times, respectively. Intracellular glycerol content increased by 1.82 times. The activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), related to glucose metabolism, decreased by 54.5%, and the activity of hexokinase (HK) and 6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase (6-PGDH) increased by 4.16 and 11.8 times, respectively. The content of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) increased by 19.4%. The gene expression levels of hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphate fructose kinase (PFK), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH3), 6-phosphate glucose dehydrogenase (PGD), ethanol dehydrogenase (ADH5), pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and glycerol dehydrogenase 1 (GCY1) were up-regulated by 4.6, 2.5, 13.9, 12.2, 17.5, 34.8, and 34.9 times, respectively. In summary, increasing glucose concentration increased the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes, attenuated oxidative damage, and provided more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reducing powder to cope with environmental stress, thereby increasing the conversion rate of ethanol. The results of this study could provide new ideas for utilizing S. bacillaris for bioethanol production.

Abstract Objectives The study aims to assess the effect of baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels on atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following cryoballoon ablation in patients with and without diabetes. Methods Consecutive AF patients receiving first cryoballoon ablation between April 2018 and April 2021 were included. AF recurrence and other clinical outcomes were recorded for a minimum of 12 months post-ablation, with regular assessments at 3, 6, and 12 months, followed by annual check-ups. The primary outcome was AF recurrence after ablation at longest follow-up. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were utilized to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI per standard deviation (SD) increase of baseline HbA1c level. Results 335 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 61.7 years, 61.8% were male. 12.8% had type 2 diabetes, and 81.7% of patients had paroxysmal AF. The median level of HbA1c was 5.3%, and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 1.8. All cryoballoon ablation procedures, utilizing a 28-mm balloon, achieved successful pulmonary vein isolation. Over a median follow-up of 18 months, 105 patients (31.3%) experienced AF recurrence. In multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, a higher HbA1c level, persistent AF (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.39, P = 0.026), alcohol consumption (HR 2.67, 95% CI 1.33 to 5.37, P = 0.006), and Nadir RSPV (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.08, P = 0.005) were significant predictors of AF recurrence. Per-SD increase of HbA1c was associated with a 1.75-fold increase risk of AF recurrence (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.21, P

Abstract Background Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, its aetiology remains unclear. We aimed to establish a relationship between ADHD diagnosis and serum levels of glucose, free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in primary school aged boys. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we enrolled 133 participants aged 6.5–12.5 years, 67 of whom met DSM-5 criteria for ADHD and 66 healthy age-matched boys. The ADHDT test (ADHDT) was used to assess ADHD symptoms and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Revised was used to exclude participants with cognitive deficits. The ADHD participants were tested using the Iowa Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale. Results The ADHD participants had lower glucose levels, higher TSH values, and significantly lower FT4 values than the control group. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TSH is a parameter that is 2.7% more likely to occur in the ADHD group. We found a significant correlation between the TSH level and the symptoms of hyperactivity (r = 0.318, p = 0.009) and impulsivity (r = 0.275, p = 0.024) as well as between the glucose level and the symptoms of hyperactivity (r = 0.312, p = 0.010). Conclusions Certain ADHD symptoms may correlate with certain hormonal patterns. Our results suggest that the likelihood of suffering from ADHD was lower when FT4 levels were elevated. One biochemical parameter that was significantly and independently associated with the diagnosis of ADHD was the serum TSH level. Trial registration On June 26, 2018, at its VI session in 2018, the Ethics Committee of the Institute for Mental Health in Belgrade, Serbia, has considered and unanimously approved the conduct of the research, under the number 1704/1.

Aim: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive subset of breast cancer, with limited treatment options, due to the lack of three commonly targeted receptors, which merits the need for novel treatments for TNBC. Towards this need, the use of metformin (Met), the most widely used type-2 diabetes drug worldwide, was explored as a repurposed anticancer agent. Cancer being a metabolic disease, the modulation of two crucial metabolites, glucose, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), is studied in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, using Met in the presence of electrical pulses (EP) to enhance the drug efficacy. Methods: MDA-MB-231, human TNBC cells were treated with Met in the presence of EP, with various concentrations Met of 1 mmol/L, 2.5 mmol/L, 5 mmol/L, and 10 mmol/L. EP of 500 V/cm, 800 V/cm, and 1,000 V/cm (with a pulse width of 100 µs at 1 s intervals) were applied to TNBC and the impact of these two treatments was studied. Various assays, including cell viability, microscopic inspection, glucose, ROS, and wound healing assay, were performed to characterize the response of the cells to the combination treatment. Results: Combining 1,000 V/cm with 5 mmol/L Met yielded cell viability as low as 42.6% at 24 h. The glucose level was reduced by 5.60-fold and the ROS levels were increased by 9.56-fold compared to the control, leading to apoptotic cell death. Conclusions: The results indicate the enhanced anticancer effect of Met in the presence of electric pulses. The cell growth is inhibited by suppressing glucose levels and elevated ROS. This shows a synergistic interplay between electroporation, Met, glucose, and ROS metabolic alterations. The results show promises for combinational therapy in TNBC patients.

Glucose monitoring is critical for diabetes patients. However, invasive blood testing carries the risk of infection if wound care is not handled properly and non-invasive glucose testing devices are often bulky and not portable. Therefore, our study proposes the use of white light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs with different color temperatures as a light source. Additionally, ammonium metavanadate and sulfuric acid were used to prepare the detection solution instead of peroxidase to produce color, after which images were captured using a smartphone. The red, green, and blue (RGB) channels were then separated and converted into grayscale images. The average grayscale value changes in the images were analyzed to determine the linear relationship between glucose concentration and grayscale values, thus allowing for non-invasive quantitative glucose testing. When using a 3000K white LED bulb as the light source, the grayscale values of the RGB channels analyzed from the images exhibited a linear relationship with the glucose concentration at a 0.1–10 mM range. The regression equation for the red channel was y = −3.1184x+148.2, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9165, a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.27 mM, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6.88 mM. The proposed method of using white LED bulbs as a detection light source combined with image analysis can be used to determine whether glucose concentrations in blood, saliva, or tears are higher than normal, providing the advantages of rapid, highly sensitive, and non-invasive testing.

Objective To explore the relationship between baseline serum triglyceride-glucose （TyG） index and primary cardiovascular event （CVE） in nondiabetic peritoneal dialysis （PD） patients. Methods From January 2014 to June 2020, 119 nondiabetic patients undergoing PD catheterization with regular postoperative dialysis and follow-ups were enrolled. According to the median baseline TyG index, they were assigned into two groups of low TyG （TyG＜8.47） and high TyG （TyG≥8.47）. During a median follow-up period of 36（5-95） months, primary CVE was recorded. Results Female （37 vs 21）, body mass index （BMI） [（22.54 ± 3.50） kg/m2 vs （21.29 ± 3.04） kg/m2], albumin [（35.7 ± 5.8） g/L vs （33.0 ± 5.8） g/L], triacylglycerol [1.55（1.32, 1.98） mmol/L vs 0.90（0.73, 1.03） mmol/L] and fasting plasma glucose [4.97（4.58, 5.47） mmol/L vs 4.49（4.19, 4.95） mmol/L] were significantly higher in high TyG group than those in low TyG group （all P＜0.05）. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated that TyG index was correlated positively with BMI and albumin （all P＜0.05）. And 13 patients （22.03%） in low TyG group and 27 （45%） in high TyG group developed primary CVE during follow-ups. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high TyG group had a significantly higher incidence of primary CVE than low TyG group （χ2 = 4.858, P = 0.028）. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that TyG≥8.47 （HR = 2.418, 95%CI：1.105-5.294, P = 0.027） was an independent risk factor for an initial occurrence of primary CVE while total cholesterol （HR = 1.686, 95%CI：1.133-2.509, P = 0.010） an independent influencing factor for the occurrence of primary CVE. Conclusions High baseline TyG index （TyG≥8.47） is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of primary CVE. Early intervention may lower the risk of developing a primary CVE in PD patients with a high baseline TyG index.

Objective: Diabetic men suffer an increased risk of infertility associated with signs of oxidative damage and decreasedmethylation in sperm pointing to a deficit of the one-carbon cycle (1CC). We aimed to investigate this deficit using micemodels (type 1 and 2) of streptozotocin-induced diabetes.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 50 male mice, aged eight weeks, were divided randomly intofour groups: sham, control, type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), and DM2. The DM1 group was fed a normal diet (ND) foreight weeks, followed by five consecutive days of intraperitoneal administration of Streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg bodyweight). The DM2 group was fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal injectionof STZ (100 mg/kg). After twelve weeks, all the mice were euthanized, and study parameters assessed. In the shamgroup, citrate buffer as an STZ solvent was injected.Results: Both types of diabetic animals had serious impairment of spermatogenesis backed by increased DNA damage(P=0.000) and decreased chromatin methylation (percent: P=0.019; intensity: P=0.001) and maturation (P=0.000).The 1CC was deeply disturbed with increased homocysteine (P=0.000) and decreased availability of carbon units[methionine (P=0.000), serine (P=0.088), folate (P=0.016), B12 (P=0.025)] to feed methylations.Conclusion: We have observed a distinct impairment of 1CC within the testes of individuals with diabetes. Wespeculate that this impairment may be linked to inadequate intracellular glucose and diminished carbon unit supplyassociated with diabetes. As a result, interventions focusing on enhancing glucose uptake into sperm cells and providingsupplementary methyl donors have the potential to improve fertility issues in diabetic patients. However, additionalclinical testing is required to validate these hypotheses.

Background: Cerebral haemorrhage is a critical condition that often requires surgical treatment, and postoperative intracranial infection can significantly impact patient outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the levels of lactic acid and glucose in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with cerebral haemorrhage and their postoperative intracranial infection and clinical prognosis. Methods: The study selected the clinical data of 324 patients with cerebral haemorrhage who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from March 2020 to March 2022 for retrospective analysis and divided these patients into the intracranial infection group (Group A, n=22, leukocyte values in CSF>5×106/L) and the non-intracranial infection group (Group B, n=302, leukocyte values in CSF 5×106/L) according to the occurrence of postoperative intracranial infection in patients to detect the levels of lactic acid and glucose in CSF at different times in the two groups. Pearson method was adopted to analyze the correlation of the levels of lactic acid and glucose in CSF of patients with intracranial infection, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess the clinical prognosis of patients. According to their scores, these patients were divided into the good prognosis group (GPG, scores of 4-5 points, n=178) and the poor prognosis group (PPG, scores of 1-3 points, n=146). The levels of lactic acid and glucose in the CSF of patients in the two groups were measured, and the Pearson method was adopted to analyze the relationship between these levels and clinical prognosis. Results: Compared with Group B, Group A had markedly higher lactic acid levels in CSF of patients at T1, T2 and T3 (P

Background Abnormal glucose metabolism is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, association of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with CRC risk remains under-reported. We examined the association between glycemic indicators (HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, 2-hour glucose, 2-hour insulin, and homeostasis model of risk assessment-insulin resistance index) and CRC risk using prospective analysis and meta-analysis. Methods Participants (n=1,915) from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-Cardiovascular Disease Substudy were included. CRC events were identified through record linkage. Cox regression was used to assess the associations of glycemic indicators with CRC risk. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the association between HbA1c and CRC risk. Results During an average of 12.9 years follow-up (standard deviation, 2.8), 42 incident CRC cases occurred. After adjusting for potential confounders, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of CRC for per % increment in HbA1c was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.63) in overall population, 1.51 (95% CI, 1.13 to 2.02) in women and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.68 to 1.68) in men. No significant association of other measures of glycemic indicators and baseline diabetes with CRC risk was found. Meta-analyses of 523,857 participants including our results showed that per % increment of HbA1c was associated with 13% higher risk of CRC, with the pooled risk ratio being 1.13 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.27). Subgroupanalyses found stronger associations in women, colon cancer, Asians, and case-control studies. Conclusion Higher HbA1c was a significant predictor of CRC in the general population. Our findings shed light on the pathology of glucose metabolism and CRC, which warrants more in-depth investigation.

Background: The rising use of formulated insecticides called for an evaluation of their effects on the substantia nigra defensive mechanisms to identify potential therapeutic windows. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the defense system of substantia nigra after shortterm exposure to formulated pyrethroid insecticide. Materials & Methods: A total of 32 adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each consisting of 8 animals. Group A was kept as the control group, while groups B, C, and D were given a mixture of dichlorvos and cypermethrin for 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h/d, respectively, for 4 weeks. The neurobehavioral test was carried out on the final day of exposure. The animals were sacrificed and cardiac perfused with heparinized saline 24 h after the last exposure. An occipitofrontal incision was made to remove the brain to assess glucose and astrocytes. After the brain mapping, the fixation was performed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 h. Results: Groups A, B, C, and D had glucose levels of 68.91, 71.66, 74.27, and 75.85 mg/dL, respectively, and all of them were statistically significant at P=0.000. The astrocyte expressions were 19.50, 31.13, 33.63, and 57.88 μg/mL in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively, and groups C and D were statistically significant at P=0.026 and P=0.000, respectively, while group B was not significant at P=0.086. The means of motor function were 1.42, 1.33, 1.10, and 0.75 minutes in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively, and the groups B, C, and D were not statistically significant at P=0.999, P=0.936, and P=0.850, respectively. Conclusion: Regarding the blood-brain barrier and the gliosis process, the structural integrity of astrocytes serves as the first line of protection against xenobiotic (foreign substance) inversion of the brain. According to this research, the increased astrocyte expression and elevated glucose levels are attempts to maintain motor capabilities after exposure to insecticides with pyrethrin formulations, which explains the time-dependent slow decline in the motor activities of the experimental animals.

Objective To investigate the effects of metformin(Met) on the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells under different glucose concentration culture conditions, and to find the potential role of miR-139-5p in the process. Methods PANC-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of metformin(0/5/10/20 mmol/L) in 25 mmol/L(high-glucose group,HG) or 5 mmol/L(normal-glucose group,NG) glucose culture, cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and cell cycle were detected after 48 h. The expression of miR-139-5p was quantitatively detected by RT-qPCR, and the miR-139-5p mimics were transfected into PANC-1 cells to clarify the role of miR-139-5p. Results Metformin inhibited the proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and induced S phase and G2/M phase arrest of PANC-1 cells under in high glucose and normal glucose culture conditions, and its anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects were more significant in the normal glucose groups. The expression of miR-139-5p was up-regulated by metformin treatment in normal but not in high glucose culture. Further studies showed that miR-139-5p mimics inhibited of PANC-1 cells proliferation without metformin pre-incubation and enhanced the anti-proliferation effect of 5 mmol/L metformin. The pro-apoptotic effect of 10 mmol/L metformin in normal glucose culture conditions. Conclusions In normal-glucose culture conditions, metformin can inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of PANC-1 cells more significantly than in higher-glucose culture, which may be partly related to the up-regulation of miR-139-5p.

Study aim: To evaluate circulating lipoproteins, glucose, insulin and the index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in male Polish students with normal BMI and waist circumference (WC) in the context of their physical activity.

Peptides of plant and animal origin have good anti-diabetic prospects. The research objective was to use bovine colostrum peptides to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. Bovine colostrum peptides were obtained by trypsin hydrolysis of colostrum proteins with preliminary extraction of triglycerides. The study involved four groups of Wistar rats with seven animals per group. Group 1 served as control; group 2 received 300 mg/kg of trypsin hydrolysate of bovine colostrum as part of their daily diet for 30 days. Groups 3 and 4 had diabetes mellitus caused by intraperitoneal injections of 110 mg/kg of nicotinamide and 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Group 4 also received 300 mg/kg trypsin hydrolysate of bovine colostrum intragastrically five times a week for 30 days. Three peptides were isolated from the trypsin hydrolysate of bovine colostrum and tested for the sequence of amino acids and molecular weight. Their identification involved the Protein NCBI database, followed by 2D and 3D modeling, which revealed their chemical profile, pharmacological properties, and antioxidant activity. The diabetic rats treated with colostrum peptides had lower glucose, glycated hemoglobin, malondialdehyde, and catalase activity but a higher content of glutathione in the blood. Their leukocytes and erythrocytes also demonstrated less deviation from the standard. The antioxidant effect of colostrum protein hydrolysate depended on a peptide with the amino acid sequence of SQKKKNCPNGTRIRVPGPGP and a mass of 8.4 kDa. Colostrum peptides reduced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. The research revealed good prospects for isolating individual colostrum peptides to be tested for antidiabetic properties.

Seventy two new born crossbred calves were selected and grouped in three dietary treatments-C, T1 and T2. Calves in the group T1 were fed ad libitum milk twice daily for one hour along with calf starter and green fodder. The T2 group were fed on the dietary protocol as T1 but was fed calf starter supplemented with essential oils. The dietary treatment of control group (C) was as per the Package of Practices Recommendations, KVASU. Blood samples were collected from the calves at the time of birth, second day and monthly intervals for up to three months for biochemical analysis. The plasma glucose concentrations of calves in dietary treatments C, T1 and T2 after one month were 5.69±0.166, 6.26±0.174 and 6.15±0.166 mM respectively. The glucose levels of calves in dietary treatments of C, T1 and T2 at three months were 4.22±0.062, 4.50±0.061 and 4.33±0.063, respectively and differed significantly (p

The aim of this study was to confirm whether a rapid intravenous glucose administration can lead to a significant drop in blood potassium levels in cattle. For this study, seven cattle were used according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. Glucose at a dose of 1 g.kg−1 body weight was administrated intravenously and then blood samples were taken before and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after administration of glucose for measurement of potassium and glucose blood concentrations. For statistical analysis of glucose effects on both glucose and potassium levels one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used. ANOVA showed a strong significant effect of the glucose administration on plasma glucose levels (P < 0.001). The glucose administration resulted in a mean plasma increase from 4.2 mmol.l−1 to 21.2 mmol.l−1 within the first minutes after the administration followed by a steady decrease back to the initial values. In contrast, ANOVA showed no significant effect of the glucose administration on plasma potassium levels. In conclusion, the glucose does not have a potassium-lowering effect when administered in a single large intravenous dose.

Background and Objectives: The development and functioning of all living beings ends with the inevitable aging process, as a result of which the activity of all organs and the body as a whole is suppressed, which leads to imminent death. Protein glycation is considered to be one of the causes of aging. This process takes place throughout life, but it intensifies with age. Protein glycation is a reaction of covalent coupling of free amino groups of proteins and reducing carbohydrates, which proceeds without the participation of enzymes and leads to disruption of protein functions. This process is unregulated, as it occurs without the participation of biological catalysts. As a result of glycation of proteins in humans, inflammatory processes occur in the body and a number of diseases such as heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, cataract, glycemia, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, etc. develop. In the tasks of medical diagnostics, methods of monitoring the state of proteins in the human body are necessary. In this regard, the work is devoted to the study of the processes of interaction of human serum albumin globules (HSA) with globules of human glycated serum albumin (gHSA). Materials and Methods: In conducting a study of the spectral-kinetic characteristics of the eosin luminescent probe in solutions of glycated and non-glycated HSA, as well as in a mixture of glycated and non–glycated HSA, an exponential dependence of the second order was used to approximate the dependencies of DF (delayed fluorescence) and PHOS (phosphorescence), and an anisotropy equation was used to assume the formation of the gHSA-HSA complex. Results: It has been found that the intensity and kinetics of quenching of delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence of the eosin fluorescent probe associated with proteins are sensitive to the ratio of glycated and non-glycated proteins in solution. To explain the increase in the intensity and lifetime of eosin phosphorescence during the transition from a solution of HSA to a mixture of HSA and gHSA, it is assumed that the globules of HSA and gHSA form a complex of the composition of gHSA-HSA, as a result of diffusion encounters. The rotational mobility of this complex is much less than the separate globules of HSA and gHSA. The formation of the complex is confirmed by an increase in the anisotropy of delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence of eosin in a mixture of HSA and gHSA. Conclusion: The obtained results of the work can be used to diagnose the presence of a complex of glycated with non-glycated proteins in human blood plasma.

Abstract Background Dynamic glucose-enhanced (DGE) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) has the potential to characterize glucose metabolism in brain metastases. Since the effect size of DGE CEST is small at 3 T (

Abstract Background Preliminary evidence demonstrates some parameters of metabolic control, including glycaemic control, lipid control and insulin resistance, vary across the menstrual cycle. However, the literature is inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between the menstrual cycle phase and metabolites and to explore potential mediators and moderators of these associations. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional cohort study using UK Biobank. The outcome variables were glucose; triglyceride; triglyceride to glucose index (TyG index); total, HDL and LDL cholesterol; and total to HDL cholesterol ratio. Generalised additive models (GAM) were used to investigate non-linear associations between the menstrual cycle phase and outcome variables. Anthropometric, lifestyle, fitness and inflammatory markers were explored as potential mediators and moderators of the associations between the menstrual cycle phase and outcome variables. Results Data from 8694 regularly menstruating women in UK Biobank were analysed. Non-linear associations were observed between the menstrual cycle phase and total (p

Abstract Background It remains unclear how the condition of glucose metabolism during pregnancy affects fetal outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the associations of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and elevated glucose levels at each time point during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with congenital heart disease (CHD) risk in offspring. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of mothers with singleton pregnancies of 20 weeks or more registered at Maternal and Child Health Centers in Fujian Province, China. The OGTT results and offspring CHD occurrence were collected. We used logistic regression to analyse the association between elevated blood glucose at each time point during OGTT and CHD. Results A total of 71,703 normal and 533 CHD fetuses were included. Compared to the corresponding normal group, women with GDM, elevated blood glucose at different time points in OGTT (0 h ≥ 5.1 mmol/L, 1 h ≥ 10 mmol/L, and 2 h ≥ 8.5 mmol/L) showed an increased risk of CHD in offspring (adjusted OR = 1.41, 1.36, 1.37, and 1.41, all P

In order to comprehensively evaluate the Maillard reaction system and optimize the conditions of theanine-glucose Maillard reaction, an artificial neural network coupled genetic algorithm (BP-GA) model for the comprehensive evaluation value of theamine-glucose Maillard reaction was herein constructed, and the best reaction conditions were optimized. Firstly, the weight among five evaluation indexes, fluorescence value, A294, A420, glucose and theanine residue were obtained by entropy method. Next, a BP-GA artificial neural network model with experimental factor parameter as the input and the comprehensive evaluation value of Maillard reaction as output was established in combination with the results of the single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. Finally, the optimal condition for the theanine-glucose Maillard reaction and the corresponding comprehensive evaluation value of the Maillard reaction were obtained with the established model. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the theanine-glucose Maillard reaction obtained through the global optimization by the established BP-GA model were: Reaction temperature 117.6 ℃, reaction time 1.8 h, pH7.3, and carbonyl ammonia ratio 1:2. In such case, the comprehensive evaluation value of Maillard reaction was 93.22. Compared with the results obtained by the orthogonal experiment, it was found that the BP-GA model had good predictive performance. In this study, the optimum conditions for the model Maillard reaction was obtained by the BP-GA model, which would provide a reference for the establishment of the Maillard reaction simulation system and prediction of the reaction.

Abstract This study evaluated how light spectrum, salinity, and glucose level affect Spirulina morphology, using response surface methodology (RSM). A full factorial experiment was conducted including three light conditions with different predominant spectral characteristics (“white”: 100% white; “red”: 80% red, 15% blue, and 5% green; and “yellow”: 80% yellow, 15% blue, and 5% green), four NaCl concentrations (0, 5, 15, 30 g/L), and four glucose levels (0, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/L). Light spectrum conditions and salinity had significant effects on the filament length, spiral diameter, and screw pitch length. Glucose only had a significant effect in terms of the spiral diameter. The maximum filament length (1274 μm; under 30 g/L NaCl and 2.5 g/L glucose), spiral diameter (47 μm; under 1 g/L NaCl and 2 g/L glucose), and screw pitch length (112 μm; under 1 g/L NaCl and 2 g/L glucose) were attained under yellow light. In line with the simulation, more compacted filaments, that is, with a greater diameter (41 μm) and shorter screw pitches (78 μm), are observed under “red” light (4 g/L NaCl and 2.5 g/L glucose). Because longer but compact filaments are desirable for easier harvesting, we recommend a light spectrum that is predominantly red with a NaCl concentration of 5.8 g/L deprived of glucose, for the cost‐effective harvesting of Spirulina biomass.

ABSTRACTIn order to find a green and safe solution as the base solution for the quantitative detection of glucose, the neutral solution Na2S2O3 was selected as the base solution. A three-electrode electrochemical system was designed. In this system, the working electrode was copper sheet, the counter electrode was platinum electrode, and the reference electrode was saturated KCl calomel solution electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry(i-t) methods were used for the experiment. CV scanning results showed that glucose could produce the oxidation-reduction reaction on the surface of the copper electrode, and the parameters of i-t were adjusted. According to the results of i-t scanning, the quantitative detection model of glucose was established. The model was [Formula: see text]. The regression parameter R2 was 0.99672. Glucose was tested with different base solutions. Results showed that Na2S2O3 solution was a good base solution. The i-t control experiments showed that the proposed method were effective in Na2S2O3 solution.

Hypoglycemia is known as a sudden diminution in blood glucose level

Ni–Ru bimetallic porous carbon sphere (Ni–Ru@PCS) catalysts were synthesized via formaldehyde-assisted, metal-coordinated crosslinking sol–gel chemistry, in which biomass-derived tannic acid and F127 surfactant were used as carbon precursor and soft template, respectively, and Ni2+ and Ru3+ were used as cross-linkers. In the developed method, Ni–Ru particles became uniformly dispersed in the carbon skeleton due to strong coordination bonds between metal ions (Ni2+ and Ru3+) and tannic acid molecules and bimetal interactions. The as-synthesized Ni–Ru10:1@PCS catalyst with a loading Ni:Ru mole ratio of 10:1 was applied for the selective hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol, and provided 99% glucose conversion with a sorbitol selectivity of 100% at 140 °C in 150 min reaction time and exhibited good stability and recyclability in which sorbitol yield remained at 98% after 4 cycles with little or no metal agglomeration. The catalyst was applied to glucose solutions as high as 20 wt% with 97% sorbitol yields being obtained at 140 °C in 20 h. The developed bimetallic porous carbon sphere catalysts take advantage of sustainably-derived materials in their structure and are applicable to related biomass conversion reactions.

IntroductionSymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) is a serious complication of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after endovascular treatment (EVT). Limited data exist regarding predictors and clinical implications of sICH after EVT, underscoring the significance of identifying risk factors to enhance prevention strategies. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of sICH and identify its predictors after EVT in patients with large infarct core-AIS in the pre-circulation stage.MethodsUsing data from the EVT for the Pre-circulation Large Infarct Core-AIS Study, we enrolled patients who were treated with EVT from the Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study of Early Treatment in Acute Stroke (MAGIC) registry. Baseline demographics, medical history, vascular risk factors, blood pressure, stroke severity, radiographic features, and EVT details were collected. The patients were classified into three groups: without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), with asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (aICH), and sICH, based upon the occurrence of sICH. The main outcomes were the occurrence of sICH according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification and functional condition at 90 days. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify independent predictors of sICH after EVT.ResultsThe study recruited a total of 490 patients, of whom 13.3% (n = 65) developed sICH. Patients with sICH had less favorable outcomes than those without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and those with aICH (13.8% vs. 43.5% vs. 32.2%, respectively; p

Long-term electrolyses of glucose in a potassium carbonate (K2CO3) aqueous electrolyte have been performed on graphite felt electrodes with TEMPO as a homogeneous catalyst. The influences of the operating conditions (initial concentrations of glucose, TEMPO, and K2CO3 along with applied anode potential) on the conversion, selectivity toward gluconate/glucarate, and faradaic efficiency were assessed first. Then, optimizations of the conversion, selectivity, and faradaic efficiency were performed using design of experiments based on the L9 (34) Taguchi table, which resulted in 84% selectivity toward gluconate with 71% faradaic efficiency for up to 79% glucose conversion. Side products such as glucaric acid were also obtained when the applied potential exceeded 1.5 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode.

Introduction: Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a potentially fatal condition caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Chronic alcoholism is the most common cause of WE; however, other conditions responsible for thiamine deficiency should also be considered. Case Report: We report the case of a 64-year-old woman with a history of diabetes who presented with confusion and apathy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed T2 hyperintensities involving dorsolateral medulla oblongata, tegmentum of the pons, vermis of the cerebellum, periaqueductal region, and the bilateral mammillary bodies. She had a history of intravenous glucose administration before her mental symptoms developed. On suspicion of WE, she was treated with a high dose of thiamine empirically. Her clinical condition improved rapidly in 2 weeks. Conclusion: Endogenous thiamine stores can be rapidly depleted in the case of enhanced glucose oxidation. Patients who receive glucose should also be prescribed thiamine to avoid inducing or exacerbating WE.

This study aimed to explain the effect of the flavonoid extract of Cappairs Spinosa on the body weight, lipid profile, glucose, and kidney functions of male rats. We extracted the plant material using methanol at 85% in the Soxhlet apparatus for 8 hours and fractionated it with ethyl acetate. Twenty adult male rats were used in this study, which was divided into four groups (5 rats/group); the first group (T1) received 10 mg/kg. The second group (T2) received 20 mg \kg. The third group (T3) received 40 mg\kg orally for 30 days, and the 4th group (control) received orally distal water. At the end of the experiment, we collected blood samples by cardiac puncture to measure blood sugar level, lipid profile, and kidney function parameters. The levels of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) all went down significantly in all treated groups. On the other hand, the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) went up significantly compared to the control group. The blood sugar result explained a significant reduction in all treated groups compared with the control group. When kidney function parameters were measured, the amounts of urea, creatinine, and uric acid were significantly lower in animals that were given the flavonoid extract compared to those that were not. The result shows that extracts affect a significant decrease in body weight compared with control rats. These results of biological parameters explained that there were significant (P≤0.05,P≤0.01).