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The article examines the visual embodiment of the theme of Christ's teaching in the European visual tradition. The author shows that the pedagogical metaphors of the Teacher and the Educator, vivid in the New Testament texts and the works of the first Christian writers, were reflected in the fine arts through certain iconographic formulas. An assumption is made about the possibility of a pedagogical interpretation of the symbolic image of the Good Shepherd (basing on Clement of Alexandria). Variations in the image of the Teacher in the works of the 4-5th centuries are also analyzed: these are compositions with Christ the Wonderworker and Christ the Philosopher, which had different iconographic prototypes. Regardless of the characteristics of the portrait interpretation of Christ, special attributes (rhetorical gesture, pallium, scroll or open codex) allow to identify Him as a Teacher. The view on Christ as the Teacher and righteousness and divine wisdom, incomparable with earthly knowledge, is a specific of the patristic tradition. The development of Christian art under the influence of liturgical theological the formation caused appearance of new subjects and interpretations in medieval art. Plots previously associated with the theme of Christ’s teaching receive a different view within the framework of typological exegesis. The author shows that the main “pedagogical” plot, which received consistent development in the art of the Middle Ages, is the image of the young Christ in the Jerusalem temple (Luke 2:41-51). The plot was popular due to the veneration of the image of the baby Jesus, general interest in His childhood, and also in connection with the cults of the Mother of God. In the iconography of the 15-17th centuries the polemical component of the plot is often emphasized, with the scene being interpreted as a variant of a dispute. In apocryphal texts dedicated to the childhood of Jesus, there are episodes of interaction between the Divine Youth and school teachers, who generally showed pedagogical carelessness towards the child and recognized His “disability to learn.” In illustrations of the plot children sympathize and support their “classmate” and even glorify Him as God. Finally, in the late Middle Ages, the story of the giving of the Lord's Prayer was spread, with the direct interaction of the Teacher and Preacher with their listeners articulated.

Background: Precautionary Allergen (“may contain”) Labelling (PAL) is used by industry to communicate potential risk to food-allergic individuals posed by unintended allergen presence (UAP). In 2014, the World Allergy Organization (WAO) highlighted that PAL use was increasing, but often applied inconsistently and without regulation — which reduces its usefulness to consumers with food allergy and those purchasing food for them. WAO proposed the need for a regulated, international framework to underpin application of PAL. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations convened an expert consultation to address the issue of PAL, the outputs of which are now being considered by the Codex Committee on Food Labelling (CCFL). Objectives: To summarise the latest data to inform the application of PAL in a more systematic way, for implementation into global food standards. Methods: A non-systematic review of issues surrounding precautionary labelling and food allergens in pre-packaged products. Results: Approximately, 100 countries around the world have legislation on the declaration of allergenic ingredients. Just a few have legislation on UAP. Given the risks that UAP entails, non-regulated PAL creates inconvenience in real life due to its unequal, difficult interpretation by patients. The attempts made so far to rationalize PAL present lights and shadows. Conclusions: At a time when CCFL is considering the results of the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation 2020–2023, we summarise the prospects to develop an effective and homogeneous legislation at a global level, and the areas of uncertainty that might hinder international agreement on a regulated framework for PAL of food allergens.

In many historical literature periods, heroic and romantic tales are among the most appealing and popular tales, and they also rank among the notable pieces of folklore literature. Numerous of these codices, including both poetry and prose, are still in draft form and have not yet been revised. Due to the significance and intrinsic value of these texts, the purpose of the current study is introducing a new prose version of the Bahram and Golandam narrative. Bahram and Golandam is one of the Persian folklore stories. This story which was among the Iranian stories narrated in traditional home-based schools had gained a lot of popularity. As a result, there are several prose and poem versions of it with some similarities but each with unique characteristics. The version evaluated in the present research is written at the end of one of the authentic versions of Rana and Ziba's poem. it has no date, but it is complete and readable. there are also some verses between the text of the story. according to the language style, this new version of Bahram and Golandam story seems to be antecedent of the version published in adabiate –e-maktab-kaneii iran in terms of time.In this research, in addition to editing and introducing this version, an attempt has been made to evaluate some of its linguistic and contextual characteristics, using a descriptive-analytical and content-based methodology.

IntroductionPrior to the introduction of novel food ingredients into the food supply, safety risk assessments are required, and numerous prediction models have been developed and validated to evaluate safety.MethodsThe allergenic risk potential of Helaina recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF, Effera™), produced in Komagataella phaffii (K. phaffii) was assessed by literature search, bioinformatics sequence comparisons to known allergens, glycan allergenicity assessment, and a simulated pepsin digestion model.ResultsThe literature search identified no allergenic risk for Helaina rhLF, K. phaffii, or its glycans. Bioinformatics search strategies showed no significant risk for cross-reactivity or allergenicity between rhLF or the 36 residual host proteins and known human allergens. Helaina rhLF was also rapidly digested in simulated gastric fluid and its digestibility profile was comparable to human milk lactoferrin (hmLF), further demonstrating a low allergenic risk and similarity to the hmLF protein. ConclusionCollectively, these results demonstrate a low allergenic risk potential of Helaina rhLF and do not indicate the need for further clinical testing or serum IgE binding to evaluate Helaina rhLF for risk of food allergy prior to introduction into the food supply.

Ṣaḥîfe, Arap toplumunda Cahiliye döneminden itibaren bilinen ve yaygın olarak kullanılan bir kavramdır. Müslümanlar açısından Mekke döneminde vahiy dışında ṣaḥîfe kullanma ihtiyacı olmadığı söylenebilir. Ancak bu durum Medine’de bir şehir devleti tesis edilmesiyle büyük bir ivme kazanmış; Hz. Peygamber, kâtiplerine bu bağlamda dinî, siyasi, idarî, diplomatik, sosyal ve ekonomik hayata dair çok sayıda yazı yazdırmıştır. Sahâbe neslinin, bunlardan bağımsız olarak Hz. Peygamber’in sağlığında ya da vefatı sonrasında onun gazveleri, seriyyeleri ve genel anlamda sîretine yönelik notlar tuttuğu bilinmektedir. Bazı sahâbîler kayda alma noktasında talebe ve kölelerinden istifade etmişlerdir. Bazen de tâbiîn kuşağından bir talebe, bir ya da daha fazla sahâbîden dinlediği rivayetleri kaydetmiş; böylece ilgili sahâbînin ilmî birikimini birebir yansıtan bir ṣaḥîfe ortaya koymuştur. Ṣaḥîfelerin bazılarında iman, ahlak, fıkıh ve fıkhın ibadetler dışında kalan kısmı gibi çeşitli konuların ele alındığı, bazı ṣaḥîfelerde ise meġāzî gibi belli bir konu üzerinde yoğunlaşıldığı görülmektedir. Çoğu ṣaḥîfede ana tema olarak meġāzîye ağırlık verilmesi ise Medine döneminde gerçekleşen yoğun askerî faaliyetlerin bir yansıması ve Eyyâmü’l-Arab anlatımı geleneğinin İslâm toplumundaki iz düşümü olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ṣaḥîfelerden mülhem rivayetlerin hadis mecmualarında Kitâbü’l-Meġāzî başlığı altında toplanmasını da aynı bağlamda düşünmek mümkündür. Birbirinden bağımsız kişilerin tuttukları notlar olan ṣaḥîfeler, bir sistematik ve kronolojiden yoksun oldukları için sadece bunlara dayanılarak bir siyer inşası mümkün olmamıştır. Bununla birlikte belge niteliği taşımaları ve genel hatlarıyla bir usul üzere rivayet edilmeleri sebebiyle ilk siyer eserlerine birincil derecede kaynaklık ettikleri bir gerçektir. Sahâbe ṣaḥîfeleri kendilerinden sonra çocuklarına ve torunlarına tevarüs etmiştir. Bu yeni nesil, bu yazılı malzemeyi halihazırda hayatta olan sahâbîler ve Medine halkından aldıkları bilgilerle geliştirmiştir. Yine onların, ṣaḥîfelerde geçen rivayetleri aile ve yakın çevreleri ile tâbiîn kuşağı ilim meraklılarına tedris ettikleri bilinmektedir. Ṣaḥîfeler orijinal haliyle günümüze kadar ulaşamamışsa da miras bırakıldıkları sahâbe çocukları, torunları ve ilim ehli vasıtasıyla süreç içerisinde meşhur hadis mecmualarında yer almışlar ve meġāzî başta olmak üzere çeşitli başlıklar altında okuyucunun istifadesine sunulmuşlardır. Ṣaḥîfeler, kendilerinden istifade ettiği anlaşılan Ebân b. Osman’ın güvendiği kimselere tashih ettirdiği siyere dair notları ile küçük hacimli bir kitapçık (risale) boyutu kazanmış; sahâbeden doğrudan rivayette bulunan ‘Urve b. ez-Zübeyr’in ve birçok ṣaḥîfeden faydalanan Zührî’nin günümüze ulaşamayan meġāzîleri ile telif bir eser vücuda getirecek boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bilinen ilk siyer eserlerinde yer alan hacimli ṣaḥîfelere ve daha küçük çaplı olanlarına araştırmada yer yer işaret edilmiştir. Çalışma, siyer ilmi açısından ṣaḥîfelerin oluşum süreci ve mahiyeti ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Birinci el kaynak değeri taşıyan ve çoğu hadis mecmualarında yer alan bu yazılı malzemelerin, ilk dönem siyer eserlerine kaynaklık etme ve siyer ilminin teşekkülü noktasındaki katkıları ise bundan sonra yapılacak akademik çalışmalarla ortaya konulabilir.

This research presents a medieval musical manuscript that has not yet been analyzed in detail. Catalogued under the name of Graduale Latino-Bohemicum, and currently held in the Batthyaneum Library of Alba Iulia, it has many peculiarities in comparison with other similar codices from the Transylvanian area, hence also compared with other Czech manuscripts. We offer analysis around the date of its creation, then debate different naming options. To create the proper context of understanding for the analysis, we present a brief historical background of the time and place in question, that is the turbulent 15th and 16th century of Europe, with special focus on Transylvania. We continue with the physical aspects of the manuscript that guide us through the colorful world of medieval codices. From a structural standpoint the work has two delimited parts. The bilingual manuscript starts with chants written in Czech and finishes with melodies in Latin. The existence of the Czech language, as well as many other clues govern us to set up hypotheses regarding its provenance. During the content analysis we dedicate a subchapter to the later page inserts that contain additional notes for the chants, wherefrom we can further conclude theories about the usage of the codex, authors of the later annotations, and so forth. We offer a more in-depth analysis of the musical notation where aspects like rhythm, staff, neumes used and special solutions are shown. Finally, we conclude all major, raised questions related to the name, origin, and genre.

Abstract The market for commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) is rapidly expanding in Southeast Asia; however, the existence and content of mandatory national policies, standards and legislation (binding legal measures) for CPCF in the region is unclear. To assess the status of national binding legal measures for CPCF in Southeast Asia, a legal and policy desk review was conducted in seven countries (Cambodia, Laos People's Democratic Republic, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam). The alignment of the national binding legal measures relevant to CPCF was assessed against guidance on CPCF nutrient composition and labelling requirements provided by Codex Alimentarius and the World Health Organization (WHO). Each of the seven countries had at least two national binding legal measures related to the nutrient composition or labelling of CPCF; however, there was limited alignment with the guidance from Codex and WHO. No country was fully aligned with the three CPCF‐specific Codex standards/guidelines and only one country was in full alignment with the recommendations related to the protection of breastfeeding from the ‘WHO Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children’. The findings of the review indicate that the existing national binding legal measures are insufficient to ensure that the CPCF sold as suitable for older infants and young children are nutritionally adequate and labelled in a responsible manner that does not mislead caregivers. Improved and enforced national binding legal measures for CPCF, in alignment with global guidance, are required to ensure that countries protect, promote and support optimal nutrition for children 6–36 months of age.

Catullus Online, a collection of the author’s poems and a repository of the conjectures collected through the centuries, was published by Dániel Kiss with the support of the Abteilung für Griechische und Lateinische Philologie of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, in 2013. Kiss faced many difficulties in the creation of such a resource, both from a technical standpoint and from the inner complexity of the philological tradition behind Catullus and his poems. He still ended up creating a rather interesting Scholarly Digital Edition, which has made such work more accessible, even to those that don’t typically belong in the academic world, offering the possibility to access high-quality photos of the manuscripts, a curated apparatus and much other information about the texts and the author, with just a simple click. What is mostly missing in this project is a more sophisticated digital interface, a lost opportunity to further enhance the quality of such a Scholarly Digital Edition.

The field of data visualisation has long aimed to devise solutions for generating visualisations directly from natural language text. Research in Natural Language Interfaces (NLIs) has contributed towards the development of such techniques. However, the implementation of workable NLIs has always been challenging due to the inherent ambiguity of natural language, as well as in consequence of unclear and poorly written user queries which pose problems for existing language models in discerning user intent. Instead of pursuing the usual path of developing new iterations of language models, this study uniquely proposes leveraging the advancements in pre-trained large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-3 to convert free-form natural language directly into code for appropriate visualisations. This paper presents a novel system, Chat2VIS, which takes advantage of the capabilities of LLMs and demonstrates how, with effective prompt engineering, the complex problem of language understanding can be solved more efficiently, resulting in simpler and more accurate end-to-end solutions than prior approaches. Chat2VIS shows that LLMs together with the proposed prompts offer a reliable approach to rendering visualisations from natural language queries, even when queries are highly misspecified and underspecified. This solution also presents a significant reduction in costs for the development of NLI systems, while attaining greater visualisation inference abilities compared to traditional NLP approaches that use hand-crafted grammar rules and tailored models. This study also presents how LLM prompts can be constructed in a way that preserves data security and privacy while being generalisable to different datasets. This work compares the performance of GPT-3, Codex and ChatGPT across several case studies and contrasts the performances with prior studies.

Prenent en consideració el paper actual i futur de la intel·ligència artificial en la licitació pública, el present article es centra, des de l’òptica de les directrius de la Llei 15/2022, integral per a la igualtat de tracte i la no-discriminació, en la potencialitat que pot correspondre a la intel·ligència artificial davant la detecció i l’actuació contra les col·lusions en la contractació pública. Dins d’aquest nou dret computacional de la competència o “antitrust 3.0” es detallarà el paper capdavanter que ha assumit l’Autoritat Catalana de la Competència (ACCO) pel que fa a la posada en marxa, en fase experimental, de l’eina informàtica ERICCA, i, en paral·lel, la seva participació activa dins del projecte Computational Antitrust del Stanford Center for Legal Informatics (CodeX).

The luxury manuscript book, decorated with frontispieces or miniatures, was especially widespread in Moldova and less so in Wallachia, during the first quarter of the 16th century. The given study presents the Gospel (for holidays and working days throughout the year) and a Tetraevangel (Four Gospels) – two richly decorated manuscripts, belonging to the era of Neagoe Basarab. The Gospel is a gift from the voivode himself, who arrived at Sucevița Monastery through an unclear contest of circumstances. The manuscript was made, most likely, in one of the scriptoriums active in Neagoe Basarab’s time, as the danie inscription on the iron indicates. The Tetraevangel, which preserved – not on the pages of the codex, but on its hardware – the name of Marcea postelnicul (the seneschal) and his wife Marga, the sister of Neagoe Basarab, was discovered by Alexandru Odobescu, in 1860, in the rich library of the Monastery Bistrita (Vâlcea county). The very elegant calligraphy of the titles and the text of the two gospels recalls that of the 15th century Moldavian codices: in their frontispieces we find a related type of decorative motifs based on chained circles similar to that used by Gavril Uric. These similarities do not allow the inscription of the manuscripts in a local Wallachian tradition, but rather place them in an area of influence of the book decoration of the neighboring country.

Background Breastfeeding is important for the health and development of the child, and for maternal health, in all country contexts. However, global sales of breast-milk substitutes (BMS), including infant, follow-up and toddler formulas, have ‘boomed’ in recent decades. This raises the importance of international food standards established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) on the safety, composition and labelling of BMS. Such standards appear to be strongly contested by governments, industry and civil society groups, yet few studies have investigated the politics of Codex standard-setting processes. The aim of this paper is to understand who participates in decision-making, and how actors frame and contest proposals to revise the Codex Standard on Follow-up Formula (FUF).Methods We adopted a case study design involving two steps. First, we enumerated government, industry, civil society, and international organization stakeholders participating in standard-setting processes of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Second, we conducted a framing analysis of stakeholder inputs during the FUF standard revision in CCNFSDU meetings. Publicly available online meeting reports (2015-2019) were retrieved, analyzed using a theoretical framework, and organized thematically.Results High-income country (HIC) delegates greatly outnumbered those from other country income categories. Industry representation was higher compared with other observer categories. Member state delegations included more industry representation than civil society representation, and were occasionally the only member state delegates. Industry stakeholders framed arguments in terms of trade implications, science, and flexible standards. Civil society groups used public health, science, and pro-breastfeeding frames.Conclusion Codex BMS standard-setting procedures are dominated by HICs and industry groups. Limited representation of civil society, and of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), suggest actions are needed to substantially increase support for their involvement at Codex. Such representation may help to counteract power asymmetries and commercial influences on food standards for infants and young children.

To better query regional sources of metal(loid) exposure in an under-communicated region, available scientific literature from 50 national universities (undergraduate and graduate theses and dissertations), peer-reviewed journals, and reports published in Spanish and English were synthesized with a focus on metal(loid) bioaccumulation in Peruvian food and medicinal products utilized locally. The study considered 16 metal(loid)s that are known to exert toxic impacts on humans (Hg, Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Sn, Ni, Ag, Pb, Se, Tl, Ti, and U). A total of 1907 individual analyses contained within 231 scientific publications largely conducted by Peruvian universities were analyzed. These analyses encompassed 239 reported species classified into five main food/medicinal groups—plants, fish, macroinvertebrates and mollusks, mammals, and “others” category. Our benchmark for comparison was the World Health Organization (Codex Alimentarius) standards. The organisms most frequently investigated included plants such as asparagus, corn, cacao, and rice; fish varieties like trout, tuna, and catfish; macroinvertebrates and mollusks including crab and shrimp; mammals such as alpaca, cow, chicken eggs, and milk; and other categories represented by propolis, honey, lichen, and edible frog. Bioaccumulation-related research increased from 2 to more than 25 publications per year between 2006 and 2022. The results indicate that Peruvian food and natural medicinal products can have dangerous levels of metal(loid)s, which can cause health problems for consumers. Many common and uncommon food/medicinal products and harmful metals identified in this analysis are not regulated on the WHO’s advisory lists, suggesting the urgent need for stronger regulations to ensure public safety. In general, Cd and Pb are the metals that violated WHO standards the most, although commonly non-WHO regulated metals such as Hg, Al, As, Cr, and Ni are also a concern. Metal concentrations found in Peru are on many occasions much higher than what has been reported elsewhere. We conclude that determining the safety of food/medicinal products is challenging due to varying metal concentrations that are influenced not only by metal type but also geographical location. Given the scarcity of research findings in many regions of Peru, urgent attention is required to address this critical knowledge gap and implement effective regulatory measures to protect public health.

Abstract Background Algorithmic cellular segmentation is an essential step for the quantitative analysis of highly multiplexed tissue images. Current segmentation pipelines often require manual dataset annotation and additional training, significant parameter tuning, or a sophisticated understanding of programming to adapt the software to the researcher’s need. Here, we present CellSeg, an open-source, pre-trained nucleus segmentation and signal quantification software based on the Mask region-convolutional neural network (R-CNN) architecture. CellSeg is accessible to users with a wide range of programming skills. Results CellSeg performs at the level of top segmentation algorithms in the 2018 Kaggle Data Challenge both qualitatively and quantitatively and generalizes well to a diverse set of multiplexed imaged cancer tissues compared to established state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms. Automated segmentation post-processing steps in the CellSeg pipeline improve the resolution of immune cell populations for downstream single-cell analysis. Finally, an application of CellSeg to a highly multiplexed colorectal cancer dataset acquired on the CO-Detection by indEXing (CODEX) platform demonstrates that CellSeg can be integrated into a multiplexed tissue imaging pipeline and lead to accurate identification of validated cell populations. Conclusion CellSeg is a robust cell segmentation software for analyzing highly multiplexed tissue images, accessible to biology researchers of any programming skill level.

This review analyzes the first academic publication of the works written by Metropolitan Daniel (1522–1539). He was the head of Russian Church in the years when the Moscow principality was being transformed into the Moscow kingdom, which claimed its proper place in the providential history. The hierarch is well known to literary critics as the initiator of wide-scale book enterprises that proclaimed the symbolic dignity of Moscow in its new function of the “Third Rome.” Daniel’s own writings, concentrated in four large units, had little chance to attract attention because they neglected the problems relevant for his time. An exemplary publication of Daniel’s writings prepared by L.I. Zhurova as well as the text history of his writings makes it possible to revise the traditional estimation of this part in Daniel’s books heritage. The reviewer draws attention to the structural innovations made by Daniel who enriched Russian literature with new genres and new forms. As it turns out, the allegedly dull works of the Metropolitan are closely related to his work as an ideologist of the Russian state.

The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-EB) encompass several important human pathogens and are found on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogens list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. They are a group of organisms which demonstrate resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and their presence has been documented worldwide, including in aquaculture and the aquatic environment. This risk profile was developed following the Codex Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance with the objectives of describing the current state of knowledge of ESBL-EB in relation to retail shrimp and salmon available to consumers in Canada, the primary aquacultured species consumed in Canada. The risk profile found that Enterobacterales and ESBL-EB have been found in multiple aquatic environments, as well as multiple host species and production levels. Although the information available did not permit the conclusion as to whether there is a human health risk related to ESBLs in Enterobacterales in salmon and shrimp available for consumption by Canadians, ESBL-EB in imported seafood available at the retail level in Canada have been found. Surveillance activities to detect ESBL-EB in seafood are needed; salmon and shrimp could be used in initial surveillance activities, representing domestic and imported products.

Abstract. Mini-Cog and Codex (cognitive disorders examination) are brief cognitive screening tests incorporating word-recall and clock drawing tests. Objective: To assess and compare the screening accuracy of Mini-Cog and Codex for diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients attending a dedicated cognitive disorders clinic. Methods: Tests were administered to a consecutive cohort of 162 patients, whose reference standard diagnoses based on clinical diagnostic criteria were dementia (44), MCI (26), and subjective memory complaint (92). Results: Both Mini-Cog and Codex had high sensitivity (>0.8) for dementia diagnosis, but Codex was more specific. For diagnosis of MCI, Mini-Cog had better sensitivity than Codex. Weighted comparisons of Mini-Cog and Codex showed only marginal net benefit for Mini-Cog for dementia diagnosis but larger net benefit for MCI diagnosis. Conclusion: In this pragmatic study both Mini-Cog and Codex were accurate brief screening tests for dementia but Mini-Cog was better for identification of MCI.

(1) Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important respiratory diseases. It is characterised by a progressive course with individual differences in clinical presentation and prognosis. The use of multidimensional indices such as the BODE, eBODE, BODEX, CODEX, ADO, and Charlson Comorbidity Index has been proposed to predict the survival rate of COPD patients. However, there is limited research on the prognostic significance of these indices in predicting long-term survival rates in patients with COPD. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the prognostic value of the BODE, eBODE, BODEX, CODEX, ADO, COTE and Charlson Comorbidity Index in predicting 5- and 10-year survival in patients with COPD. (2) Methods: A total of 170 patients were included in the study and their clinical and functional characteristics of COPD progression, such as dyspnoea, body mass index and spirometry data, were evaluated. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to calculate 5- and 10-year survival rates. The predictive value of each index was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. (3) Results: The 5-year survival rate was 62.35% and the 10-year survival rate was 34.70%. The BODE, eBODE, BODEX, CODEX, ADO, COTE and Charlson Comorbidity Index were all significantly associated with the 10-year survival rate of COPD patients (p < 0.05). The hazard ratios (HRs) for these indices were as follows: BODE (HR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–1.39); eBODE (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.21–1.37); BODEX (HR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.35–1.63); CODEX (HR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.31–1.54); COTE (HR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.36–1.75); ADO (HR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.29–1.54); and Charlson Comorbidity Index (HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.22–1.48). (4) Conclusions: The multidimensional indices are a useful clinical tool for assessing the course and prognosis of COPD. These indices can be used to identify patients at a high risk of mortality and guide the management of COPD patients.

Non-human primate (NHP) animal models are an integral part of the drug research and development process. For some biothreat pathogens, animal model challenge studies may offer the only possibility to evaluate medical countermeasure efficacy. A thorough understanding of host immune responses in such NHP models is therefore vital. However, applying antibody-based immune characterization techniques to NHP models requires extensive reagent development for species compatibility. In the case of studies involving high consequence pathogens, further optimization for use of inactivated samples may be required. Here, we describe the first optimized CO-Detection by indEXing (CODEX) multiplexed tissue imaging antibody panel for deep profiling of spatially resolved single-cell immune responses in rhesus macaques. This 21-marker panel is composed of a set of 18 antibodies that stratify major immune cell types along with a set three Ebola virus (EBOV)-specific antibodies. We validated these two sets of markers using immunohistochemistry and CODEX in fully inactivated Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues from mock and EBOV challenged macaques respectively and provide an efficient framework for orthogonal validation of multiple antibody clones using CODEX multiplexed tissue imaging. We also provide the antibody clones and oligonucleotide tag sequences as a valuable resource for other researchers to recreate this reagent set for future studies of tissue immune responses to EBOV infection and other diseases.

Multiplexed imaging is a recently developed and powerful single-cell biology research tool. However, it presents new sources of technical noise that are distinct from other types of single-cell data, necessitating new practices for single-cell multiplexed imaging processing and analysis, particularly regarding cell-type identification. Here we created single-cell multiplexed imaging datasets by performing CODEX on four sections of the human colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid) using a panel of 47 oligonucleotide-barcoded antibodies. After cell segmentation, we implemented five different normalization techniques crossed with four unsupervised clustering algorithms, resulting in 20 unique cell-type annotations for the same dataset. We generated two standard annotations: hand-gated cell types and cell types produced by over-clustering with spatial verification. We then compared these annotations at four levels of cell-type granularity. First, increasing cell-type granularity led to decreased labeling accuracy; therefore, subtle phenotype annotations should be avoided at the clustering step. Second, accuracy in cell-type identification varied more with normalization choice than with clustering algorithm. Third, unsupervised clustering better accounted for segmentation noise during cell-type annotation than hand-gating. Fourth, Z-score normalization was generally effective in mitigating the effects of noise from single-cell multiplexed imaging. Variation in cell-type identification will lead to significant differential spatial results such as cellular neighborhood analysis; consequently, we also make recommendations for accurately assigning cell-type labels to CODEX multiplexed imaging.

This paper introduces a tool which offers scholars a new way to visualize the structure of manuscripts. The Structural Visualization of Manuscripts (or StruViMan) is a web-based application, developed as part of the Paratexts of the Greek Bible Project, a European Research Council project based in Munich. Drawing on the principles of structural codicology, StruViMan is able to translate the different stages of a manuscript’s development into a visual model based on the codex’s physical, historical layers and aims to facilitate the comparison of manuscripts. It can be used by any web-connected manuscript database from any cultural area and does not require the presence of electronic images. This presentation begins with a short survey of the principles underpinning the tool’s conception and development, followed by a demonstration of how manuscript data from both biblical and non-biblical Greek codices are transformed into interactive, customizable visualizations with varying display modes. We will also touch upon StruViMan’s technical aspects as an open-access web service, available to any software or database able to call its API using the correct parameters. We close with a preview of new features currently under development, including the ability to “reconstruct” a manuscript whose composite parts are presently in different repositories.

Pangan dapat terkontaminasi oleh cemaran kimia karena penanganan dan pengolahan pangan yang tidak sesuai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) mengidentifikasi mayoritas penyebab penolakan produk perikanan Indonesia, 2) menelaah standar cemaran kimia pada produk perikanan, khususnya logam berat yang ada di Indonesia, Codex Alimentariurs Commision (CAC) dan negara-negara lain, serta 3) memberikan rekomendasi bagi pemerintah selaku regulator dalam proses perumusan suatu standar. Dokumen standar cemaran kimia pada produk perikanan dikumpulkan dari dokumen/peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN), CAC, dan 11 negara lain yaitu Uni Eropa, Kanada, China, Korea Selatan, Vietnam, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, dan Australia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 164 notifikasi penolakan produk perikanan Indonesia di Uni Eropa, Kanada, dan Korea Selatan selama 10 tahun (2008-2017), penolakan produk perikanan tertinggi disebabkan oleh adanya cemaran kimia merkuri dan metilmerkuri pada ikan todak sebesar 27%, kadmium pada gurita sebesar 5% dan benzo[a]piren pada ikan asap sebesar 3%. Batas maksimum cemaran kimia untuk arsen, kadmium, dan timbal (pada ikan predator) di Indonesia yang terdapat pada Peraturan Kepala (Perka) BPOM Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan yang terdapat di SNI 7387:2009 maupun yang ditetapkan oleh CAC serta negara lain. Indonesia telah menetapkan batas maksimum benzo[a]piren pada ikan asap, sementara itu CAC hanya menetapkan code of practice terhadap benzo[a]piren. Peraturan cemaran logam berat belum sepenuhnya dipedomani oleh para eksportir sehingga masih terdapat penolakan produk perikanan Indonesia. Hal ini menunjukkan masih perlu dilakukan pengawasan terkait kandungan logam berat yang terdapat pada produk perikanan di Indonesia. Code of practice terkait proses pengolahan pangan direkomendasikan untuk diterbitkan guna meminimalisir kandungan benzo[a]piren.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been clearly identified as a major global health challenge. It is a leading cause of human deaths and also has a toll on animals, plants, and the environment. Despite the considerable socio-economic impacts, the level of awareness of the problem remains woefully inadequate, and antimicrobials are not generally recognized as a global common good, one that everyone has a role and responsibility to conserve. It is imperative for antimicrobial stewardship to be more widely implemented to achieve better control of the AMR phenomenon. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations plays an important role in promoting and facilitating antimicrobial stewardship. The specific needs to be addressed and barriers to be overcome, in particular, in low- and middle-income countries in order to implement antimicrobial stewardship practices in agrifood systems are being identified. As a global community, it is essential that we now move beyond discussing the AMR problem and focus on implementing solutions. Thus, FAO provides multi-pronged support for nations to improve antimicrobial stewardship through programs to strengthen governance, increase awareness, develop and enhance AMR surveillance, and implement best practices related to antimicrobial resistance in agrifood systems. For example, FAO is developing a platform to collect data on AMR in animals and antimicrobial use (AMU) in plants (InFARM), working on a campaign to reduce the need to use antimicrobials, studying the use of alternatives to the use of antimicrobials (especially those used for growth promotion) and actively promoting the implementation of the Codex Alimentarius AMR standards. Together, these will contribute to the control of AMR and also bring us closer to the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals.

This article tries to offer a new perspective on parchment, mainly with regard to animals whose skins were, and sometimes still are, used to manufacture this writing material. A short outline of the manufacturing process serves as a basis and is complemented by a similarly short history of development and usage. Subsequently, some calculations, which should not be taken too seriously, may illustrate the huge number of animals that had to be slaughtered to produce enough parchment for all the codices in the older collections of our libraries. The second main topic is the animals who served as the main source for parchment during the German Middle Ages, namely sheep, goats and cattle. Therefore aspects of zooarchaeology and agricultural history are brought up here as well.

Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the global zoning concept using residue data from a comprehensive database of supervised field trials performed in various countries and regions on a variety of pesticide–crop combinations. No statistically significant systematic differences in pesticide residues were found between zones among the pesticide uses examined. In addition, we conducted a simulation to assess the impact of using regional versus global datasets for calculating maximum residue limits (MRLs). The conclusion of this assessment supports the concept of exchangeability of pesticide residue values across geographic regions and opens the possibility of improving harmonization of pesticide regulatory standards by establishing more globally aligned MRLs. Supplemental material for this article is available online.

Listado de las fuentes utilizadas.

The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation – the work of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611–1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second – as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661–1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius’s work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19–318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL’s scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous “ruler” is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol’skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678–1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol’skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar. Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one’s attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania – the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study.

The codex 3893 of the Biblioteca Nacional de España [The Spanish National Library] contains the only preserved testimonies of the work of Martín Vázquez Siruela as commentator on Luis de Góngora. In this article, we present the main results of the archaeologic and paleographic studies of this manuscript. We also propose the transcription’s authorship, chronology, organization and a classification of its texts. Furthermore, several unpublished documents about the author, including his testament, were discovered while carrying out a research on other archives. This new data together with the study of the author’s life stages has allowed us to establish the intellectual preferences of Martín Vázquez.

In Slovakian archives there are 15 completely preserved medieval music manuscrips: five Bratislava antiphoners (the Bratislava Antiphoners I–IV, 15th century, written in the Messine-Gothic notation, the Bratislava Antiphoner V, 15th century, in the Bohemian notation); the Bratislava Missal I (Esztergom notation, 14th century); the Notated Missal Nr. 387 from the former Lycean Library in Bratislava (square notation, 13th century); the Carthusian Gradual-Psalter from Martin (square notation, 15th century); the Košice Psalter and theMissal from the East-Slovakian museum in Košice (Messine-Gothic notation, 14th–15th century); the Evangeliary from Nitra (ekphonetic signs, 12th century); two manuscripts from Prešov (Messine-Gothic notation, 14th century); two manuscripts from Spišska: the Gradual of Georgius of Kezmarok and the Antiphoner from Spišska (Messine-Gothic notation, 15th century).

Missale plenarium ms. 149 is the oldest medieval codex located in the Gniezno Cathedral Museum. It was not until the turn of the nineteenth / twentieth century that it finally came under observation, and was later used in series of short reports. A more comprehensive study on ms. 149 by Biegański and Woronczak was done in the 1970’s. In the same years, the calendar, which is part of the missal, has become the subject of probably the first and perhaps the only master’s thesis so far. After years, the author of the mentioned work has been reminded of the history of the old cultural heritage of Poland, deepening the study of new reports on the whole Missal. This not yet fully known half a century ago manuscript, thanks to the efforts of researchers, has partially uncovered some of its secrets. Paleographic and comparative analysis with other monuments of this period allowed to establish the exact date and place of origin of the manuscript and the circumstances of its order and its being brought to Gniezno. This is extremely valuable and important information, given that it relates to the beginnings of the history of the Polish state and its cultural heritage brought about by the Catholic Church and the first rulers of our country, in this case, Władysław Herman, the founder of the Gniezno Missal and the principal donor for the cathedral renovation. Thanks to the scientific research for sources of Polish culture, we are recovering the old, often forgotten, and deliberately overlooked part of our national and cultural identity of not so long ago. It is without a doubt the Gniezno Missal 149, brought to Poland to celebrate the consecration of the Gniezno Cathedral, and today constitutes proof of the contribution of the Church and the nation to Western civilization.

The Catalan chivalresque literature has been preserved in very few testimonies, most of them just excerpts. The same situation happens with other texts written or spread in other romance languages. This work affords a revision of the well-known data of this Hispanic chivalresque tradition from the perspective of the «ecdotic critic». This tool observes the texts not just as closed linguistic and significant objects but also from the material nature of their transmission ways, the data that can be extracted from the preserved codex or pages, as well as from some of their codicological characteristics that allow specifying, in some cases, their textual nature.

Many cognitive screening instruments are available to assess patients with cognitive symptoms in whom a diagnosis of dementia or mild cognitive impairment is being considered. Most are quantitative scales with specified cut-off values. In contrast, the cognitive disorders examination or Codex is a two-step decision tree which incorporates components from the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (three word recall, spatial orientation) along with a simplified clock drawing test to produce categorical outcomes defining the probability of dementia diagnosis and, by implication, directing clinician response (reassurance, monitoring, further investigation, immediate treatment). Codex has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for dementia diagnosis but is less sensitive for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We examined minor modifications to the Codex decision tree to try to improve its sensitivity for the diagnosis of MCI, based on data extracted from studies of two other cognitive screening instruments, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Free-Cog, which are more stringent than MMSE in their tests of delayed recall. Neither modification proved of diagnostic value for mild cognitive impairment. Possible explanations for this failure are considered.

Strategies that take on a One Health approach to addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) focused on reducing human use of antimicrobials, but policy-makers now have to grapple with a different set of political, economic, and highly sensitive trade interests less amenable to government direction, to tackle AMR in the food chain. Understanding the importance and influence of the intergovernmental Codex negotiations underway on AMR in the Food Chain is very weak but essential for AMR public policy experts. National and global food producing industries are already under pressure as consumers learn about the use of antimicrobials in food production and more so when the full impact of AMR microorganisms in the food chain and on the human microbiome is better understood. Governments will be expected to respond. Trade-related negotiations on access and use made of antimicrobials is political: the relevance of AMR ‘evidence’ is already contested and not all food producers or users of antimicrobials in the food chain are prepared to, or capable of, moving at the same pace. In trade negotiations governments defend their interpretation of national interest. Given AMR in the global food chain threatens national interest, both AMR One Health and zoonotic disease experts should understand and participate in all trade-related AMR negotiations to protect One Health priorities. To help facilitate this an overview and analysis of Codex negotiations is provided.

Los aproximadamente 600 fragmentos de cerámica de estilo códice recuperados por el Proyecto Arqueológico Calakmul, corresponderían a un mínimo de 86 vasijas. La mayoría proviene de contextos asociados al palacio, Estructura XX, de la Gran Acrópolis donde, probablemente, se celebraban importantes eventos sociales y políticos entre la aristocracia maya, como se ha planteado. Los análisis químicos de pasta de cerámica códice han dado como resultado divisiones principales dentro de ésta, aunque se ha propuesto como único foco de fabricación la región de la cuenca de El Mirador. Los nuevos hallazgos en Calakmul nos permiten cuestionar el origen único de este estilo. Mientras que se generan datos comparativos para una caracterización de las huellas químicas de pasta, proponemos un análisis con base en modas cerámicas y en el sistema Tipo-variedad.This paper, primarily, addresses the approximately 600 codex style sherds recovered during the Calakmul Archaeological Project. These sherds make up a minimum of 86 vessels. The majority of these come from archaeological contexts associated with the palace structure known as Structure XX in the Great Acropolis, where important social and political events took place among maya aristocracy. Paste chemical analysis of codex style ceramics have resulted in several divisions. Nevertheless it was proposed that they formed an homogeneous group, with one focus of production, El Mirador Basin. New discoveries in Calakmul permit us to question the premise of a single origin for this style. While new comparative data is generated from paste characterization of chemical fingerprints, we propose an analysis based on concepts of ceramic modes and the Type-variety system.

New hypotheses on the Crónica mexicáyotl. Questions raised by the connections linking many ethnohistorical sources of central Mexico and, particularly, their realization context, intrigue the researchers. In this paper, we examine the case of the Crónica mexicáyotl. In its present version, this document, well known by ancient Mexico specialists, was written by two authors, Tezozomoc and Chimalpahin. It was composed by the assembly of several heterogeneous sources – or sources extracts. Among these are some passages coming from the Crónica X ; they are very important since the original was lost a long time ago. On the other hand, although he remained very close to his main sources, Tezozomoc, as most of the authors of his time, did not merely transcribe exact copies : he did not hesitate, indeed, to add details coming from additional sources, and descriptions inspired to him by the drawings of the pictorial manuscripts he had under his eyes.

The Codex X or the Annals of the Tira de la Peregrinación Group. Pictographic Evolution and Problems in its Interpretative Analysis. Contact with the Spaniards meant the beginning of a process of transformation and change for the Mesoamerican writing tradition. Pictography was pushed to the background and was slowly substituted by alphabetic text, which initially was a mere register of the ancient oral discourse enclosed in the ancient codices. This process is manifested in a group of documents, all closely related pictorially and alphabetically, and which version of the Aztec-Mexitin migration – as we will see here – comes from a common source, the Codex X. However, the passing of time erased from the memory of the tlacuiloque much of the information that originated in the ancient pictorials. Thus were generated the problems of interpretation we are facing today.

Ritual themes on « Codex-style » pottery of the Mixteca-Puebla tradition. This paper presents the results of a study of the iconography painted on « codex-style » pottery of the Mixteca-Puebla tradition, dating from the Late Postclassic period (A.D. 1250-1521), and found in several sites in the states of Puebla, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico. This iconography is similar to that on the Borgia Group and Mixtec codices. It is suggested that the motifs painted on much of this ceramic formed a pictography referring to the ritual use of the vessels; there are groups of motifs depicted in one or several vessel(s) that formed a specific iconographical theme. The most frequent themes seem to refer to some of the main ritual activities in Mesoamerica. Four of them are commented in this paper: the complex of the Solar Band, of Prayer to the Deceased, of Offering to the Earth and of Smoke and Darkness.

Estudio paleográfico del Códice 4667 de la biblioteca nacional de Francia, escrito en el siglo IX en letra visigótica, en el que se recogen el Libro de las Sentencias de San Isidoro de Sevilla y el Liber Iudicum.

The Sixteenth Century in the Coixtlahuaca Lienzos. The three large lienzos painted in the city-state of Coixtlahuaca (Parmenter 1970 ; König 1984) show, among the information on the prehispanic political history, several scenes that represent events ocurring during the early colonial period. These scenes stand out for the appearance of Spanish administrators. In this article, I propose an identification for the people represented in these scenes and I attempt to reconstruct a reason for the inclusion of these scenes in the document.

The description of the Great Temple of Mexico by Bernardino de Sahagún (Florentine Codex, Appendix of Book 2). The appendix of Florentine Codex’s Book 2, describing the 78 buildings of the Great Temple of Mexico, is a major source of knowledge of the Aztec ceremonial centre today rediscovered thanks to archaeology. This paper proposes a detailed analysis of Sahagún’s testimony in order to underline its internal coherence as well as the sometimes completely new nature of the information it contains, notably concerning unknown gods and minor rituals. The comparison of these data with the other sources enables us to evaluate this text’s validity and to emphasize its constant references to the different districts (calpulli) of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Eventually, the assumption that this list refers to a representation of an enclosure, a system already used in Sahagún’s Primeros Memoriales, is tested and a potential reconstitution of it is proposed.

This is a review of the digital edition of the Becerro Galicano of San Millán de la Cogolla, one of the oldest medieval cartularies in Spain and one of the most important sources for the study of Christian Spain between the 8th and 12th century. The edition introduces new features impossible to achieve by previously printed versions, such as the possibility of reordering the documents according to different parameters or an easier manipulation of the huge number of documents thanks to a search tool capable of detecting both variants and lemmata of personal names and places. However, the use of an SQL database instead of XML/TEI encoding imposes constraints that should be removed in the future, such as the lack of expressive power towards the representation of textual structures and the lack of interoperability with other digital projects.

Much effort was put into the digital edition of the Codex Sinaiticus, one of the oldest and most complete Codices of the New Testament. Whereas the material is conserved in four different places, this edition reconstructs a virtual codex, transcribing the text and offering documentary data for easy and deep access to the material. It can be described as a high quality project that aroused great public interest. At the same time, a printed facsimile edition was published allowing for a comparison of the two editions.

Les indications concernant les funérailles de Moctezuma sont contradictoires : on trouve de bréves mentions de funérailles solennelles, mais les sources indiennes tardives préfèrent insister sur un cadavre encombrant et objet de mépris. Le Codex Tudela propose une version atypique, mais ses images correspondent plutôt aux enquêtes générales des premiers évangélisateurs, dont le Codex Magliabechi fournit une tout autre interprétation. Il faut alors glaner des informations dans les chapitres consacrés aux rites funéraires préhispaniques en général ou aux funérailles des prédécesseurs de Moctezuma. Mais ces difficultés révèlent plutôt que la description des funérailles de Moctezuma est un exercice historiographiquement impossible à l’époque coloniale.

Regulatory authorities face the challenge to strike a fair balance between the interests of consumers to ensure the safety of innovative foods and agricultural products and the interest of innovative businesses.Worldwide prior authorization schemes are applied. This contribution explores characteristics, pros and cons of such schemes. It identifies concerns but also best practices that may contribute to improving food safety without unduly hampering innovation.

[Segue da Parte seconda: il fantasma dell'autore] La rete fa interagire i testi tramite i link. Li fa interagire fra loro ma soprattutto con il lettore e fra i lettori. Gli autori scrivono frasi, i tipografi stampano pagine, mentre i libri sono fatti dai rilegatori. Le loro proprietà formali non derivano dalla stampa, ma dalla [...]