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In one of the most recent climate litigation cases, Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and Others, the European Court of Human Rights asked the responding states to consider whether their inaction concerning climate change affects the applicants’ rights under article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights (i.e. the prohibition of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment). What makes the invocation of article 3 distinctive is that it involves a very narrow set of absolute rights; that is, the rights that are not subject to the proportionality test, and which correlate with legal obligations that are non-derogable and non-negotiable even in times of war or other public emergencies. Therefore, finding that anthropogenic climate change violates the rights against torture, or inhuman or degrading treatment may have potentially significant legal consequences and accordingly, may further strengthen the human rights approach to climate change. Finding the violation of said prohibitions, however, is easier said than done since there are many hurdles some of which relate to human rights in general, and others that are distinctive of the said prohibitions, including the lack of specified normative foundations. In the paper, I focus on developing the normative foundations of the prohibition of inhuman treatment and applying this to the context of climate change. I argue that the right not to be subjected to inhuman treatment protects the fundamental interest in autonomy understood as the ability to develop and pursue long-term plans. Inhuman treatment then is about a substantial limitation of autonomy through the significant diminishment of the range of options previously available to the victim. I argue that anthropogenic climate change poses a new threat to the interest in autonomy by undermining the ability to make and pursue long-term plans, and also by threatening to remove future-oriented options from the range of options to choose from. I further develop the idea that present generations are dependent on the future ones since the value and meaning of many of our activities today depend on the existence of future generations, whoever they may be (Heyd 1992; J. O’Neill 1993; Meyer 1997; Davidson 2008; Scheffler 2018; 2021). As opposed to these previous arguments, I argue that this interest is sufficiently important to ground the right of present people against substantial diminishment of options to choose from and the correlative duty not to significantly decrease the number of available options, including future-oriented ones.

Since their recognition and institutionalization in the aftermath of World War II, human rights have been understood as protecting the fundamental interests of human beings worldwide against serious threats. Although the range of threats can be very broad, international human rights law has tended to focus on those that originate in actions or omissions of states concerning those who find themselves under their jurisdiction. It will come as no surprise, then, that the major international human rights instruments, including the International Bill of Rights, make no references to environmental threats, which are often transboundary in nature. This special issue, comprising five contributions, sheds light on different aspects of such human rights evolving in response to the distinctive threat of anthropogenic climate change. The contributions address the range of issues that have been overlooked in philosophical and legal debates.

Introduction: Renal lobulation (also known as fetal or embryonic lobulation) is a rare variation during development in which renal lobules have a visible anatomical space between them, and this can be seen in 0.5–4% of adults. Material and methods: this study was conducted on 54 human kidneys from patients who died due to causes unrelated to renal pathology which were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution and then carefully dissected. Results: The group with fetal lobulation (n = 16) was associated with a length M = 9.89 (SD = 0.6, p = 0.15). By comparison, the kidneys without lobulation (n = 38) were associated with a numerically longer length M = 10.29 (SD = 0.607, p = 0.098). To test the hypothesis that lobulation is associated with a statistically significant different length a Mann–Whitney test was performed, which indicated that the length of the kidneys is smaller in scase of lobulation U = 198, Z = −2.04, p = 0.04. Cross-tabulation also demonstrated that kidney lobulation may be influenced by the presence of polar arteries with r = 0.41 (p < 0.02). The likelihood ratio was 7.28, df 1, p = 0.003, with an odds ratio of 6.857 (CI 95% = 1.84–25.61). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that kidneys with lobulation were 6.85 times more likely to have polar arteries than kidneys without lobulation. Conclusions: the data from our research indicate that even though no pathological conditions have been linked with lobulated kidneys, the incidence of vascular variations (specifically polar arteries) is higher when there is persistent fetal lobulation.

The equation of the surface waves in deep water, given here by (1), is extended to (2+1) dimensions, which is a novel equation.. It is shown that the surface waves equation is self- free source. So, it has a class of infinite solutions. Here many types of self-similar and semi-self similar solutions are obtained. The self-similar waves show various geometric structures. Among them, wave crest in the form of coupled lumps and soliton wave moving along the characteristic curve in the plane. It is entrained by troughs with cavities. The semi-self similar waves exhibit multi lumps or periodic waves with troughs and multi-periodic waves. The study of bifurcation shows that the trajectories are open, so that the traveling wave solutions are unstable. The time-dependent steepness-function is defined here and it is found that it attains a maximum value and then it decreases with time. The results found are interesting in ocean engineering and sciences. The extended unified method is used, here, to find the exact solutions, which was proposed recently.

The celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. It originates from the ventral aspect of the aorta at the level of T12–L1 vertebrae and was originally described as an artery that branches into the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery. Absence of the celiac trunk and origin of the three arteries separately from the aorta is a rare entity that is reported in 0.38% to 2.6% of cases. It is even more uncommon that this variation can be accompanied by other vascular variations of the upper abdomen as accessory arteries to the liver, stomach, and pancreas. These cases arise during embryogenesis due to decreased arterial degeneration combined with decreased arterial fusion, which results in the anatomical variations present in the current case. Complex arterial variations are both a risk for iatrogenic injury during surgical procedures and beneficial during endovascular supply as they may provide additional access for embolization and chemotherapy.

Background and Objectives: Lung cancer is the second most common form of cancer in the world for both men and women as well as the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The aim of this study is to summarize the radiological characteristics between primary lung adenocarcinoma subtypes and to correlate them with FDG uptake on PET-CT. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 102 patients with pathohistologically confirmed lung adenocarcinoma. A PET-CT examination was performed on some of the patients and the values of SUVmax were also correlated with the histological and morphological characteristics of the masses in the lungs. Results: The results of this analysis showed that the mean size of AIS-MIA (adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma) cancer was significantly lower than for all other cancer types, while the mean size of the acinar cancer was smaller than in the solid type of cancer. Metastases were significantly more frequent in solid adenocarcinoma than in acinar, lepidic, and AIS-MIA cancer subtypes. The maximum standardized FDG uptake was significantly lower in AIS-MIA than in all other cancer types and in the acinar predominant subtype compared to solid cancer. Papillary predominant adenocarcinoma had higher odds of developing contralateral lymph node involvement compared to other types. Solid adenocarcinoma was associated with higher odds of having metastases and with higher SUVmax. AIS-MIA was associated with lower odds of one unit increase in tumor size and ipsilateral lymph node involvement. Conclusions: The correlation between histopathological and radiological findings is crucial for accurate diagnosis and staging. By integrating both sets of data, clinicians can enhance diagnostic accuracy and determine the optimal treatment plan.

Introduction: There are multiple studies about the developmental variations of the arterial and venous system of the kidneys. However, the description of developmental variations of the excretory system are not abundantly present in the literature. Material and Methods: The structure of the renal excretory system was studied by means of macroscopic dissection on 90 kidneys. Results: Intrarenal pelvis (type I) when the pelvis is completely located inside the sinus, closed by the parenchyma was encountered in 45 specimens, which corresponds to 50% of cases. The extrarenal pelvis that is located outside the sinus and is not covered by the renal parenchyma was encountered in 9 specimens (10% of cases). Extrarenal type of pelvis with an open posterior surface, when, the posterior surface of the pelvis is free from the parenchyma and the anterior one is covered by the groove of the kidney was encountered in 18 specimens (20% of cases). The mixed type, in which the pelvis is located partly inside the sinus, partly outside of it, was encountered in 16 specimens (17.78% of cases). A special type of pelvis, when the pelvis as such is anatomically absent, and two elongated large calyces, connect and form the ureter was found in 2 cases (2.22%). Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that calyces’ lengths correlated best when there were two calyces (r=0.51; p

Abstract Whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is now a clinically important biomarker for predicting therapy response, disease burden and disease progression. However, the translation of ctDNA monitoring into vital preclinical PDX models has not been possible owing to low circulating blood volumes in small rodents. Here, we describe the longitudinal detection and monitoring of ctDNA from minute volumes of blood in PDX mice. We developed a xenograft Tumour Fraction (xTF) metric using shallow WGS of dried blood spots (DBS), and demonstrate its application to quantify disease burden, monitor treatment response and predict disease outcome in a preclinical study of PDX mice. Further, we show how our DBS‐based ctDNA assay can be used to detect gene‐specific copy number changes and examine the copy number landscape over time. Use of sequential DBS ctDNA assays could transform future trial designs in both mice and patients by enabling increased sampling and molecular monitoring.

This paper recovers cubic-quartic perturbed solitons in fiber Bragg gratings with quadratic-cubic law nonlinear refractive index. The unified Riccati equation expansion method and the modified Kudryashovâs approach make this retrieval of soliton solutions possible. The parameter constraints, for the existence of such solitons, are also presented.

Introduction: Anomalies and variants of development of the pancreas are relatively frequent. These variations can often lead to misdiagnosis and unnecessary medical procedures. Although, pancreatic diseases are a constantly researched field, fundamental research is relatively understudied and re-evaluation of the pancreatic morphology is performed rarely. Aim: The goal of the current study was to analyse pancreatic surface morphology by means of macroscopic anatomical dissection of 78 organ complex. Material and methods: The anatomy of the pancreas was studied by means of macroscopic anatomical dissection. The study was performed on 78 organ complexes (the pancreas, spleen, and duodenum with surrounding abdominal fat) donated to the department of human anatomy from patients who died of causes not related to pancreatic diseases. The organs were fixed in a 10% formalin solution separately to accurately preserve their forms. The organs were measured by a caliper. Results: The lie of the pancreas was classified according to Kreel and co-workers into 6 types: oblique shape in 11.54% of cases, sigmoid – 30.77%, transverse – 25.64%, horseshoe – 11.54%, L-shaped – 14.1%, and inverted V shape in 5.13%. Moreover, there were two possible L-shapes, the classical (8.97%) and inverted L-shape (5.13%). In one case, the pancreas had an unusual M-shape (1.28%). One specimen was a case of short pancreas (1.28%). Surface clefts were encountered in 17.95% of cases and in 5.13% of these cases, there was a branch of the splenic artery. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates variations in the lie of the pancreas as well as several new possible variants. Moreover, we propose a modified classification based on these findings. Therefore, the pancreas can have an oblique, sigmoid, transverse, horseshoe, L shape, inverted L, inverted V, and M shaped lie. Pancreatic clefts are another frequently encountered variation that should be kept in mind. The size of the pancreas alone is variable and should be analyzed together with its structure to avoid possible misinterpretation.

Anomalies and variants of development of the pancreas are relatively frequent. Bifid pancreatic tail is a rare anatomic variation with only a few cases reported in the literature. The present case series were encountered during dissection of 50 anatomical specimens of the pancreas, spleen, and duodenum. We observed four unusual cases (8%) of bifid pancreatic tail. One case was of a vertically oriented bifid pancreas tail (2%), in another case, the tails here horizontally oriented (2%) and in two cases the bifid tails were horizontally oriented but unequal (4%). The bifid tails had an arterial supply that penetrated the glands between the tails and two out of four were also supplied by the superior horizontal pancreatic artery of Popova. The ductal system usually bifurcated at the level of the tails, but a case of trifurcation was also encountered. The current cases should be taken into account in hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery to avoid misdiagnosis and to comprehensively assess the patient preoperatively.

Testicular artery (previously known as internal spermatic artery or also known as gonadal artery) is an artery that branches from the anterolateral part of abdominal aorta at the level of the second lumbar vertebra and supplies the blood to the testes. Anatomical variations of the testicular vessels are not frequently reported in the literature. The available data demonstrates that there is an overall decrease in the number of cadaver studies published in the literature. The current case demonstrates a unique variation where the right testicular artery began as a common trunk with superior polar, inferior phrenic, capsular arteries and then had an unusual course covering the surface of the kidney. The left testicular artery, had a high origin from the aorta and also descended in an oblique course, covering the kidney. The current case is important because of its implications in renal transplantation, renal and adrenal surgery, vascular surgery, oncological surgery and other disciplines.

IntroductionSarcoidosis is a multiorgan, multisystem chronic disease of unknown etiology and unpredictable course. Health status is reduced in sarcoidosis and assessing it is a difficult multitask effort due to many faces this disease might have. Recently, a new questionnaire for assessing health status in sarcoidosis was developed by a group of authors from England-King's Sarcoidosis Questionnaire (KSQ). The benefit of KSQ is the ability to develop the best care plan for the patient, as well as to differentiate the efficacy of the administered treatment.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to validate the KSQ in Serbian speaking population of sarcoidosis patients. The test itself is a modular, multi-organ health status measure for patients with sarcoidosis for use in clinic and the evaluation of therapies. The correlation of KSQ with different clinical course of sarcoidosis (acute vs chronic disease) and with the clinical outcome status (COS) in sarcoidosis was also investigated.MethodsA total of 159 biopsy positive sarcoidosis patients participated in this study. The average age of the participants was 49.67, majority was female (67.3%) and majority had only pulmonary form of sarcoidosis (71.7%). KSQ - new disease-specific health status instrument, was compared with 5 other already existing instruments already used and validated in sarcoidosis (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire- SGRQ, Daily Activity List -DAL, Fatigue Assessment Scale- FAS, Medical Research Council dyspnea scale-MRC, Borg Dyspnea Scale and 15D as general questionnaire.ResultsKSQ has significant correlation with other quality of life questionnaires already used in sarcoidosis. Translated version of KSQ shows significant internal reliability, similar to the original KSQ. Serbian version of KSQ has significant correlation with different clinical course of sarcoidosis and with COS as well. The translated version of KSQ is reliable sarcoidosis specific instrument for assessing health status in these patients.

Introduction: The spleen is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity. As an organ, the spleen can have various shapes and size. Material and methods: The human spleen was studied in 273 cadavers (154 men and 119 women) who did not have diseases of the spleen. The shape of the spleen was analyzed based on splenic index, Michels classification. Results: The most common shape of the spleen in men is the elongated one. It was encountered in 79 (51.3%) cases out of 154. In women, the most common shape was the intermediate. It was encountered in 51 (42.9%) of the 119 cases. Based on Michels classification the clinoid (wedge) shape was encountered in 102 (37.74%) cases, triangular in 59 (21.83%) and tetrahedral in 30 (11.1%). In 30.26% the shape of the spleen couldn’t be classified according to Michels classification. In 21 cases (7.77%) the spleen had a flat shape; in 27 (9.99%) – dome-shaped; in 1 case (0,37%) – Z-shape; in 18 (6.66%) – round shape; in 6 (2.22%) – irregular shape; in 2 (0.66%) - shape with a node in the hilum; in 1 (0,37%) – rhomboid shape, in 2 (0,74%) – bilobed shape and in 4 cases (1,48%) – lobular shape. The splenic fissures located on the upper edge of the organ were found in 81 (29.91%) cases, and also on the lower edge - in 41 (14.02%) cases. In 13 (4.67%) cases fissures were encountered on both sides. In 148 (51.4%) cases the spleen had no fissures on its surface. Conclusions: The spleen has various shapes beyond the classical wedge, triangular and tetrahedral. All of these shapes do not represent a pathological finding but in certain situation may require further analysis and interpretation depending on the imaging technique and experience of the physician.

BackgroundImmune dysregulation and associated inefficient anti-viral immunity during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause tissue and organ damage which shares many similarities with pathogenetic processes in systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigate wide range autoimmune and immunoserological markers in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.MethodsStudy included 51 patients with confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection and hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia. Wide spectrum autoantibodies associated with different autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases were analyzed and correlated with clinical and laboratory features and pneumonia severity.ResultsAntinuclear antibodies (ANA) positivity was found in 19.6%, anti-cardiolipin IgG antibodies (aCL IgG) in 15.7%, and anti-cardiolipin IgM antibodies (aCL IgM) in 7.8% of patients. Positive atypical x anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (xANCA) were detected in 10.0% (all negative for Proteinase 3 and Myeloperoxidase) and rheumatoid factor was found in 8.2% of patients. None of tested autoantibodies were associated with disease or pneumonia severity, except for aCL IgG being significantly associated with higher pneumonia severity index (p = 0.036). Patients with reduced total serum IgG were more likely to require non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) (p < 0.0001). Serum concentrations of IgG (p = 0.003) and IgA (p = 0.032) were significantly lower in this group of patients. Higher total serum IgA (p = 0.009) was associated with mortality, with no difference in serum IgG (p = 0.115) or IgM (p = 0.175). Lethal outcome was associated with lower complement C4 (p = 0.013), while there was no difference in complement C3 concentration (p = 0.135).ConclusionIncreased autoimmune responses are present in moderate and severe COVID-19. Severe pneumonia is associated with the presence of aCL IgG, suggesting their role in disease pathogenesis. Evaluation of serum immunoglobulins and complement concentration could help assess the risk of non-invasive mechanical ventilation NIMV and poor outcome.

The anatomy of the first vertebra, namely atlas, has significant clinical implications. Atlas is situated between the occipital bone and the second cervical vertebra (axis) and is one of the main points of head movement. Most congenital anomalies of the vertebra are diagnosed incidentally during imaging investigations and can be associated with cervical spine anomalies. The neurological symptoms may include weakness in the four limbs, acute neurologic deficits such as transient quadriparesis, paraparesis, Lhermitte's sign, chronic neck pain, and headache. This anomaly is also commonly seen in gonadal dysgenesis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Arnold-Chiari malformations, and Turner and Down syndrome. Unlike other variations, which arise due to disturbances of ossification posterior midline clefts of the atlas, are different since they are a developmental failure of chondrogenesis. We therefore present an anatomical case and analysis of the literature about posterior arch clefts of atlas.

Emerging adults establish, question, and reestablish their values within the most diverse social contexts. Every social context privileges expressing certain values and/or punishes expressing conflicting ones. This makes a similarity between one’s own values and those preferred in one’s life contexts psychologically desirable (person–environment fit). This study focuses on the similarity of individuals’ values with the perceived values of important others from five immediate social contexts, namely, family, friends, intimate partner, study group, and work group, and their relationship with life satisfaction. The sample consisted of emerging adults from Serbia interacting with the five mentioned contexts (N = 479). A mobile app with a game-like survey was launched to collect the data. The data indicated a positive association between life satisfaction and perceived value similarity with one’s family and with one’s intimate partner. Value similarity with friends and study and work colleagues emerged as insignificant. Identity centrality and the general importance of the immediate social contexts were studied as possible moderators. Identity centrality showed no moderation effect, whereas general importance of the intimate partner did: High importance of the intimate partner decreased the positive effect of value similarity on well-being.

The arborization of the extratemporal facial nerve typically begins within the substance of the parotid gland and ultimately gives rise to the cervical, marginal mandibular, buccal, zygomatic, and frontal (or temporal) nerve branches. However, the number and branching pattern of these nerves is variable. Variations of development of the facial nerve are important to consider in surgery since they are vulnerable to trauma during rhytidectomy, parotidectomy, maxillofacial fracture reduction, and almost any surgery of the head and neck. We, therefore, present a case of an unusual branching pattern of the facial nerve with multiple terminal branches and several arcades along its course. The presence of multiple anastomoses is a potential protective factor in case of their damage during surgery.

This paper derives the conserved densities for the perturbed complex Ginzburg–Landau model which is addressed with a range of nonlinear forms. The densities are derived with the implementation of Lie symmetry analysis while the conserved quantities are obtained from the soliton solutions to the model. For two such nonlinear forms the Hamiltonian cease to exist since the corresponding integrals are rendered divergent.

Background: Precise knowledge of the topographic features of the splenic artery and its branches in the hilum region is of practical interest due to the various interventions on the vessels of the spleen. Materials and methods: The anatomy of the spleen was studied by means of macroscopic dissection on 330 organ complexes, which were carefully documented and analyzed statistically. Results: The analysis of the splenic artery trajectory led to identification of four types: straight (43.03%), sinusoidal (27.58%), serpentine (20.91%) and alternating (8.48%). To assess the relation between the trajectory of the splenic artery and its branches we performed a chi square test. Sinuous or serpentine trajectory was associated with the presence of long splenic artery branches (dorsal pancreatic artery or the great pancreatic artery), X2 (2, N = 330) = 12.85, p = 0.001. The artery was located suprapancreatic in 70.30% of cases, anteropancreatic in 4.55%, the vessel had an intrapancreatic course in 14.85% and in 10.00% of cases the artery was located retropancreatic. The presence of inferior polar arteries was associated with a longer pancreas (Spearman’s correlation; r = 0.37; p = 0.037). In a multiple regression analysis, inferior polar arteries predicted the length of the pancreas although only a small number of cases could be explained by this model (R2 = 0.127, Adjusted R2 = 0.098; Betta = 0.357; t(330) = 2.091; p = 0.045). There were 30 (9.09%) cases of accessory spleens. Conclusions: The arterial supply of the spleen is highly variable in its trajectory, terminal branches, and relation to other organs. The splenic artery tends to be sinuous or serpentine in zones when a large artery branches off (e.g., the dorsal pancreatic or greater pancreatic artery). Multiple short branches tend to stabilize the trajectory of the splenic artery. Inferior polar arteries and accessory spleens contribute to the length of the pancreas, most likely due to increased vascular supply to the tail of the gland.

A single bright highly dispersive optical soliton solution is recovered from semi-inverse variational principle. The model contains six power law nonlinear terms that constitute self-phase modulation effect which was proposed by Kudryashov. The amplitude–width relation of the soliton was finally recovered by Cardano’s approach with appropriate and necessary constraints that are presented.

This paper numerically retrieves cubic-quartic solitons having power law of nonlinearity refractive index. An improvement of the Adomian decomposition scheme is the adopted algorithm of this work. The results are displayed along with the established error analysis. Keywords: Cubic-quartic solitons, Refractive index, Higher-order dispersion, Laplace transform

Deregulation of transcription factors is frequently observed in cancer. Here, the authors develop a blood-based approach to map transcription factor binding, revealing both patient-specific and tumour-specific aberrations

Abstract This paper displays numerical simulation for bright and dark optical solitons that emerge from Fokas-Lenells equation which is studied in the context of dispersive solitons in polarization-preserving fibers. The Laplace-Adomian decomposition scheme is the numerical tool adopted in the paper. The numerical results, for bright and dark solitons, are expository and therefore supplement the analytical developments, thus far.

We study the formation of chirped kink similaritons in an optical transmitting non-Kerr medium under the influence of the Raman effect. The requirements concerning the optical material parameters for the existence of these propagating nonlinear waveforms are found. We show that such similariton structures are chirped linearly and that the chirping parameter allows us to control their dynamics efficiently. We also investigate the dynamical behaviors of these chirped self-similar pulses in both dispersion decreasing fiber and the periodic distributed amplification system.

This paper recovers cubic–quartic optical solitons for perturbed Fokas–Lenells equation in polarization-preserving fibers and birefringent fibers. The perturbation terms appear with maximum permissible intensity. Singular and dark solitons, together with a few combo solitons, emerge from the sine–Gordon equation integration scheme.

Vascular anatomy of the spleen is constantly at special attention since there are various invasive and mini-invasive procedures that depend on precise knowledge of anatomy. Transcatheter partial splenic embolization is nowadays performed more often to treat a variety of conditions from patients with blunt splenic injury to interferon therapy in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. One of particularly important developmental variation is the presence of interarterial vascular anastomoses. Intrasplenic anastomosis are relatively common and are seen in 15.3%–43.3% of cases, while extrasplenic anastomoses are found less frequently in 4.9%–15.3%. We therefore present a case of an unusual splenic artery anastomosis in a 70-year-old male cadaver. The two splenic artery branches of the first order had an anastomosis thus forming a triangular arterial connection. Such anatomical variations allow surgical access and ligation, in order to achieve segmental dearterialization for hemostasis purposes and splenic preservation. They also provide a protection against ischemia in case of blockage.

This work retrieves polarized optical soliton solutions for pulses in birefringent fibers that are modeled by the Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel model. The unified approach recovers singular solitons only. This approach fails to retrieve the much needed bright and dark soliton solutions. These singular solitons exist with restricted parametric conditions that are also exhibited.

Ossification of ligamentous structures during lifetime is a relatively frequent phenomenon in the human body. One of the most common causes of suprascapular nerve entrapment is complete ossification of the superior transverse ligament or ossification of the anterior coracoscapular ligament. In cases when only the coracoscapular ligament is ossified the foramen coexists with a notch. This particular type of anatomy is rare and there have been only a few cases described in the literature. This type of anomaly can lead to nerve entrapment and pain, weakness of the shoulder with progressive atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. We present a rare anatomical case report of a suprascapular foramen and notch with a brief review of their etiology and clinical significance.

This work presents cubic-quartic optical soliton solutions to Kudryashov’s equation in polarization-preserving fibers. The integration is conducted with F-expansion scheme having four independent forms. This algorithm additionally reveals several other types of solution that includes Jacobi’s elliptic functions, Weierstrass elliptic function, trigonometric function solutions as well as complexion solutions.

Vascular diseases of the spleen are relatively uncommon in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the reported incidence is increasing every year, possibly due to advances in the imaging techniques and increased attention towards disorders of the spleen. Among all splenic vascular diseases aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms are of major clinical significance due to their complications. In this study, we present five cases of splenic artery aneurysm, which presents 4.63% out of 108 organ complexes. We also provide a detailed description of the cases therefore demonstrating their variability. The splenic artery branched into two arteries of the I order in 75%, three arteries – 11.11%, four arteries – 4.63%, without branching – 9.26%. There were superior polar arteries in 37.96% and inferior polar arteries in 42.59%. There was no correlation between the presence of SAAs and the length or width of the spleen, splenic artery diameter, number of terminal branches or polar arteries (p>0.05).

This paper applies exp-function expansion algorithm to secure to cubic-quartic dark and singular optical solitons in birefringent fibers that are studied with four forms of nonlinear refractive index. These solitons are listed along with their existence criteria and are also classified.

This paper secures optical dromions, domain walls and conservation laws for Kundu–Mukherjee–Naskar equation. Three integration approaches are applied. These are traveling wave hypothesis, method of undetermined coefficients and Lie symmetry. Finally, multiplier approach yielded two conservation laws supported by the model. These are power and Hamiltonian that are expressed in quadratures.

This paper addresses optical solitons in birefringent fibers that is modeled by complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with Kerr law nonlinearity. Three forms of integration architecture retrieves soliton and other solutions to the model. The solitons are classified and their existence criteria are also presented.

Ultrasonography, as a non-invasive diagnostic tool, can provide valuable information about the type, nature and duration of certain musculoskeletal inflammatory processes in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between mean echogenicity (ME) of effusion content and its laboratory finding values. Fifty dairy cows with superficial effusions on their legs were examined in this study. Ultrasound images were analysed by software processing and ME was determined for every case of effusion. Samples of effusion contents were collected and sent to the laboratory. Investigated parameters were: Concentration of total proteins, concentration of glucose, concentration of uric acid, number of leukocytes, percentage of neutrophils, number of erythrocytes, specific weight, viscosity, colour, clarity and Gram stain. High correlation values between ME and concentration of total proteins (R2=0.7313; P

The conservation laws for the dynamics of soliton propagation through optical metamaterials are derived by the aid of Lie symmetry analysis. The proposed model will be studied with two forms of nonlinearity. They are Kerr law and parabolic law. Keywords: Conservation laws, Lie symmetry, Optical metamaterials

Families of vortex-like and Gaussian-like localized Airy wave packets, propagating in a self-defocusing Kerr medium, are discovered. Their propagation is described by the cylindrical Korteweg-de Vries (CKdV) equation, reduced from the nonlinear Schrödinger equation by utilizing the reductive perturbation technique. The CKdV equation is solved using the Hirota bilinear method to obtain analytical Airy wave packet families of different order. In particular, we focus on the distribution of optical intensity via numerical simulations of the Airy wave packet solutions, obtained for different initial phases and amplitudes, at given propagation distances. In distinction to the usual ring solitons, the Airy wave packets display a novel internal structure, which reveals novel nonlinear phenomena during the propagation of packets.

Abstract In this article we present a rare variant in which the large intestine was vascularized by the inferior mesenteric artery. It was encountered during macro and microscopic dissection of the cadaver of a 63-year-old woman at a university department of human anatomy. In this case, the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon and rectum were vascularized by the inferior mesenteric artery, whereas the small intestine, cecum and appendix were supplied by the superior mesenteric artery.

We consider coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation (CNLSE) of the Gross-Pitaevskii-type, with linear mixing and nonlinear cross-phase modulation. Motivated by the study of matter waves in Bose-Einstein condensates and multicomponent (vectorial) nonlinear optical systems, we investigate the eigenvalue problem of the CNLSE with double external potentials in a self-defocusig Kerr medium. For this system, we obtain different kinds of wave structures induced by two injected beams, of physical relevance in nonlinear optics and Bose-Einstein condensation. Exact solutions are found by the extended unified method. The linear stability of these solutions is analyzed through the formulation of an eigenvalue problem. The spectral problem is constructed by perturbing the frequency of stationary solutions and by linearizing the resulting equations near the stationary (or steady) states. Our study may simulate experimental work on multiple injected laser beams in a medium with Kerr-type nonlinearity. Keywords: Coupled NLS equation, Double external potentials, The eigenvalue problem, Stability

This paper obtains optical soliton solutions with parabolic law nonlinearity coupled in nonlocal nonlinear medium. Lie symmetry analysis coupled with modified G′/G-expansion scheme retrieves these solitons. Keywords: Solitons, Weakly nonlocal nonlinearity, Parabolic law, Lie symmetry, Modified G′/G-expansion

This paper revisits cascaded system with Kerr nonlinearity but in (2 + 1)-dimensions. Two forms of integration architecture lead to bright, dark and singular solitons to the model that will be useful in a variety of optoelectronic devices such as optical couplers, magneto-optic waveguides. Jacobi’s elliptic function leads to soliton solutions after considering limiting values to the modulus of ellipticity. Keywords: Dromions, Cascaded system, Riccati equation, Auxiliary equation

This paper enumerates optical solitons and other solutions in fiber Bragg gratings having dispersive reflectivity with parabolic form of nonlinearity. The new Jacobi elliptic functions expansion has been utilized to achieve this goal. Chirped as well as chirp-free pulses are recovered. Keywords: Solitons, Chirp, Bragg gratings, Dispersive reflectivity, OCIS Codes: 060.2310, 060.4510, 060.5530, 190.3270, 190.4370

This research article studies sub pico-second optical pulses in birefringent fibers. The Kaup–Newell equation in coupled vector form is firstly introduced. Bright, dark and singular solitons are obtained by modified simple and trial function principles. Keywords: Kaup–Newell model, Trial function, Solitons, Modified simple function

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ of the immune system, that plays a vital role in the development and maturation of the immune system during childhood. During the dissection we encountered an unusual thymus, located in the anterior mediastinum, which had a narrow, L-shaped accessory lobe and was located on the right side of the pericardium, covering the right ventricle from its base to the place of adhesion to the diaphragm. Its length was 6.7 cm, the width of the narrowest segment was 1.1 cm, and at the widest part was 2 cm, with the average segment thickness of 0.4 cm. The presence of accessory thymic lobes that extend till the level of the diaphragm creates difficulties during surgery especially in case of thoracoscopic procedures as the tissue lies on the pericardium in a narrow space thus making the dissection more difficult.

Smartphone use amongst university students is widespread and a common practice while studying. However, this usage can lead to academic performance costs. This study examined the relationship between smartphone use during study, problematic smartphone use and academic performance in Korean and Australian university students. 119 Korean and 270 Australian students aged between 18 and 26 years completed a survey comprised of a smartphone usage questionnaire, smartphone addiction scale and self-report of their current GPA score. Average smartphone use and problematic smartphone use were found to be significantly higher for Korean compared to Australian students. A positive relationship was found between smartphone use and problematic smartphone use. For Australian students, a negative relationship was found between smartphone use and GPA. Results indicate that smartphone use and smartphone addiction proneness are currently higher for Korean students compared to Australian students. Furthermore, the more time a student spends using their smartphone, the more at risk they are for problematic smartphone use and possible academic performance costs.

In this paper, the governing model with the inclusion of parabolic law nonlinearity, weakly non-local nonlinearity in addition to perturbation terms is examined for the sake of uncovering quite important optical soliton solutions. Dark, bright and singular solitons in addition to singular periodic solutions are yielded with the modified simple equation technique and trial equation architecture along with parameter restrictions. Keyword: Modified simple equation methodology, Weakly non-local nonlinear medium, Perturbation, Parabolic law nonlinearity, Solitons, Trial equation approach

The genomic features of metastatic prostate cancer are beginning to be understood. Here, the authors performed whole genome sequencing of plasma samples from these patients and found a high plasticity of the cancer genomes with newly occurring focal amplifications as a driving force in progression.

Background and objectives: In patients on hemodialysis, erectile dysfunction is an independent mortality factor. This study aimed to determine the risk factors that affect the survival of hemodialysis patients with erectile dysfunction. Materials and Methods: During a seven-year period, erectile dysfunction was identified among the fatalities reported in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis, on the basis of the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire. The study covered 70 patients of mean age 57 ± 6.7 years. During the examined period, 42 (60%) patients died at the mean age 57 ± 6.8 years. The study was completed by 28 (40%) patients, aged 57 ± 6.55 years. Laboratory, demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics were recorded using standard methods. Results: Statistically significant differences between the two groups of respondents were found concerning dialysis duration (p < 0.001), number of leukocytes (p = 0.003), adequacy of hemodialysis (p = 0.004), intima media thickness of the carotid artery (p < 0.001), presence of cardiovascular disease (p = 0.03), residual diuresis (p = 0.04), and hemodiafiltration (p < 0.001). Hemodialysis adequacy (B = −9.634; p = 0.017), intima media thickness (B = 0.022; p = 0.003), residual diuresis (B = −0.060; p = 0.007), and lower rates of cardiovascular disease (B = 0.176; p = 0.034) were significant survival predictors among our patients with erectile dysfunction. Conclusions: Risk factors that are associated with improved survival of patients on hemodialysis with erectile dysfunction in our study are: preserved diuresis, high-quality hemodialysis, lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, and less thickening of the intima media of the carotid arteries.

The beneficial effect of physical activity on the musculoskeletal health in dogs is well recognized, but the level of intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise is not fully described. Measurement of serum markers of bone metabolism (bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin as bone formation markers and C-terminal telopeptide as bone resorption marker) during four months of organized moderate-intensity physical training in Labrador retriever and Golden retriever dogs aged between 11.7–24.4 months, showed variations of bone metabolism. Dogs were included in treadmill running sessions for 25 min, three times per week. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the program (baseline), after two months (mid-term) and at the end of the study after four months. The values of bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin significantly decreased following two months of exercise program. Bone alkaline phosphatase increased by the end of four-month training cycle, but did not reach baseline value. Osteocalcin levels continued to decrease towards the end of the study. C-terminal telopeptide concentrations did not significantly change throughout the study duration. The results of this study show that aerobic exercise of moderate-intensity caused an initial decrease in bone formation followed by an increase of bone alkaline phosphatase and a further decrease of osteocalcin concentration. The response of two formation markers can be explained by the different stage of osteoblast activity that they express. In summary, moderate exercise resulted in no change in bone resorption, and a mild bone formation in young developing dogs.