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This research seeks to provide a general overview of educational research in Latin America based on the study of articles published in Latin American impact journals and written by authors of the Region. Specifically, the 1,086 articles on empirical research in education written by Latin American authors and published in journals published in Latin America and indexed in jcr (isi Web of Science), Scopus or scielo, during the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 are reviewed. Four elements are reviewed: the authorship of the articles, the subject of study, the level of education addressed and the research methodology used. The results indicate that three countries (Brazil, Mexico and Chile) concentrate 75% of the papers, 59.1% of the authors are women and 53% of the papers are signed by three or more people. Among the most studied topics include Learning and school performance, Teachers and Teaching strategies, curriculum and teaching practices. Higher Education is clearly the most studied, with 43.1% of the papers. And, finally, there is no priority methodological approach, with practically half of qualitative articles, the other half quantitative. With all this information, it is possible to conclude some elements that translate into the need for greater support for research, a rethinking of topics and levels of study and a boost to collaborative research.

En este artículo abordamos el tema de las contribuciones positivas del paradigma del desarrollo humano y de la Organización para la Prohibición Completa de Pruebas Nucleares (CTBTO por sus siglas en inglés), al proceso de globalización que estamos viviendo. Para una mejor comprensión de su relevancia, hemos introducido una breve conceptualización histórica. Hemos distinguido tres periodos relevantes, en particular para el caso de la CTBTO. El primero de ellos inicia con la firma del Tratado de Paz de Westfalia en 1648, y que se caracteriza por la aparición de los Estados Nación modernos en diferentes partes del mundo. Este periodo llega hasta 1945 (claramente los movimientos independentistas en África se extienden más allá de esta fecha).El segundo, se extiende de 1945 hasta 1989 y se caracteriza por la formación de dos grandes bloques hegemónicos mundiales. Y el tercero que comienza desde 1989 hasta el presente y que se caracteriza por la aparición del multilateralismo. El desarrollo humano y la CTBTO surgen en este último periodo, y tiene como objetivo, respectivamente, promover el bienestar y el desarrollo de capacidades humanas, y el promover un mundo más pacífico y seguro. En nuestra presentación ilustramos con ejemplos de América Latina el impacto que ambos han tenido. Es nuestra esperanza que, en este mundo recientemente amenazado de nuevo por la guerra, nuestras instituciones y estas organizaciones globales sean capaces de hacer que predominen estos importantes temas humanos.

¿Cómo es la vejez en Iberoamérica? En un sentido amplio, ya son visibles, estudiadas, analizadas y conocidas en los países iberoamericanos, la longevidad - definida como supervivencia individual y colectiva - y la expectativa de vida - es la media de la cantidad de años que vive una determinada población absoluta o total en un cierto período. Con este número monográfico esperamos contribuir en este debate. Así, fueron seleccionados 15 artículos y una reseña que tratan temas importantes para la población mayor como salud, covid, educación, convivencia, servicios, derechos. participación, residencias además de otros enfocados en aquellos pueblos y comunidades tradicionales. En el caso de los pueblos y comunidades tradicionales, las especificidades de su longevidad y expectativa de vida vienen siendo incorporadas muy lentamente al conocimiento técnico-científico, a las políticas y a la gestión pública. Esperamos que este monográfico sobre longevidad sirva no solo para que los gestores públicos pongan en marcha e implementen políticas para ese grupo de población sino también para que la sociedad visibilice que la vida tiene muchos periodos y que todos ellos son importantes. Si algo hemos aprendido durante la pandemia es que las soluciones no pueden ser individuales sino colectivas, apliquemos esta lección al cuidado y protección de las personas mayores que lo necesiten, pero sin olvidar que son ciudadanos de pleno derecho y por lo tanto tienen derecho a ser oídos en las medidas que se tomen. En caso contrario estaremos quitándoles los derechos que les corresponden.

En los últimos años ha surgido un fenómeno de empresas que presentan una prominente valoración privada, y que, dado su rareza, son llamadas unicornios. En el caso de América Latina, si bien existe literatura relacionada a emprendimientos dinámicos, son pocas las investigaciones que han desarrollado un estudio de empresas unicornios para la región. El presente trabajo busca, mediante el estudio de casos recientes de unicornios en la región, identificar características comunes. Para ello se consideró como muestra los 11 unicornios vigentes en América Latina entre 2021 e inicios del 2022, los cuales fueron clasificados por categoría, modelo de negocio, valoración, entre otros elementos. Los resultados sugieren que entre las características distintivas de las empresas unicornio de la región, en general, están formadas por emprendedores con experiencia previa en la creación de negocios, con éxitos y fracasos como ejemplos. Asimismo, estos emprendedores cuentan con estudios de pregrado en la propia región, y con posgrados en prestigiosas universidades fuera de la región. Estos negocios poseen también modelos de negocio que confían en el uso de tecnologías de vanguardia. Así, las categorías más repetidas entre los unicornios de América Latina son las de servicios de software, fintech y comercio electrónico. A su vez, sus modelos de negocio los empujan hacia los mercados globales. Con este trabajo se espera contribuir en el entendimiento de los unicornios y cuáles son las tendencias empresariales que pueden tener un mayor impacto en los mercados, para así servir como guía para potenciales políticas públicas que fomenten estas iniciativas. ENGLISH ABSTRACT In recent years, a phenomenon of companies with a prominent private valuation has emerged, which, given their rarity, are called unicorns. In the case of Latin America, although there is literature related to dynamic ventures, there is little research that has developed a study of unicorns for the region. This paper seeks, through the study of recent cases of unicorns in the region, to identify common characteristics. For this purpose, the 11 unicorns in force in Latin America between 2021 and the beginning of 2022 were considered as a sample, which were classified by category, business model, valuation, among other elements. The results suggest that among the distinctive characteristics of unicorn companies in the region, in general, they are formed by entrepreneurs with previous experience in business creation, with successes and failures as examples. In addition, these entrepreneurs have undergraduate studies in the region itself, and postgraduate degrees from prestigious universities outside the region. These businesses also have business models that rely on the use of cutting-edge technologies. Thus, the most repeated categories among Latin American unicorns are software services, fintech and e-commerce. In turn, their business models push them towards global markets. This paper hopes to contribute to the understanding of unicorns and the business trends that can have a greater impact on markets, in order to serve as a guide for potential public policies that encourage these initiatives.

Presentación de los artículos recogidos en el número monográfico de la revista Papers como resultado de diversos intercambios y trabajos de colaboración realizados en el marco del proyecto europeo International Network for Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities (INCASI). Se trata de una red de veinte universidades de cinco países europeos (España, Italia, Francia, el Reino Unido y Finlandia) y de cinco países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Brasil y México), dedicada a la investigación comparativa de las desigualdades sociales desarrollando un proyecto europeo del programa Horizon 2020 (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Research and Innovation Staff Exchange, Grant Agreement GA-691004). Los artículos tratan, en una perspectiva comparada, las temáticas de la segmentación del mercado laboral, los trabajadores autónomos profesionales, la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas, la heterogeneidad socioeconómica y la medición de las clases sociales, movilidad social e migraciones, y las brechas de género en el trabajo no remunerado de los hogares. Las diferentes contribuciones buscan encontrar puntos de confluencia y divergencia a través de análisis empíricos comparativos de aspectos específicos de las desigualdades sociales entre países de Europa y América Latina, derivados del marco analítico propuesto por la red INCASI (http://incasi.

In this paper, we seek to analyze some correlations between the international division of labor, power, and the configuration of agrarian space in Latin America, using as our main theoretical reference the Food Regimes approach, conceived by Harriet Friedmann and Philip McMichael. The starting point is that, although the social division of labor obeys historical factors, it has been naturalized and masked by fetishes that alienate us from space, commodities, and other information flows, not perceived as social relations, but as mere objects. Regarding the international division of agricultural labor, we will review some links between climatic zones and the bifurcation of the diet (class diet) in this region, for this, we will introduce the concept of exoticization of intertropical agriculture, in which we identify two interdependent meanings: the first associated with the Colombian exchange and consequent introduction of foreign animal and plant species, and which spanned the entire globe as modern society arose, however, the second meaning is circumscribed to the intertropical zone of the planet, and can be defined as the construction of an idea of inferiority and complementarity of the crops of the said climatic zone in relation to those of temperate zones; again, our focus will be on Latin American countries: Central America, the Caribbean, and Northern South America.

The paper analyzes the activity of the Russian company «Power Machines PJSC» in Argentina and Brazil as an example of the Russian – Latin American energy cooperation in the 21st century. In this work, the chronology of the Russian company’s activity in the aforementioned Latin American countries has been established, with the relevant statistical data being provided as well. The strengths and weaknesses of the Russian company in review are also determined in the course of this work, with the current state of the Latin American energy market being taken into consideration. In the concluding part of the article, several case scenarios regarding the future of «Power Machines PJSC» in Argentina and Brazil are presented.In the course of this paper, the following methods of research have been used: the historical method, the comparative method and the tabular method. The SWOT analysis method was also used.The research has found that while «Power Machines PJSC» has proven to be a reliable supplier of equipment for the power plants in Argentina and Brazil (and will likely continue to function as such in the medium term), its future largely depends on whether Argentina and Brazil make the shift towards the renewable energy or the nuclear energy.

Los estudios comparativos internacionales de estratificación social y movilidad de clases se basan en esquemas de clases concebidos para los países industrializados. El esquema EGP, desarrollado por Erikson, Goldthorpe y Portocarero, se ha convertido en un estándar en el campo de la movilidad social. Sin embargo, este esquema puede no reflejar heterogeneidades en las relaciones laborales que se han agravado en los últimos años producto de la flexibilización, la precarización y la pauperización de los contratos, donde las ocupaciones asalariadas y autónomas están segmentadas en sectores de alta y baja productividad, con condiciones de trabajo y remuneraciones desiguales. La hipótesis que guía nuestro trabajo es la siguiente: el impacto de heterogeneidad en América Latina es tan fuerte que esta dimensión ha de ser considerada en el análisis de clase. Nuestra hipótesis alternativa es que los países del sur de Europa se hallan en una situación intermedia entre América Latina y la Europa tempranamente industrializada. Proponemos una adaptación del esquema EGP para explicar tal heterogeneidad. Para ello, utilizamos datos de encuestas nacionales de hogares de algunos países latinoamericanos y también de países del sur de Europa, con la intención de caracterizar sus estructuras de clase y analizar la asociación entre la pertenencia a la clase y las condiciones de vida. La introducción de distinciones en el esquema de clases es relevante en contextos de alta heterogeneidad, no en todos los contextos económicos, por lo cual es esperable que, en sociedades de mayor desarrollo relativo o viceversa, las clases sociales no sean las mismas.

This paper gives an overview of human mobility and migration policies in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. First, it reviews certain specific situations that threaten mobile populations in this setting, such as forced immobility, deportations in hazardous conditions and the dangers associated with irregular- mobility. Second, it notes that the health emergency reached Latin America at a time when immigration was being politicised, regional coordination was weak and there were issues with the protection of foreigners’ social rights. Third, it examines the persistent vulnerability in such circumstances of Latin America’s migrant population and concludes by emphasising the urgent need to implement migration regularisation policies.

Este trabajo discute el control que los Congresos pueden ejercer sobre los cuerpos burocráticos y el proceso de las políticas públicas. Varios estudios explican de qué forma el Parlamento en los Estados Unidos influye sobre la administración, con la intención de garantizar que sus intereses y preferencias sean considerados en la toma de decisiones. El ejemplo estadounidense, que será abordado brevemente, demuestra que el modelo de separación de poderes que impera en América Latina no supone que los Legislativos deban renunciar a controlar a la burocracia. A continuación, se desarrollan los casos de Perú y Chile y se expone cómo los Congresos de ambos países influyen informalmente sobre la burocracia y participan en el proceso de las políticas públicas, a pesar de la existencia de un diseño constitucional fuertemente presidencialista

These paper deals with peace education and the recognition of violence as a main problem towards the process of creating a culture of peace. The purpose of this essay is to generate a reflection about challenges –such as violence, faced by peace education in order to contribute to a process to create a culture of peace. It suggests peace education as a pedagogical process for learning how not to learn and practice violence and to practice how to live in peace in any kind of human relationship. This paper concludes that violence expressions –either structural, direct or cultural, that has affected children, women and young people in Latin America determine the achievement of their human rights and the creation of a Culture of Peace. Therefore, a transformation process becomes necessary -initially at individual level, in order to renew hope, recognize autonomy, construct life, think about the tenderness, and be solidary people.

Las cárceles femeninas en América Latina constituyen una buena atalaya donde mirar las nuevas tendencias del control punitivo hacia las mujeres encarceladas en el resto del mundo. Las precarias condiciones de vida de las presas, la criminalización por drogas de las que son pobres, las discriminaciones y vulneraciones de sus derechos, en especial de las indígenas, y también las resistencias a la disciplina y a la arbitrariedad carcelaria son, entre otros, algunos de los temas que investigadoras feministas han ido analizando en las últimas tres décadas en América Latina. El objetivo del artículo es hacer una revisión y un análisis de las principales autoras y de los principales estudios feministas sobre el sistema de justicia criminal en relación con las mujeres, con especial atención al control penal y a las cárceles femeninas, para visibilizar lo que se ha escrito y así empezar a transformarlo.

Este trabajo presenta una revisión de la investigación urbana reciente en Latinoamérica. La primera sección se apoya en una evaluación llevada a cabo dentro de GURI (Global Urban Research Initiative); la segunda incluye un análisis basado en mis propias investigaciones. El artículo comprende temas como el de la vivienda y la tierra urbana; las políticas sociales y urbanas en las décadas de 1990 y 2000; los asentamientos irregulares y su regularización y revalorización; la división social del espacio y la globalización; el medioambiente, así como la violencia y la falta de seguridad en las ciudades. Finaliza con algunos comentarios respecto del desarrollo teórico del tema tratado. Abstract This paper takes stock of recent urban research in Latin America. Its first section is drawn from an evaluation carried out by GURI (Global Urban Research Initiative), and the second includes an analysis based on my own research. The paper references topics such as housing and urban land issues; social and urban policies in the 1990s and 2000s; irregular settlements and their regularization and upgrading; the social division of space and globalization; the environment, violence and the lack of safety in cities. The paper ends with some remarks concerning the theoretical development of the issues discussed.

This paper doesn’t attempt to situate the figure of Paulo Freire in the context of Latin America or international pedagogy. In this paper, the author presents a synthesis of the Angicos (Braisl) political literacy experience, asking what Freire learned from the Angiços experience. The following questions are developed in the paper: How Freire consolidated his pedagogical model through a social science based on a critical hermeneutics? How his thinking evolved into a theory of social and cultural reproduction, looking particularly to the role o education? And, how then Freire moved into a critical social psychology focusing on domination and the developmental pedagogical subject? Freire was inspired by the profound political and pedagogical experience of Angicos and his political pedagogical practice, understood praxis as collective learning. At the conclusion, the author discusses the two obsessions of Freire, already present in the Angicos experience and that stay with him throughout his life: the relationship between democracy, citizenship and education, and education as a postcolonial ethical act of social transformation. Received: 30/04/2013 / Accepted: 18/09/2013How to reference this articleGadotti, M. (2014). Alfabetizar e Politizar. Angicos, 50 anos depois. Foro de Educación, 12(16), pp. 51-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.2014.012.016.002

Objetivo: analizar las capacidades de investigación en determinantes sociales de la salud (dss) existentes en Colombia a partir de la información registrada en la plataforma de Colciencias entre enero del 2005 y abril del 2012, así como la opinión de coordinadores de grupos de investigación. Metodología: se diseñó un estudio observacional descriptivo sobre la base Scienti de Colciencias, específicamente sobre aspectos relacionados con los grupos, los investigadores y la producción científica sobre dss. Se complementó con cuestionarios y grupos focales con previo consentimiento informado y estudio del sistema nacional de investigación. Resultados: entre los 65 grupos registrados en el Programa de Ciencias de la Salud de Colciencias (6%) se han publicado 123 productos, mediante artículo científico en idioma español (48%). Privilegian estudios de poblaciones demográficamente relevantes sobre sistemas de salud, inequidad en salud y enfermedades prevalentes, elaborados con métodos empírico analíticos y algunos en proyectos en red de carácter nacional. Las dificultades se refieren al escaso respaldo político e institucional local y nacional para investigar en DSS, poca interacción con formuladores de políticas y con otros grupos en otros idiomas. Conclusiones: predominan los estudios con el enfoque propuesto por la Comisión de Determinantes Sociales de la Salud en 2005. Recomendaciones: fortalecer capacidades de investigación en dss desde diversos enfoques, especialmente los latinoamericanos, desarrollar proyectos colaborativos en red y movilizar acción colectiva con incidencia en políticas de investigación en salud pro equidad. - Objective: This paper focuses on the research groups registered in the Colciencias platform from January 2005 to April 2012 in order to analyze their ability to conduct research on the social determinants of health (sdh) as well as the opinion of the coordinators of such groups. Methodology: a descriptive observational study focusing on the Colciencias Scienti platform (which holds information on Colombian research groups) and particularly on aspects such as the groups, the researchers and the sdh-related research products. The study was complemented with questionnaires, focus groups and a study on the national system for research. In addition, researchers signed an informed consent form before participating in the study. Results: the 65 groups registered in Colciencias’ Health Sciences Program (6%) have published 123 products in the form of scientific papers written in Spanish (48%). Moreover, the predominant studies are those conducted with demographically relevant populations, focusing on health systems, health inequity and prevalent diseases, and based on empirical and analytical methods, as well as the network projects of national scope. The difficulties identified were: scarce political and institutional support for local and national research on the sdh and reduced interaction with policy makers and with other groups speaking other languages. Conclusions: studies based on the approach proposed by the Commission on Social Determinants of Health in 2005 were predominant. Recommendations: it is essential to strengthen the ability to conduct research on the SDH using different approaches -particularly the Latin American approaches-; likewise collaborative network projects should be developed and collective actions should be taken which affect the health research policies for equity

El presente número de Oñati Socio-legal Series es el resultado de las discusiones y los encuentros llevados a cabo en el marco del workshop titulado La sociología jurídica en América Latina y el Caribe: debates actuales y perspectivas futuras. En vista del crecimiento y la riqueza del conocimiento socio-jurídico en la región y las potencialidades que emergen de las realidades del sur global, consideramos necesario adelantar preguntas sobre el estado de arte de la sociología jurídica y las expectativas hacia el futuro. Esperamos que la agenda de trabajo que se desenvuelve en la presente contribución abone a una sociología jurídica crítica, que consolide el campo no solamente en el rigor académico que muestre la potencia de las apuestas interdisciplinarias; sino también en el compromiso social que aporte a la transformación de las sociedades latinoamericanas. This issue of Oñati Socio-legal Series is the result of the discussions and encounters from the workshop Sociology of law in Latin America and the Caribbean: current debates and future perspective. In view of the growth and potential that emerges from the global south realities, we believe it necessary to put forward questions over sociology of law’s state of the art and its expectations for the future in Latin America. We hope that the work agenda that unveils in this issue contributes to a critical sociology of law. This entails not only bringing out the academic rigour of interdisciplinary approaches; but also a social commitment with the transformation of Latin-American societies. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3267838

El presente artículo sostiene que es posible pensar al Instituto Internacional de Sociología Jurídica de Oñati (IISJ) como centro a partir del cual se puede proyectar la mirada sobre los estudios de sociología jurídica respecto de la región de América Latina, mediante la construcción de un universo epistémico como estrategia metodológica para dar cuenta de las temáticas más relevantes en el desarrollo de este campo. Si bien la discusión aborda solamente la producción académica de una institución, se inserta a su vez en el panorama más amplio de la sociología jurídica de la región. Es un estado del arte acotado que se enfoca en el análisis de las principales temáticas del universo epistémico generado: criminología, administración de justicia, participación política, perspectivas teóricas, pluralismo y pueblos indígenas, economía, género, urbanismo y profesión jurídica. This article claims that it is possible to think the Oñati International Institute for the Sociology of Law (IISL) as a center point from which to project a perspective on the sociology of law studies regarding Latin America, through the construction of an epistemic universe as methodological strategy to account for the most relevant topics in the development of this field. Although the discussion can only address the work on Latin America produced by a single institution, it is also embedded in the wider field of sociology of law in the region. It is a bounded state of the art that focusses in the analysis of the main thematic of the epistemic universe: criminology, justice administration, political participation, theoretical perspectives, pluralism and indigenous peoples, economics, gender, urbanism and the legal profession. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3124993

Aunque los antecedentes del concepto “cohesión social” se remiten a la sociología clásica ha sido en las últimas tres décadas cuando el término ha cobrado un nuevo impulso siendo retomado como eje de análisis y de orientación en el ámbito de las políticas públicas, especialmente en el marco de las políticas de la Unión Europea. Actualmente, tanto la definición como el ámbito de aplicación de la cohesión social se ha convertido en fuente de debates a partir de su inserción en América Latina, donde el contexto de violencia, exclusión y los más altos niveles de desigualdad económica del mundo han planteado nuevos retos y posturas críticas hacia la aplicación de políticas de cohesión social e incluso hacia el propio uso del término.

Los Programas de Transferencias Condicionadas implementados por los distintos gobiernos de América Latina han otorgado un papel central a las madres en la reducción de la pobreza y en la generación de bienestar familiar. Estas iniciativas han tenido un impacto positivo en algunos países donde se ha logrado asegurar condiciones de subsistencia para sus usuarios, sin que esto implique una transformación en las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres. Desde una perspectiva de género reviso dos problemas recurrentes y comunes en la elaboración de estos programas: el primero, referente al dilema trabajo remunerado/trabajo no remunerado y, el segundo, a la cuestión del cuidado. Concluyo que los programas de transferencias monetarias han reforzado la división sexual del trabajo en las familias usuarias, al tiempo, que han sido débiles en potenciar el empoderamiento social de las mujeres cabeza de familia. Su escaso vínculo con el mercado laboral ha sido determinante para la reproducción de las relaciones de género

rganismos públicos en América Latina se ha logrado a partir de la utilización intensiva de las tecnologías de información. Paradójicamente, este fenómeno no ha concitado la debida atención de aquellos que se dedican a estudiar los procesos de reforma de la Administración Pública. En este sentido, la ponencia se propone abordar el tema a partir de la introducción de nociones conceptuales básicas de ciencia política y de la administración relacionadas con la gestión del cambio, dado que la utilización de tecnologías de información en las administraciones públicas significa modificar estructuras jerárquicas, replantear flujos de trabajo, rediseñar procesos, reasignar recursos humanos, transferir partidas presupuestarias, lograr apoyos y neutralizar resistencias.

O presente artigo apresenta as características gerais dos debates sobre o processo de mercantilização das instituições de educação superior nos EUA, na Europa e na América Latina. Parte da compreensão de que esse processo foi aprofundado e, em grande medida, acelerado pela "nova fase do capitalismo" e pelos reflexos das mudanças ideológicas mais amplas ligadas à ascensão do neoliberalismo. Ao visitar as questões debatidas sobre o processo de mercantilização da educação nesses países, o trabalho ressalta a dimensão ideológica por trás dele e contribui com os numerosos trabalhos acadêmicos que buscam contrapô-lo e que oferecem elementos para a reorientação da educação superior.This paper presents the general characteristics of the debate concerning the mercantilization proccess of higher education institutions in the USA, Latin America and Europe. It departs from the understanding that this proccess has been deepened and, to a great extent, has been accelerated during the current phase of capitalism and by the impacts of the broad ideological changes related to the rise of neoliberalism. By addressing the main questions regarding the mercantilization proccess in these countries, the paper stresses the ideological aspects behind it and contributes to the numerous works that seek to challenge it in the direction of another orientation for higher education.

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir algumas noções desenvolvidas pelos estudos sobre colonialidade originadas por um conjunto de pensadores(as) da América Latina acerca do modo como a Modernidade surgiu estruturada como uma maneira de arranjar o poder, o saber e o ser de modo que uma hierarquia entre centro e periferia, instalados em uma perspectiva colonial, organize nossa maneira de lidar com a política, com as ciências e - esse é o ponto principal que o trabalho sustentará - com a própria vida. A Bioética de Intervenção (BI), que tem como proposta politizar de modo ético e aplicado o modo de lidar com os conflitos biotecnocientíficos, sanitários, sociais e ambientais a partir da realidade latino-americana, desenvolve uma linha de pesquisa que pode acolher as críticas e contribuições advindas dos estudos sobre a colonialidade, sobretudo no que diz respeito às bases conceituais relacionadas com as teorias éticas e epistemológicas que a sustentam. Entre estas, especificamente, o estudo discute as relações existentes entre o utilitarismo aceito pela BI por meio de um consequencialismo solidário e suas inter-relações com a ideia de colonialidade.This paper aims to discuss some concepts - developed within the Coloniality Studies by a group of thinkers in Latin America - about how Modernity emerged structured as a way to dispose power, knowledge and being, so that a hierarchy between center and periphery, installed in a colonial perspective, organizes our way of dealing with politics, with science and - this is the main focus of this paper - with life. Intervention Bioethics (IB), whose proposal is to politicize in an ethical manner the method of dealing with biotechnoscientific, sanitary, social and environmental conflicts from the Latin American reality, develops a line of research that can accommodate the contributions, as well as the criticisms, from Coloniality Studies, particularly with regard to conceptual frameworks related to the ethical and epistemological theories that support it. Among these conceptual frameworks, this paper deals specifically with the relationship between the utilitarianism accepted by IB through a supportive consequentialism and its interrelations with the idea of Coloniality.

En este trabajo examinamos el destino de los resultados de la investigación cualitativa en el área de la salud. Lo hemos dividido en dos partes: en la primera identificamos tres enfoques empleados comúnmente para difundir y aplicar los resultados de la investigación en salud. Uno, cuyo objetivo es trasmitir los conocimientos a la academia; otro interesado en su transferencia y traducción para la elaboración y fortalecimiento de las políticas y los programas de salud y; el último orientado a la población. En la segunda parte exponemos una serie de reflexiones en torno a una propuesta relacional y dialógica de difusión y uso de la investigación cualitativa en salud, en el contexto específico de los países latinoamericanos.The aim of this paper is to examine the dissemination and use of qualitative health research. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, three common approaches are identified regarding the use and application of research results: one is interested in the dissemination of knowledge to academia; another looks at the knowledge transfer and translation to strengthen health policies and programs; and the last one is geared towards the population. The second part presents a relational and dialogic proposal for the transfer and use of qualitative research in the health area in the context of the Latin American countries.

This paper places the debates on social difference and cultural diversity within the context of the criticism levelled at the model of conflict administration by women’s and queer movements in Latin America. Taking the proposals to integrate gender studies within peace studies as a starting point, the paper examines some key arguments concerning the professionalization of the women’s movement and the move from policies of representation to anti-discriminatory and anti-repressive action. To this end, the author considers the critical value of difference as an answer to the democratic-liberal model that trivializes difference as mere authenticity and diversity, and includes references to the tradition of analysis of cultural regulations to fight against gendered/sexual types of cultural and social derogation.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence and burden of mental disorders have been growing in Latin-American and the Caribbean countries and research is an important tool for changing this scenario. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of mental health research in Latin American and the Caribbean countries from 1995 to 2005. METHOD: The indicators of productivity were based on the ISI Essential Science Indicators database. We compared the number of papers and citations, as well as the number of citations per paper between 1995 and 2005 for each country ranked in the Essential Science Indicators. RESULT: Eleven Latin-American countries were ranked in the ISI database and six of them demonstrated a higher level of development in mental health research: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. Mexico produced the largest number of papers, while Brazil showed a larger number of citations per paper. CONCLUSION: Mental health research is still incipient in Latin American and the Caribbean countries, and many challenges remain to be overcome. Also, it is necessary to establish the research priorities, to allocate more funding, and to improve researchers training in research method and design.OBJETIVO: A prevalência e a carga dos transtornos mentais vêm crescendo nos países latino-americanos e a pesquisa tem sido considerada uma importante ferramenta para alterar este cenário. Este estudo descreve o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em saúde mental nos países latino-americanos e Caribe no período de 1995 a 2005. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados os indicadores de produtividade baseados no banco de dados "Essential Science Indicators" do ISI. Foram comparados o número total de artigos e citações e também o número de citações por artigo para cada um dos países classificados no Essential Science Indicators. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 11 países latino-americanos e Caribe no ISI, e seis destes apresentaram um maior desenvolvimento em pesquisa em saúde mental: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México e Venezuela. O México foi o que apresentou o maior número de artigos, enquanto o Brasil apresentou maior número de citações por artigo. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa em saúde mental nos países latino-americanos e Caribe ainda é incipiente e muitos desafios necessitam ser superados, como o estabelecimento de prioridades, maior alocação de fundos e aprimoramento do treinamento dos pesquisadores em metodologia e desenhos de pesquisa.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la situación de las revistas de neumología publicadas en Latinoamérica. MÉTODOS: Fue realizada una encuesta en reunión organizada por la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Tórax. Cada editor presentó un reporte y respondió a un cuestionario. RESULTADOS: Mejora en la adquisición de informaciones es la principal motivaci��n para las sociedades de neumología para la edición de sus propias revistas, considerando que la diseminación de conocimiento médico y el reporte de experiencias son los principales motivos para que los autores envíen sus trabajos. El error más común en los trabajos enviados es la poca conformidad con las directrices de la revista. Mejorar las relaciones entre autor, editor y revisor sería la mejor estrategia para perfeccionar la calidad de los textos. Algunas sugerencias para mejorar las revistas latinoamericanas: promover profesionales en tareas editoriales; encorajar a los revisores a que sean más meticulosos; y adoptar normas internacionales para la edición de revistas médicas. Fueron reportados los siguientes problemas: falta de periodicidad adecuada y regular de las ediciones; una disminución en la cantidad de trabajos originales que son considerados ejemplares en la especialidad; baja tasa de rechazo de trabajos enviados; alta rotación de editores. CONCLUSIÓN: Podemos hacer las siguientes recomendaciones: a pesar de varias revistas estar en formato electrónico, ellas también deben ser mantenidas en formato impreso; cada revista debe informar su tasa de suscripción, aunque esté incluida en los gastos de inscripción anual; a pesar de cada país de Latinoamérica poder optar por publicar su propia revista, la posibilidad de publicación de una revista multinacional de neumología latinoamericana debe ser explotada.OBJECTIVE: To characterize the situation of pulmonology journals published in Latin America. METHODS: A survey was conducted in a meeting sponsored by the Latin American Thoracic Society. Each journal editor presented a report and answered a questionnaire. RESULTS: Improving information acquisition is the main motivation for pulmonology societies to edit their own journals, whereas disseminating medical knowledge and reporting experiences are the main motivations for authors to submit papers. The most common failing in the manuscripts submitted is poor compliance with the journal guidelines. Improving author-editor-reviewer relationships would be the best strategy for improving the quality of manuscripts. Suggestions for improving Latin American journals included the following: promoting professionalism in editorial tasks; encouraging manuscript reviewers to be more meticulous; and embracing international norms for editing medical journals. The following major problems were reported: a lack of regular, appropriate periodicity of issues; a shortage of original papers that are considered 'milestones' in the specialty; a low rejection rate for submitted papers; a high turnover of editors. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, we can make the following recommendations: although many journals are available in electronic form, they should also be maintained in print form; each journal should divulge its subscription fee, even if it is included in the annual society membership dues; although each Latin American country might decide to publish its own pulmonology journal, the feasibility of publishing a multinational Latin American pulmonology journal should be explored.

Religious diversity and pluralism is increasing in Latin America. The religious field that was some decades ago totally Catholic has changed radically. Not only Pentecostalism or NeoPentecostalism but other Evangelicals as well as independent churches of various denominations and forms, non-affiliated people and many diverse (ethnic, afro-American , New Age, etc.) and diffuse religious expressions are growing. The main argument of this paper is that this religious changes toward pluralism can be fully understood in the context of multiple modernities theory, provided that it be revised and modified. A new sociological approach is needed. The classical sociological concepts and theories, beginning with secularization, must be criticized and replaced with a more complex theoretical view. Latin American historical processes must be compared with what is happening in other regions of the world and not only with the West. World religions are answering each one by their own path to multiple interactions with modernities. The key understanding of changes must come from a better insight of popular religions worldwide. Latin American, Eastern Asia, Islam regions, are good examples of popular forms of religious revitalization that contrasts with the Northern European case. They put in evidence the fact that new ways of producing sense and spiritual search in non-Western geo-cultural areas are framing specific relationships between religion and modernities and bringing about new religious pluralisms.

Protected natural areas have faced common challenges to achieve their conservation objectives. The resulting conflicts from their implementation and management over time call for greater community participation. In order to identify these problems related to social participation in Latin America and to the proposals to incentivize it in favor of conservation, a systematic review of 30 scientific documents was carried out on the multidisciplinary databases from Web of Science. The priority problems identified were limited participation in decision-making, few opportunities regarding other economic alternatives and political factors. The analyzed papers expose the exclusion that local communities have suffered in decision-making and in management processes, as well as the few initiatives for natural protected areas that allow their participation. No relevant measures were found to encourage community participation, except for ecotourism projects and proposals for changes in management plans to consider the biocultural aspects.

La República Democrática Alemana, en sus 41 años de existencia forjó y proyectó una identidad que sobrepasaba con creces sus capacidades geopolíticas. Fue un proceso singular e inédito, conducido básicamente por el jefe de Estado, Erich Honecker y por el políglota dirigente, Werner Lamberz. Se asume como clave explicativa general el entronque de una fuerte dinámica societal, relativamente autónoma (eigenständige), con la auto-percepción resolutiva de la elite en orden a generar una llamada sociedad socialista desarrollada. Se generó una identidad con proyección geopolítica, pese a la ausencia de una narrativa común entre gobernantes y gobernados. El elemento identitario germanooriental, no pensado en 1989, ha repercutido en las décadas posteriores a la reunificación a través de lo que se conoce como Ostalgie. En la obtención de un rol geopolítico propio, América Latina y especialmente Chile, fueron centrales. Como clave conceptual explicativa del vínculo con Chile, el paper profundiza el concepto Nibelungentreue (fidelidad emocional).

In this paper we analyse theoretically and empirically the relationship between dynamic insufficiency (DI) (Prebisch, 1970; Avendaño & Perrotini, 2015) and the growth rate consistent with balance of payments (gbp) equilibrium (Thirlwall, 1979) for a set of Latin American economies during the period 1977-2011. Our hypothesis is that DI exacerbates the external constraint on growth due to the gap between the natural rate of capital accumulation and the guaranteed growth rate (kn>gw) and that there is a causal relationship between and. This means that is determined by demand and supply conditions.

Latin American countries present great similarities both in its history and culture as in its political career. However, Latin America –in economic terms– is a heterogeneous continent. During the 20th century and even in the 21st one, State leaders have significantly modified the trade policies and their economic relations, both regionally and globally. In a world where international relations are, conditioned and oriented to trade relations, it is believed essential to understand how the countries of Latin America have inserted into chains of value throughout the globe. This paper seeks to investigate the economic measures taken by some States –as members of regional blocs– to extend, strengthen and enrich their economic relations with other countries and blocks and –from this perspective– explore how those decisions benefited the integration process.

RESUMEN: La elaboración y vigencia de las Constituciones de Colombia de 1991, Venezuela de 1999, Ecuador de 2008 y Bolivia 2009, han puesto de manifiesto un nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano. Este nuevo constitucionalismo se erige como la última generación del constitucionalismo debido a que aporta entendimientos novedosos sobre la teoría constitucional sobre la base de un renovado concepto de soberanía popular, entre otras características propias que hacen a la discusión actual del Derecho Constitucional. De esa manera, en el presente ensayo se presentan elementos introductorios sobre este nuevo momento del constitucionalismo en Latinoamérica, estableciendo sus fundamentos, alcances y principales características. ABSTRACT: The elaboration and validity of the constitutions of Colombia (1991), Venezuela (1999), Ecuador (2008) and Bolivia (2009) have revealed a new latin american constitutionalism. This new constitutionalism arises as the last generation of constitutionalism due to its contributions of novel understandings on constitutional theory. These contributions are based on a renewed conception about popular sovereignty, among other singular characteristics presently discussed in Constitutional Law. Thus, in the present paper we present some introductory elements of this new moment of constitutionalism in Latin America by establishing its foundations, scope and main characteristics. RESUMO: A elaboração e vigência das Constituições da Colômbia (1991), Venezuela (1999), Equador (2008) e Bolívia (2009) revelaram um novo constitucionalismo latino-americano. Este novo constitucionalismo surge como a última geração do constitucionalismo devido a seus novos entendimentos aportados à teoria constitucional, baseados em um conceito renovado de soberania popular, entre outras características próprias da discussão contemporânea do Direito Constitucional. Assim, no presente artigo se apresentam elementos introdutórios sobre este novo momento do constitucionalismo na América Latina, estabelecendo seus fundamentos, alcances e características principais.

Las agendas de seguridad e inteligencia latinoamericanas se han centrado casi exclusivamente al tratamiento de los temas clásicos de la Seguridad en sus dimensiones político-militar y policíaco-criminalística. Sin embargo, una dimensión, con creciente importancia estratégica, como es una agenda de seguridad geoeconómica con un mecanismo de inteligencia científica y tecnológica, orientado al desarrollo a través de Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación, ha sido ignorada hasta hoy. En el presente trabajo se propone tanto un modelo como un concepto de Inteligencia Científica y Tecnológica para el Desarrollo (ICTD) dentro de una agenda de seguridad geoeconómica. Abstract The Latin American Security and Intelligence agendas have been focused almost exclusively on the treatment of the classic themes of Security in its political – military and police – criminalistics dimensions. However, another dimension with increasing strategic importance such as a Geo-economics Security agenda with a Scientific and Technological Intelligence mechanism oriented to Development through National Systems of Innovation have been ignored until today. In the present paper, both a model and a concept of Scientific and Technological Intelligence for Development (STID) within a Geo-economics Security agenda it´s produced.

Los gobiernos locales desarrollan una amplia gama de políticas fiscales o regulatorias inspiradas en la idea de que el incremento en el valor de la tierra puede ser utilizado en beneficio de la comunidad, esto es, en la recuperación de plusvalías inmobiliarias. Este trabajo compara las experiencias de recuperación de plusvalías en América del Norte (Estados Unidos y Canadá) y América Latina, discutiendo las razones que han llevado a la utilización de distintas herramientas y los diferentes resultados y grados de éxito obtenidos en su implementación. En primer término, el texto identifica categorías amplias de políticas de recuperación de plusvalías y compara los resultados y/o la experiencia de las dos regiones en la recuperación de los incrementos en el valor de la tierra por medio de impuestos convencionales, contribuciones fiscales e instrumentos urbanísticos. La segunda parte del texto muestra que el mismo principio de recuperación de plusvalías utilizado para abordar problemas similares (profundizar la tributación sobre el valor de la tierra, financiar infraestructura urbana, controlar el uso del suelo) tiene resultados diferentes -e incluso contradictorios- en diversos contextos, principalmente en los de América del Norte y América Latina. La sección final contiene algunos comentarios evaluatorios relativos a la aparente brecha entre las intenciones y los resultados de las políticas de recuperación de plusvalía observadas en ambas AméricasLocal governments design a broad range of fiscal or regulatory policies that have been inspired by the idea that land value increment may be mobilized to the benefit of the community -that is of land value capture. This paper compares the experiences of North America (US and Canada) and Latin America with value capture tools and discusses the reasons why different policies have been favored and different results and degrees of success obtained in their implementation. Focusing on broad categories of value capture policies, the first part of the paper compares the overall performance and/or experience of the two regions with the capturing of land value increment through conventional taxes, fees and regulatory urban policy instruments. The second part of the paper shows that the same "value capture principle" to address similar problems (to deepen land value taxation; to finance urban infrastructure; to control land use) result in different outcomes (sometimes even opposite) in different contexts, most notably those presented in North America and Latin America, respectively. The paper’s concluding section provides some evaluative comments regarding the apparent lag between the intentions and outcomes of value capture policies as experienced by the two regions

Los países integrantes del MERCOSUR al igual que el resto de América Latina y el Caribe están muy sensibilizados por los temas ambientales y su actuación quedó demostrada en la Cumbre de Río, donde llevaron su propio informe titulado Nuestra Propia Agenda. Allí plantearon como tema prioritario el desarrollo sostenible y las líneas a seguir para conseguir dicho objetivo. Entre las medidas a adoptar destacan la erradicación de la pobreza, el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales, el ordenamiento del territorio, el desarrollo tecnológico compatible con la realidad social y natural, una nueva estrategia económica y social, una organización y movilización social, y una reforma del estado. Esta ponencia toma en cuenta estas estrategias ambientales para el desarrollo sostenible, enmarcándolas dentro de un plan global que presenta un reto especialmente para los países más pobres. MERCOSUR members as well as the rest of the Latin American and the Caribbean countries are highly sensible to the environmental issues and their behavior was demonstrated at the Río Conference, where they brought their own opinion in a work paper titled Our Own Agenda. There, they stated as priority the sustainable development and set the action lines to follow in order to get such objective. Among the adopting measures were the elimination of poverty, the sustainable use of natural resources, land management, technological development according to social and natural reality, a new economic and social strategy, a social mobility and organization, and a reform of the State. This paper takes in account these environmental strategies to sustainable development within a framework of a global plan that in itself is a challenge especially to the poorest countries.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el estado actual de la regulación de la medicina tradicional en nueve países de América Latina y el Caribe. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se construyó una base de datos sobre componentes de los sistemas de salud tradicionales en nueve países de América Latina y el Caribe, mediante la creación de una red de individuos e instituciones de distintos países que estuvieran interesados en participar como informantes especializados con diferentes perfiles. La información para este estudio de tipo cualitativo se levantó, sistematizó y analizó entre marzo y diciembre de 1998. RESULTADOS: Se exponen los resultados obtenidos del tema de regulación de la medicina tradicional dividiendo a los países en tres grupos: a) los que cuentan con algún tipo de desarrollo en materia de legislación; b) los que están trabajando en el proceso de legislación, y c) los que no tienen legislación y el proceso de regulación es incipiente. CONCLUSIONES: Se muestra que el proceso legislativo de la medicina tradicional es variado en la región y se encuentra en diferentes etapas. Esta variedad de estadios nos muestra la complejidad de regular una práctica terapéutica de prestadores con bajos niveles de entrenamiento formal, con prácticas variadas y que sustentan su ejercicio en usos y costumbres que en las mayoría de las ocasiones son difíciles de ubicar dentro de los estándares de los sistemas de salud oficiales. El estudio se considera importante para el diseño e implementación de políticas que permitan adecuar la oferta de servicios de medicina tradicional con las necesidades de las poblaciones que más hacen uso de ella. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.htmlOBJECTIVE: This paper characterizes the current stage of traditional medicine in nine countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted between March and December 1998. Data were collected on the components of traditional health systems in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, by means of a network of individuals and institutions from different countries that acted as expert informants from different specialty areas. RESULTS: Findings from the analysis of traditional medicine regulation are presented in three groups: a) Countries with some developments in the area of legislation; b) Countries where legislation is underway; and, c) Countries with no legislation or incipient regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Several stages of traditional medical practice legislation are found in the region. This heterogeneity shows the complexity involved in regulating the practice of providers with low levels of formal training, with different therapeutic practices, and with customs that are frequently difficult to include within the standards of the official health system. These findings are important for designing and implementing healthcare policies to adequate traditional medical practices to the needs of populations that commonly use them. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html

The paper explores the repercussions the coup of State in Chile in September 11th 1973, especially in domestic scenario. Research was held at the Arquivo Histórico do Ministério das Relações Exteriores - henceforth AHMRE. Specifically were consulted documents sent to Itamaraty from Santiago in the subsequent days to the emergence of a bureaucratic-authoritarian regime commanded by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. Concludes that the coup were dramatic, long lasting and, in many cases, tragic for Chilean society and for others countries with traditional links and interests that country.

This paper analyzes the current situation of urban poverty in Latin America, its territorial and economic implications, as well as the social policies related to it. Based on the conceptual framework of poverty and city, it attempts to clarify the nature, causes, and consequences of urban poverty compared to rural poverty. Further, it provides an overview of the characteristics and conditions of urban poverty in Latin America from a multidimensional perspective. Lastly, it examines the social policies driven by Latin American countries with the aim to not only overcome urban poverty but also contribute to social inclusion, as well as to build strategies and effective programs in the era of sustainable development. In short, social policies should be established using comprehensive strategies or programs depending on the historical, political, economic and social contexts and based on a redefinition of urban poverty.

This study exposes the opinions of a group of former directors of public schools in Chile who were selected by the system of high public management, and who had to leave their posts before the end of their appointment period. The responses evidence the fragility of the local organization of public education, in terms of the interference of the local political authority in the early dismissal of school leaders and identify the various pressures the leaders received from the higher authorities in the exercise of their position. The main problems they faced were the lack of support during the installation phases as well as a lack of monitoring and evaluation of their performance, which are widespread among Latin American countries, given the trends. This paper examines the selection process for High Public Management, the background on the subject, the answers of the interviewees, and an analysis of the interviews. It concludes with some proposals to improve the selection system.

En julio de 1993, la Unión Europea (U.E.) inició el Reglamento (C.E.E.) Número 404/93 como su nueva política para gobernar la importación del banano. Este acto fue parte de su intento de crear un mercado común entre los quince países miembros. Como el mercado bananero más grande del mundo, la UE y sus políticas tienen un gran impacto sobre la producción y el intercambio de esta fruta, la fruta fresca del volumen más grande del intercambio mundial. Esta ponencia considera la nueva política y sus impactos desde tres perspectivas, las cuales representan las tres categorías mayores de productores de los bananos que consumen los residentes de los quince países. Estas categorías incluyen los países exportadores latinoamericanos, el grupo Mricano-CaribeñoPacífico (A.C.P.) de productores vinculados con la U.E. por medio del Convenio de Lomé, y la U.E. por sí misma. Este grupo de países tan diversos también indican las dimensiones Norte-Sur de la situación. La ponencia es basada en investigaciones realizadas en Costa Rica, en Dominica, y en Bruselas, sede de la Comisión Europea, rama ejecutiva de la U.E. Las perspectivas de las tres categorías de productores son muy distintas. En su análisis final, la ponencia sugerirá que una política forzada en Bruselas sirva como ejemplo de los procesos de globalización ya evidente en la economía mundial e intentará evaluar la justificación para el Reglamento (C.E.E.) 404/93 ofrecida por la U.E, considerando sus impactos en las tres regiones productoras. In July, 1993 the European Union (E.U.) implemented Council Regulation 404/93 as its governing policy for the importation of bananas. This was done as part of its larger Single European Market. As the world's largest market for bananas, E.U. policies have a great impact on the production and trade of this fruit, the world's largest trade fresh fruit commodity by volume. This paper examines the policy and its impacts from three perspectives, representing the three major categories of producers of the bananas consumed by E.U. residents. Those categories include Latin American exporting countries, African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) banana producers linked to the E.U. by the Lomé Convention, and the European Union itself. Such a grouping of countries indicates the North/South dimensions of the issue. The paper is based upon research done in Costa Rica, Dominica, and Brussels, headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the E.U. The perspectives on the policy vary greatly, depending upon which source is considered. In its final analysis, the paper considers how a policy forged in Brussels exemplifies larger issues of globalization in the world economy and it attempts to evaluate the justification of Council Regulation 404/93 offered by the EU in view of its impacts in each of the three producing regions.

The massification of Latin American educational systems leads to a reconsideration of the concept of educational inclusion/exclusion since, partly, social disadvantages have been transferred inside the school, configuring situations of unequal inclusion. Considering three main dimensions of educational inclusion – access, learning and integration/segregation – this paper focuses on the latter, since it has been the least studied in the region. The aim is to empirically analyze the current situation, the dynamics and the evolution of socioeconomic segregation in the secondary school system during the last decades. To this end, information from the 2000-2015 rounds of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) corresponding to nine Latin American countries is used. Various synthetic indices are estimated to quantify and characterize the problem, comparing the region with others, as well as the Latin American countries with each other. The results suggest that the region presents the lowest levels of social integration at school, in spite of a certain reduction of the segregation levels during the last years. Given the intensity of the problem and its potential impact on inequality of opportunities, the ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the visualization of the issue and to provide information for the design of policies.

Reseña de la obra de Victor Agulló aparecida en 2011, Los valencianos en Uruguay. Valencia: Generalitat Valenciana. Conselleria de Solidaritat i Ciutadania, 341 p. ISBN: 978-84-482-5619-7

Este artigo busca realizar uma análise sobre os regimes de proteção social na América Latina tendo em vista uma análise comparada dos mesmos em diversos países através da exposição das diferentes tentativas de agrupamento de países, realizada por autores na região latino-americana. Não obstante, debate-se também sobre os desafios contemporâneos dos regimes de proteção social na região, indicando alguns direcionamentos em curso. O delineamento da pesquisa será realizado através de revisão bibliográfica pertinente ao tema, buscando delimitar as diferentes abordagens sobre as tendências de reforma da proteção social na América Latina. Palavras-chave: Regimes de Proteção Social. América Latina. Tendências de Reforma. Abstract: This paper aims to carry out an analysis of social protection systems in Latin America. To this end, a number of authors in Latin America developed a comparative analysis of the different social protection systems by grouping the different countries accordingly. The paper also discusses the contemporary challenges to social protection systems in the region and points out some of the measures that have been taken. The research includes a literature review of the topic investigated in order to define the different approaches about social protection reform tendencies in Latin America. Keywords: Social Protection Regimes. Latin America. Reform Trends.

This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of Spanish foreign direct investment in Latin America during the 1990s and 2000s. We use pull-push factors models in order to analyse Spanish capital boom. Previous researches had explored microeconomic determinants of Spanish FDI, while this paper tried to contribute using panel data econometrics to evaluate the macroeconomic dimension of the same phenomena. We conclude that both factors were important, particularly economic growth in Spain and the strength of its corporations (push factors); and the privatization process, exchange rates, internal demand, GDP level and economic growth in Latin American countries (pull-factors).

The main argument of this paper is that the heterogeneity of the institutional framework that prevails in Latin America’s electoral field (Carroll y Shugart, 2005), also reproduces itself in the parliamentary one. This is proved by the morphologic profile of each Congress’ commission system and the place that the law assigns to the system. While some legislative frameworks clearly intend to delegate to parties the decisions entrusted to this bodies; in other cases, this takes place in a less important way. In the cases formally related with a party logic, on the other hand, diverse delegation schemes are encouraged. In this article we analyze the institutional framework of the commission systems of the low chamber in: Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Chile; Mexico; Paraguay; Dominican Republic and Uruguay. In this sense, this work examines the importance given to their job and some aspects of its morphology that affect the structure of incentives that narrows the development of the legislative process. We also analyze the procedures used by each Congress to solve its problems of collective action. Lastly, some ideas for the elaboration of a future taxonomy on the relationship between parties and permanent commissions in the region are presented.RESUMEN: El principal argumento de este escrito es que la heterogeneidad de los diseños institucionales que prima en el campo electoral en América Latina (Carroll y Shugart, 2005) también se reproduce en el parlamentario. El perfil morfológico del sistema de comisiones propio de cada Congreso y el lugar que la ley les asigna en el proceso legislativo son prueba evidente de ello. Mientras el marco normativo de algunas legislaturas no deja lugar a dudas en cuanto a la intención de delegar en los partidos las decisiones encomendadas a estos cuerpos; en otros casos, ello ocurre en menor medida. En los casos formalmente ceñidos a una lógica de partido, por otra parte, se alientan esquemas de delegación de corte muy diverso. En este escrito se revisa el acomodo institucional del sistema de comisiones de la Cámara Baja en: Argentina; Bolivia; Brasil; Colombia; Chile; México; Paraguay; República Dominicana y Uruguay. En este sentido, el estudio examina tanto la importancia concedida a su trabajo, como algunos aspectos de su morfología que afectan la estructura de incentivos que acota el desarrollo del proceso legislativo. Asimismo, se analizan los procedimientos utilizados en cada Congreso para enfrentar los problemas de acción colectiva. Por último, se presentan algunas ideas para la elaboración de una futura taxonomía sobre la relación que guardan en la región los partidos y las comisiones permanentes del Congreso.ABSTRACT: The main argument of this paper is that the heterogeneity of the institutional framework that prevails in Latin America’s electoral field (Carroll y Shugart, 2005), also reproduces itself in the parliamentary one. This is proved by the morphologic profile of each Congress’ commission system and the place that the law assigns to the system. While some legislative frameworks clearly intend to delegate to parties the decisions entrusted to this bodies; in other cases, this takes place in a less important way. In the cases formally related with a party logic, on the other hand, diverse delegation schemes are encouraged. In this article we analyze the institutional framework of the commission systems of the low chamber in: Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Chile; Mexico; Paraguay; Dominican Republic and Uruguay. In this sense, this work examines the importance given to their job and some aspects of its morphology that affect the structure of incentives that narrows the development of the legislative process. We also analyze the procedures used by each Congress to solve its problems of collective action. Lastly, some ideas for the elaboration of a future taxonomy on the relationship between parties and permanent commissions in the region are presented.

In this paper, we seek to discuss theoretical and epistemological issues that pervade the research with connecting subjects. Thus, through deep reflection strategies, logic and research procedures of several authors of reference on the subject of research in receptivity media, observing the need to consider the relevance of the dialogic and procedural communication process of historical subjects in the context of social and contemporary changes. Thus, viewing the notion of communicative citizenship, as a relevant dimension to extend the understanding of the dynamics and practices of social actors and understand the new media scenarios made in today’s societies, such as Latin America.

The present paper aims to show that the conflict resolution and its discourses and practices were, from the war period in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century to the present moment, applied to the conflicting dynamics of different areas. In Brazil and other Latin American countries, for economic reasons, due to a plethora of legal demands and due to the intend of national governments and market players to establish a new way of dealing with conflict, we highlight the process by which we are witnessing, in the public and private domain of such countries, the use of extrajudicial methods and instruments in different spheres of action and debate than in the context of traditional public arenas. Through conducting a conflict resolution field genealogy, as well as by historicizing the creation and amending of legal and institutional base of these countries and by the identification of social management strategies developed by market players, we try to demonstrate that the mentioned field is the result of changes occurred in the capitalist system, notably in its recent neoliberal form. This indicates the need for deeper analysis of the decision-making process in the extrajudicial sphere over the possible "solutions" to the problems and conflicts in society.

RESUMEN En la ciencia demográfica, el conocimiento de las modificaciones en la estructura de la población como resultado de las tendencias demográficas, es de larga data. Sin embargo, el concepto de “bono demográfico” que alude al aumento de la participación de los grupos en edades potencialmente productivas, como una oportunidad para los países en desarrollo, fue propuesto por primera vez en el año 1998. Este trabajo promueve la duda sobre las conclusiones generales a las que hace referencia el bono demográfico. Mediante dos objetivos, el primero, es demostrar las inconsistencias teóricas del concepto del bono demográfico, y el segundo de carácter empírico, es visibilizar la diversidad de resultados posibles en los países de la región, y la situación de ventaja estructural de los países en la categoría de transición más avanzadas por sobre el resto de los países de la región. ABSTRACT In the science knowledge of demographic changes in the structure of the population as a result of demographic trends, is a long-standing. However, the concept of “demographic bonus” that refers to increasing the participation of the groups in ages potentially productive as an opportunity for developing countries, was first proposed in the year 1998. This paper promotes the doubt about the general conclusions that refers the demographic bonus. Through two objectives, the first, is to demonstrate the theoretical inconsistencies of the concept of the demographic bonus, and the second empirical, visibility is the diversity of possible outcomes in the countries of the region, and the situation of structural advantage of countries in the category of most advanced transition by on the rest of the countries of the region.

This paper empirically explores the effects of payroll taxes, value-added taxes and corporate income taxes on a variety of labor market outcomes such as participation, employment, informality, and wages. The results are based on nationallevel data of labor variables for 15 Latin American countries, and indicate that the effects of each tax are markedly different and may depend on several aspects of labor and tax institutions. Payroll taxes reduce employment and increase labor costs when their benefits are not valued by workers, but otherwise may increase labor participation and not raise labor costs. Value-added taxes increase informality and reduce skilled labor demand. In contrast, corporate income taxes may help reduce informality, especially among low education workers, but when tax enforcement capabilities are strong they may reduce labor participation and employment of medium- and high-education workers.