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Introduction and purpose A pilonidal cyst also known as a pilondial sinus, is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the intergluteal region, which can lead to serious infections. It most commonly affects young men, with risk factors including the presence of hair in this area, excessive sweating, obesity, and poor hygiene. Symptoms include a lump, pain, and purulent discharge from openings in the skin. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, a physical examination, and often an ultrasound. The aim of this paper is to present and compare the available methods for treating pilonidal cysts. Materials and methods Literature available in PubMed databases were reviewed using the following keywords: ‘’Pilonidal cyst’’, ‘’Hair cyst’’, ‘’Abscess’’, ‘’Treatment of pilonidal cyst’’,’’ Bascom II method’’,’’ Limberg flap’’,’’ Suchorski technique’’, ‘’V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction’’,’’ the Karadakis’’ Results The available treatment methods can be divided into conservative and invasive approaches. Conservative methods include hair removal and improved hygiene. Among the surgical methods, there are traditional excision techniques and modern methods such as excision using the Bascom II method, Limberg flap, Suchorski technique, or V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction. The Karadakis method, which involves shifting a skin flap, is particularly effective for obese patients. Conclusion Treatment of pilonidal cysts depends on the stage and symptoms. Abscesses require urgent surgical intervention, while asymptomatic cysts can be treated conservatively or surgically.

Lipoedema is a chronic progressive disorder of adipose tissue leading to an enlargement of lower extremities. It is considered to be rare; however, the prevalence of the disease is underestimated because it is commonly misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema and the general awareness is poor. The etiology of the disorder is considered to be multifarious, including genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance and microcirculation alterations. Diagnosis is mainly based on medical history and physical examination. Management of lipoedema is focused on reducing the symptoms, improving the quality of life and preventing further progression of the disease. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of the disease and provide appropriate clinical guidance for the assessment of lipoedema. We searched through the PubMed/MEDLINE database and took into consideration all of the results available as of 6September, 2020 and outlined the current evidence regarding lipoedema epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management. Better understanding of lipoedema is crucial for establishing an early diagnosis and a proper treatment, which in turn will reduce the psychological and physical implications associated with the disease.

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

Introduction Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers. It occurs in men more often than women. The primary therapy for these cancers is surgery; chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy are also used. More and better treatments are being sought for this disease. The use of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has shown good results, so in this article we have done a review of the results of various studies on this topic. In this review, the results of studies on the use of various PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer of different hormonal status are presented. Purpose This article aims to give you an overview of the trials that have looked at the effects of different PARP inhibitors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. PARP inhibitors are a relatively new cancer therapy with good results, so it is important to pay attention. State of Knowledge In this article, I used the PubMed database and considered papers from the last 10 years, but most of the information in this review comes from papers published after 2020. I have also taken into account the recommendations of the FDA and the European Medicines Agency on the use of PARP inhibitors. Conclusions PARP inhibitors have shown significant effects on pancreatic cancer outcomes. The differences in outcomes depending on the type of cancer, the PARP inhibitor used, and the previous therapies used in a given patient tell us how important it is to individualize therapy in oncology. The findings of the studies presented in this review also point to the need for further research that could focus on identifying patients who may best benefit from treatment with PARP inhibitors, as well as studying synergistic effects in combination with other forms of therapy, such as immunotherapy or chemotherapy. The changes in treatment outcomes that these drugs can bring underscore the importance of exploring new therapeutic strategies in oncology.

Introduction: Caffeine, a well-known stimulant, is commonly used by athletes to enhance performance across various sports, including combat sports. Its ergogenic properties, such as improved strength, endurance, and cognitive function, have been well documented in the literature. This paper explores the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports, specifically in disciplines such as judo, jiu-jitsu, taekwondo, and boxing. The impact of different doses of caffeine on performance in these sports is examined, along with potential risks, limitations, and considerations for its use. Aim of Study: The primary aim of this study is to analyze the effects of caffeine on performance in combat sports, considering various factors such as optimal dosage, timing, and the impact of habitual caffeine consumption. Additionally, this paper evaluates the potential adverse effects, including anxiety, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular concerns, as well as the considerations regarding caffeine’s status as a banned substance in sports. Material and methods: A review of the literature on caffeine and its effect was performed using the PubMed database. Results and Conclusions: Caffeine supplementation consistently enhances performance in combat sports. Doses ranging from 3–6 mg/kg were found to improve strength, endurance, and reaction times across various combat sports, with higher doses being more effective for elite athletes. However, habitual caffeine consumption may diminish responsiveness to caffeine’s ergogenic effects. Caffeine’s potential adverse effects, such as anxiety, insomnia, and increased heart rate, were reported, with gender differences in sensitivity. While caffeine’s ergogenic effects are well-established, its use should be personalized, considering individual responses and training status. Furthermore, caffeine's legal status and potential interactions with other substances, such as alcohol and medications, must be considered in competitive settings.

Introduction: Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a popular dietary intervention for its potential health benefits, including weight management, metabolic improvement, and reduced risk of chronic diseases. The practice alternates periods of eating and fasting, influencing physiological processes and offering an alternative to traditional calorie-restrictive diets. Purpose of Work: This paper aims to investigate the efficacy of IF as a revolutionary approach to maintaining health and mitigating the risks associated with chronic diseases. By analyzing contemporary research, the paper seeks to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and broader health implications of IF. State of Knowledge: Existing studies suggest that IF positively affects metabolic markers, enhances insulin sensitivity, and promotes autophagy—a cellular repair mechanism crucial for longevity and disease prevention. Emerging evidence links IF to improved cardiovascular health, reduced inflammation, and enhanced cognitive functions. However, variability in outcomes due to age, gender, and fasting protocols highlights the need for tailored approaches and further research. Material and methods: The research methodology entailed establishing the study aims, undertaking a systematic review of the literature, and implementing a structured process to screen pertinent studies. The investigation involved a comprehensive search across scientific databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. Summary: Intermittent fasting represents a transformative paradigm in health and nutrition science. While preliminary findings are promising, more robust longitudinal studies are required to establish standardized protocols and validate its therapeutic potential across diverse populations. This paper underscores the promise of IF as a strategic tool in the prevention and management of chronic diseases.

Introduction: Hepatitis B remains a significant clinical issue. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the world is still not free from this problem. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects approximately 296 million people worldwide and is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer globally. HBV-related cirrhosis resulted in an estimated 331,000 deaths in 2019, and it is estimated that the number of deaths from HBV-related liver cancer in 2019 was 192,000, an increase from 156,000 in 2010. The rate of vaccination is particularly unsatisfactory in low-income countries, but even in high-income countries, the issue of hepatitis B has not been completely eradicated. Aim of the study: The aim of this paper is primarily to systematize knowledge regarding the natural course of HBV infection and therapeutic options for chronic hepatitis B, both in adults and children. It also aims to highlight the principles of monitoring pharmacotherapy. The paper also describes therapeutic possibilities in special cases, such as pregnancy, liver transplantation, and the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. Attention is also given to the potential adverse effects of pharmacotherapy. Conclusions: As hepatitis B infection continues to pose a significant global health challenge and remains the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, it is essential to review the available treatment options for this condition. Even in Europe, where vaccination coverage has reached high levels, cases of hepatitis B are still detected, often incidentally. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of therapeutic approaches for chronic hepatitis B, considering factors such as patient age, clinical status, and liver fibrosis stage. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of monitoring treatment efficacy and safety, while also addressing the potential adverse effects associated with antiviral therapy.

Introduction and Objective. Every year, 20 million people are diagnosed with cancer, most of whom undergo chemotherapy at some stage of treatment. Chemotherapy is associated with various side effects, with hair loss being one of the most visible and socially stigmatizing. This study aimed to evaluate and summarize existing strategies for preventing chemotherapy-induced hair loss. Review methods. Data for this paper were gathered using electronic databases like PubMed and Google Scholar, with a focus on papers from the last five years, particularly clinical trials, double-blind randomized studies, meta-analyses, and reviews. State of Knowledge. Around 65% of chemotherapy patients experience hair loss. Currently, the FDA has approved one method for preventing chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA): scalp cooling. This technique induces localized vasoconstriction, reducing the penetration of chemotherapy drugs into hair follicles. Scalp cooling is generally well-tolerated. Other potential methods include scalp injections of autologous platelet-rich plasma, which contains growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and microneedling, an invasive procedure with uncertain effectiveness, especially as a standalone treatment, that aims to stimulate angiogenesis. Conclusions. Effective, reliable methods for preventing chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) are still lacking. A holistic approach to oncology care is needed to address the diverse needs of patients. Discovering new preventive methods would greatly improve patients' ability to cope with cancer treatment. However, most current approaches show only moderate efficacy or are still in clinical trials.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality. Even though the prevalence of cigarette smoking has decreased over the last few decades, it is still one of the most important preventable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, recently, an increasing number of people have been transitioning to e-cigarettes, which also influence blood pressure and the cardiovascular system. Purpose of the study: The following review analyzes the association between cigarette smoking and both prevalence and development of cardiovascular diseases. It also suggests the management of tobacco addiction. Materials and methods: A literature review of English language papers was conducted to summarize the latest knowledge on the topic, focusing on the most recent papers. The review was conducted using the PubMed database, with 53 works used and accessed before December 2024. Conclusions: Tobacco significantly affects the cardiovascular system, with numerous studies highlighting the negative impacts of both active and passive smoking. Although extensive knowledge exists about tobacco smoke's impact on the cardiovascular system, further research is still needed. A better understanding of the link between smoking and the development of cardiovascular diseases, as well as methods for the management of the addiction, is crucial to developing successful treatment and prevention strategies.

Menopause, which usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 56, is a natural biological condition that signifies the end of a woman's menstrual cycles. It is formally diagnosed after twelve months without a menstrual period, which indicates the end of ovarian function. Hormone fluctuations, especially a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels can lead to a range of emotional and physical issues. The most commonly reported symptoms include vasomotor symptoms and psychological alterations which can significantly impact a woman’s quality of life. Many seek ways to manage or relieve them. On 15/11/2024, two databases (PubMed and GoogleScholar) were searched using the keywords “menopause” or “menopausal symptoms” and either “physical activity” or “exercise” or “sport”. Articles were included if they were published in English between 2020 and 2024, focused on the impact of physical exercise on menopause symptoms and quality of life. Only original research papers were considered. Studies focusing on patients with chronic diseases or oncological history were excluded as well as papers concerning only osteoporosis or urinary dysfunction. 21 studies were included in the review, comprising a total of 3,506 participants. Our review's main conclusions are as follows: Regular physical activity can help reduce menopausal symptoms and enhance quality of life. Resistance Exercise helps with physical and vasomotor symptoms, but it has little effect on cardiovascular health or long-term symptom reduction. Yoga is highly effective in reducing vasomotor, psychosocial, and physical symptoms, with long-term antioxidant benefits but limited effects on hormonal levels (FSH, DHEA-S). Multicomponent Exercise (e.g., team handball, resistance training) offers broad benefits for physical fitness, psychosocial well-being and vasomotor symptoms. Additionally, progressive muscle relaxation improves sleep quality and fatigue.

Background: Mechanical complications of total hip arthroplasty (THA) are potential issues that may arise following the primary THA. Improper placement of THA can lead to misalignment of the joint axis, resulting in instability, pain, and walking difficulties. Among the relatively rare postoperative mechanical complications, premature wear of prosthesis components is included. This wear can lead to catastrophic prosthesis dislocation, necessitating surgical revision of the THA. Aim of the study: The aim of this paper is to present an intriguing case description of a patient with premature THA wear classified as an early postoperative mechanical complication, warranting revision THA surgery. The likely cause of premature wear of the implanted acetabular cup was excessive prosthesis use associated with intense physical activity and a high level of patient fitness. Care report: The paper presents the medical history and treatment course of a 33-year-old active patient who underwent uncemented left hip THA surgery due to diagnosed coxarthrosis caused by congenital dysplasia. After 5 years, premature wear of the implanted acetabular cup occurred. The likely cause was excessive prosthesis exploitation related to intensive physical activity and a high level of patient fitness. A year after the first revision surgery, THA dislocation occurred, resulting in the necessity of a second revision with replacement of the acetabular cup, polyethylene inserts and femoral head of the endoprosthesis. Summary: Premature wear of THA poses a significant clinical challenge. Functional limitations, associated with the loss of hip joint stability, lead to difficulties in performing basic activities, further decreasing the patient's quality of life. It is also worth emphasizing that the treatment process for premature THA wear is associated with the possibility of surgical complications and a prolonged recovery period.

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in developed countries. It also occurs in men. The primary therapy for these cancers is surgery; chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy are also used. More and better treatments are being sought for this disease. The use of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer has shown good results, so in this article we have done a review of the results of various studies on this topic. [1] In this review, the results of studies on the use of various PARP inhibitors in breast cancer of different hormonal status are presented. Purpose This article aims to give you an overview of the trials that have looked at the effects of different PARP inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer. PARP inhibitors are a relatively new cancer therapy with good results, so it is important to pay attention. State of Knowledge In this article, I used the PubMed database and considered papers from the last 15 years, but most of the information in this review comes from papers published after 2020. I have also taken into account the recommendations of the FDA and the European Medicines Agency on the use of PARP inhibitors. Conclusions PARP inhibitors have shown significant effects on breast cancer outcomes. The differences in outcomes depending on the type of cancer, the PARP inhibitor used, and the previous therapies used in a given patient tell us how important it is to individualize therapy in oncology. The findings of the studies presented in this review also point to the need for further research that could focus on identifying patients who may best benefit from treatment with PARP inhibitors, as well as studying synergistic effects in combination with other forms of therapy, such as immunotherapy or chemotherapy. The changes in treatment outcomes that these drugs can bring underscore the importance of exploring new therapeutic strategies in oncology.

This paper aims to review current research on the ketogenic diet as a potential therapeutic approach for obesity and type 2 diabetes. This diet is characterized by high fat intake, moderate protein, and minimal carbohydrates, leading to a state of ketosis in which the body utilizes ketone bodies as its primary energy source. Studies indicate that the ketogenic diet may positively influence blood glucose control, enhance insulin sensitivity, and facilitate weight reduction, particularly relevant in the context of insulin resistance. The paper discusses the biological mechanisms underlying these effects, as well as potential risks associated with long-term adherence to the diet. It underscores that, despite promising results, further research is necessary to better understand the long-term effects of the ketogenic diet and its applicability across various patient populations. Conclusions highlight the need for patient monitoring during the dietary regimen and the potential for integrating the ketogenic diet into a broader strategy for managing metabolic diseases

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is defined as excessive bleeding, typically more than 500 ml of blood loss within the first 24 hours after childbirth. The Bakri Balloon technique has emerged as a promising solution for managing PPH, offering a minimally invasive approach to achieving hemostasis and preventing the need for more invasive surgical procedures. Aims: The aim of this paper review is to provide an overview of the effectiveness of intrauterine balloon tamponade in managing PPH. Methods: We conducted this paper review by selecting articles, retrospective cohort studies and reviews from clinical trials from PubMed. Results: Numerous studies have shown high success rates of treating PPH using The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade. Conclusions: The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade is an effective method in the management of primary postpartum hemorrhage.

Introduction and objective Osteoporosis is a disorder that leads to a decrease in bone mass, accompanied by a disruption in bone structure, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures. It affects a large number of people worldwide and constitutes a significant social and economic problem. It primarily affects older individuals, especially postmenopausal women. Fractures associated with osteoporosis diminish the quality of life. Osteoporosis often remains asymptomatic and is difficult to diagnose, typically identified incidentally following a low-energy fracture. Diagnosis of osteoporosis involves measuring bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteoporosis is diagnosed when bone mineral density is found to be more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean bone mineral density of healthy young adults with peak bone mass. Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include lack of physical activity, calcium deficiency in the diet, and alcohol consumption. Review methods The article was based on scientific papers retrieved from the PubMed website and scientific literature. The focus was on papers from 2016 to 2024. Articles written in English were utilized. Brief description of the state of knowledge Physical activity encompasses any muscular movement that increases energy expenditure beyond the resting metabolic rate, including weight-bearing exercises, strength training, high-intensity strength exercises, and balance and mobility training. Weight-bearing exercises yield the best results in osteoporosis prevention, recommended to be performed three times a week. Summary Physical activity is a scientifically proven preventive factor against osteoporosis, reducing the frequency of falls and increasing bone mineral density. Initiating physical activity at a young age yields significant benefits for bone strength.

Introduction and purpose Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions, especially in adolescents. The etiology of acne is complex, and many factors influence the formation of lesions. Local inflammation, a proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes, hormonal influences with particular importance of androgens, hyperkeratinization, and excessive sebum production are essential in the pathogenesis. The factors stimulating these processes are complex and not always clear. Therefore, in our work, we focused on investigating the connection between a high-glycemic diet and the formation of acne lesions. The state of knowledge The link between diet and acne has been only mentioned in the literature for many years. However, the development of science has made it possible to understand the exact pathogenesis of acne and the relationship of acne lesions to specific dietary components. Of all the diet products, a high glycemic index diet stands out as the one with the most significant impact. Foods with a high glycemic index, i.e. those with a high amount of simple sugars, through an increase in the expression of factors such as insulin, IGF-1 cause excessive sebum production in the sebaceous glands and even an increase in inflammatory infiltration, which further exacerbates acne lesions. In the following review paper, we have looked at the metabolic pathways and hormonal changes that link the consumption of high glycemic index foods to the formation of acne lesions and described several original papers that unequivocally demonstrate the critical role of this diet on acne formation. Summary Based on the literature, we emphasize that in acne treatment, it is necessary not only to focus on medications but, above all, to look at the patient holistically, modifying the lifestyle with particular importance on modifying the patient's diet by lowering its glycemic index.

Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease involving peripheral arthritis, spondylitis, dactylitis (inflammation of the whole digit) and enthesitis. It is a disease equally prevalent in both genders. Psoriatic arthritis coexists with several conditions, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. The reciprocal effects of comorbidities with psoriatic arthritis are demonstrated by recent research. There are several risk factors associated with the condition that might hasten or worsen its symptoms. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this paper is to present a thorough analysis of the research that has been done on comorbidities and risk factors for psoriatic arthritis. With an emphasis on changeable elements that might impact the disease's progression, the goal is to illustrate the multifaceted nature of psoriatic arthritis. The intention is also to highlight comorbidities that need to be considered while treating a patient with the illness. Materials and methods: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: psoriatic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and lifestyle, psoriatic arthritis and comorbidities, psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular risk, psoriatic arthritis and gastrointestinal diseases, psoriatic arthritis and physical activity, psoriatic arthritis and diet, psoriatic arthritis and alcohol, psoriatic arthritis and smoking. Conclusions: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease that affects many areas of patients' lives. It is critical to consider the connections that exist between this illness and other comorbidities. In order to provide a patient with this ailment with the best care possible, variables that might exacerbate the illness's progression must also be taken into consideration. Patients' mental health should get particular attention, and lifestyle modifications should be promoted.

Introduction: Herbal medicine has been growing in popularity over the last few years. One of the most often used herbal remedy is Withania somnifera, more widely known as Ashwagandha Now known for its anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-anxiety properties it ranks as a cure-all. However, there is a rising amount of alarming reports regarding its safety. It has been observed that its effects are not always beneficial, and for some patients the risks of taking it may be greater than the promoted benefits. Aim of study: The aim of this paper is to evaluate possible risks connected to Withania Somnifera consumption based on available research articles and case reports. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed Database from the period of 2004-2024 with the use of keywords such as “Ashwagandha”; “Withania Somnifera”, “herbal medicine”;”complementary medicine”;“liver injury”; “thyrotoxicosis”; “adrenal insufficiency”;”autoimmune diseases”. Results: The outcomes of all the reviewed studies in this paper indicate that Withania Somnifera might cause a wide range of side effects. They include herb induced liver injury, endocrine complications such as thyrotoxicosis and adrenal insufficiency, acute graft rejection in a kidney transplant recipient and possible contribution to the onset of new autoimmune disease in patient with the history of autoimmune disorders. Conclusion: Further long-term research is needed on the Ashwaghanda’s benefits but particularly on its safety and potential side effects. The common education on the risks of taking herbal supplements should be carried out among health professionals and the rest of the society. Ashwagandha should not be used by patients with liver, endocrine and autoimmune disorders as well as transplant recipients.

Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

Context: Angular gyrus is an anatomical structure of the brain located in the parietal lobe, taking part in writing and reading, language-use, memory and attention and spatial recognition. It is supplied by the angular gyrus artery, which is one of the caudal branches of the middle cerebral artery. One of the clinical pathologies of the angular gyrus artery is the ischemic stroke of the angular gyrus in the dominant hemisphere, responsible for the presence of Gerstmann Syndrome: left-right disorientation, agraphia, alexia, acalculia and finger agnosia. This systematic review aims to present the variety of anomalies of the main cerebral artery and the angular gyrus artery. Objective: Preparing a systematic review of papers describing the course anomalies of the angular gyrus artery. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases was searched for phrases: ‘Angular gyrus artery’, ‘Artery of angular gyrus’, ‘Middle cerebral artery branches’, ‘Branches of middle cerebral artery’, ‘Gerstmann Syndrome’ published between years 2015 and 2023. Also 3 papers published before 2000 were used. From the selected 30 papers, 6 were used to prepare this analysis. Results: The middle cerebral artery, from which arises the angular gyrus artery, is marked by a significant variety of its division, mainly the number of the dividing trunks of the artery. Depending on the type of the division, the angular gyrus artery can arise from the upper, middle or lower trunk and vary in sizes. It can also appear as a singular or two separate branches. Instances of the anomaly of both the angular gyrus artery and posterior parietal artery are rare, but reported. Conclusions: The angular gyrus artery is characterised by a number of anomalies in its course, separation from the middle cerebral artery, diameter and branching.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on the health benefits of various food that is traditionally considered probiotic, focusing on how they impact on varied health conditions. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. In addition, the paper also searches for scientific basis for their action. Material and methods A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on checking whether the microorganisms contained in pickled food meet the WHO criteria for probiotics. Summary Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. Additionally, compared to probiotics from the pharmacy, fermented products provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional value, valuable fiber and vitamins, benefiting to our health.

Introduction and purpose: In our work, we focused on presenting the role of collagen supplementation and its impact on skin and joint health. We considered studies discussing the differences in the effects of collagen from various plant and animal sources. We also examined the influence of the degree of hydrolysis on the absorbability of the supplement. The aim of the paper is to comprehensively summarize knowledge on collagen supplementation, differentiating between its sources and forms. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the subject of oral collagen supplementation comprehensively. We explored studies about various forms and sources of collagen. We also delved into the collagen supplementation impact on skin and joints health and impact of additives in enhancing the positive effect of collagen . State of knowledge: Oral collagen supplementation can be beneficial for skin and joints health. It promote collagen synthesis in human body increasing strength of skin and joints. The higher the degree of collagen hydrolysis, the more easily it is absorbed by the body. Additives in the form of vitamin C and A can enhance collagen synthesis. Results and conclusions: This review article indicates a growing interest in oral collagen supplementation and its impact on health. Although there are encouraging findings regarding positive effects, further research is necessary to better understand and determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum supplementation benefits. This information may be crucial for clinical decisions made by physicians regarding joint reinforcement and anti-aging effects on the skin.

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

This scientific paper focuses on the treatment of breast cancer, one of the most common cancers among women. Despite increased awareness and the popularity of screening tests, statistics indicate a significant rise in incidence. The paper presents breast-conserving treatment methods, including brachytherapy, as a modern technique with promising outcomes. It describes the physical properties of ionizing radiation used in brachytherapy, discussing the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and the phenomenon of pair production. The paper then delves into the biological effects of ionizing radiation, emphasizing the dependence on the cell cycle phase. It highlights lethal, sublethal, and potentially lethal cellular damage, categorizing the effects of radiation interaction into early and late responses. The discussion transitions to the application of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment, focusing on various techniques such as LDR, PDR, and HDR. The paper provides a detailed description of brachytherapy's use in breast-conserving treatment, considering contraindications, treatment planning, and Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) techniques. The radioisotopes used in brachytherapy are also presented, with special attention to Iridium-192. The physical and practical aspects related to this isotope are discussed, along with other commonly used radioisotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Strontium-90. The paper concludes with a summary, emphasizing the significance of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment and outlining its prospects for development. The authors highlight precision and shortened therapy duration.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvement. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on non surgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years.

Background. Recent research has demonstrated intriguing relationships between martial arts practice, particularly Kyokushin Karate Katas (KKK), biophotonic emissions, and changes in water properties. This emerging field connects traditional mind-body practices with modern biophysical measurements. Purpose. To analyze and synthesize current evidence regarding the mechanisms of information transfer between practitioners of Kyokushin Karate and water, focusing on biophotonic emissions, neurophysiological changes, and subsequent effects on recipients of treated water. Methods. We reviewed primary research focusing on: (1) biophotonic emissions during martial arts practice, (2) water structure modifications through mental practices, and (3) neurophysiological effects of treated water. Key papers from 2010-2024 were analyzed, with particular attention to the pioneering work of Babelyuk et al. (2024, 2025) and related studies in biophoton research. Results. Evidence suggests that KKK practice induces measurable changes in practitioners' biophotonic emissions, particularly from brain regions and fingertips. These changes correlate with specific EEG patterns and entropy measures. Water exposed to practitioners during KKK shows altered properties, including modified light emission characteristics and structural changes. Recipients consuming treated water demonstrate neurophysiological changes, even under double-blind conditions. Conclusions. The reviewed research suggests a potentially viable mechanism for information transfer from practitioner to water through biophotonic emissions, with subsequent biological effects on recipients. These findings bridge traditional Eastern practices with Western biophysical measurements, opening new avenues for understanding mind-body interactions.

Introduction and purpose: Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that affects about 10% of women worldwide. Women suffering from endometriosis are susceptible to mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. It is essential to highlight the psychological struggles of women with endometriosis in order to integrate physical and psychological care and subsequently enhance the treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: Medical databases such as Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar were searched for scientific papers on endometriosis and its relationship with the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Research outlined the influence of endometriosis treatment, social stigmatization and non-medicinal approach. State of knowledge: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among women with endometriosis is significant. The symptoms of the disease influence daily struggles, relationship with partners and family, education and career responsibilities, subsequently lowering the quality of life. Women with endometriosis experience social stigmatization manifested not only from society members but also from healthcare professionals. The approach to the medical treatment by patients was discovered to be of consequence. Literature review emphasizes the benefits of psychological support and empathetic attitude of medical practitioners. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary team is essential in order to provide intervention strategies leading to greater therapeutic outcomes in endometriosis treatment. Endometriosis and mental disorders are inextricably connected. More research is needed to accent the importance of mental health in the treatment of physical conditions.

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed and studied stimulants worldwide with a long history in athletics as a performance enhancer. Although listed as a stimulant in the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA’s) 2024 Monitoring Program, its use is not prohibited. Individual responses to caffeine vary widely due to factors like genetics, age, and lifestyle habits, such as smoking and diet. This paper examines caffeine's multifaced role in human metabolism, with an emphasis on athletes' training (endurance and strength) and post-exercise recovery. Our comprehensive review of literature indicates that caffeine typically ingested one hour before exercise in doses around 3-6 mg/kg raises metabolic rate, increases free fatty acids mobilization, extends time to exhaustion in running and cycling, improves maximal voluntary contraction and enhances high-speed muscular activity with low-load movements. It also blocks pain perception. These findings highlight caffeine’s role in endurance and strength sports. However, due to inconsistencies, further research is needed to develop exercise-specific protocols considering dose, timing, and training status. Caffeine aids recovery by reducing delayed - onset muscle soreness, improving glycogen resynthesis, and reducing fatigue. However, late consumption may affect sleep, requiring careful timing and dosage adjustments. Moreover, potential side and positive effects of caffeine ingestion need to be considered.

Introduction: Obesity is a serious health problem that affects a very large percentage of the population, including middle-aged and senior people. Overweight and obesity are risk factors for many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Many papers have been produced investigating the effects of different types of training and diet on body fat levels in overweight and obese populations. One of the best studied forms of exercise is aerobic training. In this article, we will discuss the effects of aerobic training or its combination with resistance training on weight loss and fat burning in an elderly population, including those suffering from sarcopenic obesity. Aim of the study: To demonstrate the effects of aerobic training and the combination of aerobic training and resistance training on weight loss, body fat reduction and other relevant health parameters in a middle-aged and older population. Methods: A review of the literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar databases conducted using key words such as obesity, older adults, overweight, aerobic, resistance training. The review of available publications mainly focused on studies with the strongest scientific evidence such as randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses. Conclusion: Physical exercise is a crucial part of the fight against obesity. The implementation of training supports weight reduction and, at the same time, has a positive impact on fitness and physical performance. Aerobic training has a positive effect on weight loss, but the best results are obtained when aerobic training is accompanied by resistance training, as it has a positive effect on muscle strength and muscle tissue quality and has a positive effect on bone mineral density (BMD). However, it should be noted that significant fat reduction requires the implementation of a calorie deficit.

This paper examines the impact of playing tennis on the visual system, providing an in-depth analysis of physiological, adaptive, and risk-related aspects associated with the sport. The dynamic nature of tennis necessitates intensive visual engagement to track a fast-moving ball, thereby enhancing dynamic vision, depth perception, and visuomotor coordination. On the other hand, the sport also poses risks such as eye strain and mechanical injuries, including corneal and retinal damage. The study underscores the importance of peripheral vision in the game and the need for the visual system to adapt to varying lighting conditions. The authors highlight the benefits of implementing vision exercises and protective measures, such as sunglasses and contact lenses. The significance of preventive measures, regular eye check-ups, and education for players, coaches, and parents is also emphasized. Although demanding, tennis offers opportunities to improve visual functions, contributing to athletic development and visual health.

Introduction and purpose: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a frequently diagnosed condition in patients seeking medical care. It encompasses a range of disorders that can be classified based on underlying causes, clinical symptoms, or inflammatory types. Although the precise cause of CRS remains unclear, the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020 (EPOS 2020) has recently offered updated insights, treatment strategies, and recommendations. State of knowledge: Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of the microbiota in inflammatory diseases. The optimal bacterial environment in the sinonasal mucosa, where inhaled bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, and particles initially interact, is still not fully understood. The dysbiosis theory, which emphasizes the importance of the microbiome and its relationship with the host, is the predominant model explaining CRS pathogenesis. Disruptions in this balance can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations in CRS patients. Conclusions: Given the impact of CRS treatment on the composition of sinus and nasopharyngeal microbiota, the dysbiosis theory highlights the importance of addressing this aspect in therapeutic strategies. Ongoing research is exploring the potential use of pre- and probiotics as novel treatment options. A more thorough understanding of the microbiological factors involved in CRS is crucial for developing personalized, targeted therapies for affected individuals.

Introduction and purpose Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by a significantly increased risk of developing various malignancies, including ovarian cancer. This study aims to analyse the risk of ovarian cancer development in patients with Lynch syndrome and to compare the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this neoplasm in the context of sporadic cases. Description This discussion explores the genetic mechanisms underlying mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, which are essential for maintaining genomic stability. The diagnostic criteria, including the Amsterdam Criteria and the Bethesda Guidelines, are reviewed. The paper highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by the nonspecific symptoms of ovarian cancer and emphasizes the importance of early detection and monitoring. A comprehensive review of treatment modalities is also provided, covering surgical cytoreduction, chemotherapy, and emerging therapies, such as immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. The importance of interdisciplinary care for patients is underscored, along with the need for preventive measures and health education to manage cancer risk. Summary Despite the challenges associated with diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for patients with ovarian cancer linked to Lynch syndrome is generally more favourable than for those with sporadic cancers. This can be attributed to earlier diagnosis and the favourable histopathological characteristics of tumours associated with Lynch syndrome.

Introduction and objective: Varicose veins in the lower extremities are a clinical manifestation of chronic venous disease. The condition is highly prevalent, with incidence increasing with age. Varicose veins are often accompanied by pain, and neglecting treatment can lead to complications such as superficial vein inflammation, deep vein thrombosis, and, most critically, pulmonary embolism. The primary aim of this study was to analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of available contemporary invasive methods for treating varicose veins in the lower extremities. Additionally, this paper addresses the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation of chronic venous insufficiency. Review methods: The literature review utilized databases covering sources from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus. Keywords included: ‘varicose veins of the lower limbs’; ‘spider veins’; ‘EVLT (endovenous laser treatment of the small saphenous vein and great saphenous vein)’; ‘sclerotherapy’; ‘diode laser’; ‘varicose vein surgeries of the lower limbs’. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Numerous methods for treating lower limb varicose veins are available. Among all treatment options, minimally invasive procedures using laser technology, steam, or radiofrequency waves are the most common. These procedures have been successfully performed for many years, with an estimated effectiveness of approximately 90% over a five-year observation period. Summary: Despite the high prevalence and complex pathophysiological mechanisms of varicose veins in the lower extremities, current treatment methods allow for a satisfactory therapeutic outcome in most patients.

Introduction: Long COVID is a complication of the coronavirus disease. As a relatively new medical condition, it presents challenges in establishing consistent principles for its classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Objective: The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge regarding the new medical condition known as Long COVID in children. Materials and Methods: The review includes works published between 2020 and 2024, available in the PubMed database, identified using relevant keywords, as well as the WHO publication "World Health Organization. A clinical case definition for post COVID-19 condition in children and adolescents by expert consensus, 16 February 2023." Results: The literature review revealed that Long COVID is a relatively common issue, affecting up to 25.24% of children and adolescents. Identified risk factors include age over 10 years, severe primary infection, MIS-C, female gender, allergic diseases, obesity, living in polluted areas, comorbidities, poor physical and mental health, and prior respiratory infections. The spectrum of LC symptoms is broad and includes many nonspecific manifestations. The diversity of symptoms complicates diagnosis and necessitates a more holistic approach to patient care. Treatment of LC in children also poses a challenge. Most available studies focus on adults, with limited reports suggesting the efficacy of lactoferrin in managing gastrointestinal symptoms of LC in children. Physical activity is also suggested as an effective rehabilitation method for addressing reduced physical capacity and chronic fatigue. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for large-scale studies on the risk factors, causes, symptoms, and treatment of LC in children and adolescents. Developing cohesive guidelines would improve patients' quality of life, facilitate diagnosis, and streamline treatment processes.

The present paper aims to provide an overview of the use of biologically active components derived from mineral, synthetic, phyto-, and organic sources in the development of local hemostatic agents. The study highlights the historical and contemporary use of these agents in medical practice, and examines the scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. Hemostasis, the process of stopping bleeding, is a critical component of surgical and medical procedures. Local hemostatic agents are widely used to achieve hemostasis in a targeted and controlled manner, thereby minimizing the risk of complications associated with bleeding. The use of biologically active components derived from various sources, including minerals, synthetic materials, plants, and organic compounds, has a long history in the development of hemostatic agents. These components can act through various mechanisms, such as inducing platelet aggregation, activating the coagulation cascade, or promoting the formation of blood clots. Recent advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology have led to the development of novel hemostatic agents with improved properties, such as enhanced biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and controlled release. These agents have the potential to revolutionize hemostasis in surgical and medical procedures, and improve patient outcomes. Overall, the study highlights the importance of biologically active components derived from mineral, synthetic, phyto-, and organic sources in the development of local hemostatic agents. The review of historical and contemporary use of these agents underscores their continued relevance in medical practice, while recent advances in technology offer exciting new possibilities for future development. After a thorough review of domestic and foreign literature, the development team used adsorbing materials from biologically active components of mineral, synthetic, phyto-, and organic origin to create a hemostatic powder known as "PLANTOR." The active components of PLANTOR include aerosol, carrageenan of a special brand, and a specific mixture of medicinal vegetable oils, which have a special sorption effect. Due to the well-selected composition of the product, PLANTOR forms a blood clot in the wound through a biophysical process of liquid absorption. Notably, PLANTOR does not contain procoagulant minerals or nanoparticles that could remain in the human body, and therefore does not belong to means with a chemical or biochemical mechanism of action. Based on the above, it is possible to recommend the hemostatic agent-powder "PLANTOR" of the trade mark "PLANTOR tm" and "Dr. Sokolovskiy R" of the manufacturer "Medpro Nutraceuticals" (Latvia) by order of LLC "Plantor" (Ukraine, Dnipro), the author and owner of the developed technology of the hemostatic agent - powder "PLANTOR" (TU U 20.4-44827581-001:2022) as an auxiliary means of revitalization, local coagulation, treated wound surfaces during emergency medical care for external bleeding.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorder that affects women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and a range of clinical manifestations, including infertility and metabolic disturbances. Effective management of PCOS remains a challenge due to its multifaceted nature, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of therapeutic options. Aim of the Study: This paper aims to explore the role of various treatment modalities for PCOS, with a particular emphasis on the use of metformin, an antidiabetic medication increasingly recognized for its benefits in managing insulin resistance and other associated conditions in PCOS patients. Conclusion: The findings highlight metformin's three primary mechanisms of action: enhancing insulin sensitivity, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, and influencing lipid metabolism. Metformin is effective in improving metabolic parameters and restoring ovulatory function in women with PCOS. While it is a cornerstone of therapy, the management of PCOS requires a tailored approach that considers individual clinical symptoms and phenotypes. Additional therapeutic strategies, including non-pharmacological measures and other pharmacological agents, play a vital role in a comprehensive treatment plan for PCOS.

The following paper aims to discuss melanoma located in the eye. Melanoma is a malignant tumor arising from melanocytes, in which a mutation has occurred in the DNA and pathological cells have developed. In most cases, this tumor is located on the skin exposed to sunlight, but it is also rarely located in the structures of the eye, especially in the part called uvea. It consists of the anterior and posterior parts, and in each of them the process of carcinogenesis can occur. The disease can cause very non-specific symptoms, mainly pain, visual disturbances, floaters and photopsia, or exophthalmos, but almost half of the cases are asymptomatic. Treatment is complicated and depends on many factors, radiation therapy, laser therapy, local resection and enucleation are used. Most patients are diagnosed when the changes are already extensive, or metastases occur. In the case of liver metastases, the prognosis is unfavorable. For this reason, we want every doctor to pay attention to the eye symptoms reported by the patient in order to be able to recognize this disease as soon as possible and treat it effectively.

Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a form of neuropathic pain that targets the fifth cranial nerve, leading to intense facial pain that can significantly impact one’s quality of life. This condition typically manifests as recurring episodes of sharp, unilateral pain along one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve.The exact mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia remains largely unknown. Most pain attacks are triggered by certain stimuli in the areas served by the trigeminal nerve. One possible treatment approach for trigeminal neuralgia is radiofrequency thermocoagulation. Aim: The aim of this article is to explore the underlying mechanisms of trigeminal neuralgia and assess the effectiveness of treating it through radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Review methods: A comprehensive analysis of research papers available on PubMed and Google Scholar was undertaken using the searchterms encompassing the following keywords: trigeminal neuralgia / Gasserian ganglion radiofrequency thermal therapy/ radiofrequency thermal coagulation/ radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy/ trigeminal neuralgia mechanism. Conclusion: The exact mechanisms behind trigeminal neuralgia are still unclear, but several theories suggest that factors such as inflammation, ion channel dysfunction, neuroinflammatory conditions, or bioresonance issues may be involved. Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation (RFT) has proven to be an effective option for easing pain in individuals suffering from Trigeminal Neuralgia. Research indicates that RFT not only significantly reduces pain initially but also provides a prolonged period of relief post-procedure. The temperature achieved during radiofrequency treatments is a key factor in determining the effectiveness of RFT.

Ageing is a complex process occurring simultaneously on various levels - visual, physical, mental. Some among many factors responsible for maintenance of good physical and mental health are various nutrients, vitamins, antioxidants and medical drugs. Within this review, selected substances that show anti-ageing potential were examined. This paper reviews data on model organisms concerning the effects of widely used drugs and dietary supplements on the lifespan of model organisms.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of different diseases is being widely researched, the understanding of whether the dysbiosis of the gut flora demonstrates the significant role in Alzheimer disease (AD) is accentuated. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of the gut microbiota - its diversity, stability and composition in this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: It is still uncertain if alteration in gut microbiome is a consequence of AD or its risk factor, but some findings suggest that the intestinal flora is able to influence the activity of the brain and lead to its dysfunctions. There is also the association between composition of the gut microbiome and AD. Results indicate that affected patients had less heterogeneity in their microbiome and the progression of AD led to alterations in the bacterial flora. Introducing modifications of the gut microbiota is considered as a therapeutic option for AD. Following personalized diet, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics administration or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be beneficial for affected patients. Conclusions: The subject of the role of the gut microbiota merits further research as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. Presently, still more data is needed as most of the research was collected on animal models and the analysis conducted on humans remains insufficient. We conclude that further studies are warranted in order to fully understand the pathophysiology of the disease and the possible usefulness of microbiome therapy.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, as the frequency of obesity is alarming, the role of many factors that could contribute in preventing and treating this condition are being researched, among them the certain food with beneficial health profiles - one of them is soybeans, specifically the isoflavones it contains. Populations that consume soy are known for lower risk of various disorders - among them obesity. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of these bioactive components in the treatment of this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is one of the leading challenges in today’s healthcare as it leads to various chronic diseases that are fraught in consequences. Current knowledge is pointing into the association between composition of the soy isoflavones and the lower risk of obesity. Results of the studies indicate that patients affected with obesity could benefit from introducing soy isoflavones into their diet along with other necessary modifications. Conclusions: Soy isoflavones are potential agents in the holistic obesity treatment. Consumption of isoflavones merits further recognition as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. It is worth mentioning that consumption of soy isoflavones is not only an anti-obese factor, but also presents various other health benefits and when consumed rationally poses no risk to human’s well being. We conclude that further studies would enable us to fully reveal the potential of those polyphenols.

Introduction and aim Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic condition that affects an increasing number of people each year[1]. Healing the ulceration requires cooperation between patients, specialists and scientists in order to achieve satisfactory results. Treating this type of wound is not only a therapeutic challenge[1,2,3,4,5,6], but also an economic one, which is why so much scientific research has already been made on this phenomenon[2,3]. Still scientists continue their quest for new cost-effective alternatives to current therapeutic options that would be consistent with contemporary knowledge and available engineering capabilities in pursuance of creating techniques and new dressings that will accelerate the healing of DFUs[2,3,7,8]. Factors such as stress, obesity, certain medications, and chronic diseases appear to negatively affect the process of repair [1,9,10,4,6,11]. Studies prove that aloe vera gel due to its healing properties, can be considered as a potential dressing that will expedite the mending process of diabetic foot ulceration[12,13,14]. In this paper, we performed a literature review of the applicability of aloe vera in the healing process of DFUs. Materials and methods Searching the available literature, including randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews, we drew on databases focusing on the effects of treatment for diabetic foot ulceration using Aloe vera. Conclusion: The current scientific research on the use of Aloe vera gel in diabetic foot ulcer treatment indicates that this method is safe, effective and inexpensive[2,3]. However the difficulty of treatment and the increasing prevalence of this type of wound pose a challenge to finding new solutions and exploring mechanisms in which aloe vera can have a possible role in the wound healing process. Nevertheless, this paper presents a promising impact of Aloe vera gel applicability in the healing process of diabetic foot ulcer.

Introduction and purpose: Apples are a widely consumed fruit globally and are known to be a great source of nutrition. Studies have shown that apples contain high levels of antioxidants, dietary fiber, and vitamins that contribute to numerous health benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of apples on human health. State of knowledge: The paper reviews the current literature on the health benefits of apples, focusing on their impact on various health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Additionally, it examines the role of apples in improving intestinal, immune, and cognitive function. The paper also discusses the potential mechanisms by which apples exert their health benefits, such as high levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber. Summary: In conclusion, the vast body of evidence reviewed in this paper supports the notion that consuming apples regularly can contribute to better health outcomes. They may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, as well as promote healthy gut microbiota and immune function. Despite the controversy surrounding the use of pesticides in apple cultivation, the benefits of consuming apples outweigh the risks. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include apples as part of a balanced and nutritious diet to promote optimal health and wellbeing. As the saying goes, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away".

Introduction and objective: A plant-based diet is being adopted by an increasing number of people worldwide. Its health benefits have been described in numerous scientific studies. Unfortunately, an improperly balanced diet that excludes animal-derived products can, through various mechanisms, lead to deficiencies and disruptions in the functioning of many systems in the body. This review paper aims to present and summarize the findings and current literature on the impact of a plant-based diet on the menstrual cycle and female fertility. Brief description of the state of knowledge: There is insufficient research on how minerals and vitamins influence the biochemical processes of the menstrual cycle and related symptoms. While nutrient deficiencies in plant-based diets are widely discussed, most studies focus on general health rather than the reproductive system, which is crucial for hormonal balance and fertility. This highlights the need for more research to improve our understanding of the female reproductive and endocrine systems and ensure better care for women. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with search terms like "impact of plant-based diet", "menstrual cycle disorders", "causes of female infertility", "deficiencies in vegans and vegetarians" and related variations. Articles published within the last five years were prioritized. Conclusions: A properly followed plant-based diet, supported by supplementation, has a positive effect on the female reproductive system, without causing menstrual cycle disorders or infertility. Unfortunately, the more exclusions present in the diet, the more likely it is to cause deficiencies in minerals and vitamins. Inadequate levels of these nutrients can lead to abnormalities in the female reproductive system, both in laboratory tests and in symptoms experienced by women.

The EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping product use-Associated Lung Injury) epidemic of 2019 was a major public health challenge, attracting the attention of both the scientific community and the public. In a short period of time, thousands of cases of acute lung injuries and deaths were reported among e-cigarette users, previously unrelated to the risk, shedding new light on the safety of these devices and exposing gaps in the regulations regarding their use. This paper aims to review the literature on the EVALI epidemic, with particular emphasis on epidemiology, identification of the etiological agent, clinical presentation and treatment. Based on the collected data, the authors also analysed the possibilities of preventing similar events in the future, emphasizing regulations, health education of patients and increasing physicians' awareness of EVALI.

Introduction and Objective: Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is rare, particularly in children. It’s characterized by high aggressiveness and a tendency to metastasize. Due to the limited number of published case reports and studies in the pediatric population, it’s difficult to standardize diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The aim of this paper is to collect and systematize the available information on cases of conjunctival melanoma in children. Materials and Methods: Two databases were used for the review: PubMed and Scopus. Additionally, references were manually searched. After removing duplicates, 283 articles were obtained, of which 20 were included in the review. The analysis included articles in English that contained detailed information on the course of CM in children. Abbreviated Description of the State of Knowledge: Conjunctival melanoma accounts for 2-5% of all eye tumors. Clinically, it presents as a pigmented lesion with heterogeneous shape and structure. Its development may be associated with UV radiation and genetic mutations. In diagnostic process, an ophthalmological examination is crucial, along with the search for potential metastases and recurrences. Treatment primarily involves surgical removal, with the addition of cryotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy if necessary. Summary: Despite rare occurrence of CM, due to its high aggressiveness, every conjunctival lesion should be thoroughly examined with oncological vigilance. The amount of data on this subject is limited, so further research is needed to help develop prognosis and management strategies. A greater number of studies in the future may also contribute to the development of new therapeutic options, thereby improving outcomes.