Search

Introduction and purpose A pilonidal cyst also known as a pilondial sinus, is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the intergluteal region, which can lead to serious infections. It most commonly affects young men, with risk factors including the presence of hair in this area, excessive sweating, obesity, and poor hygiene. Symptoms include a lump, pain, and purulent discharge from openings in the skin. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, a physical examination, and often an ultrasound. The aim of this paper is to present and compare the available methods for treating pilonidal cysts. Materials and methods Literature available in PubMed databases were reviewed using the following keywords: ‘’Pilonidal cyst’’, ‘’Hair cyst’’, ‘’Abscess’’, ‘’Treatment of pilonidal cyst’’,’’ Bascom II method’’,’’ Limberg flap’’,’’ Suchorski technique’’, ‘’V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction’’,’’ the Karadakis’’ Results The available treatment methods can be divided into conservative and invasive approaches. Conservative methods include hair removal and improved hygiene. Among the surgical methods, there are traditional excision techniques and modern methods such as excision using the Bascom II method, Limberg flap, Suchorski technique, or V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction. The Karadakis method, which involves shifting a skin flap, is particularly effective for obese patients. Conclusion Treatment of pilonidal cysts depends on the stage and symptoms. Abscesses require urgent surgical intervention, while asymptomatic cysts can be treated conservatively or surgically.

The EU Member States are characterised by long and varied institutional history, with different trajectories in their evolution. There is a complex system of relations between the institutions of the European Union and the authorities of the Member States, which are called as the European Administrative Space. This is a multidimensional concept, and it promotes intensive cooperation between administrative actors, and their activities from each level. The European Administrative Space is the area, in which increasingly integrated administrations jointly exercise power delegated to the EU in a system of shared sovereignty. This article explores the reasons for and the consequences of this development.

Lipoedema is a chronic progressive disorder of adipose tissue leading to an enlargement of lower extremities. It is considered to be rare; however, the prevalence of the disease is underestimated because it is commonly misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema and the general awareness is poor. The etiology of the disorder is considered to be multifarious, including genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance and microcirculation alterations. Diagnosis is mainly based on medical history and physical examination. Management of lipoedema is focused on reducing the symptoms, improving the quality of life and preventing further progression of the disease. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of the disease and provide appropriate clinical guidance for the assessment of lipoedema. We searched through the PubMed/MEDLINE database and took into consideration all of the results available as of 6September, 2020 and outlined the current evidence regarding lipoedema epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management. Better understanding of lipoedema is crucial for establishing an early diagnosis and a proper treatment, which in turn will reduce the psychological and physical implications associated with the disease.

Maintaining of the proper predetermined paper pulp consistency on the different stages of the paper or cardboard manufacturing process significantly affects on quality and self cost of manufactured articles. The improvement of precision and repeatability of the paper pulp viscosity and consistency measurements is relevant to paper industry. Objective of the work is to improve the industrial-type paper pulp rotational consistometer. A new method for measurement of paper pulp concentration by means of a rotational viscometer was suggested which enables determining the flow consistency index K and flow behavior index n in the Ostwald-de Waele power law. The influence of the following torques on the measurement results is eliminated thanks to the new method: the friction torque in the seal of the sensitive element, the friction torque in the bearings of the shaft and the torque created under the influence of the flow with distorted flow speed profile. This is achieved by measuring the torque which acts on the sensitive element approaching the selected frequencies of sensitive element rotation both from the lower and higher frequencies. The mean torque value is calculated based on the obtained values. The measurements are conducted for two sensitive element rotation frequencies adjusted in advance. The frequency of sensitive element rotation is changed by means of a frequency converter. It is shown that by using two different rotation frequencies of the sensitive element of a rotational viscometer it is possible to define the flow consistency index and the flow behavior index. Paper pulp viscosity and consistency is defined on the basis of these two indexes. It is also suggested to average the results of viscous friction torque measurement approaching the rotation frequency of the viscometer sensitive element to the working frequency chosen for measurement from the lower and higher frequency ranges. By averaging the results of such measurement the friction torques in sealing and bearings supporting the sensitive element shaft are compensated. By changing the rotation direction of the sensitive element and by further averaging the obtained results it is possible to eliminate the influence of the asymmetrical distribution of paper pulp flow speed in the pipeline. This improves accuracy of the paper pulp consistency measurement.

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

The conducted study has shown problems with electronic documents already in the moment of their accession, as well as arrangement and description, storage and providing access to them in the archive. It turned out that, unfortunately, electronic documents are treated only as an addition to paper versions of materials. The study uses method of document analysis (including electronic document), as well as a survey – a questionnaire. The object of the study was a private papers of Professor Stanisław Gorgolewski.

The problems of the creation of the basic reasons of Ukrainian nation’s political identity in the context of cultural and political dimension have been revealed in the article. It has been found that Cyril and Methodians understood the reasons of political division, which had historical and spiritual background. It has been shown that members of Cyril and Methodiy’s company tried to determine the variations of directions in the development of national and political unity and to determine the Ukrainian national - cultural priorities. They argued that the Ukrainian mentality had been formed on the basis of the following dominant principles: respect to the family, esthetical love to their native land, rational and ethical attitude and respect to human life. It has been indicated, that Cyril and Methodians had proven the idea about the state of the national culture, which had transformed into the global culture through Russian culture, although Ukrainian and Russian culture had perceived differently the importance of global processes. Big attention has been paid to the fact that free Ukrainian people had the experience of struggling for the affirmation of present national character, they did not want to form unions that would destroy freedom. The achievements of Ukrainian national freedom have been described primarily in the implementation of the “freedom” of the individual. Statements of the human freedom being the need of self-expression inside the individual freedom by means of obtaining a sign of social freedom have been suggested. It can be provided when collectivism has no pressure on the will of the individual and cannot influence its intellectual potential. The emphasis has been referred to the fact that the psychology of self-defense is based on Ukrainian cultural achievements being the part of its national identity. The forms of language development, the construction of temples, traditional rituals of rural life have been developed. The “live” power laid in national and cultural achievements of Ukrainians as they borrowed the values from other cultures and adapted to their minds. This happened due to the fact that national culture was formed as a specific element of the current world culture and withstand the pressure of “great power.” It has been noted that Ukrainians contributed to the development of Russian culture, they dissolved this so-called Little Russian mentality in the Russian public sphere and popularized Ukrainian spirit. The impact of ideas of European Slavophiles Decembrists, Ukrainian philosophers to the attitudes of Cyril and Methodius has been reviewed. Theoretical and methodological basis to analyze the maturing political identity formed work of contemporary philosophers, political scientists, cultural studies, where they were identified and developed fundamental categories methodology regarding patterns of political thinking Ukrainian nation.

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

ESG reporting has become a critical component of corporate transparency, driven by growing stakeholder demands and changing regulatory requirements. The article identifies critical problems, including the need for standardized reporting systems, the complexity of data collection, and the diversity of regulatory and legal acts in different countries. In addition, the article examines the theoretical foundations of ESG reporting: stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and signaling theory. The theoretical foundations emphasize the importance of aligning corporate practices with the expectations of a wide range of stakeholders. The paper examines industry practices and geographic differences in ESG reporting practices, highlighting how different sectors and regions prioritize different aspects of ESG performance. Despite the challenges, the paper argues that the future of ESG reporting is promising. The spread of ESG reporting practices depends on the support of global initiatives to harmonize reporting standards and the growing recognition of the importance of sustainable development. By addressing these challenges, companies can improve their ESG performance, contribute to sustainable development, and strengthen stakeholder relationships. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of ESG reporting and offers insight into its future direction. The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine within the framework of the project «Development of a Mechanism for Sustainable Development of Economic Systems in the Conditions of Military Actions and Post-War Economic Recovery» (registration number 0124U000463).

Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a key indicator to measure the effectiveness of production systems. This paper aims to evaluate and improve a plastic production line based on OEE evaluation. An integrated framework is proposed to enhance the production system efficiency. This paper presents the data for a Plastic production line in Jordan under real working conditions. The data covers three months. A framework process to improve the OEE of the Plastic production system was proposed. Six major stoppage losses were inspected with the help of Pareto analysis. Furthermore, the actual availability, efficiency, and quality rate measures, together with the whole OEE for each working day, week, and month of the production line were shown. The methodology is based on determining the OEE of a Plastic production line after determining the causes of failures. The fishbone diagram tool is used to determine the root causes of failures. To improve the OEE measure, several losses are identified. The results reveal that the company should improve its policy to improve the production line’s performance and reduce losses. Top management should also pay attention to reducing the speed losses, which consist of 58.1%, and eliminate the planned and unscheduled disruptions covering 12.73% of all losses. This can be achieved by establishing a proper operation management procedure and strategy. This, in turn, optimized the equipment’s effectiveness. The quality procedure should include the changeover program that may be executed every day. Similarly, all preventive maintenance procedures for the six machines should be properly executed in predetermined intervals. There are several limitations in the research. Firstly, the research case study is only the plastic production system. Secondly, the research is related to the downtime or stoppage by analyzing it using fishbone diagram. Further, supported by other techniques such as the Pareto chart, six big losses analyses and CED. This research conducted on a Plastic industry. However, similar studies can be carried out in future in other manufacturing industries like electronic, pharmaceutical, textile industries, etc., and service industry. However, as future research work the contributions of this paper with other lean manufacturing concept like six sigma, quality function deployment, TQM, and just-in-time manu-facturing, can also be conducting to assess the overall production line efficiency. On the other hand, several statistical tests can be implemented based on data collected of TPM performance indicators. The proposed method supports policymakers in their decision-making process on the operations management line. Further-more, it improves the production systems’ productivity quality, and performance, reducing unplanned stop-pages and breakdowns, and reducing maintenance costs.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), thus it is pursues to improve their performance to stay in the global competitive markets through adopting an efficient manufacturing systems, one of them is lean production (LP). LP is a continuous improvement philosophy that based on using various lean activities to improve enterprise performance by eliminating various type of waste. In this paper, a Lean Level Assessment Methodology is proposed which integrated Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) to identify level of importance of lean activities and assess the level of SMEs leanness concerning five dimensions of lean activities. SMEs lean activities have surveyed through a comprehensive literature review, where twenty six lean activities have identified as the most common SMEs activities that classifying into five lean dimensions. A questionnaire was developed to collect data related to the levels of adoption of these lean activities by SMEs using a triple Likert scale. EFA was used to extract the most influencing lean activities on SMEs leanness based on questionnaire data. FAHP was used to determine the weights and the level of importance of these lean activities, while FTOPSIS was employed to investigate and assess the level of SMEs’ leanness related to the five lean dimensions activities. The proposed methodology has applied in four Iraqi SMEs (A1, A2, A3, and A4) for producing healthy water and soft drink in Baghdad. The results have explained that only 19 lean activities are the most influencing on SMEs leanness. Efficient manager is an important lean activity that has 58.90% level of importance. Although the four Iraqi SMEs have approximately acceptable level of leanness related the five lean dimensions, there is variation in adoption these lean dimensions activities by SMEs. SMEs management should develop a continuous improvement strategy based on utilizing SMEs’ efforts and resources to improve activities of the weaker dimension for improving their competitiveness and ensuring sustainability in the rapidly changing business environment. One limitation of this paper is the difficulty in obtaining data related to lean activities and their performance through SMEs’ processes and activities.

Value stream mapping is one of the basic tools used in the processes improvement or design – in accordance with the Lean concept. This paper presents a model of designing production processes and introducing new products to the market based on the analysis of the value streams flow in the production process. Particular attention was paid to the importance of input data necessary to plan a properly functioning production process, which results in a high-value product (from the customer’s point of view). In the paper also the list of all the most important tools supporting all stages of designing new production processes or improving existing processes has been presented. Also the advantages of big pictures analysis using was highlighted. In this case value stream mapping and big picture analysis were oriented on quality in the product development process and contribute to: creating value (based on customer requirements) while maintaining timely deliveries and constant costs (Value Stream Mapping), sustainable use of tangible and intangible resources (removing waste at the design stage). However, from the company point of view, and particular in the cost level, the product can gain value because a lower input is required for its production. After improvement, the process lead time has been shortened in an area where value was not added, but the consequence of implementing the change is an increase in the production volume while maintaining the process transition time – therefore, unit costs of production will change.

The subject covered in the paper is the origins, structure and workings of the Scottish Law Commission created, along with its English counterpart, under the Law Commissions Act of 1965. The author of the article outlines the course of conceptual and legislative work to constitute the new commission, the extent of its relationship with and dependence on public authorities, as well as the key differences between the legal position of the two commissions, symbolically highlighted by the English commission’s gaining a stronger mandate under the 2009 Law Commission Act. The final part of the paper is devoted to an attempt to assess the achievements of the Commission to date, the reasons for the failure of the premise of the grand codification endeavour, and the successes that the Commission claim in terms of reforming specific institutions and branches of law.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is defined as excessive bleeding, typically more than 500 ml of blood loss within the first 24 hours after childbirth. The Bakri Balloon technique has emerged as a promising solution for managing PPH, offering a minimally invasive approach to achieving hemostasis and preventing the need for more invasive surgical procedures. Aims: The aim of this paper review is to provide an overview of the effectiveness of intrauterine balloon tamponade in managing PPH. Methods: We conducted this paper review by selecting articles, retrospective cohort studies and reviews from clinical trials from PubMed. Results: Numerous studies have shown high success rates of treating PPH using The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade. Conclusions: The Bakri Balloon intrauterine tamponade is an effective method in the management of primary postpartum hemorrhage.

In this paper it will be analyzed grammatical and dialectal aspect of structural sentences of Albanian language used in six Kosovo Police Communication Centers. This paper includes: types of sentences used in Communication Centers separately; enhancing sentences, declarative sentences, declarative-exclamatory sentences and declarative-imperative; imperative sentences; - affirmative and negative sentences. All sections of this paper are illustrated with tables and charts, including number of used sentences and percentage of usage, to present the current situation of use of structural types of sentences in the Kosovo Police Communication Centers. Based on the results from six Communication Centers, which we have analyzed and treated separately, we have come to conclusions of the analysis of the grammatical and dialectal aspects. In Kosovo Police Communication Centers, within the category of declarative sentences, we find positive and negative sentences, which are formed by positive and negative particles, as: Poziiv (Positive), Negativ (Negative), Negativ niher (Negative for now), Po (Yes), Jo (No), veç çka po vrehet n’pamje t’jashtme (only what can be seen from outside), etc. In six Kosovo Police Communication Centers, the affirmative sentences are mainly formed through affirmative particles, as: pozitiv (positive), pranim (copy), po, po – po (yes, yeas – yes), u ba (done), ani faleminderit (OK thank you), n’rregull (alright), e kjart osht n’rregull (it’s clear alright), u kry (done), etc.

This paper deals with the incidence of communication channels treatment during court proceedings in a multilingual context like Cameroon. On the one hand, I will defend on the one hand the idea according to which the unbalanced treatment enshrined in the constitution, which confers preferential treatment to the so-called official, but imported languages and a marginal role to other local languages termed as national as well as other means of expression, affects the communication before courtrooms. The use of the former is reserved for an elitist minority group while that of the latter for a majority illiterate group. On the other hand, there has been an effort on the part of the state to curb this discrimination through the linguistic assistance. But still, there are challenges that confirm the legitimate fears of litigants, better lay-litigants of violation of their rights of access to justice and fair trial at large. The paper then suggests to the State to enhance the promotion of national languages, to emphasize on the training of judicial personnel and public awareness.

Introduction and objective Osteoporosis is a disorder that leads to a decrease in bone mass, accompanied by a disruption in bone structure, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures. It affects a large number of people worldwide and constitutes a significant social and economic problem. It primarily affects older individuals, especially postmenopausal women. Fractures associated with osteoporosis diminish the quality of life. Osteoporosis often remains asymptomatic and is difficult to diagnose, typically identified incidentally following a low-energy fracture. Diagnosis of osteoporosis involves measuring bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteoporosis is diagnosed when bone mineral density is found to be more than 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean bone mineral density of healthy young adults with peak bone mass. Modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis include lack of physical activity, calcium deficiency in the diet, and alcohol consumption. Review methods The article was based on scientific papers retrieved from the PubMed website and scientific literature. The focus was on papers from 2016 to 2024. Articles written in English were utilized. Brief description of the state of knowledge Physical activity encompasses any muscular movement that increases energy expenditure beyond the resting metabolic rate, including weight-bearing exercises, strength training, high-intensity strength exercises, and balance and mobility training. Weight-bearing exercises yield the best results in osteoporosis prevention, recommended to be performed three times a week. Summary Physical activity is a scientifically proven preventive factor against osteoporosis, reducing the frequency of falls and increasing bone mineral density. Initiating physical activity at a young age yields significant benefits for bone strength.

The Multi-skilled Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (MS-RCPSP) is a complex and multi-faceted problem that involves scheduling activities whilst considering various resource constraints. These constraints include limited availability of workers, equipment, and materials, with each activity requiring a minimal set of skills to be executed. Furthermore, for a better resemblance to reality, workers/machines are assumed to be multi-skilled/multi-purpose posing another dimension of complexity to the problem. The objective is to minimize project duration, cost, or other relevant criteria while accounting for the inherent resources flexibility. This paper provides a systematic review of the literature pertaining to MS-RCPSP, and an in-depth analysis of 171 papers published between 2000 and 2021 inclusive. The conducted bibliometric analysis identifies the top contributing authors, most influential papers, existing research tendencies, and thematic research topics within the field. In addition, this review highlights different aspects of the MS-RCPSP, spanning the significance of performance measures, solution approaches, application areas, and the incorporation of time constraints. While project completion time, cost, and tardiness are common performance indicators, other measures such as multi-skilled staff assignment and schedule robustness are also deemed important. Although various methods have been employed to solve the MS-RCPSP including exact and approximate approaches, the selection of the most-suited approach depends on the problem’s scale, complexity, and constraints, necessitating careful consideration of each method’s strengths and weaknesses. Interestingly, several studies have jointly addressed resource and time constraints in the context of MS-RCPSP, often considering tardiness, and have proposed different algorithms, models, and metaheuristics to tackle these challenges. This paper clearly highlights research gaps and promising avenues for future research. This work provides valuable insights for project managers to effectively schedule tasks in the presence of multiple flexible resources.

—

Artificial Intelligence (AI) applied in the legal field has gained considerable ground in the recent years and is used in many fields, amongst which the legal one is of no exception. This paper wishes to explore the quality of the translation (from English into Italian) of an arbitration clause performed by the ChatGPT chatbot. To do so, the automatically generated target text is post-edited by consulting the BoLC (Bononia Legal Corpus) and the web as corpus in the gov.it Italian governmental domain. General and legal dictionaries are also used. The paper findings report some inaccuracies at word level which are easily tackled by corpus consultation. In view of the results obtained, however, complete reliance upon AI-driven solutions is not recommendable at the time being. Conversely, the use of ad hoc corpora and of targeted web searches are the most feasible and reliable solutions, although time-consuming.

The portrayal of women in the advertising industry has been a topic of ongoing debate for over four decades. Advertisers worldwide have been consistently accused of perpetuating inappropriate and degrading stereotypes of women, including their bodies and their perceived roles in a male-dominated society. Although recent years have seen increased public awareness of such harmful practices, with #metoo movement and some prominent brands promoting the concept of women’s empowerment, significant progress towards portraying women in a manner that respects their dignity and avoids reducing them to sexual objects still remains rather elusive. The primary objective of this paper is to analyse the representation of women in selected printed advertisements from the past two decades of advertising and determine whether there has been any significant shift in recent years. Additionally, the paper seeks to examine the possible implications of sexual objectification in contemporary advertising, with a particular focus on the potential transition from sexual objectification to sexual subjectification. The primary objective of this paper is to analyse the representation of women in selected printed advertisements from the past two decades of advertising and determine whether there has been any significant shift in recent years. Additionally, the paper seeks to examine the possible implications of sexual objectification in contemporary advertising, with a particular focus on the potential transition from sexual objectification to sexual subjectification.

Introduction: Herbal medicine has been growing in popularity over the last few years. One of the most often used herbal remedy is Withania somnifera, more widely known as Ashwagandha Now known for its anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-anxiety properties it ranks as a cure-all. However, there is a rising amount of alarming reports regarding its safety. It has been observed that its effects are not always beneficial, and for some patients the risks of taking it may be greater than the promoted benefits. Aim of study: The aim of this paper is to evaluate possible risks connected to Withania Somnifera consumption based on available research articles and case reports. Materials and methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed Database from the period of 2004-2024 with the use of keywords such as “Ashwagandha”; “Withania Somnifera”, “herbal medicine”;”complementary medicine”;“liver injury”; “thyrotoxicosis”; “adrenal insufficiency”;”autoimmune diseases”. Results: The outcomes of all the reviewed studies in this paper indicate that Withania Somnifera might cause a wide range of side effects. They include herb induced liver injury, endocrine complications such as thyrotoxicosis and adrenal insufficiency, acute graft rejection in a kidney transplant recipient and possible contribution to the onset of new autoimmune disease in patient with the history of autoimmune disorders. Conclusion: Further long-term research is needed on the Ashwaghanda’s benefits but particularly on its safety and potential side effects. The common education on the risks of taking herbal supplements should be carried out among health professionals and the rest of the society. Ashwagandha should not be used by patients with liver, endocrine and autoimmune disorders as well as transplant recipients.

Introduction and purpose Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions, especially in adolescents. The etiology of acne is complex, and many factors influence the formation of lesions. Local inflammation, a proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes, hormonal influences with particular importance of androgens, hyperkeratinization, and excessive sebum production are essential in the pathogenesis. The factors stimulating these processes are complex and not always clear. Therefore, in our work, we focused on investigating the connection between a high-glycemic diet and the formation of acne lesions. The state of knowledge The link between diet and acne has been only mentioned in the literature for many years. However, the development of science has made it possible to understand the exact pathogenesis of acne and the relationship of acne lesions to specific dietary components. Of all the diet products, a high glycemic index diet stands out as the one with the most significant impact. Foods with a high glycemic index, i.e. those with a high amount of simple sugars, through an increase in the expression of factors such as insulin, IGF-1 cause excessive sebum production in the sebaceous glands and even an increase in inflammatory infiltration, which further exacerbates acne lesions. In the following review paper, we have looked at the metabolic pathways and hormonal changes that link the consumption of high glycemic index foods to the formation of acne lesions and described several original papers that unequivocally demonstrate the critical role of this diet on acne formation. Summary Based on the literature, we emphasize that in acne treatment, it is necessary not only to focus on medications but, above all, to look at the patient holistically, modifying the lifestyle with particular importance on modifying the patient's diet by lowering its glycemic index.

Introduction: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease involving peripheral arthritis, spondylitis, dactylitis (inflammation of the whole digit) and enthesitis. It is a disease equally prevalent in both genders. Psoriatic arthritis coexists with several conditions, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. The reciprocal effects of comorbidities with psoriatic arthritis are demonstrated by recent research. There are several risk factors associated with the condition that might hasten or worsen its symptoms. Aim of the Study: The purpose of this paper is to present a thorough analysis of the research that has been done on comorbidities and risk factors for psoriatic arthritis. With an emphasis on changeable elements that might impact the disease's progression, the goal is to illustrate the multifaceted nature of psoriatic arthritis. The intention is also to highlight comorbidities that need to be considered while treating a patient with the illness. Materials and methods: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: psoriatic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and lifestyle, psoriatic arthritis and comorbidities, psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular risk, psoriatic arthritis and gastrointestinal diseases, psoriatic arthritis and physical activity, psoriatic arthritis and diet, psoriatic arthritis and alcohol, psoriatic arthritis and smoking. Conclusions: Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic disease that affects many areas of patients' lives. It is critical to consider the connections that exist between this illness and other comorbidities. In order to provide a patient with this ailment with the best care possible, variables that might exacerbate the illness's progression must also be taken into consideration. Patients' mental health should get particular attention, and lifestyle modifications should be promoted.

Progressive digitization and dynamic development of ICT technologies generate new opportunities for industry, logistics, society and education. Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM), also called ‘the education of the future’, has become of great importance, because we are experiencing a shortage of STEM workers in various sectors. The effectiveness of STEM e-learning as a teaching method should be a key principle in management of this process. The main goal of the paper is to present a process approach to e-learning of automated transportation used in production logistics. The framework allows one to identify and optimise processes, and it may contribute to efficient management of distance learning. Moreover, it could improve the process of software development and software design skills. Desk research analyses were carried out to describe the state of art in the field of STEM education and potential of process management for remote teaching. In the empirical part of the paper, the modelling was based on the main assumptions of process management and BPMN (Business Process Modelling Notation), and dedicated process mapping software was used. The article examines the potential of the process approach and confirms that it can contribute to increasing the effectiveness of distance learning in the field of STEM. As a result of modelling, the optimization concepts regarding designing the e-learning course and the possibility of expanding the existing model towards acquiring more skills, for instance in programming PLC controllers were indicated. The developed model is a starting point for improving teaching of STEM for production, logistics, engineering and other domains.

The present paper focuses on the undergraduate preparation of future teachers in the context of reading literacy. The paper consists of a theoretical part and an empirical part. The theoretical part describes and defines the basic concepts closely related to the topic, including undergraduate preparation of future teachers, reading literacy, etc. The empirical part describes an analysis of the current study programs at the Faculty of Education, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic. The objective of the present paper was to analyse the study programs and perform a comparison with expiring study programs aimed at reading literacy. The authors performed a qualitative research study to answer whether undergraduate preparation of future teachers at Palacký University Olomouc in the context of reading literacy is sufficient and if study plans of educational programs reflect the requirements of pedagogical practice. The research was performed using document analysis. Secondary document analysis refers to data already collected (Donnellan, Lucas, 2013). According to Hendl (2005), the purpose of qualitative analysis is non-numerical data organisation in order to reveal topics, regularity, relationships, and quality. In this context, the term non-numeric applies not only to the data but also to data handling. According to the preliminary research, a relatively large proportion of future teachers lack practical teacher training aimed at subject-specific didactics, which is also based on reading literacy. Due to the ongoing pandemic in COVID-19, it was necessary to respond to the methods and forms of work to develop reading literacy through distance learning. The authors of the present paper believed it was essential to analyse the study programs in the context of reading literacy and answer the question of whether undergraduate preparation of future teachers is sufficient and if study plans of educational programs reflect the requirements of pedagogical practice in terms of reading literacy, using the content mentioned above analysis of documents. It followed from the results of the research investigation that the study plans of the educational programmes reflect the requirements of educational practice. Even though we have described the facts in the contribution, we believe that the reading literacy development issue is paid sufficient attention to based on the analysis of study plans in teaching for the 1st stage of primary school. Although the term “reading literacy” is mentioned in the curricular documents FEP PE only marginally, in the study plans for future primary school teachers, the term “reading literacy” appears in several disciplines. It is undoubtedly debatable to what extent the above disciplines will respond to reading literacy development in students. Judging by the content of the plans, their purpose is to provide future teachers with the competencies that support the development of reading literacy in primary school children following pre-literacy in pre-primary education. The disciplines are purely of a didactic focus because they appear in the third grade of study and higher grades after the students have completed relevant theoretical preparation.

The term photography means both the technological process of the formation of photographic image in the traditional or digital way, as well as its end product, that is, a photograph in the form of a print on light-sensitive paper or a digital file. The aim of the paper is to depict photography as a technique dependent on the development of science, but, at the same time, affecting the development of many areas of life and research. The article presents the most significant stages in the history of photography. It does not merely focus on listing the most prominent names, currents and works. Most importantly, it portrays the speed with which photography improved, together with new experiences and inventions of apparatus and technological processes, continuous striving for excellence in the image obtained, as well as fundamental changes to the function of photographic image once the press, Internet and social media came to be, allowing one to share pictures taken all over the world in a split second. The perfection of the photographic image and its vast spread led to the use of pictures uploaded to the Internet in AI algorithms.

This paper explores Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). Graphical methods are used to gain insights in EDA and these insights can be useful for forming tentative hypotheses when performing a root cause analysis (RCA). The topic of EDA is well addressed in the literature; however, empirical studies of the efficacy of EDA are lacking. We therefore aim to evaluate EDA by comparing one group of students identifying salient features in a table against a second group of students attempting to identify salient features in the same data presented in the form of a run chart, and then extracting relevant conclusions from such a comparison. Two groups of students were randomly selected to receive data; either in the form of a table or a run chart. They were then tasked with visually identifying any data points that stood out as interesting. The number of correctly identified values and the time to find the values were both evaluated by a two-sample t-test to determine if there was a statistically significant difference. The participants with a graph found the correct values that stood out in the data much quicker than those that used a table. Those using the data in the form of a table too much longer and failed to identify values that stood out. However, those with a graph also had far more false positives. Much has been written on the topic of EDA in the literature; however, an empirical evaluation of this common methodology is lacking. This paper confirms with empirical evidence the effectiveness of EDA.

The dynamic evolution of the economy and the evolving demands necessitating adaptability are primary catalysts for the emergence of Industry 5.0 which, building on the foundations of Industry 4.0, is oriented towards meeting human needs and expectations while ensuring the responsible functioning of the workforce. This is particularly salient in sectors experiencing rapid advancements in manufacturing concepts, characterized by the integration of advanced IT, information and data utilization, automation, and the deployment of collaborative robots, often referred to as “cobots”. The study outlines the key prerequisites concerning the development and operation of Industry 5.0, as specified in European Union guidelines, and evident in research literature. Three critical facets pertinent to the effective implementation of Industry 5.0 are extensively addressed, encompassing the imperative to effectively cater to human-related requisites and highlighting the potential benefits therein. The paper offers an overview of openly accessible, previously published materials on the subject. The author’s examination encompasses studies regarded as milestones, which build on the foundations of Industry 4.0 to advance the conceptual framework of Industry 5.0. Rather than centering on statistical analysis, this research attempts to explore relationships that warrant further in-depth investigation to ascertain existing correlations. The paper seeks to outline factors to be considered in the course of implementing Industry 5.0. Its conclusions may be of use in supporting people responsible for organizational development and specifically in helping them to identify potential issues so as to give their organization an edge in the global competitive environment.

The present article contains an introduction (describing problems in the study of microhistory and distinguishing groups interested in these types of considerations), the characteristics of interviews and written papers and the conclusions drawn from them. The basis for its creation was the “My Family” Project, consisting of three elements: students’ written papers, a recording of an interview with a family member (preferably a grandmother or grandfather) and a presentation at a conference. The project was carried out in the summer semester of 2022 with second-year B.A. students at the Institute of History of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce as part of “The historian’s research methods” classes. Students involved in this initiative also took part in a conference entitled “My Family as an Archival Source” (as part of the “Meetings with an Archival Source” series), which took place on September 28, 2022. A report on this event was written by one of the students participating in the project. The first part of the project consisted of student interviews with family members. Parents and grandparents discussed topics such as the history of their ancestors, the years of German and Soviet occupation, and everyday life. The representatives of the older generation focused on telling about their experience of World War II in small towns of today’s Świętokrzyskie province, while the students’ parents discussed the dull reality of the Polish People’s Republic. The interviews concerning the occupation period were emotional; they show the savagery of the Germans murdering Polish ­civilians and indicate that historians have not yet worked through this issue. Students’ papers deal with the unique history of their ancestors. The topics discussed in them mainly concern the fate of the authors’ great-grandparents and grandparents. The texts describe the realities of Kielce villages during World War II, as well as the hardships of everyday life. The overwhelming majority of the ancestors of the students participating in the project lived in the countryside, having peasant or landowning origins. The article ends with conclusions presented by students during the discussion summarizing the project. Student papers can encourage readers to research their family’s past. Every history student should know the history of their family.

The automation of work processes and seamless integration with various business services highlight the essential role of digital document management systems (DMS) in enhancing organizational flexibility, productivity, and adaptability. DMS serve as centralized repositories that streamline, automate, and interconnect business processes, thereby facilitating effective document management. The integration of DMS with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems provides a comprehensive solution for optimizing business workflows, addressing the needs for both operational efficiency and strategic management. The research paper delineates a business model for the life cycle management of electronic documents and records, focusing on the integration of processes such as document creation, management, approval, and secure distribution. This integrated approach enhances organizational structure, optimizes processes, and bolsters security, leading to significant cost reductions and increased work efficiency. The model emphasizes the importance of streamlined and automated document workflows in reducing manual errors and operational bottlenecks. Key features of DMS include advanced mechanisms for digitizing physical documents, ensuring that all data is captured accurately and efficiently. Centralized storage with version control allows for easy retrieval and management of documents, ensuring that the latest versions are always accessible. Additionally, advanced search and accessibility features enable quick and efficient document retrieval, which is crucial for maintaining high productivity levels. The study underscores the pivotal role of DMS in modern enterprises, advocating their implementation as a strategic move to drive operational excellence and competitive advantage. By integrating DMS with ERP systems, businesses can achieve a cohesive and efficient operational environment that supports both day-to-day activities and long-term strategic goals. This comprehensive approach to document management not only optimizes efficiency and reduces errors but also enhances the overall agility and responsiveness of the organization in a rapidly changing economic environment.

In the current conditions of globalisation of economic relations, it is important to study the impact of economic theories on the formation and development of customs and accounting of international transactions. Dynamic changes in the economic environment require constant analysis and evaluation of the impact of various economic concepts on the practical activities in the field of customs policy and accounting of international transactions. The article provides the in-depth analysis of the impact of various economic theories on the evolution of customs policy and international accounting. To achieve the goal of the article, the methods of system analysis, literature review and synthesis of scientific information were used. The paper provides a systematic review of the main economic concepts, such as mercantilism, the classical school of political economy, neoclassical and modern theories, in the context of their impact on the practical aspects of customs and accounting for international transactions. The results of the analysis indicate that economic theories have had a significant impact on the formation of customs tariffs, the development of international trade relations and the practice of accounting for international transactions in different historical periods. The study shows that different approaches of economic thought play a key role in determining international business strategies and shaping the economic policies of states. The article will help both students and researchers studying economic sciences and international business professionals to expand their knowledge and understand the importance of theoretical approaches in practical use. Takinginto account the diversity of views and concepts covered in the article, it is possible to gain an objective view of the evolution of customs and accounting in the international context and understand their potential impact on the economic development of a country.

Making a Master Production Schedule (MPS) is a very important activity for a manufacturing industry. This is due to the fact that MPS serves as an input for material and production planning. Between the years 2020 and 2022, there were significant fluctuations observed in container freight rates. As response, a lot of manufacturing industry focus on optimizing their container delivery schedule. Hence, there is a need for aligning the master production schedule with the delivery schedule. This paper presents the development of a novel heuristic approach to address problems with the creation of MPS. Specifically, the focus is on the situation where container delivery schedules are prearranged and serve as a main input for creating the MPS. There are two objective functions that are going to be reached: 1) minimize the total number of product variations or Stock Keeping Units (SKU) per month; and 2) minimize the number of SKU per container. The proposed heuristic approach uses the similarity concept to group objects in a clustering technique. It is then implemented in a real-world case of a furniture manufacturing company. Further results were obtained and then compared to the heuristic technology that had previously been used by business entities. The results show that the number of product variations (SKU) that must be performed per month is 10% lower than that of the existing heuristic. In addition, the ratio of SKU variations per container is 9% lower than that of the existing heuristic. The time required to complete the task of creating MPS is less than one minute, as opposed to the one working day required by the company’s existing heuristic.

The paper attempts to answer the question about the conditions for the implementation of regionalist ideas within the Jewish community across Polish territories, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author identifies internal variations within this community, delineating diverse stances towards local character and varied circumstances surrounding the practice of regionalist endeavours. The text presents statements (declarations) made by Diaspora representatives, testifying to their attachment to the land (place) of their birth, as well as activities that can be regarded as an emanation of such a relationship. Furthermore, the profiles of several enthusiasts with Jewish roots, pursuing their regional interests in various places in the Republic of Poland and at different moments in its history, are presented. The categories of nostalgia, sentiment, establishing roots, and the concept of a “little homeland” are also highlighted.

Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

The paper proposes a modern approach to the automated design of three-dimensional models of wood drying chambers and the study of their operation parameters using the SolidWorks Simulation tool, which makes it possible to create various information models using computer tools. Therefore, in this paper, a three-dimensional model of a wood drying chamber was developed and presented, which includes its main components: walls, ceilings, door, stacks of lumber to be dried, a fresh air supply system, a system for its circulation through fans and heating through heaters. For the automated design of three-dimensional models of all these components, the corresponding algorithms were also developed and programmatically implemented using a specialized SolidWorks application programming interface. At the same time, the developed software application takes into account the parameters entered by the user, including the size, quantity, and type of lumber to be dried. In addition, several thermal calculations were performed across the stack, including with different air velocities. This allows us to analyze the effect of this speed on the distribution of heat transfer across the stack. In general, the obtained results are automatically displayed in one of the windows of the software application. This approach makes it possible to obtain results in the background of SolidWorks with minimal user intervention. Despite the fact that such studies are carried out in SolidWorks Simulation, the graphical results, including the temperature distribution across the stack, are fully automated without user intervention. The software application also makes it possible to automatically change the geometry of a three-dimensional model of a wood drying chamber or stacks within specified limits. In turn, the use of the developed software application in combination with SolidWorks Simulation can effectively speed up the process of creating three-dimensional models of wood drying chambers and studying their operation parameters. In general, this work reflects the trend towards digital transformation in industry, opening up new opportunities for woodworking enterprises and contributing to their market competitiveness and production efficiency.

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvement. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on non surgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

This scientific paper focuses on the treatment of breast cancer, one of the most common cancers among women. Despite increased awareness and the popularity of screening tests, statistics indicate a significant rise in incidence. The paper presents breast-conserving treatment methods, including brachytherapy, as a modern technique with promising outcomes. It describes the physical properties of ionizing radiation used in brachytherapy, discussing the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and the phenomenon of pair production. The paper then delves into the biological effects of ionizing radiation, emphasizing the dependence on the cell cycle phase. It highlights lethal, sublethal, and potentially lethal cellular damage, categorizing the effects of radiation interaction into early and late responses. The discussion transitions to the application of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment, focusing on various techniques such as LDR, PDR, and HDR. The paper provides a detailed description of brachytherapy's use in breast-conserving treatment, considering contraindications, treatment planning, and Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) techniques. The radioisotopes used in brachytherapy are also presented, with special attention to Iridium-192. The physical and practical aspects related to this isotope are discussed, along with other commonly used radioisotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Strontium-90. The paper concludes with a summary, emphasizing the significance of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment and outlining its prospects for development. The authors highlight precision and shortened therapy duration.

Introduction and purpose: In our work, we focused on presenting the role of collagen supplementation and its impact on skin and joint health. We considered studies discussing the differences in the effects of collagen from various plant and animal sources. We also examined the influence of the degree of hydrolysis on the absorbability of the supplement. The aim of the paper is to comprehensively summarize knowledge on collagen supplementation, differentiating between its sources and forms. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the subject of oral collagen supplementation comprehensively. We explored studies about various forms and sources of collagen. We also delved into the collagen supplementation impact on skin and joints health and impact of additives in enhancing the positive effect of collagen . State of knowledge: Oral collagen supplementation can be beneficial for skin and joints health. It promote collagen synthesis in human body increasing strength of skin and joints. The higher the degree of collagen hydrolysis, the more easily it is absorbed by the body. Additives in the form of vitamin C and A can enhance collagen synthesis. Results and conclusions: This review article indicates a growing interest in oral collagen supplementation and its impact on health. Although there are encouraging findings regarding positive effects, further research is necessary to better understand and determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum supplementation benefits. This information may be crucial for clinical decisions made by physicians regarding joint reinforcement and anti-aging effects on the skin.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on the health benefits of various food that is traditionally considered probiotic, focusing on how they impact on varied health conditions. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. In addition, the paper also searches for scientific basis for their action. Material and methods A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on checking whether the microorganisms contained in pickled food meet the WHO criteria for probiotics. Summary Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. Additionally, compared to probiotics from the pharmacy, fermented products provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional value, valuable fiber and vitamins, benefiting to our health.

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

Context: Angular gyrus is an anatomical structure of the brain located in the parietal lobe, taking part in writing and reading, language-use, memory and attention and spatial recognition. It is supplied by the angular gyrus artery, which is one of the caudal branches of the middle cerebral artery. One of the clinical pathologies of the angular gyrus artery is the ischemic stroke of the angular gyrus in the dominant hemisphere, responsible for the presence of Gerstmann Syndrome: left-right disorientation, agraphia, alexia, acalculia and finger agnosia. This systematic review aims to present the variety of anomalies of the main cerebral artery and the angular gyrus artery. Objective: Preparing a systematic review of papers describing the course anomalies of the angular gyrus artery. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases was searched for phrases: ‘Angular gyrus artery’, ‘Artery of angular gyrus’, ‘Middle cerebral artery branches’, ‘Branches of middle cerebral artery’, ‘Gerstmann Syndrome’ published between years 2015 and 2023. Also 3 papers published before 2000 were used. From the selected 30 papers, 6 were used to prepare this analysis. Results: The middle cerebral artery, from which arises the angular gyrus artery, is marked by a significant variety of its division, mainly the number of the dividing trunks of the artery. Depending on the type of the division, the angular gyrus artery can arise from the upper, middle or lower trunk and vary in sizes. It can also appear as a singular or two separate branches. Instances of the anomaly of both the angular gyrus artery and posterior parietal artery are rare, but reported. Conclusions: The angular gyrus artery is characterised by a number of anomalies in its course, separation from the middle cerebral artery, diameter and branching.

The paper is devoted to the construction and design solutions of the power supply and drive systems of a prototype, lightweight LHD (Load-Haul-Dump) loader with an innovative “in-wheel drive” transmission system. The loader is a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) with replaceable energy storage. It is intended for use in underground mines with no explosion hazard, especially in metal ore mines. The developed model contains four independent, electric drive systems installed in the road wheels. The paper presents the results of simulation tests, which enabled estimating the required driving power and electricity demand in various regimes and working conditions of the loader. The results of the calculations were used to determine the parameters of the drive system components and the battery capacity. Challenges and problems faced by constructors of BEV LHD loaders with an in-wheel drive have been pointed out.

The objective of this paper is to propose effective methods to implement sustainable development principles among young people, both in schools and universities. The authors of this article recognize the significant potential among young individuals whose actions and choices have a substantial impact on the environment. By analyzing the knowledge and behaviors of young people towards sustainable development and environmental protection, based on surveys conducted among pupils and students from the south-eastern region of Poland, this paper identifies gaps that require improvement and proposes actions aimed at raising pro-ecological awareness among the youth. The analysis revealed that only 25% of the respondents have heard about the “Agenda for Sustainable Development – 2030”, 20% were familiar with the goals of sustainable development, and few have participated in initiatives for sustainable development. However, 58% of respondents claimed to engage in activities for environmental protection in their daily lives. The article also presents the degree of compliance with the assumptions of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development on both global and local scales. Furthermore, the paper analyzes two aspects of students’ awareness of sustainable development: their knowledge of goals and documents, and their pro-ecological behavior in daily life. Based on the findings, this paper proposes ways to introduce sustainable development principles in selected areas of school and university functioning to enhance ecological awareness and shape pro-ecological attitudes among young people. Concrete actions to facilitate implementation are also suggested.