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David Shaddock, a poet and psychotherapist, has written a book exploring the connection between poetry and psychoanalysis. He argues that both disciplines can facilitate personal growth and transformation through emotional expression and interpretation. Shaddock draws on the work of philosophers and psychoanalysts to support his ideas, and examines the role of symbolization and feeling in generating meaning. While the book does not provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis, it aims to inspire readers to consider the potential overlap between poetry and psychoanalysis. [Extracted from the article]

Pomelo is an important tropical fruit with a high nutrient content and economic value in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) helps determine the leaf nutrient status of various plants worldwide. However, the DRIS-based nutritional balance in pomelo leaves remains to be established. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to (i) construct the DRIS norms and indices for nutrients, including macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn) in pomelo leaves, and (ii) establish nutrient sufficiency value ranges for sustainable pomelo cultivation in the VMD. We collected 270 leaf samples at three stages of pomelo growth, i.e., flowering, fruit development, and postharvest, and calculated DRIS indices for various nutrients. The DRIS indices established for various nutrients in pomelo leaves were accurate and reliable, as indicated by the high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.43–0.93, p < 0.05) between nutrient concentrations and their DRIS indices. We observed that pomelo leaves were deficient in N (IN = −6.82), P (IP = −24.0), and Fe (IFe = −0.40) at the flowering stage and most deficient in P (IP = −15.6), K (IK = −11.7), Fe (IFe = −0.50), and Mn (IMn = −2.31) at the fruit development stage. However, only N (IN = −2.64) and P (IP = −13.4) shortages were observed at the postharvest stage. Thus, in this study, we evaluated nutrient value ranges (deficient, balanced, and excess) in pomelo leaves at their different growth stages and established DRIS indices for various nutrients. The results contribute to our understanding of the nutritional status of pomelo leaves, which can help growers improve plant health for sustainable pomelo production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers in the Guanxi honey pomelo production area has led to severe soil acidification and magnesium (Mg) deficiency, adversely affecting pomelo fruit quality. To address this issue, an integrated nutrient optimization model crucial for ensuring the sustainable and environmentally friendly development of the Guanxi honey pomelo industry has been explored. In a three-year experiment, two fertilizer treatments were implemented: a farmer fertilizer practice (FP) and an NPK reduction plus foliar Mg fertilizer (OPT + fMg). We investigated the impact of this integrated optimized fertilization measure on pomelo fruit quality from three aspects: flavor (sugars and organic acids), nutrition (vitamin C and mineral elements), and antioxidant properties (phenolics, flavonoids, and phytic acid). The results revealed that the OPT + fMg treatment improved fruit flavor by reducing acidity (titratable acid, citric acid, and quinine), while having a minimal impact on sugar components (sucrose, fructose, and glucose). Additionally, the OPT + fMg treatment increased the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and phytic acid in the fruit peel, enhancing its potential antioxidant quality. However, the OPT + fMg treatment reduced the mineral nutrient quality (excluding calcium) in the fruit. As for the fruit developmental period, the OPT + fMg treatment significantly increased the total flavonoid concentration in the peel from the mid-expansion fruit stage, followed by notable increases in phytic acid in the peel during the mid-to-late expansion fruit stage. The total phenolic concentration in the peel significantly rose only during the late fruit development stage. The most pronounced effect was observed on phytic acid in both peel and pulp. The influence of the OPT + fMg treatment on the mineral nutrients (excluding calcium) primarily occurred during the mid-to-late expansion fruit stage. Overall, the OPT + fMg treatment significantly improved the comprehensive nutritional quality of pomelo fruit, providing valuable insights for scientifically reducing fertilizer application while enhancing fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development; however, the process of B toxicity in citrus production is still poorly understood. We proposed a hypothesis that B toxicity in citrus trees is related to the characteristics of B transport from soil to leaf or fruit. For this, a field experiment was conducted for two treatments, control (B free or without B) and B fertilizer treatment (100 g Na2B4O7·10H2O plant-1), to investigate the effects on plant growth, nutrient uptake, fruit yield and quality, and B transport in 10-yearold pomelo trees [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck cv. Guanximiyou]. Our results showed that excess B fertilization directly led to B toxicity in pomelo trees by dramatically increasing soil total B and water-soluble B contents. B toxicity induced interveinal chlorosis in leaves and decreased leaf biomass and function, resulting in a decreased 45.3% fruit yield by reducing 30.6% fruit load and 21.4% single fruit weight. Also, B toxicity induced changes in mineral elements between leaf positions and fruit parts, in which the concentrations of B, potassium, and magnesium were increased while those of nitrogen and iron were decreased. Under B toxicity conditions, fruit quality parameters of total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/titratable acidity (TA), total soluble sugar, sucrose, pH, vitamin C, and total phenol contents decreased, which were regulated by the lower carbohydrate production in new leaves and the lower transport capacity in old leaves. Moreover, B toxicity significantly increased the transfer factor and bioconcentration factor of B in pomelo plants, with higher levels in leaf organs than in fruit organs. Taken together, excess B fertilization-induced B toxicity in pomelo trees, with induced growth inhibition and nutrient disorder, results in reduced fruit yield and quality, which are related to B transport from soil to organs. The findings of this study highlight the understanding of B toxicity in citrus plants and strengthen B management in pomelo production for high yield and high quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant endophytic microbial communities consist of many latent plant pathogens and, also, many pathogen-related species with reduced virulence. Though with a long history of co-evolution, the diversity and composition of the endophytic mycobiota, especially the pathogen-related fungal groups, has been under-investigated in Citrus (C.). Based on the amplicon sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the leaf endophytic mycobiota were profiled on citrus varieties from different citrus-producing regions. The pomelo variety shared significantly distinctive leaf mycobiota when compared to the mandarin and sweet orange; these conform to their host genetic relationships. In addition, a data set of 241 citrus-related fungi, including 171 (71%) pathogens and potential pathogens, was summarized from previous studies. Under the criteria of local BLAST (covered ITS nucleotide ≥ 150 bp, sequence identity ≥ 99%), a total of 935 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned to 62 pathogen-related fungal groups, representing 14.9% of the relative abundance in the whole community. Of which, the top groups consisted of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (mean relative abundance, 4.3%), Co. citricola and Co. karstii (2.7%), Zasmidium citri-griseum (2.4%), and Z. fructigenum (1.4%). At the genus level, the ratio of the pathogen-related fungal groups in 64% of fungal genera (16 out of 25) exceeded 50%, which are the solely or mainly occurring fungi of their genus in citrus. Our study suggests that the leaf endophytic compartment may be an important place for the growth of latent pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the influence of the diversity of precursors on the formation of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs), pomelo peel (PP) and its physically divided portion, pomelo cuticle (PC), and white fiber (WF) were used as precursors to prepare six hydrochars: PPH-Fe, PCH-Fe, WFH-Fe, PPH, PCH, and WFH with and without Fe(III) addition during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). PPH-Fe and WFH-Fe had higher EPFRs content (9.11 × 1018 and 8.25 × 1018 spins·g−1) compared to PPH and WFH (3.33 × 1018 and 2.96 × 1018 spins·g−1), indicating that iron-doping favored EPFRs formation. However, PCH-Fe had lower EPFRs content (2.78 × 1018 spins·g−1) than PCH (7.95 × 1018 spins·g−1), possibly due to excessive iron leading to the consumption of the generated EPFRs. For another reason, the required Fe(III) amount for EPFRs formation might vary among different precursors. PC has a lower concentration of phenolic compounds but 68–97% fatty acids, while WF and PP are rich in cellulose and lignin. In the Fenton-like reaction, oxygen-centered radicals of hydrochar played a significant role in activating H2O2 and efficiently degrading bisphenol A (BPA). Mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in hydrochar/H2O2 system were proposed. EPFRs on hydrochar activate H2O2 via electron transfer, creating ·OH and 1O2, leading to BPA degradation. More importantly, the embedded EPFRs on the hydrochar's inner surface contributed to the prolonged Fenton-like reactivity of PPH-Fe stored for 45 days. This study demonstrates that by optimizing precursor selection and iron doping, hydrochars can be engineered to maximize their EPFRs content and reactivity, providing a cost-effective solution for the degradation of hazardous pollutants. Article Highlights: Characteristics and mechanisms for the generation and consumption of EPFRs were proposed. To favor g3-type EPFRs formation, the quantity of Fe(III) and aromatic compounds of the biomass should be matched. The g3-type EPFRs on hydrochars played a major role in the Fenton-like reaction. The external EPFRs of hydrochars were consumed easily while the internal EPFRs persisted during long-term storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of our studies on Citrus cultivars in Greece, the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the peels and leaves of orange, pummelo, and tangelo (mandarin × grapefruit hybrid) cultivated in Greece have been studied. All EOs have been analyzed through GC-MS, and a total of 47 and 87 metabolites were identified in the peels and leaves, respectively. These metabolites are classified into the chemical groups of terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and organic acids. Limonene was the most abundant compound in the peel EOs. Moreover, bioactive polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) were isolated and structurally determined from the peels of orange and tangelo, highlighting them as a good potential source of natural PMFs. All EOs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against nine human pathogenic microorganisms (six bacteria and three fungi), showing an interesting profile. The EOs from the peels of all Citrus species exhibited a stronger antimicrobial activity compared to those from the leaves. The susceptibility of the assayed Gram-positive bacteria was observed to be greater than that of Gram-negative bacteria, while the fungi were also relatively less resistant than bacteria. The rootstock choice did not influence the EO profile of the fruit peel but exerted an influence on the chemical profile of the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomelo fruit pulp mainly is consumed fresh and with very little processing, and its peels are discarded as biological waste, which can cause the environmental problems. The peels contain several bioactive chemical compounds, especially essential oils (EOs). The content of a specific EO is important for the extraction process in industry and in research units such as breeding research. The explanation of the biosynthesis pathway for EO generation and change was included. The chemical bond vibration affected the prediction of EO constituents was comprehensively explained by regression coefficient plots and x-loading plots. Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS) is a prominent rapid technique used for fruit quality assessment. This research work was focused on evaluating the use of VIS/NIRS to predict the composition of EOs found in the peel of the pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr. cv Kao Nam Pueng) following storage. The composition of the peel oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at storage durations of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days (at 10 °C and 70% relative humidity). The relationship between the NIR spectral data and the major EO components found in the peel, including nootkatone, geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene, were established using the raw spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares (PLS) regression. Preprocessing of the raw spectra was performed using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) or second derivative preprocessing. The PLS model of nootkatone with full MSC had the highest correlation coefficient between the predicted and reference values (r = 0.82), with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.11% and bias of 0.01%, while the models of geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene provided too low r values of 0.75, 0.75 and 0.67, respectively. The nootkatone model is only appropriate for use in screening and some other approximate calibrations, though this is the first report of the use of NIR spectroscopy on intact fruit measurement for its peel EO constituents during cold storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation assessed the effectiveness of 30 citrus germplasms in combating citrus canker pathogenesis in Assam, North‐East India. Significant differences were observed among the examined citrus germplasms in terms of per cent disease severity and disease reduction against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri. Among the 30 different germplasms, eight germplasms, namely, Jora tenga (14.67%), Bonjora (15.58%), Holong tenga (15.75%), Latipes (17.34%), Patijora (17.75%), Birajora (18.50%), Cleopatra mandarin (20.00%) and Ada jamir (20.18%), exhibited highest disease resistance potential. The study recorded that the germplasm Latipes, which are resistant, had the highest total phenol content (21.26 mg/g dry weight), while the susceptible one, Grapefruit (7.85 mg/g dry weight), had the lowest total phenol content. Jora tenga exhibited the highest flavonoid content, measuring at 6.48 mg/g dry weight, whereas White pummelo had the lowest flavonoid content, measuring at 1.88 mg/g dry weight. Similarly, the highest alkaloid percentage was recorded in resistant germplasm, Adajamir (10.52%), while the lowest was in susceptible germplasm, Volkameriana (2.30%). The levels of total phenol, alkaloid and flavonoid contents exhibited a significant negative correlation with the per cent disease severity of citrus canker disease in both Pearson correlation and Spearmen correlation analysis. The current research on bioprospecting of citrus germplasms in relation to citrus canker pathogenesis has the potential to offer valuable insights into mitigating the transmission of bacterial pathogens and eliminating sources of infection by employing resistant cultivars and implementing approved doses of plant protection formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine appropriate parameters for encapsulating pomelo peel essential oil (Citrus maxima) using the alginate/chitosan complex. Methods: The investigated parameters included the concentration of sodium alginate solution (2 ‒ 3.5% w/v based on the volume of mixture), the concentration of pomelo essential oil (20 ‒ 40% w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of Tween 80 (0 ‒ 20% w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of CaCl2 solution (0.5 ‒ 3.5% w/v based on the volume of mixture), time (10 min – 20 min) and speed of emulsion homogenization (489-4402 × g), the concentration of chitosan solution (0.5 ‒ 2% w/v based on the volume of mixture), and pH of chitosan solution (4 ‒ 6). Results: The results showed encapsulation yield (EY%) and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 91.64% and 85.18%, respectively, when using the concentration of sodium alginate solution as 3% (w/v based on the volume of mixture), the concentration of essential oil as 30% (w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of Tween 80 as 15% (w/w based on dry matter of wall marerials), the concentration of CaCl2 solution as 1.5% (w/v based on the volume of mixture), homogenization time as 10 min and homogenization speed as 4402 × g, the concentration of chitosan as 2% (w/v based on the volume of mixture) and pH of Chitosan solution as 5. Conclusion: The alginate/chitosan complex was proven effective in encapsulating pomelo essential oil (Citrus maxima) on a laboratory scale. The resulting encapsulated particles had a relatively uniform size and a high ability to retain essential oils in the core of the particles. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanism of the encapsulation process and to additionally evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the encapsulated particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve antibacterial properties in water-based coatings, two types of antibacterial pomelo peel flavonoid microcapsules were added to water-based coatings and decorated on the surface of fiberboard. The surface coatings of the substrates were tested and analyzed. The antibacterial rate of the surface coatings of the two groups of fiberboards gradually increased with the increase in the content of the microcapsules. The color difference of the surface coatings of both groups increased slightly, the glossiness decreased, the gloss loss rate increased greatly, and the reflectivity increased slightly. The adhesion of the surface coatings of the two groups of fiberboards did not change significantly, the roughness gradually increased, the hardness of the melamine-resin-coated pomelo peel flavonoid microcapsules gradually increased, and the impact resistance slightly improved. Compared with the antibacterial results of the coating without substrate at the same content, the antibacterial effect of the fiberboard surface coating was slightly decreased. Overall, the surface coating on the fiberboard with 9.0% chitosan-coated pomelo peel flavonoid microcapsules demonstrated superior performance, superior coating morphology, and enhanced antibacterial properties. The antibacterial rate was 73.7% against Escherichia coli, and the antibacterial rate was 77.4% against Staphylococcus aureus. The color difference was 3.85, the gloss loss rate was 90.0%, and the reflectivity was 20.19%. The hardness was HB, the adhesion was level 1, the impact resistance level was 3, and the roughness was 1.94 μm. This study explored the effect of antibacterial microcapsules on coating performance, providing a technical basis for the application of the antibacterial microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to prepare chitosan-coated pomelo peel flavonoid microcapsules with antibacterial properties, chitosan was used as the wall material for the purpose of coating the core material, pomelo peel flavonoids. The pH of the microcapsule crosslinking reaction was 7.5, the mass ratio of the microcapsule core material to the wall material was 1:1, and the concentration of the emulsifier was 1%. The microcapsules obtained under these preparation conditions exhibited superior performance, morphology, and dispersion. Additionally, the yield and coating rates were recorded at 22% and 50%, respectively. To prepare the paint film, the microcapsules were added into the coatings at varying concentrations of 0%, 3.0%, 6.0%, 9.0%, 12.0%, and 15.0%. The antibacterial efficacy of the paint film for both bacteria was progressively enhanced with the incorporation of microcapsules. The antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus was observed to be higher than that against Escherichia coli. As the content of microcapsules increased, the color difference in the paint film increased, the gloss loss rate increased, and the light transmission rate reduced. The tensile property and elongation at break reduced, and the roughness increased. At a microcapsule content of 6.0%, the paint film exhibited superior overall performance, with an antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of 46.3% and 56.7%, respectively. The color difference was 38.58. The gloss loss rate was 41.0%, the light transmission rate was 90.4%, and the paint film exhibited a large elastic region, with an elongation at break of 21.5% and a roughness of 1.46 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of microcapsules were added to the coating separately. The specifications of the poplar board were 50 mm × 50 mm × 8 mm. The antibacterial rate of the poplar board surface gradually increased with the increase in the microcapsule content, and the antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus was slightly higher than that against Escherichia coli. Influenced by the change in the wood grain's color on the poplar board itself, both microcapsules had no significant effect on the chromaticity value and color difference of the poplar board surface, as well as the reflectance of the visible light band. The glossiness decreased with the increase in the microcapsule content, and the gloss loss rate increased with the increase in the microcapsule content. With the increase in the microcapsule content, the hardness of the poplar board surface in both groups increased slightly, and the roughness increased gradually. The adhesion of the poplar board surface coating with melamine-resin-coated pomelo peel flavonoid microcapsules was slightly reduced, and the impact resistance was not significantly affected. Chitosan-coated pomelo peel flavonoid microcapsules had no significant effect on the adhesion of the poplar board surface coating, and the impact resistance increased slightly when the content of microcapsules was higher. Comprehensively, the poplar board coating with 9.0% chitosan-coated pomelo peel flavonoid microcapsules had a better overall performance, with antibacterial activities for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of 70.6% and 77.6%, respectively. The color difference was 6.70, the gloss loss rate was 53.9%, the reflectivity was 50.60%, the hardness was H, the adhesion was grade 1, the impact resistance was grade 2, and the roughness was 2.10 μm. The results provide technical references for the application of antibacterial microcapsules of pomelo peel flavonoids on the surface of wood materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dwarfing is a pivotal agronomic trait affecting both yield and quality. Citrus species exhibit substantial variation in plant height, among which internode length is a core element. However, the molecular mechanism governing internode elongation remains unclear. Here, we unveiled that the transcriptional cascade consisting of B‐BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN 22 (BBX22) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) finely tunes plant height and internode elongation in citrus. Loss‐of‐function mutations of BBX22 in an early‐flowering citrus (Citrus hindsii "SJG") promoted internode elongation and reduced pigment accumulation, whereas ectopic expression of BBX22 in SJG, sweet orange (C. sinensis), pomelo (C. maxima) or heterologous expression of BBX22 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) significantly decreased internode length. Furthermore, exogenous application of gibberellin A3 (GA3) rescued the shortened internode and dwarf phenotype caused by BBX22 overexpression. Additional experiments revealed that BBX22 played a dual role in regulation internode elongation and pigmentation in citrus. On the one hand, it directly bound to and activated the expression of HY5, GA metabolism gene (GA2 OXIDASE 8, GA2ox8), carotenoid biosynthesis gene (PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1, PSY1) and anthocyanin regulatory gene (Ruby1, a MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN). On the other hand, it acted as a cofactor of HY5, enhancing the ability of HY5 to regulate target genes expression. Together, our results reveal the critical role of the transcriptional cascade consisting of BBX22 and HY5 in controlling internode elongation and pigment accumulation in citrus. Unraveling the crosstalk regulatory mechanism between internode elongation and fruit pigmentation provides key genes for breeding of novel types with both dwarf and health‐beneficial fortification in citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a crucial mechanism that prevents self-fertilization and inbreeding in flowering plants. Citrus exhibits SI regulated by a polymorphic S -locus containing an S-RNase gene and multiple S -locus F-box (SLF) genes. It has been documented that S-RNase functions as the pistil S determinant, but there is no direct evidence that the SLF genes closely linked with S-RNase function as pollen S determinants in Citrus. This study assembled the genomes of two pummelo (Citrus grandis) plants, obtained three novel complete and well-annotated S -haplotypes, and isolated 36 SLF or SLF-like alleles on the S -loci. Phylogenetic analysis of 138 SLFs revealed that the SLF genes were classified into 12 types, including six types with divergent or missing alleles. Furthermore, transformation experiments verified that the conserved S6-SLF7a protein can lead to the transition of SI to self-compatibility by recognizing non-self S8-RNase in 'Mini-Citrus' plants (S 7 S 8 and S 8 S 29 , Fortunella hindsii), a model plant for citrus gene function studies. In vitro assays demonstrated interactions between SLFs of different S haplotypes and the Skp1–Cullin1–F-box subunit CgSSK1 protein. This study provides direct evidence that SLF controls the pollen function in Citrus , demonstrating its role in the 'non-self recognition' SI system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a crucial enzyme involved in cellular antioxidant defense and plays a pivotal role in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels under various environmental stresses in plants. This study utilized bioinformatics methods to identify and analyze the APX gene family of pomelo, while quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate and analyze the expression of CmAPXs at different stages of fruit postharvest. This study identified 96 members of the CmAPX family in the entire pomelo genome, with uneven distribution across nine chromosomes and occurrences of gene fragment replication. The subcellular localization includes peroxisome, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. The CmAPX family exhibits a similar gene structure, predominantly consisting of two exons. An analysis of the upstream promoter regions revealed a significant presence of cis-acting elements associated with light (Box 4, G-Box), hormones (ABRE, TCA-element), and stress-related (MBS, LTR, ARE) responses. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses revealed that the CmAPX gene family can be classified into three subclasses, with seven collinear gene pairs. Furthermore, CmAPXs are closely related to citrus, pomelo, and lemon, followed by Arabidopsis, and exhibit low homology with rice. Additionally, the transcriptomic heat map and qPCR results revealed that the expression levels of CmAPX57, CmAPX34, CmAPX50, CmAPX4, CmAPX5, and CmAPX81 were positively correlated with granulation degree, indicating the activation of the endogenous stress resistance system in pomelo cells by these genes, thereby conferring resistance to ROS. This finding is consistent with the results of GO enrichment analysis. Furthermore, 38 miRNAs were identified as potential regulators targeting the CmAPX family for post-transcriptional regulation. Thus, this study has preliminarily characterized members of the APX gene family in pomelo and provided valuable insights for further research on their antioxidant function and molecular mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus peels are rich in flavonoids, and some valuable flavonoids with health benefits, such as polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), are found almost exclusively in citrus peels. While the peels usually regarded as by-product, leading to source waste. As a traditional method, drying is helpful to increase added-value of peels which can be used as medicine. However, the variations in variety and quantity of flavonoids during drying processes of citrus peel remain unknown. In this study, Guanxi honey pomelo peel investigated the effect of different drying methods on flavonoids content in citrus peels. Five drying techniques, namely, freeze-drying (FD) and hot air drying (HAD) at 30 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C were used employed for drying the pomelo peels and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified 39 flavonoids changes in flavonoids across samples. FD proved to better preserve most glycosidic flavonoids. Flavonoid aglycones could be better preserved in samples of HAD at 30 ℃, 50 ℃ HAD and 90 ℃ HAD. Specifically, HAD at 30 ℃ and 50 ℃ HAD is beneficial for obtaining more valued polymethoxyflavones such as 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone. The 90℃ HAD resulted in the highest content of naringenin and 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavanone. This study demonstrated the transformation characteristics of flavonoids in pomelo peel under varying drying conditions, providing benefits for comprehensive utilization of pomelo peel in extracting valued-added flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to explore the process of β-glucosidase-assisted extraction of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo and the inhibitory effect of the extracted flavonoids on tyrosinase. In this paper, the extraction amount of total flavonoids was used as the index, and the β-glucosidase activity, enzymatic hydrolysis pH, temperature and time were optimized by single factor and response surface experiments, and the inhibitory effect of total flavonoids extract on tyrosinase was studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo were as follows: β-Glucosidase enzyme activity 0.0128 U/mL, enzymolysis pH4.4, temperature 35 t, time 4.8 h. Under these conditions, the extraction amount of total flavonoids was 34.0 mg/g, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the flavonoids extract on tyrosinase was 0.31 mg/mL. The results of this study showed that the enzymatic process could significantly improve the extraction amount of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo, and the flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo had strong tyrosinase inhibition. The results of this study provided a reference for the extraction and application of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo, which was conducive to promoting the high-value utilization of Guanxi pummelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Effect of osmosis dehydration, ultrasonic and edible coating as the pretreatment before drying has been studied in order to improve the flavor of the product, reduce thermal damages, decrease interstitial water and ease of transferring mass. The response surface method was used to optimize the drying conditions of Pommelo slices by osmosis-hot air. The concentration of edible coating (0-2% w/v) and the time of applying ultrasound (0-30 min) and the concentration of sucrose (40-80% w/w) were evaluated as independent variables on the amount of moisture content, absorption of solids, weight loss and productivity coefficient of Pommelo slices as dependent variables. All process variables were linearly significant for all responses (P<0.01). The comparison of the optimization results of coated and uncoated Pommelo osmotic dehydration showed that at the optimal point, the maximum amount of carboxymethyl cellulose coating and the osmotic dehydration time and the concentration of the osmotic solution in the coated sample were calculated as 2%, 21.86 minutes and 57.75%, respectively. The highest values of water reduction, weight loss and efficiency coefficient were 0.09172 (g/100g of solid matter), 0.091% and 19.478 respectively in the coated sample, and the highest absorption of solids with a value of 0.0089 (g/100g of solids) was reported in the uncoated sample. The results showed that the use of coating reduces the absorption of solid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternaria species show a wide range of life modes, viz. pathogens in plants, animals and human, saprobes and rarely endophytes. In the present study, three Alternaria isolates were obtained from healthy fruits of Citrus grandis cv. 'Tomentosa' in an industrial planting area in Guigang City, Guangxi Province, China. The nuclear internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA region (ITS), 28S large subunit rDNA (LSU), 18S small subunit rDNA (SSU), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1-α), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) and Alternaria major allergen (alt-a1) gene regions were sequenced and employed to construct phylogenetic trees. Based on the morphology and combined multi-genes phylogeny, our isolates were identified as a novel species, Alternaria tomentosae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of medicinal plants has been a longstanding tradition -- providing natural remedies with cultural and therapeutic significance, especially in the context of postpartum care. Thus, this study aims to document the usage of medicinal plants in postpartum recuperation, specifically in herbal steaming and bathing in the upland community of Leon, Iloilo, the Philippines. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 key informants using a snowball sampling method from October--November 2022 and in March 2024, thereby resulting in the documentation of 70 medicinal plant species distributed in 64 genera and 35 families. The Fabaceae family was most represented with seven species, followed by Poaceae with six species, and Lamiaceae with five species. Most of the documented species are non-native (51%) and cosmopolitan, categorized as "least concern" (50%) in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. A variety of medicinal plants were documented -- including trees (57%), herbs (20%), shrubs (17%), and climbers (6%). Roots (64%) and leaves (24%) were the plant parts used most often, and decoction was the primary form of preparation. These medicinal plants can be found growing within the community's vicinity, with most of them (51%) found in forested areas and the rest (49%) being cultivated. The use value (UV) and family use value (FUV) indices were calculated to evaluate the plant's importance. Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. had the highest (0.91) UV, followed by Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. and Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. (0.88), and Bambusa spinosa Roxb. (0.85). Pittosporaceae (0.91) and Hypericaceae (0.62) had the highest FUVs. The findings of this study will provide a foundation for additional scientific validation of the biological properties of the documented plants, specifically focusing on the most valued species, and raise awareness for the preservation of cultural practices and beliefs regarding postpartum care for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citrus cultivar 'Local Juhong', which has historically been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal material, originated in Yuanjiang County, Hunan Province.Its parental type and genetic background are indistinct as of yet. Morphological observation shows that 'Local Juhong' has a slight oblateness in fruit shape, a relatively smooth pericarp, a fine and slightly raised oil vacuole, and an inward concave at the blossom end. The tree form and fruit and leaf morphology of 'Local Juhong' are similar to those of 'Huangpi' sour orange. To reveal the genetic background of 'Local Juhong', 21 citrus accessions were evaluated using nuclear and chloroplast SSR markers and whole-genome SNP information. 'Local Juhong' was grouped with mandarins and sub-grouped with 'Miyagawa Wase' and 'Yanxi Wanlu' in a nuclear SSR analysis, which indicated that its pollen parent might be mandarins. It was closely clustered with orange and pummelo in the chloroplast SSR analysis. The genomic sequence similarity rate of 'Local Juhong' with mandarin and pummelo heterozygosity was 70.88%; the main part was the heterozygosity, except for the unknown (19.66%), mandarin (8.73%), and pummelo (3.9%) parts. Thus, 'Local Juhong' may be an F1 hybrid with pummelo as the female parent and mandarin as the male parent, sharing sisterhood with 'Huangpi' sour orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a convenient and environment-friendly reduction strategy was employed to attach silver nanoparticles onto ceria nanorods (AgCe). Nanorods were synthesised through a green chemistry approach with varied silver contents and Citrus maxima peel extract as a reducing agent. The resulting AgCe nanocomposites were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing methyl orange (MO) at ambient temperature by employing NaBH4 as a protonating agent. The as-prepared samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The as-prepared sample exhibited outstanding activity on the catalytic reduction of MO, and the synergistic effect between Ag nanoparticles and CeO2 nanorods was proved. Silver nanoparticles were formed and dispersed well on the surface of ceria nanorods. Based on the UV–Vis results, the activity of the samples with silver was superior to that of pure ceria. The 0.2AgCe sample was the most effective when the catalyst concentration was 0.08 g/L, and the molar ratio between MO and NaBH4 was 1/200. The entire catalytic reduction was thought to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. Hence, Ag nanoparticles decorated on CeO2 efficiently offered excellent catalytic efficiency and stability in MO reduction and that the catalyst was suitable for practical applications, such as wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hua‐ju‐hong (HJH) is a Chinese medicinal material obtained from Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' (CGT) and Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (CG) with various commercial specifications. It is known for relieving cough and dispelling phlegm. To reveal the quality marker for distinguishing the various HJH, 215 batches of commercial HJH were studied systematically using multidimensional chemical analysis. Ten major components were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and quantified via high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection. In this study, a rapid, efficient, and low‐cost chromatographic method was established. Total coumarin‐hemiterpene and total coumarin‐monoterpene were first classified and analyzed in HJH. The result indicated that the main component, naringin, was not the quality marker for differentiating CGT from CG. For reflecting the unique medicinal and food value of HJH, coumarins should be the more potential quality markers. Flavonoids were the possible quality markers for distinguishing two growth stages of fruit‐exocarp and young fruit. For the first time, two chemotypes of HJH were identified in CG. This study provides a convenient yet reliant chromatographic method and novel yet systematic strategies for overall quality control of commercial HJH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulation of juice sacs is a physiological disorder, which affects pomelo fruit quality. Here, the transcriptome and ubiquitinome of the granulated juice sacs were analyzed in Guanxi pomelo. We found that lignin accumulation in the granulated juice sacs was regulated at transcription and protein modification levels. In transcriptome data, we found that the genes in lignin biosynthesis pathway and antioxidant enzyme system of the granulated juice sacs were significantly upregulated. However, in ubiquitinome data, we found that ubiquitinated antioxidant enzymes increased in abundance but the enzyme activities decreased after the modification, which gave rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents in granulated juice sacs. This finding suggests that ubiquitination level of the antioxidant enzymes is negatively correlated with the enzyme activities. Increased H2O2 is considered to be a signaling molecule to activate the key gene expressions in lignin biosynthesis pathway, which leads to the lignification in granulated juice sacs of pomelo. This regulatory mechanism in juice sac granulation of pomelo was further confirmed through the verification experiment using tissue culture by adding H2O2 or dimethylthiourea (DMTU). Our findings suggest that scavenging H2O2 and other ROS are important for reducing lignin accumulation, alleviating juice sac granulation and improving pomelo fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus canker disease affects citrus production. This disease is caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). Previous studies confirmed that during Xcc infection, PthA4, a transcriptional activator like effector (TALE), is translocated from the pathogen to host plant cells. PthA4 binds to the effector binding elements (EBEs) in the promoter region of canker susceptibility gene LOB1 (EBEPthA4-LOBP) to activate its expression and subsequently cause canker symptoms. Previously, the Cas12a/CBE co-editing method was employed to disrupt EBEPthA4-LOBP of pummelo, which is highly homozygous. However, most commercial citrus cultivars are heterozygous hybrids and more difficult to generate homozygous/biallelic mutants. Here, we employed Cas12a/CBE co-editing method to edit EBEPthA4-LOBP of Hamlin (Citrus sinensis), a commercial heterozygous hybrid citrus cultivar grown worldwide. Binary vector GFPp1380N-ttLbCas12a:LOBP1-mPBE:ALS2:ALS1 was constructed and shown to be functional via Xcc-facilitated agroinfiltration in Hamlin leaves. This construct allows the selection of transgene-free regenerants via GFP, edits ALS to generate chlorsulfuron-resistant regenerants as a selection marker for genome editing resulting from transient expression of the T-DNA via nCas9-mPBE:ALS2:ALS1, and edits gene(s) of interest (i.e., EBEPthA4-LOBP in this study) through ttLbCas12a, thus creating transgene-free citrus. Totally, 77 plantlets were produced. Among them, 8 plantlets were transgenic plants (#HamGFP1 - #HamGFP8), 4 plantlets were transgene-free (#HamNoGFP1 - #HamNoGFP4), and the rest were wild type. Among 4 transgene-free plantlets, three lines (#HamNoGFP1, #HamNoGFP2 and #HamNoGFP3) contained biallelic mutations in EBEpthA4, and one line (#HamNoGFP 4) had homozygous mutations in EBEpthA4. We achieved 5.2% transgene-free homozygous/biallelic mutation efficiency for EBEPthA4-LOBP in C. sinensis cv. Hamlin, compared to 1.9% mutation efficiency for pummelo in a previous study. Importantly, the four transgenefree plantlets and 3 transgenic plantlets that survived were resistant against citrus canker. Taken together, Cas12a/CBE co-editing method has been successfully used to generate transgene-free canker-resistant C. sinensis cv. Hamlin in the T0 generation via biallelic/homozygous editing of EBEpthA4 of the canker susceptibility gene LOB1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naringin is a flavonoid found primarily in citrus species with especially high concentrations being present in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), and pomelo (Citrus grandis). Because of its many positive effects on human health, naringin has been the focus of increasing attention in recent years. Recently, conventional extraction methods have been commonly replaced with unconventional methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and other, more eco-friendly extraction methods requiring little-to-no environmentally harmful solvents or significantly less energy. Naringin analysis is most commonly done via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS) or a photodiode array (DAD) detector. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent trends developments in the extraction, sample preparation, and liquid chromatographic analysis of the compound originating from citrus fruits or their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the thesis that individual, collective and iatrogenic shame might be the unacknowledged elephant in the room in couples therapy. A number of examples are cited of couples treatment where shame is either ignored or unintentionally encouraged. Reference is made to the author's earlier work (Shaddock, 1998, 2000) that cites shame, along with fears of abandonment and intrusion, as a powerful unconscious organizer of relationships. A discussion of the nonverbal origins of shame cites a consensus that it originates in the toddler phase, particularly in regards to derailments in the interpersonal regulation of states of heightened arousal. Attention is paid to the way couples' nonverbal communication can repeat or restimulate these mirroring failures. The paper then turns to an exploration of shame that is iatrogenic in the couples treatment process, in which telling or emphasizing the right way to relate or communicate ignores the shame inducing message that the couple is doing things the wrong way. Another source of shame in the treatment comes from the therapist adopting an expert or all-knowing attitude. The paper concludes with a case example of a couple whose conflict centered around how the wife refused to wear clothes that exposed her body. The key to the treatment was understanding the husband's shame as well as the wife's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is an economically important fruit crop with a long history of cultivation worldwide, and many citrus varieties are grown extensively in Morocco, both for domestic consumption and export. Nevertheless, the genetic diversity of this genus in Morocco has not been reported upon. Our objective was to explore phenotypic variations in grapefruit and pomelo genotypes for targeted breeding, enhancing key traits, and identifying opportunities for genetic improvement. We emphasize practical implications and outline future research directions for developing improved citrus varieties. This present study physiochemically analyzes eight grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and two pomelo (Citrus maxima) cultivars to assess the genetic variability of these fruits' physicochemical characteristics. The results revealed significant variance among the genotypes for all traits. For example, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. Moreover, a high degree of heritability was recorded for seed number, β-carotene, vitamin C, juice yield (%), total soluble solids, titratable acidity, maturity index, fruit diameter, and fruit weight, whereas limited heritability was observed for fruit length, peel thickness, and segment number per fruit. The high genetic advance scores corresponded to the high degree of heritability estimates for seed number per fruit, β-carotene, juice yield, and vitamin C, suggesting the existence of additive genetic effects. Our principal component analysis (PCA) identified four components with cumulative variance of 93.20%, while hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the collection into five clusters. In conclusion, phenotypic distinctions among grapefruit and pomelo genotypes reveal opportunities for genetic enhancement through selection or hybridization. Varied traits, including seed count, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and juice yield, across genotypes suggest potential avenues for targeted breeding and practical applications in diverse citrus varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Recent studies reveal that dietary fiber (DF) might play a critical role in the metabolism and bioactivity of flavonoids by regulating gut microbiota. We previously found that Shatianyu (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) pulp was rich in flavonoids and DF, and Shatianyu pulp flavonoid extracts (SPFEs) were dominated by melitidin, obviously different from other citrus flavonoids dominated by naringin. The effects of Shatianyu pulp DF (SPDF) on the microbial metabolism and bioactivity of SPFEs is unknown. RESULTS: An in vitro colonic fermentation model was used to explore the effects of SPDF on the microbial metabolism and antioxidant activity of SPFEs in the present study. At the beginning of fermentation, SPDF promoted the microbial degradation of SPFEs. After 24 h-fermentation, the supplemented SPFEs were almost all degraded in SPFEs group, and the main metabolites detected were the dehydrogenation, hydroxylation and acetylation products of naringenin, the aglycone of the major SPFEs components. However, when SPFEs fermented with SPDF for 24 h, 60.7% of flavonoid compounds were retained, and SPFEs were mainly transformed to the ring fission metabolites, such as 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid and 3-(3-hydroxy-phenyl) propionic acid. The fermentation metabolites of SPFEs showed stronger antioxidant activity than the original ones, with a further increase in SPDF supplemented group. Furthermore, SPFEs enriched microbiota participating in the deglycosylation and dehydrogenation of flavonoids, while co-supplementation of SPDF and SPFEs witnessed the bloom of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus, contributing to the deglycosylation and ring fission of flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pomelo-doped zinc oxide beads (PZB), pomelo-doped titanium dioxide beads (PTB), and pomelo-doped zinc oxide and titanium dioxide beads (PZTB) were synthesized for sorbing methylene blue (MB) dye. Their characterizations were explored by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focus Ion Beam (FESEM-FIB), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). In addition, their sorbent efficiencies for sorbing MB dye were investigated through batch experiments, sorbent reusability studies, sorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. They were crystalline phases presenting the specific peaks of zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). Their surfaces had lamella structures with coarse surfaces, and they also found specific structures of ZnO or TiO2 on the surfaces. Zn–O or Ti–O–Ti was also detected in PZB or PTB or, PZTB depending upon metal oxide types added into pomelo beaded sorbents. For batch experiments, they could adsorb MB dye of more than 86%, and PZTB showed the highest MB dye removal efficiency. In addition, they could be reused for more than three cycles with high MB dye sorptions of more than 72%. They corresponded to Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Moreover, the increasing temperature affected their decreasing MB dye sorptions which were exothermic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The binding kinetics of heavy-metal ions (using Cd2+ as an example) by isolated fractions of microgel and pectinic substances from pomelo, beet pulp, and sunflower calathides obtained by combined fractionation in a reaction solution stream were studied. The contributions of external and internal diffusion to sorption processes of Cd2+ by the pectinic sorbents were evaluated using the Boyd-Adamson- Myers and Weber-Morris equations. A mixed-diffusion nature of the rate-limiting step of the overall sorption was found. The effects of the sorbent structure and composition on the intensity of sorption processes were established. Their sorption capacity was shown to depend on the content of galacturonic acid residues. In contrast to pectinic polysaccharides obtained in a reaction solution stream but without using combined fractionation, a change of the ratio of reaction rate constants did not reduce the effective diffusion coefficients for isolated fractions of microgel and pectinic substances. This could be indicative of the occurrence of parallel chemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sorption mechanism of Cd2+ and Pb2+ by edible fibers, namely isolated highly purified fractions of pectinic polysaccharides of pomelo albedo, beet pulp, and sunflower calathides, was studied. The Lagergren and Ho-McKay equations were used to evaluate the contribution of a chemical reaction to the sorption process. A relationship was found between the sorption capacity of pectinic polysaccharides and the concentration of free galacturonic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The folk proverb "the older, the better" is usually used to describe the quality of Citrus grandis "Tomentosa" (CGT) in China. In this study, CGT aged for 6‐, 12‐, 16‐, and 19‐years were collected for the investigation of infusion color, main bioactive components, antioxidant activity, metabolic composition, and pathway. The results found that infusion color, the total phenolic and flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of CGT were obviously changed by aging process. Through untargeted metabolomics, 55 critical metabolites were identified to in discrimination of CGT with different storage ages, mainly including phenylpropanoids, lipids, and organic oxygen compounds. Twenty compounds that showed good linear relationships with storage ages could be used for year prediction of CGT. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment pathway analysis uncovered important metabolic pathways related to the accumulation of naringin, kaempferol, and choline as well as the degradation of benzenoids, thus supporting that aged CGT might be more beneficial to health. Correlation analysis provided that some key metabolites with bitter taste and biological activity were involved in the darkening and reddening of CGT infusion during aging, and total phenolic and flavonoid were more strongly associated with the antioxidant activity of CGT. This study systematically revealed the quality changes and key metabolic pathways during CGT aging at first time. Practical Application: This study reveals the differences in quality attributes and metabolic profile between CGT with different storage ages, providing guidance for consumers' consumption, and also providing more scientific basis for the quality evaluation and improvement of CGT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an erratum published in the journal Frontiers in Plant Science. It corrects errors in a previously published article titled "Role of boron and its interaction with other elements in plants." The corrections include changes to the abstract, introduction, and sections on boron interaction with potassium, calcium, iron, and silicon. The erratum also includes a correction to a mistake in Table 2 of the original article. The corrections address inaccuracies in the original text and provide more accurate information on the role of boron and its interactions with other elements in plants. [Extracted from the article]

Highly efficient and low-cost materials for the degradation of organic dyes in wastewater remain the focus of environmental protection and water pollution control, in which, nanozymes have been at the forefront for the development of a new platform and aroused more and more attention. In this work, a nanoceria@shaddock peel-derived nanocomposite (Ce@CSP) with excellent peroxidase-like performance in methyl violet (MV) degradation as well as ascorbic acid (AA) detection was synthesized by a simple one step in situ pyrolysis of cerium ammonium nitrate (Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6) and pretreated shaddock peel. By means of the cooperative-reinforcing peroxidase-like activity of the porous carbon material originating from shaddock peel (CSP) and the loaded CeO2 nanoparticle, the obtained nanozyme Ce@CSP displayed a superior catalytic ability in the catalyzed oxidation of the chromogenic substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H2O2. Specifically, a synergetic absorbent property was also demonstrated by the porous carbon material, bringing the target molecules in close proximity to the nanozyme catalyst and therefore enabling effective decoloration of MV and colorimetric detection of AA with a linear range of 1.6–17.3 μM and a detection limit of 1.07 μM. The current work has realized effective decoloration of MV in real water samples and provided a wide range of potential applications of low-cost and eco-friendly materials in organic dye treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wendan (a type of pomelo), a popular fruit in China, is less known in other countries. Its peel is widely used in food and traditional medicine. Four different origins (Xuzhou, Taizhou, Zhangzhou, and Meizhou) of Wendan pomelo were selected, and crude extracts were obtained by the Soxhlet extraction method. The composition of Wendan peel was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) in positive ion mode. The compounds were identified by searching the Metabolite Link (METLIN), the Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS), and by referring to literature reports. A total of 20 compounds were identified among the samples from the four origins, of which 8 compounds were common. The majority of the compounds belonged to the flavonoid and coumarin classes; Meranzin hydrate was identified for the first time in pomelo peel. In vitro antioxidant activity experiments showed that samples from Taizhou, Zhejiang, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, with values of 0.59 mg/mL, 97.06 μmol TE/g, and 60.62 μmol Fe2+/g, respectively. Samples from Zhangzhou, Fujian, showed antioxidant activity second only to the samples from Taizhou, Zhejiang. The sample from Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, showed excellent inhibitory activity in the α-glucosidase inhibition assay (IC50 = 7.99 mg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products from plants have the potential to exert antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities and have been widely used as ingredients in cosmetics, medicines, or supplementary food. Several types of secondary metabolites from the Citrus genus have been reported to exhibit interesting biological activity. Due to this lack of studies and biological activity of compounds from related species, it was considered important to investigate Citrus grandis Linn. (Tubtim Siam Pomelo) to be studied. The objective of this research was to isolate and elucidate the structures of chemical constituents and to evaluate their biological activity from the peels of C. grandis Linn. A coumarin (1) and 3 flavonoids (2 - 4) were isolated from the peels of C. grandis Linn. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analyses of spectroscopic data as well as comparison of their spectroscopic data with the previously published data. Compounds 1 - 4 have been evaluated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Compound 2 showed the highest inhibition in DPPH and tyrosinase with IC50 values of 0.219 ± 0.011 and 0.033 ± 0.002 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, compound 1 - 4 were the first time being isolated from Tubtim Siam Pomelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exocarpium Citri Grandis is a popular Chinese herbal medicine prepared from Citrus grandis 'tomentosa', and it is rich in several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, coumarins, and volatile oils. However, studies are yet to elucidate the mechanisms of synthesis and regulation of these active components. Therefore, the present study examined the profiles of flavonoids and volatile oil bioactive compounds in plant petals, fruits, and tender leaves, and then performed RNA sequencing on different tissues to identify putative genes involved in the synthesis of bioactive compounds. The results show that the naringin, naringenin, and coumarin contents of the fruitlets were significantly higher than those of the tender leaves and petals, whereas the tender leaves had significantly higher levels of rhoifolin and apigenin. A total of 49 volatile oils, of which 10 were mainly found in flowers, 15 were mainly found in fruits, and 18 were mainly found in leaves, were identified. RNA sequencing identified 9,942 genes that were differentially expressed in different tissues. Further analysis showed that 20, 15, and 74 differentially expressed genes were involved in regulating flavonoid synthesis, regulating coumarin synthesis, and synthesis and regulation of terpenoids, respectively. CHI1 (Cg7g005600) and 1,2Rhat gene (Cg1g023820) may be involved in the regulation of naringin synthesis in C. grandis fruits. The HDR (Cg8g006150) gene, HMGS gene (Cg5g009630) and GGPS (Cg1g003650) may be involved in the regulation and synthesis of volatile oils in C. grandis petals. Overall, the findings of the present study enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolites in C. grandis, which could promote the breeding of C. grandis with desired characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dietary supplements are products that are ingested in addition to the regular diet to provide additional health-promoting nutrients. Dietary supplements are defined and regulated differently in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). A fundamental aspect, besides the one related to the composition of the various products on the market, is linked to their quality, both from a nutritional and a pharmacological point of view. Concerning the knowledge of the metabolic aspects, the analysis of the interference, as an inductive or an inhibitory effect, of the p450 enzyme on individual preparations of supplements is crucial. In this study, we present the results of the interference analysis of a new nutraceutical product based on 38% Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction BPF® (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit.), Pomegranate (Punica granatum) and Citrus fruits (Citrus aurantium var. dulcis, Citrus maxima Burm. Merr, Citrus paradisi Macfad) extract with cytochrome p450, showing that the product has limited activity on the cytochromes involved in most of human drug metabolism. This nutraceutical product is to be considered safe and potentially useful in the context of multiple treatments, not interfering with the traditional chronic therapies of patients. These findings open the door to modern "pharma-grade" nutraceuticals, expanding the safety and quality profiles of these new products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background. There is considerable diversity in newly developed pummelo x sweet orange citrus hybrids. Most hybrids showed lower peel thickness and high juice yield but there is a lack of information on fruit quality parameters and molecular characterization. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to determine the content of antioxidants and properties of the fresh juice of 24 new pummelo x sweet orange citrus hybrids (Citrus maxima [Burm. f.] Osbeck x Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) and the parental genotypes along with molecular characteristics determined using acidity specific markers. Experimental approach. The correlation and estimate of inheritance of the fruit juice properties: ascorbic acid, total phenol, total flavonoid, total antioxidant, total soluble solid and sugar contents, pH, titratable acidity, along with sensory evaluation was performed. Molecular characterization of these hybrids was carried out using de novo generated acidity specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Results and conclusions. The main constituents of the fruit juice of pummelo x sweet orange hybrids were observed in the range of w(ascorbic acid)=40.00-58.13 mg/100 g, total phenols expressed as gallic acid equivalents w(GAE)=40.67-107.33 mg/100 g, total antioxidants expressed as Trolox equivalents b(Trolox)=2.03-5.49 μmol/g, total flavonoids expressed as quercetin equivalents w(QE)=23.67-59.33 mg/100 g, along with other properties: total soluble solids=7.33-11.33 %, w(total sugar)=2.10-5.76 %, w(reducing sugar)= 1.69-2.78 %, w(non-reducing sugar)=0.39-3.17 % and titratable acidity 1.00-2.11 %. The above parameters differed significantly in the fruit juice of the evaluated pummelo x sweet orange hybrids. Considering these parameters, the hybrids SCSH 17-9, SCSH 13-13, SCSH 11-15 and SCSH 3-15 had superior antioxidant properties in terms of these parameters. A higher heritability (≤80 %) was also observed for all juice properties. Molecular characterization of pummelo x sweet orange hybrids showed that >50 % of the hybrids were grouped with medium acidity parents. Both molecular and biochemical parameter-based clustering showed that interspecific hybrids exhibit transgressive segregation with increased antioxidants that help alleviate the health problems. Novelty and scientific contribution. These newly developed pummelo x sweet orange citrus hybrids are a valuable source of high-quality antioxidants for a healthy diet. The identification of trait markers that enable selection at the seedling stage is of great benefit to citrus breeders, as the characteristic features of a mature tree are not yet visible at the juvenile stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing friction between drill string and wellbore wall is one of the key functions of drilling fluid which may result from tight holes, key seats, differential sticking, or cutting build up along the drill string. However due to growing environmental concerns, biodegradable lubricants which are also cost-efficient are appreciated and mandated in many countries. This study discusses the performance analysis of biodegradable biodiesel produced from pomelo peels and Petroleum-based lube oil as drilling fluid lubricants. The test samples comprise 700 mL of water + 10 % bentonite + 3 % barite + 0.25 % CaCO3 + 0.25 % KOH + 1 % CMC + lubricant. Two sets of lubricants were utilized to prepare 10 samples of drilling fluid, one set with petroleum-based lubricant and other with biodiesel. Essential oil was extracted from pomelo peel with the help of the Clevenger apparatus. The oil was then converted to biodiesel through the process of transesterification. Biodiesel properties were tested for the ASTM standards. Both sets of drilling fluid samples were tested for their rheological, filtration and lubricating properties and from the results obtained it can be concluded that both type of lubricating agents have almost negligible impact on rheological and filtration loss properties. However, the lubricity coefficient values drastically decreased as we increased the lubricant content, which is an indication that biodiesel extracted from pomelo peel acts as a better lubricant. The values of the lubricity coefficient for biodiesel based drilling fluid also fell well within the advised range (<0.30). We can therefore draw the conclusion that biodiesel made from pomelo peel can replace petroleum-based lubricants while also lowering the environmental concerns related to lubricants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus polyploidy is associated with a wide range of morphological, genetic, and physiological changes that are often advantageous for breeding. Citrus triploid hybrids are very interesting as new seedless varieties. However, tetraploid rootstocks promote adaptation to different abiotic stresses and promote resilience. Triploid and tetraploid hybrids can be obtained through sexual hybridizations using tetraploid parents (2x × 4x, 4x × 2x, or 4x × 4x), but more knowledge is needed about the inheritance pattern of tetraploid parents to optimize the efficiency of triploid varieties and tetraploid rootstock breeding strategies. In this work, we have analyzed the inheritance pattern of three tetraploid genotypes: ‘Chandler’ pummelo (Citrus maxima) and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata), which represent two clear examples of autotetraploid plants constituted by the genome of a single species, and the ‘Sevillano’ sour orange, which is an allotetraploid interspecific hybrid between C. maxima and C. reticulata. Polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to estimate parental heterozygosity restitution, and allele frequencies for centromeric loci were used to calculate the preferential pairing rate related to the proportion of disomic and tetrasomic segregation. The tetraploid pummelo and mandarin displayed tetrasomic segregation. Sour orange evidenced a clear intermediate inheritance for five of the nine chromosomes (1, 2, 5, 7, and 8), a slight tendency toward tetrasomic inheritance on chromosome 3, and intermediate inheritance with a tendency toward disomy for chromosomes 4, 6, and 9. These results indicate that the interspecific versus intraspecific phylogenomic origin affects preferential pairing and, therefore, the inheritance patterns. Despite its high level of heterozygosity, the important preferential chromosome pairing observed in sour orange results in a limited diversity of the genotypic variability of its diploid gametes, and consequently, a large part of the genetic value of the original diploid sour orange is transferred to the tetraploid progenies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]