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Developing high‐performance infrared (IR) radiation materials with desired broadband emissivity, excellent thermal stability, and scalable fabrication processes is highly desirable for energy‐saving applications and heat dissipation. However, it remains a grand challenge to concurrently meet these requirements in existing IR radiation materials. Herein, a high‐entropy (HE) approach is employed to advance the IR radiation performance of spinel oxide. This strategy efficiently narrows the bandgap due to the enhanced electron transitions and the introduction of oxygen vacancies (Ov), variable‐valence behavior, and orbital hybridization. In addition, the lattice distortion effect lowers the symmetry of lattice vibration. Therefore, the resulting HE spinel oxide exhibits near‐blackbody radiation performance, with its emissivity approximately three times higher than that of the binary spinel oxide. Moreover, the entropy‐dominating phase stabilization effect contributes to impressive thermal stability (stable at 1300 °C for 100 h). This makes it suitable for high‐temperature thermal radiation applications, such as energy conservation in industrial high‐temperature furnaces. More importantly, the HE spinel oxide can be readily spray‐coated on various substrates. And the coating on stainless steel reaches an outstanding emissivity of 0.943 in the 0.78−16 µm wavelength range. All these merits render the HE approach competitive for the development of high‐emissivity and thermally stable thermal radiation materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether photosynthesis has improved with increasing yield in major crops remains controversial. Research in this area has often neglected to account for differences in light intensity experienced by cultivars released in different years. Light intensity is expected to be positively associated with photosynthetic capacity and the resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light but negatively associated with light-utilization efficiency under low light. Here, we analyzed the light environment, photosynthetic activity, and protein components of leaves of 26 winter wheat cultivars released during the past 60 years in China. Over time, light levels on flag leaves significantly decreased due to architectural changes, but photosynthetic rates under high or low light and the resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light remained steady, contrary to expectations. We propose that the difference between the actual and expected trends is due to breeding. Specifically, breeding has optimized photosynthetic performance under high light rather than low light. Moreover, breeding selectivity altered the stoichiometry of several proteins related to dynamic photosynthesis, canopy light distribution, and photoprotection. These results indicate that breeding has significantly altered the photosynthetic mechanism in wheat and its response to the light environment. These changes likely have helped increase wheat yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The mitochondrial alternative pathway (AP) represents an important photoprotective mechanism for the chloroplast, but the temperature sensitivity of its photoprotective role is unknown. In this study, using the aox1a Arabidopsis mutant, the photoprotective role of the AP was verified under various temperatures, and the mechanism underlying the temperature sensitivity of the AP's photoprotective role was clarified. It was observed that the photoprotective role of the AP increased with rising temperature but was absent at low temperature. The photoprotective role of the AP was severely reduced under non‐photorespiratory conditions. Disturbance of the AP inhibited the conversion of glycine to serine in mitochondria, which may restrain upstream photorespiratory metabolism and aggravate photoinhibition. With rising temperatures, photorespiration accelerated and the restraint of photorespiration caused by disturbance of the AP also increased, determining the temperature sensitivity of the AP's photoprotective role. We also verified that not only the AP but also the cytochrome pathway in mitochondria contributes to photoprotection by maintaining photorespiration. Significance Statement: Photoprotection by the mitochondrial alternative pathway (AP) is enhanced at heat but disabled at chilling, which is due to (i) the AP's contribution to photoprotection through maintaining photorespiration and (ii) acceleration of photorespiration with rising temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The benefits of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unclear. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of pioglitazone on prevention of in-stent restenosis (ISR) in patients with T2DM after PCI. Methods: All full-text published relevant studies compared the effect of pioglitazone with control group (placebo or no pioglitazone treatment) on ISR in patients with T2DM after PCI were identified by searching the databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and ISI Web of Science through October 2015. The endpoints were defined as the rate of ISR, late lumen loss, in-stent neointimal volume, target lesion revascularization (TLR) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Results: Six studies (5 RCTs and 1 retrospective study), comprising 503 patients, were included into this meta-analysis. In the pioglitazone group, as compared with the control group, the risk ratio for ISR was 0.48 (I2 = 14.5%, P = 0.322; 95%CI 0.35 to 0.68, P<0.001), the risk ratio for TLR was 0.58 (I2 = 6.0%, P = 0.363; 95%CI 0.38 to 0.87, P = 0.009). The result showed there was no association between the use of pioglitazone and the events of MACE (I2 = 36.7%, P = 0.209; RR 0.56, 95%CI 0.30 to 1.05, P = 0.071). For the considerable heterogeneity, further analysis was not suitable for the endpoints of late lumen loss (I2 = 81.9%, P<0.001) and neointimal volume (I2 = 75.9%, P = 0.016). Conclusions: The treatment of pioglitazone was associated with a reduction in ISR and TLR in T2DM patients suffering from PCI, except the incidence of MACE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Support vector machine (SVM) parameter optimization selection is an important research direction, but there is still no systematic theory to guide the selection of the SVM parameters. Since optimizing the SVM parameters by the artificial fish-swarm algorithm tends to fall into the small neighborhood of the approximate optimal solution, we design the AFMC algorithm for the SVM parameter optimization. At the early stage, we use the better parallel optimization performance of the fish-swarm algorithm to quickly gain the approximate optimal solution. Then we use the MonteCarlo algorithm for local searching to achieve a quick and effective strong-approximate optimal solution. The numerical experiments show that the proposed algorithm has better classification performance and faster searching speed, and it is effective and feasible in the SVM parameter optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving a large-scale convex quadratic programming problem is the core of the support vector machine. An equivalence complementarity problem can be obtained based on an amended model of the support vector machine(SVM), therefore we propose a non-monotonic trust region algorithm for solving the complementarity problem based on the Fischer-Burmeister complementarity function. The new algorithm need not compute any Hesse or the inverse matrix, thus reducing the amount of computational work. Global convergence of the algorithm is proved without any assumptions. Numerical experiments show that the running speed of the algorithm is faster than that of the LSVM algorithm and the descent algorithm when solving large-scale nonlinear classification problems and thus it provides a feasible method for solving SVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over-expression of chloroplast glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene ( LeGPAT) in tomato increased cis-unsaturated fatty acid content in phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of the thylakoid membrane. Under chilling stress, the oxygen evolving activity, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII ( F/ F), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities decreased less in sense lines than in antisense lines compared to wild-type (WT) plants. Consistently, the relative electric conductivity, $${\text{O}}_{2} ^{{. - }} $$ and HO contents in sense lines were lower than those of WT and antisense lines. The antisense lines with low level of unsaturated fatty acids in PG were extremely susceptible to photoinhibition of PSII and had a significant reduction in the D1 protein content of PSII reaction center under chilling stress. However, in the presence of streptomycin (SM), the degradation of D1 protein was faster in sense lines than in WT and antisense plants. These results suggested that, under chilling stress conditions, increasing cis-unsaturated fatty acids in PG through over-expression of LeGPAT can alleviate PSII photoinhibition by accelerating the repair of D1 protein and improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes in chloroplasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) transformed with the sense and antisense constructs of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum) violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene ( LeVDE) was obtained under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-CaMV). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis demonstrated that the exogenous gene was integrated into the tobacco genome. Wild type (WT), the sense-transgenic line T1-24(+) and the antisense-transgenic line T1-17(−) were used for physiological measurement. The ratio of (A+Z)/(V+A+Z) and non-photochemical quenching in WT were lower than that in sense plants and higher than that in antisense ones under high light and chilling stress with low irradiance. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the sense line decreased less, while Fv/Fm and Pn in the antisense line decreased most obviously among all lines. These results suggest that the expression of the violaxanthin de-epoxidase gene in transgenic plants affects the sensitivity of PSII photoinhibition to high light and chilling stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the relationship between the lipid composition in thylakoid membrane and thermostability of photosynthetic apparatus, tobacco transformed with sweet pepper sense glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase ( GPAT) gene were used to analyze the lipid composition in thylakoid membrane, the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under high temperature stress. The results showed that the saturated extent of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in thylakoid membrane of transgenic tobacco T1 lines increased generally. Particularly, the saturated extent in MGDG increased obviously by 16.2% and 12.0% in T1-2 and T1-1, respectively. With stress temperature elevating, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry ( Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII in the light (Φ PSII) and net photosynthetic rate ( Pn) of the two lines and wild type tobacco plants decreased gradually, but those parameters decreased much less in transgenic plants. Even though the recovery process appeared differently in the donor and acceptor side of PSII in transgenic tobacco compared with wild-type plants, the entire capability of PSII recovered faster in transgenic tobacco, which was shown in the parameters of PI, Fv/Fm and Φ PSII, as a result, the recovery of Pn was accelerated. Conclusively, we proposed that the increase in saturated extent of thylakoid membrane lipids in transgenic plants enhanced the stability of photosynthetic apparatus under high temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cultivars of Capsicum annuum L. were acclimated for 5 d at sub-optimal temperature (14 °C) and irradiance of 250 µmol m−2 s−1. This cold-hardening resulted in some reduction in the extent of photoinhibition during an 8 h exposure to high irradiance at 4 °C. Obvious differences were observed between non-hardened leaves (NHL) and cold-hardened leaves (CHL) in the recovery under low irradiance at room temperature. The CHL of both cultivars recovered faster than NHL, especially during the initial fast phase of recovery. Compared with NHL, the total content of carotenoids (Cars), based on chlorophyll, Chl ( a+ b), and the proportions of xanthophyll cycle pigments referred to total Cars increased in CHL, mainly due to an increase of violaxanthin (V) + antheraxanthin (A) + zeaxanthin (Z) content per mol Chl ( a+ b). Faster development and a higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Chl fluorescence, related to a stronger deepoxidation of the larger xanthophyll cycle pool in NHL, could act as a major defence mechanism to reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species during severe chilling. This is suggested by higher content of Z or Z+A in photoinhibition as well as by its rapid decline during the initial fast phase of recovery. In contrast to the chilling-sensitive cv. 0004, the chilling-tolerant cv. 1141 did more easily acclimate its photosynthetic apparatus to low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a nonmonotonic trust region algorithm for solving inverse quadratic programming problems. It transformed the inverse quadratic programming problem into its dual problem which had a relatively small number of decision variables. Then it transformed the sub-problem into unconstrained optimization problem by using the general augmented Lagrange method. Numerical experiments show that the proposed algorithm runs faster than Newton algorithm and alternating direction method with Gaussian back substitution, it is more effective for large scale quadratic programming problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]