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In this work, a bio-based resin of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) mixed with three types of active diluents (Isoborneol methacrylates [IBOMA], tripropylene glycol diacrylate [TPGDA], and Ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate [ETPTA]) is used to form a protective UV-curable coating film on calcium alginate water-carrying microspheres (CA-WCMs). Calcium alginate microspheres (CAMs) have previously been used to encapsulate only ester soluble or oil-in-water core materials, thus limiting their application. After UV-curing with an increased active diluent dose, the pencil hardness, pendulum hardness, and mechanical strength of the CAMs increased. A photopolymerization kinetics study reveals that the maximum double bond (C=C) conversion rates of AESO-IBOMA, AESO-TPGDA, and AESO-ETPTA are 95, 92, and 86%, respectively, and the maximum conversion rate of C=C bond is 87% in their mixed system. Additionally, the water retention rate of the water-carrying microspheres (WCMs) increased with an increasing number of coating layers, plateauing after the number of layers exceeded four. The water retention is favorable, with more than 75% of the water stored for a duration of 50 days. Overall, the cost-effective and environmentally friendly method has shown encouraging results in the acquisition of water-absorbing CAMs, with the potential to overcome existing implementation constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albeit sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has achieved encouraging progress in microbial sterilization, the scarcity of guidelines for designing highly effective sonosensitizers and the intricate biofilm microenvironment (BME), substantially hamper the therapeutic efficacy against biofilm infections. To address the bottlenecks, we innovatively design a Ru(II) metallacycle‐based sonosensitizer/sonocatalyst (named Ru‐A3‐TTD) to enhance the potency of sonotherapy by employing molecular engineering strategies tailored to BME. Our approach involves augmenting Ru‐A3‐TTD's production of ultrasonic‐triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS), surpassing the performance of commercial sonosensitizers, through a straightforward but potent π‐expansion approach. Within the BME, Ru‐A3‐TTD synergistically amplifies sonotherapeutic efficacy via triple‐modulated approaches: (i) effective alleviation of hypoxia, leading to increased ROS generation, (ii) disruption of the antioxidant defense system, which shields ROS from glutathione consumption, and (iii) enhanced biofilm penetration, enabling ROS production in deep sites. Notably, Ru‐A3‐TTD sono‐catalytically oxidizes NADPH, a critical coenzyme involved in antioxidant defenses. Consequently, Ru‐A3‐TTD demonstrates superior biofilm eradication potency against multidrug‐resistant Escherichia coli compared to conventional clinical antibiotics, both in vitro and in vivo. To our knowledge, this study represents the pioneering instance of a supramolecular sonosensitizer/sonocatalyst. It provides valuable insights into the structure‐activity relationship of sonosensitizers and paves a promising pathway for the treatment of biofilm infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albeit sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has achieved encouraging progress in microbial sterilization, the scarcity of guidelines for designing highly effective sonosensitizers and the intricate biofilm microenvironment (BME), substantially hamper the therapeutic efficacy against biofilm infections. To address the bottlenecks, we innovatively design a Ru(II) metallacycle‐based sonosensitizer/sonocatalyst (named Ru‐A3‐TTD) to enhance the potency of sonotherapy by employing molecular engineering strategies tailored to BME. Our approach involves augmenting Ru‐A3‐TTD's production of ultrasonic‐triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS), surpassing the performance of commercial sonosensitizers, through a straightforward but potent π‐expansion approach. Within the BME, Ru‐A3‐TTD synergistically amplifies sonotherapeutic efficacy via triple‐modulated approaches: (i) effective alleviation of hypoxia, leading to increased ROS generation, (ii) disruption of the antioxidant defense system, which shields ROS from glutathione consumption, and (iii) enhanced biofilm penetration, enabling ROS production in deep sites. Notably, Ru‐A3‐TTD sono‐catalytically oxidizes NADPH, a critical coenzyme involved in antioxidant defenses. Consequently, Ru‐A3‐TTD demonstrates superior biofilm eradication potency against multidrug‐resistant Escherichia coli compared to conventional clinical antibiotics, both in vitro and in vivo. To our knowledge, this study represents the pioneering instance of a supramolecular sonosensitizer/sonocatalyst. It provides valuable insights into the structure‐activity relationship of sonosensitizers and paves a promising pathway for the treatment of biofilm infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 3 years, humans have experienced multiple rounds of global transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants. In addition, the widely used vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 involve multiple strategies of development and inoculation. Thus, the acquired immunity established among humans is complicated, and there is a lack of understanding within a panoramic vision. Here, we provided the special characteristics of the cellular and humoral responses in 2‐year convalescents after inactivated vaccines, in parallel to vaccinated COVID‐19 naïve persons and unvaccinated controls. The decreasing trends of the IgG, IgA, and NAb, but not IgM of the convalescents were reversed by the vaccination. Both cellular and humoral immunity in convalescents after vaccination were higher than the vaccinated COVID‐19 naïve persons. Notably, inoculation with inactivated vaccine fueled the NAb to BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 in 2‐year convalescents, much higher than the NAb during 6 months and 1 year after symptoms onset. And no obvious T cell escaping to the S protein was observed in 2‐year convalescents after inoculation. The study provides insight into the complicated features of human acquired immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 and variants in the real world, indicating that promoting vaccine inoculation is essential for achieving herd immunity against emerging variants, especially in convalescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilize the prevalence, associated factors and population distribution of AD and MCI among residents of the Hubei province aged 60 years or over to prove that elderly people who study and communicate with others, take part in regular physical exercise and choose a healthy lifestyle, will prevent or slow the decline in cognitive ability. If elderly people study and communicate with others, take part in regular physical exercise and choose a healthy lifestyle, can prevent or slow the decline in cognitive ability. A cross-sectional study was used for the recruitment of subjects. The screened patients with AD and MCI were then selected as patients in a case–control study. A total of 4314 subjects were recruited into the study. The prevalence of AD and MCI was 1.44% and 10.04%, respectively. The prevalence of AD and MCI differed significantly as a function of age and gender (p < 0.05). The preventative factors for AD and MCI, separately, included a happy marriage (OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.36–1.35) and higher education (OR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.55–0.78). The risk factors for AD and MCI, separately, included infrequent participation in social activities (OR = 1.00, 95%CI: 0.60–1.66) and infrequent communication with children (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.09–1.69). The prevalence of AD for people aged 60 or over in the Hubei province was lower than the national average of 3.06%. The prevalence of MCI was within the national range (5.2–23.4%). The influencing factors of AD and MCI were associated with the participants' social connections, lifestyle behaviors, somatic diseases and so on. The elderly people who study and communicate with others, take part in regular physical exercise and choose a healthy lifestyle will prevent or slow the decline in cognitive ability. The conclusion section has been replaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The longitudinal antigen-specific immunity in COVID-19 convalescents is crucial for long-term protection upon individual re-exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and even more pivotal for ultimately achieving population-level immunity. We conducted this cohort study to better understand the features of immune memory in individuals with different disease severities at 1 year post–disease onset. Methods We conducted a systematic antigen-specific immune evaluation in 101 COVID-19 convalescents, who had asymptomatic, mild, moderate, or severe disease, through 2 visits at months 6 and 12 after disease onset. The SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies, comprising neutralizing antibody (NAb), immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and IgM, were assessed by mutually corroborated assays (ie, neutralization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], and microparticle chemiluminescence immunoassay [MCLIA]). Meanwhile, T-cell memory against SARS-CoV-2 spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid proteins was tested through enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot), intracellular cytokine staining, and tetramer staining-based flow cytometry, respectively. Results SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG antibodies, and NAb, can persist among >95% of COVID-19 convalescents from 6 to 12 months after disease onset. At least 19/71 (26%) of COVID-19 convalescents (double positive in ELISA and MCLIA) had detectable circulating IgM antibody against SARS-CoV-2 at 12 months post–disease onset. Notably, numbers of convalescents with positive SARS-CoV-2–specific T-cell responses (≥1 of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen S1, S2, M, and N proteins) were 71/76 (93%) and 67/73 (92%) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Furthermore, both antibody and T-cell memory levels in the convalescents were positively associated with disease severity. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2–specific cellular and humoral immunities are durable at least until 1 year after disease onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are important vector hosts of pathogens which cause human and animal diseases worldwide. Diverse viruses have been discovered in ticks; however, little is known about the ecological factors that affect the tick virome composition and evolution. Herein, we employed RNA sequencing to study the virome diversity of the Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks sampled in Hubei Province in China. Twelve RNA viruses with complete genomes were identified, which belonged to six viral families: Flaviviridae, Matonaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Phenuiviridae , and Rhabdoviridae. These viruses showed great diversity in their genome organization and evolution, four of which were proposed to be novel species. The virome diversity and abundance of R. microplus ticks fed on cattle were evidently high. Further ecological analyses suggested that host species and feeding status may be key factors affecting the tick virome structure. This study described a number of novel viral species and variants from ticks and, more importantly, provided insights into the ecological factors shaping the virome structures of ticks, although it clearly warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the fibrous mesoporous silica F-SiO2 was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The reversible thermochromic composites of fibrous mesoporous silica (F-SiO2) and amino group-modified fibrous mesoporous silica (F-SiO2-NH2) microspheres loaded with cresol red-boric acid (CR-BA) were termed as S2 (F-SiO2/CR-BA) and SN2 (F-SiO2-NH2/CR-BA), respectively. The materials obtained were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The fibrous morphology of this rigid carrier was maintained after loading with the CR-BA composite system. Owing to the APTES modification, the F-SiO2-NH2/CR-BA composites underwent more severe color changes than the F-SiO2/CR-BA composites. In addition, the F-SiO2-NH2/CR-BA composites can recover the original color in only 210 s, illustrating excellent reversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ash condensation ability of the cigarette paper is an important factor affecting the cigarette grades. In this study, we put forward an effective method of improving this ability. Xanthan gum was successfully synthesized, applied as an ash integrator in the dip-coating process of cigarette paper production, and showed good performance. Cationic guar gum, cellulose phosphate and Hydroxyapatite (HAP) have been added in the pulp and showed better performance of the ash condensation property. The ash become much whiter and the scatter of the ash have been suppressed. Moreover, the further addition of HAP would result in a worse combustion efficiency, leading to the burning out of the cigarette in early time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ru-Co/CNTs catalysts are prepared by microwave-assisted heating electroless plating using Carbon nanotubes as Carrier. The structure of the catalyst was analyzed by TEM, XRD, EDS and TGA, and the performance of the catalytic alcoholysis of sodium borohydride was tested. At 25 oC, the carbon nanotube diameter is 10-20 nm, the catalyst dosage is 20 mg, the sodium borohydride concentration is 5 wt.%, and the sodium hydroxide concentration is 7 wt.%, the maximum rate of catalytic hydrogen production reaches the maximum value. At the same time, the activation energy is calculated to be 34.35 kJ · mol-1, which is much lower than the activation energy of spontaneous alcoholysis of sodium borohydride (63.0 kJ/mol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, mosquitoes are known to be competent vectors to various arboviruses that cause serious and debilitating diseases to humans and animals. Conversely, mosquitoes harbor a wide array of insect specific viruses (ISVs) that are generally neglected. Extensive characterization of these ISVs is important in understanding their persistence infection effect on host behavior and arbovirus transmission. Herein, we report first time isolation of Tanay virus (TANAV) isolate YN15_103_01 in Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes from Yunnan Province, China. Phylogenetically, the isolate's nucleotide identity had more than 14.47% variance compared to previous TANAV isolates, and it clustered into an independent branch within the genus Sandewavirus in the newly proposed taxon Negevirus. TANAV growth and high titers was attained in Aag2 cells (107 PFU/mL) but with no CPE observed up to 7 days.p.i. compared to C6/36 cells that exhibited extensive CPE at 48 h.p.i. with titers of 107 PFU/mL. Contrarywise, the viral isolate did not replicate in vertebrate cell lines. Electron microscopy analyses showed that its final maturation process takes place in the cell cytoplasm. Notably, the predicted viral proteins were verified to be corresponding to the obtained SDS-PAGE protein bands. Our findings advance forth new and vital knowledge important in understanding insect specific viruses, especially TANAV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). Hubei Province is a major epidemic area for SFTS in China. In this study, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and serological testing (IgM) were used simultaneously for laboratory detection of SFTS; however, testing results showed poor consistency between these two methods. Further analysis revealed that time post-onset was the main factor leading to inconsistent results. Thus, qRT-PCR is unable to detect all SFTS cases, and serological testing is essential. Here, 15 strains of SFTSV were successfully isolated from serum samples of acute SFTSV infection and their complete genomes were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 15 SFTS virus strains clustered into four independent genotypes (A, B, D, and E), demonstrating that at least four genotypes of SFTSV have been co-circulating in Hubei Province. Furthermore, four strains of our isolates (HB2014-31, HB2014-35, HB2014-36, and HB2014-37) clustered in genotype E, which was the predominant genotype in Japan and South Korea. In this study, we identified multiple co-prevalent genotypes and confirmed the existence of genotype E viruses circulating in the Dabie Mountains of Hubei, central China. We concluded that SFTSV strains from Hubei exhibit most of the genetic diversity found in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coercive force of grain-oriented electrical steel applied in cigarette machines is tested by a novel NDT method in which Barkhausen noise was applied. Linear relationship between coercive force and Barkhausen noise of conventional and high-permeability electrical steel was built and the precision of the model was verified. Experimental results show that the coercive force is linearly related to Barkhausen noise. The variation of coercive force with magnetic induction intensity increase was also interpreted in view of magnetic domain changing process, and the correlation formula derivation of MBN and coercive force domain wall was illustrated as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power loss of Fe-3%Si grain-oriented silicon steel was measured after ball scribing with different spacing using a self-designed tool. Three different sections of power loss, including hysteresis loss, abnormal loss, and eddy current loss, were measured and calculated, respectively. The loss variation and ratio were analyzed based on the experimental data. At 1.0 T, hysteresis loss of tested steel with scribing spacing of 8 mm descends by 8.2% compared to samples without scribing, which is similar to the total loss variation, and abnormal loss descends by 16.8%. At 1.0 T, hysteresis loss ratio of the steel with scribing spacing of 16 mm ascends from 55.7% to 57.9%, and eddy current loss increases from 17.4% to 24.1%, while abnormal loss descends from 26.9% to 23.7%. The experimental results show that the reduction of power loss after scribing is mainly due to decreasing of hysteresis loss and abnormal loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This error has been corrected. In the originally published version of this manuscript, the bars in Figure 9 did not match up to the x-axis in error. [Extracted from the article]