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Photocatalysts are developed in the pursuit of enabling more efficient chemical processes. Perovskites are uniquely situated for the role of a photocatalyst given their favorable optoelectronic properties and tailorable energetic features. While perovskites can be synthesized in a wide range of sizes, from quantum‐confined nanocrystals to bulk single crystals, research to date has primarily focused on perovskite nanocrystals. In this review, recent advancements in perovskite photocatalysts throughout various size regimes are outlined and emerging developments in the field are highlighted. Future directions for perovskite photocatalytic research, including a focus on larger dimensions, with more efficient photocatalysis enabled by the improvements discussed herein are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photon upconversion, particularly via triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA), could prove beneficial in expanding the efficiencies and overall impacts of optoelectronic devices across a multitude of technologies. The recent development of bulk metal halide perovskites as triplet sensitizers is one potential step toward the industrialization of upconversion-enabled devices. Here, we investigate the impact of varying additions of bromide into a lead iodide perovskite thin film on the TTA upconversion process in the annihilator molecule rubrene. We find an interplay between the bromide content and the overall device efficiency. In particular, a higher bromide content results in higher internal upconversion efficiencies enabled by more efficient charge extraction at the interface likely due to a more favorable band alignment. However, the external upconversion efficiency decreases as the absorption cross section in the near infrared is reduced. The highest upconversion performance is found in our study for a bromide content of 5%. This result can be traced back to a high absorption cross section in the near infrared and higher photoluminescence quantum yield in comparison to the iodide-only perovskite and an increased driving force for charge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient understanding of their care, supported by physician involvement and consistent communication, is key to positive health outcomes. However, patient and care team characteristics can hinder this understanding. Objective : We aimed to assess inpatients' understanding of their care and their perceived receipt of mixed messages, as well as the associated patient, care team, and hospitalization characteristics. Design : We administered a 30-item survey to inpatients between February 2020 and November 2021 and incorporated other hospitalization data from patients' health records. Participants: Randomly selected inpatients at two urban academic hospitals in the USA who were (1) admitted to general medicine services and (2) on or past the third day of their hospitalization. Main Measures: Outcome measures include (1) knowledge of main doctor and (2) frequency of mixed messages. Potential predictors included mean notes per day, number of consultants involved in the patient's care, number of unit transfers, number of attending physicians, length of stay, age, sex, insurance type, and primary race. Key Results: A total of 172 patients participated in our survey. Most patients were unaware of their main doctor, an issue related to more daily interactions with care team members. Twenty-three percent of patients reported receiving mixed messages at least sometimes, most often between doctors on the primary team and consulting doctors. However, the likelihood of receiving mixed messages decreased with more daily interactions with care team members. Conclusions: Patients were often unaware of their main doctor, and almost a quarter perceived receiving mixed messages about their care. Future research should examine patients' understanding of different aspects of their care, and the nature of interactions that might improve clarity around who's in charge while simultaneously reducing the receipt of mixed messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a proliferation of virtual partial hospital programs (PHP) during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a dearth of research on such programs. In the current study, we compared treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction between an in-person and a virtual PHP. Further, we examined patients' qualitative feedback about the virtual PHP. Participants included 282 patients attending a virtual PHP during the COVID-19 pandemic and 470 patients attending an in-person PHP one year prior. Patients completed daily measures of symptom severity, and post-treatment measures of patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes. Patients in the virtual PHP provided feedback about virtual care. Quantitative data were analyzed using multilevel modeling, and qualitative data were analyzed using the principles of inductive analysis. Patients experienced a reduction in depression (b = -.28, p <.001) and anxiety symptoms (b = -.25, p <.001) over time and reported high satisfaction in both the in-person and virtual PHPs. There were no significant differences across programs. Virtual PHP patients identified unique advantages and disadvantages of virtual care. Our results suggest that virtual PHPs should be explored as an ongoing model of care that may help to systematically reduce barriers to accessing mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) have been reported as triplet sensitizers for photon upconversion (UC). However, their UC quantum yields lag behind more conventional systems. Here, we take advantage of their one-dimensional quantum confinement to decouple effects caused by the energetic driving force and lateral size. A surprising anti-correlation between the power threshold Ith and the UC quantum yield based on the NPL size is found. We attribute this result to two distinct triplet–triplet annihilation mechanisms based on the NPL lateral dimension and degree of NPL stacking—mediated either by molecular diffusion or triplet energy diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a leading class of biotherapeutics. In oncology, patients often fail on early lines of biologic therapy to a specific target. Some patients may then enroll in a new clinical trial with a mAb specific for the same target. Therefore, immunoassays designed to quantify the current mAb therapy or assess immunogenicity to the drug may be susceptible to cross-reactivity or interference with residual prior biologics. The impact of two approved anti-PD-1 mAbs, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, was tested in several immunoassays for cemiplimab, another approved anti-PD-1 mAb. The methods included a target-capture drug concentration assay, a bridging anti-drug antibody (ADA) assay and a competitive ligand-binding neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay. We also tested bioanalytical strategies to mitigate cross-reactivity or interference in these assays from other anti-PD-1 biologics. Both pembrolizumab and nivolumab cross-reacted in the cemiplimab drug concentration assay. This was mitigated by addition of antibodies specific to pembrolizumab or nivolumab. ADA specific for pembrolizumab and nivolumab did not interfere in the cemiplimab ADA assay. However, pembrolizumab and nivolumab generated a false-positive response in a target-capture NAb assay. Our results demonstrate that similar exogenous pre-existing anti-PD-1 mAbs (biotherapeutics) such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab are detected and accurately quantified in the cemiplimab drug concentration assay. However, once steady state is achieved for the new therapy, prior biologics would likely not be detected. Cross-reactivity and interference in immunoassays from previous treatment with class-specific biotherapeutic(s) pose significant bioanalytical challenges, especially in immuno-oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are currently no evidence-based guidelines that provide standardized criteria for the discharge of COVID-19 patients from the hospital.Objective: To address this gap in practice guidance, we reviewed published guidance and collected discharge protocols and procedures to identify and synthesize common practices.Design: Rapid review of existing guidance from US and non-US public health organizations and professional societies and qualitative review using content analysis of discharge documents collected from a national sample of US academic medical centers with follow-up survey of hospital leaders SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We reviewed 65 websites for major professional societies and public health organizations and collected documents from 22 Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) in the US participating in the HOspital MEdicine Reengineering Network (HOMERuN).Results: We synthesized data regarding common practices around 5 major domains: (1) isolation and transmission mitigation; (2) criteria for discharge to non-home settings including skilled nursing, assisted living, or homeless; (3) clinical criteria for discharge including oxygenation levels, fever, and symptom improvement; (4) social support and ability to perform activities of daily living; (5) post-discharge instructions, monitoring, and follow-up.Limitations: We used streamlined methods for rapid review of published guidance and collected discharge documents only in a focused sample of US academic medical centers.Conclusion: AMCs studied showed strong consensus on discharge practices for COVID-19 patients related to post-discharge isolation and transmission mitigation for home and non-home settings. There was high concordance among AMCs that discharge practices should address COVID-19-specific factors in clinical, functional, and post-discharge monitoring domains although definitions and details varied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on two articles in this issue which focus on avant-garde art and the art in the Indian subcontinent. Topics discussed include the concept of contemporary art, the phenomenon of internationalization, and the importance of identity construction for cultural dynamic. Also mentioned are the concepts of temporality, and politics in art.

Background: Health research is evolving to include patient stakeholders (patients, families and caregivers) as active members of research teams. Frameworks describing the conceptual foundations underlying this engagement and strategies detailing best practice activities to facilitate engagement have been published to guide these efforts. Objective: The aims of this narrative review are to identify, quantify and summarize (a) the conceptual foundational principles of patient stakeholder engagement in research and (b) best practice activities to support these efforts. Search Strategy, Inclusion Criteria, Data Extraction and Synthesis: We accessed a publicly available repository of systematically identified literature related to patient engagement in research. Two reviewers independently screened articles to identify relevant articles and abstracted data. Main Results: We identified 990 potentially relevant articles of which 935 (94.4%) were excluded and 55 (5.6%) relevant. The most commonly reported foundational principles were "respect" (n = 25, 45%) and "equitable power between all team members" (n = 21, 38%). Creating "trust between patient stakeholders and researchers" was described in 17 (31%) articles. Twenty‐seven (49%) articles emphasized the importance of providing training and education for both patient stakeholder and researchers. Providing financial compensation for patient stakeholders' time and expertise was noted in 19 (35%) articles. Twenty articles (36%) emphasized regular, bidirectional dialogue between patient partners and researchers as important for successful engagement. Discussion and Conclusions: Engaging patient stakeholders in research as partners presents an opportunity to design, implement and disseminate patient‐centred research. This review creates an overarching foundational framework for authentic and sustainable partnerships between patient stakeholders and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of the Havana biennial art exhibition in Cuba. The exhibition in is the only biennial operated by a socialist country and run entirely by the government. The author traces the history of the exhibition year by year from the meager beginnings to the dark years when the Soviet Union withdrew support from Cuba.

Article on the projections of the US Left on the Havana of the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the exhibition `The Nearest Edge of the World: Art and Cuba'. Politization of culture; Relations between United States and Cuba; Anecdotes.

This article takes a multimodal social semiotic approach to analysing educational textbooks. We are interested in the ways in which educational textbooks contribute to designing our social futures by constructing both the student and the discipline in a particular manner. While a textbook's primary purpose is to provide the reader with knowledge content about a specific topic, it also serves to conventionalise and entrench certain discipline-specific practices and values. A textbook simultaneously competes in an economic environment where the reader has a choice of many textbooks. The text, therefore, takes on a hybrid form, where marketisation and conversationalisation co-exist in dialogue with academic discourse. The article analyses the discourses of Pharmacology as constructed in two widely used Pharmacology textbooks in South Africa. We take a systemic functional approach which views texts as realising meaning in three ways, namely the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual. The analysis shows how one of the textbooks tends to establish a more democratic relationship between authors and readers, while constructing Pharmacology within a scientific discourse of drugs. The other textbook constructs a more traditional and hierarchical relationship between author and reader, yet tends to reinforce a clinical, patient-centred approach to Pharmacology. We argue that this kind of analysis is important when interrogating curriculum, as textbooks are crucial sites of struggle over discourse, meaning and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law influenced every aspect of the public health response to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, from evacuation orders, to waivers of medical licensing requirements, to the clean-up of public health threats on private property. We used public health surveillance of news reports to identify and characterize legal issues arising during the disaster response in 5 Gulf Coast states. Data collected from news reports of the events in real time were followed-up by interviews with selected state legal and emergency management officials. Our analysis indicates the value of surveillance during and after emergency responses in identifying public health — related legal issues and helps to inform the strengthening of legal preparedness frameworks for future disasters. (Am J Public Health. 2007;97:S73-S81. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.104240) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuban visual art underwent an extraordinary renaissance during the 1980s, fuelled in part by a relaxation of cultural policy enacted at high political levels, by a relatively prosperous interlude, and by the emergence of an exceptionally talented and energetic generation of artists. Their increasingly critical work, together with the economic and political crisis that the country entered toward the end of the decade as the Soviet Union unravelled, sparked harsh measures against the artists and their works, and precipitated the emigration of most of the artists in the first years of the 1990s. This paper explores some of the reactions in the wake of these traumatic events, noting the many ways in which withdrawal became a characteristic artistic position for the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislative bodies in the United States have often passed laws to regulate food in its production, content, and sale. Additionally, legislatures have created economic policies that directly affect the food supply and determine both the type and quantity of food available. Legislatively-enacted federal programs, such as the National School Lunch Program, also provide opportunities to promote good nutrition. These traditional areas of legislation represent the most efficient means to affect the food environment legislatively. While exploring legislative solutions to obesity, it is also imperative to monitor attempts by the legislature to constrain other public health strategies by limiting private enforcement and limiting the regulatory freedom of traditional public health authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theme restaurants were designed to provide customers with not only a meal, but also an entertaining experience. After a rapid rise in popularity in the early to mid 1990s, theme restaurants began to experience a decline in market share. As this segment of the restaurant industry experiences the downsizing of many once popular brands, it is imperative that investigations are undertaken to determine the causes of this decline. Many researchers have attributed customer satisfaction and subsequent return intent as key indicators regarding the success of a restaurant. Although considerable research has been conducted on these indicators in the service industry, none has focused on theme restaurants in particular. Relying upon expectancy disconfirmation theory, this study adds to the existing body of customer satisfaction literature by examining four theme restaurant attributes (food quality, service quality, atmosphere, and novelty) and their influence on return intent. Interestingly, customers were least satisfied with novelty. Further, customer satisfaction with theme restaurant food quality and atmosphere were the only significant attributes influencing return intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the potential for cognitive morbidity associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepine (BZ) sedative-hypnotics in a sample of healthy older adults. Tests of memory, attention and processing speed were conducted prior to and 1 month after drug discontinuation for 25 BZ-users and at similar intervals for 26 healthy control subjects. After controlling for differences in affective status between BZ-users and controls, there were no significant group differences in cognitive performance. However, BZ-users showed greater gains on tests of attention and speed of processing at repeat testing compared with controls this improvement was not attributable to a change in affective status. These findings suggest that there may be subtle and reversible effects of long-term BZ use on speed-dependent tasks in older adults. However, the magnitude of these effects is quite small and may be of little clinical significance in the healthy elderly. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the distribution of alcohol-related and other dementias in a sample of 130 cognitively impaired residents of long-term care facilities in a Northern Ontario community. Study procedures entailed standardized psychiatric, neurological, and neuropsychological evaluations. Diagnoses of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and vascular dementia were based on criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association. The diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia (ARD) was based on extensive review of medical history to assess before alcohol abuse and stabilization or improvement in cognitive functioning following institutionalization in conjunction with no other identifiable cause of dementia. ARD comprised 24% of this population compared with DAT (35%), vascular dementia (19%), and other causes (22%). The ARD group was, on average, 10 years younger than the other groups. It had nearly twice the average length of institutionalization and had milder cognitive impairment on both clinical ratings and neuropsychological tests. A diagnosis of ARD was present in the medical records for only 25% of patients in this group. These findings suggest that ARD may be more common than previously suspected in the distribution of dementias in long-term care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses her work about Antarctica in terms of its relationship to Platonic and Relativistic concepts. A brief historical survey traces the development of the idea of 'ideal form' in western culture. Two installations of the artist's work about Antarctica are described and related to /he discussion of ideal form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral health and medico-dental status of 250 mostly elderly residents of a long term care institution were assessed by examination and a review of medical records. In addition, attitudes to dental care, dental experiences, and demands for care were solicited from those who could participate in an interview. There were no dental complaints from 70% of those interviewed. The complaints most frequently reported were difficulties with mouth dryness, hygiene, and chewing. Natural teeth remained in at least one jaw in 30% of the 245 residents examined. Dental caries was present in 78% of this dentate group, with coronal and root lesions equally prevalent. Gingival bleeding was also common in this group and 29% had deep periodontal pockets. Nearly 50% of the mandibular dentures and 25% of the maxillary dentures examined were inadequate. Mandibular dysfunction occurred in 25% of the population and was more frequent in the dentate group. Oral mucosal pathoses were rare. No correlation was found between the systemic health and the oral health of the residents. There was a need to improve the oral hygiene of most of those examined. Less than 20% of the denture wearers would have benefited from treatment and 10% of those with defective dentures were considered unsuitable for treatment. In contrast, 60% of those with natural teeth required restorations and 36% needed one or more teeth removed. Very few urgent needs were seen. An inter-examiner accumulative inconsistency of 11% was measured between the three examiners, and a third of the assessments made of periodontal status were contradictory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preface is presented for this issue of "Social Identities."

Background: Somatization is a common problem in primary care and often presents puzzling problems for the family physician. A family or contextual approach is often useful in investigating and treating refractory symptoms. Case presentation: A 63 year-old patient presented to his family physician with recurrent episodes of syncope, weakness and various other somatic symptoms. Lengthy clinical investigations found no organic pathological findings but a brief family assessment by the family physician revealed that the patient's wife was the "hidden" patient. Successful treatment of the patient's wife led to full recovery for both. Conclusions: Exploration and treatment of the family context may often hold the key to the solution of difficult problems in somatizing patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the works of artist Erin Shirreff, particularly her videos and photographs of sculpture. Also cited are Shirreff's 2009 video "Roden Crater," which features James Turrell's monument project in Arizona, her landscape photography, as well as some of Shirreff's contemporaries like sculptors David Weiss, Rachel Harrison, and Gabriel Orozco.

Social media is used by many Transgender and Gender-Diverse (TGD) people to access queer communities and social support. However, TGD users are also at a higher risk of online harassment than their cisgender peers. There are few studies which explore the role that social media plays in TGD people's lives. In this study, a qualitative online survey examining online experiences was completed by 52 TGD participants, and the data were analysed using deductive template analysis. The results identified that online communities provided spaces within which participants could experience community-specific support, the validation of their identities, and find much-needed healthcare information. However, the use of social media also exposed participants to transphobia, and the participants described both proactive protective and reactive mitigation behaviours used to deal with these. Key findings highlight the pivotal role that online communities can have for improving wellbeing but also the potential for unintended exposure to transphobia through these communities. The importance of improving online moderation/reporting tools to combat harassment is discussed, as is the need to develop accessible information resources for healthcare professionals so that they may better provide support for TGD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a stratified random sample of 41 long term care (LTC) facilities in Vancouver, 653 residents were chosen to investigate oral health needs and demands for treatment. All of the 603 dentists in the same area were questioned to assess their interest in attending the residents of the institutions. The information from each source was reviewed to identify factors influencing the oral health services to this predominantly elderly and medically compromised population. The majority (60%) of the residents were edentulous and they made infrequent demands on dentists. Two-thirds of those interviewed said that there was nothing wrong with their mouths, but most of those who were aware of a problem wanted it treated, preferably within the institution. They complained about loose or uncomfortable dentures most frequently, and many were dissatisfied with previous dental treatment. The oral mucosal lesions seen on examination were usually symptomless and associated with poor hygiene, while structurally defective dentures and deep carious lesions were not uncommon. The responding 334 dentists indicated that they enjoyed treating elderly patients, 19% had attended an LTC facility, usually to provide an emergency service, and 37% were willing to provide this service if asked, Interest, however, in the service was curtailed by pressures from private practice, concerns about inadequate training and the small demand and poor conditions in the facilities. Although the demand for treatment was not extensive from the residents, they did have problems that were not receiving care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to obtain and critically evaluate data on the health characteristics and the need for medical assistance in patients aged 40 years and over, from six urban and rural medical practices in northern Israel, who have not consulted their family physician for at least 3 years. A health questionnaire was completed by means of telephone calls and personal contacts, regarding 139 non-visitors (Out of 1847 patients aged 40 and over). The health characteristics and prevalence of medical and social problems were compared to regular clinic attenders. Questionnaires of 101 non-attenders were completed for a response rate of 73% (101/139). The non-attendance rate was 7.5% (139/1847) and there was a low rate of morbidity. The majority (81%) were 40–59 years old and only 16% had had previous illnesses. Only 10% took medications regularly, most of them medical personnel. Twenty-eight of the non-attenders were employees of the regional health care system. Most of these individuals coped with chronic illnesses by consulting the regional hospital's outpatient clinics. Non-attenders could be characterized as less prone to health problems. Most of them seemed remarkably fit and were not suffering unduly as a result of their lack of medical attention. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Neurodevelopmental disorders are rapidly increasing in prevalence and have been linked to various environmental risk factors. Mounting evidence suggests a potential role of vitamin D in child neurodevelopment, though the causal mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate how vitamin D deficiency affects children's communication development, particularly in relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We do so by developing an integrative network approach that combines metabolomic profiles, clinical traits, and neurodevelopmental data from a pediatric cohort. Our results show that low levels of vitamin D are associated with changes in the metabolic networks of tryptophan, linoleic, and fatty acid metabolism. These changes correlate with distinct ASD-related phenotypes, including delayed communication skills and respiratory dysfunctions. Additionally, our analysis suggests the kynurenine and serotonin sub-pathways may mediate the effect of vitamin D on early life communication development. Altogether, our findings provide metabolome-wide insights into the potential of vitamin D as a therapeutic option for ASD and other communication disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns interconnected works by artists Sophie Warren and Jonathan Mosley, with various collaborators: Planning for Utopia (2007–08), Beyond Utopia (2012) and Utopian Talk-Show (2012–14). It follows their initial proposal to construct an open timber framework tower on a small site near Smithfield Market in London. Discussions with the planning authority there faltered in 2008. In 2012, aspects of the initial project were revisited as a collectively authored, polyphonic book and follow-on instruction-based performance piece. The article will focus on how an initial desire to challenge accepted uses and values of city space was transposed from a real urban situation into the multiple sites of textual practice and how the relationships between representational space, utopia and reality were put into play. Maintaining an explicit conversation with utopic conceits and motifs, these projects test how far an extended critical spatial practice might develop within the specifics of a given urban situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "The Young and Restless in Habana," by Jay Murphy, which previously appeared in the journal.

Built in just three months for the 1963 World Congress of Architects, Pabellón Cuba became a centerpiece for future cultural congresses and conferences in Havana. The edifice presents a brutalist stage, one which embodies modernist ambitions of the era. This article analyzes the layered meanings of Pabellón Cuba, exploring the building as a palimpsest of architectural modernity, a stage for the World Congress of Architects, and a sign for Cuba's global ambitions. It focuses on the design of Pabellón Cuba as well as its inaugural exhibition, The History of Architecture in Cuba. While the pavilion presents a utopic, modernist vision in concrete, its inaugural exhibition engaged the visitor in a meandering, media-rich spectacle. As stage and palimpsest, Pabellón Cuba symbolizes the ambitions and contradictions inherent in architecture of 1960s Cuba. Construido en menos de tres meses para el Congreso Mundial de Arquitectos de 1963, el Pabellón Cuba fue un lugar central para futuros congresos y conferencias culturales en La Habana. El edificio presenta un escenario brutalista, que representa las ambiciones modernistas de la época. Este artículo explora los múltiples significados del Pabellón Cuba, revelando la función del edificio como un palimpsesto de la modernidad arquitectónica, el escenario del Congreso Mundial de Arquitectos y un signo de las ambiciones globales de Cuba, y centra su análisis en el diseño del Pabellón Cuba y su exposición inaugural, La historia de la arquitectura en Cuba. Aunque la arquitectura del Pabellón presenta una visión utópica y modernista en concreto, su exposición inaugural inmergió a los presentes en un rico espectáculo multiforme y multimediático. Como escenario y palimpsesto, Pabellón Cuba simboliza las ambiciones y contradicciones inherentes en la arquitectura cubana de los años sesenta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]