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Molecular chirality is represented as broken mirror symmetry in the structural orientation of constituent atoms and plays a pivotal role at every scale of nature. Since the discovery of the chiroptic property of chiral molecules, the characterization of molecular chirality is important in the fields of biology, physics, and chemistry. Over the centuries, the field of optical chiral sensing was based on chiral light–matter interactions between chiral molecules and polarized light. Starting from simple optics-based sensing, the utilization of plasmonic materials that could control local chiral light–matter interactions by squeezing light into molecules successfully facilitated chiral sensing into noninvasive, ultrasensitive, and accurate detection. In this Review, the importance of plasmonic materials and their engineering in chiral sensing are discussed based on the principle of chiral light–matter interactions and the theory of optical chirality and chiral perturbation; thus, this Review can serve as a milestone for the proper design and utilization of plasmonic nanostructures for improved chiral sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy accounting for the majority of kidney cancers. Despite recent advancements in therapeutic options, the prognosis for advanced-stage RCC remains poor. Niemann–Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) plays a crucial role in cholesterol absorption and has been implicated in cancer progression across various cancers. However, its expression patterns and prognostic significance in RCC remain unclear. Methods: In this study, NPC1L1 expression in normal and RCC tissues, including subtypes, was compared using TCGA, GEPIA2, and The Human Protein Atlas. Clinical correlations were assessed, and the impact of NPC1L1 on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was evaluated. Gene effect scores were analyzed using the DepMap tool to determine the involvement of NPC1L1 in RCC progression. Results: NPC1L1 expression was significantly lower in RCC tissues compared to normal tissues, particularly in the clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC), and chromophobe RCC (chRCC) subtypes, but increased in advanced tumor stages. Higher NPC1L1 expression was associated with worse OS and PFS in RCC patients. Multivariable Cox regression confirmed NPC1L1 as an independent prognostic marker. Additionally, gene effect scores showed that NPC1L1 is essential for the survival of specific RCC cell lines. Conclusions: This study determines NPC1L1 as an independent prognostic indicator in RCC, with higher expression associated with poor survival outcomes. These findings suggest that NPC1L1 could serve as a valuable marker for identifying high-risk RCC patients. Further research is required to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of NPC1L1 in RCC progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the risk factors for relapse of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). Methods: Patients who were newly diagnosed with IIMs and underwent muscle biopsy between 2000 and 2017 at Asan Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. The relapse of IIMs was defined as the recurrence of muscle or cutaneous manifestations with a ≥50% increase in glucocorticoid dosage after reaching the low-dose glucocorticoid phase with clinically significant improvement. The factors associated with the relapse of IIMs were investigated by Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results: Of 105 patients with IIMs, relapse was observed in 65 patients (62%). The titer of antinuclear antibody (ANA) was higher in the relapse group than in the non-relapse group (P = 0.033). Multivariable analysis showed that the relapse of IIMs was significantly associated with histopathologic features consistent with IIMs (hazard ratio [HR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–2.83, P = 0.045) and the use of immunosuppressants before relapse (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29–0.86, P = 0.013). Doubling of ANA titer was also associated with relapse, albeit without statistical significance (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00–1.27, P = 0.052). Conclusion: In patients with IIMs, the use of immunosuppressants had a significant negative association with relapse. Administering immunosuppressants from the early period during the initial glucocorticoid tapering phase may be useful in reducing the risk of relapse in patients with IIMs. Key Points • Since idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) have a low prevalence, it is poorly understood which factors are associated with the relapse of IIMs. • In this study, about two-thirds of 105 patients with IIMs experienced a relapse of IIMs. • The risk of relapse in patients with IIMs was negatively associated with the use of immunosuppressants during glucocorticoid tapering and low-dose glucocorticoid phase. • Even in less severe cases, the use of immunosuppressants might be a good option for the management of IIMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to identify when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) would be useful to diagnose patients with suspected axial spondyloarthropathy (AxSpA) without evidence of sacroiliitis on radiographs. We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of patients who underwent pelvis MRI after radiographs at the rheumatology clinic in a single tertiary center in Korea. Patients underwent imaging from January 2020 to July 2022. We collected data including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27, history of acute anterior uveitis (AAU), peripheral arthritis, dactylitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), enthesopathy, and psoriasis. A total of 105 patients who showed no evidence of sacroiliitis on radiographs were included. The median age of patients was 41.0 years, and 44.8% were male. Of them, 34 showed sacroiliitis on MRI (group 1), and 71 showed no evidence of sacroiliitis even on MRI (group 2). Known AxSpA-related clinical features including AAU, peripheral arthritis, dactylitis, IBD, enthesopathy, and psoriasis were not different between the two groups. HLA-B27 positivity (79.4% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.001), median white blood cell count (7700 vs. 6300, p = 0.007), mean platelet count (307.7 ± 69.7 vs. 265.3 ± 68.9 × 103/µL, p = 0.005), and median CRP level (0.38 vs. 0.10, p = 0.001) showed significant differences between the two groups. In a multivariate analysis, HLA-B27 positivity and platelet count were significantly associated with sacroiliitis on MRI. In our cohort, sacroiliitis was observed on MRI in one-third of patients without radiographic evidence. MRI could be recommended to evaluate sacroiliitis in patients with positive HLA-B27 and a high platelet count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal nutrition during the critical period of pregnancy increases the susceptibility of offspring to the development of diseases later in life. This study aimed to analyze metabolite profiles to investigate the effect of maternal diet during pregnancy on changes in offspring plasma metabolites and to identify correlations with metabolic parameters. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to under- and overnutrition compared to controls, and their offspring were fed a standard diet after birth. Plasma metabolism was profiled in offspring at 16 weeks of age using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). We analyzed 80 metabolites to identify distinct metabolites and metabolic and neurodegenerative disease-associated metabolites that were sex-differentially altered in each group compared to controls (p < 0.05, VIP score > 1.0). Specifically, changes in 3-indolepropionic acid, anthranilic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid, which are involved in tryptophan and linoleic acid metabolism, were observed in male offspring and correlated with plasma leptin levels in male offspring. Our results suggest that fatty acids involved in tryptophan and linoleic acid metabolism, which are altered by the maternal diet during pregnancy, may lead to an increased risk of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases in the early life of male offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between insulin resistance, as measured by the triglyceride–glucose index (TyG index), and hearing impairment in middle-aged women in Korea. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey utilized data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) IV (2007–2009), specifically from the period after July 21, 2009, when hearing test results became available, and from the KNHANES V (2010–2012). This study was conducted on 5416 women aged 40 to 69 who had completed both the health examination survey and audiometric tests, excluding those with missing data on menopausal status and the use of hormone replacement therapy. Results: In the study group, the prevalence of high-frequency hearing loss according to the TyG index was significantly higher in the mild hearing loss group (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.49, p < 0.001) and the moderate hearing loss group (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.48, p = 0.002). Conversely, the prevalence of low-frequency hearing loss did not show a significant difference in either the mild hearing loss group (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.37, p = 0.065) and the moderate hearing loss group (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.35, p = 0.199) Conclusions: Since diabetes can induce hearing impairment in women, it is recommended that women with a high TyG index undergo early hearing tests [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: It is well established that individuals with chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) exhibit differences in their physical and psychosocial characteristics from those with acute TMD. However, few studies have analyzed the physical and psychosocial characteristics of patients with acute TMD. The objective of this cross-sectional study is twofold: first, to ascertain whether there are differences in physical and psychosocial factors among patients with acute TMD based on the percent agreement between patient-reported pain sites and pain sites identified through standardized palpation and, second, to determine the potential of percent agreement as a diagnostic and prognostic factor. Methods: We analyzed physical and psychosocial factors in 309 patients diagnosed with acute TMD. Of these, 171 patients were selected for an analysis of their response to treatment. These patients were divided into three groups based on their percent agreement: Group A (agreement under 80%), Group B (agreement 80–89%), and Group C (agreement 90% or over) in the initial analysis and Group a (agreement under 80%), Group b (agreement 80–89%), and Group c (agreement 90% or over) in the subsequent analysis. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Pusan National University Dental Hospital (IRB No. 2023-05-011, 25 May 2023). Results: The lower the percent agreement, the greater the parafunctional oral habits, stress, chronicity, somatization, depression, anxiety, and number of painful sites. A lower percent agreement was associated with poorer treatment outcomes. The percent agreement demonstrated a 41.2% capacity to predict residual pain after treatment. Conclusions: Clinicians can utilize percentage agreement as an adjunctive diagnostic tool to provide more suitable treatments to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, interest has surged in glove-type assistive devices for relieving hand muscle stiffness caused by brain lesions. This study aims to develop an ergonomic method for drafting glove patterns intended for hand-assistive devices. To facilitate pattern development, we acquired three-dimensional (3D) scan data from the four hemiplegic patients while their hands were in a relaxed posture, which was subsequently transformed into two-dimensional (2D) data. Based on the 3D shape data, we analyzed the finger joint range of motion (ROM) and change ratio of skin surface length resulting from flexion and extension movements of the paralyzed hand. Incisions were strategically applied to regions displaying significant variations in these parameters. These flattened 2D patterns were then integrated into revised pattern blocks to enhance the shading data related to the 3D shape, resulting in the development of four glove patterns. We found that gloves prototyped using this innovative pattern-drafting method did not impede joint ROM when worn. Changes in clothing pressure inside the glove at the joints corresponded to the bending angles of the fingers, and the pressure did not exceed the discomfort threshold during hand flexion and extension movements. Importantly, participants provided positive subjective feedback concerning the comfort of the gloves. Our findings yield fundamental data for developing a foundational glove design for hand-assisted devices for patients with paralysis, achieved through the utilization of this novel ergonomic glove pattern-drafting method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "Energy Budget" represents the incoming solar energy, outgoing amounts of energy, and the energy retained in the Earth's atmosphere. This article aims to analyze the energy budget trend in the Korean Peninsula over the period from 2001 to 2022, focusing on the Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI) and the role of cloud cover and how it influences shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation. Using the dataset obtained from NASA's CERES satellite, the article investigates the amount of reflected and emitted energy globally and compares it with the Korean peninsula. The findings indicate that globally, the total wave which is the sum of all longwave, shortwave, and cloud shortwave radiation has increased in trend. The plot also displays a decrease in Cloud fraction (CL fraction) or cloud coverage. Contrary to this, the Korean peninsula displayed a relatively stable level of total radiation and an increase in CL fraction. However, further analysis is needed to understand the factors behind these regional differences, including the potential influence of monsoon circulation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify hub genes involved in regulatory T cell (Treg) function and migration, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy. We performed a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis using three gene expression microarray datasets from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to pathway enrichment analysis to explore their functional roles and potential pathways. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to identify hub genes critical for Treg activity. We further evaluated the co-expression of these hub genes with immune checkpoint proteins (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4) and assessed their prognostic significance. Through this comprehensive analysis, we identified CCR8 as a key player in Treg migration and explored its potential synergistic effects with ICIs. Our findings suggest that CCR8-targeted therapies could enhance cancer immunotherapy outcomes, with breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) emerging as a promising indication for combination therapy. This study highlights the potential of CCR8 as a biomarker and therapeutic target, contributing to the development of targeted cancer treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical manifestations and risk factors associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares, including recurrent lupus nephritis (LN), in patients with LN who undergo kidney transplantation have been unclear. Methods: Kidney transplant recipients with LN from January 1995 to December 2021 were included in this study. A disease flare was defined as either an increase in the non‐renal SLE disease activity index score or the presence of biopsy‐proven recurrent LN. Results: Among a total of 93 patients with LN who underwent kidney transplantation, 11 patients (11.8%) experienced SLE flares during a median follow‐up period of 76.9 months (IQR, 43.0–122.4). The most common clinical manifestations of SLE flares were recurrent LN (4/11, 36.4%) and hematologic manifestations (4/11, 36.4%). Patients who had flares had significantly higher anti‐double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibody titers both before and after transplantation. Furthermore, an increased anti‐dsDNA antibody level before transplantation was associated with a high risk of an SLE flare (HR, 1.030; p =.008). Conversely, preemptive transplantation was associated with a lower risk of a flare (HR, 0.617; p =.026). The rate of patient death‐censored graft survival was found to be considerably lower in patients with recurrent LN than in those without LN. Conclusions: Approximately 10% of patients with LN experienced an SLE flare after transplantation, with recurrent LN being the most frequent manifestation. Anti‐dsDNA antibody titers before transplantation were significantly related to the risk of an SLE flare. Notably, preemptive transplantation was associated with a reduced risk of flares following transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensity change of Typhoon Songda (TY-0418) in the vicinity of the semi-enclosed Sea of Japan (SJ) was numerically investigated using 3D-WRF and UM-KMA models and GOES-IR satellite images on 4 to 8 September 2004. After the typhoon originated in the Western Pacific Ocean in August, it moved to the East China Sea. Following the north-eastward Kuroshio Warm Current, it developed with horizontal and vertical asymmetrical wind and moisture patterns until 5 September. On 7 September, closing to the Kyushu Island, it was divided into three wind fields near the surface due to the increased friction from the surrounding lands and shallower sea depth close to the land, but it still maintained its circular shape over 1 km in height. As it passed by the Korea Strait and entered the SJ, it became a smaller, deformed typhoon due to the SJ's surrounding mountains, located between the East Korea and Tsushima Warm Currents inside the SJ. Its center matched a high equivalent potential temperature area, releasing significant latent heat through the condensation of water particles over warm currents. The latent heat converted to kinetic energy could be supplied into the typhoon circulation, causing its development. Moist flux and streamline at 1.5 km in height clearly showed the moisture transportation via the mutual interaction of the cyclonic circulation of the typhoon and the anti-cyclonic circulation of the North Pacific High Pressure from the typhoon's tail toward both the center of the SJ and the Russian Sakhalin Island in the north of Japan, directly causing large clouds in its right quadrant. Simultaneously, the central pressure decrease with time could converge both transported moist air by the typhoon itself and water particles evaporated from the sea, causing them to rise and resulting in the formation of large clouds and the rapid development of the typhoon circulation. The strong downslope winds from the surrounding mountains of the SJ to its center also produced a cyclonic vortex due to the Coriolis force to the right, enhancing the typhoon's circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological evidence suggests that fruit and vegetable intake significantly positively affects cardiovascular health. Since vegetable juice is more accessible than raw vegetables, it attracts attention as a health functional food for circulatory diseases. Therefore, this study measured blood lipids, antioxidants, blood circulation indicators, and changes in the microbiome to confirm the effect of organic vegetable mixed juice (OVJ) on improving blood circulation. This 4-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study involved adult men and women with borderline total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. As a result, blood lipid profile indicators, such as TC, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, decreased (p < 0.05) in the OVJ group compared with those in the placebo group. Additionally, the antioxidant biomarker superoxide dismutase increased (p < 0.05). In contrast, systolic and diastolic blood viscosities, as blood circulation-related biomarkers, decreased (p < 0.05) in the OVJ group compared with those in the placebo group. After the intervention, a fecal microbiome analysis confirmed differences due to changes in the intestinal microbiome composition between the OVJ and placebo groups. In conclusion, our research results confirmed that consuming OVJ improves blood circulation by affecting the blood lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes, and microbiome changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This panel was designed to characterize the immune cell landscape in the mouse tumor microenvironment as well as mouse lymphoid tissues (e.g., spleen). As an example, using the MC‐38 mouse syngeneic tumor model, we demonstrated that we could measure the frequency and characterize the functional status of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, regulatory T cells, NK cells, B cells, macrophages, granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells. This panel is especially useful for understanding the immune landscape in "cold" preclinical tumor models with very low immune cell infiltration and for investigating how therapeutic treatments may modulate the immune landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Blue micro-light-emitting diodes (μLED)-integrated gas sensors were fabricated as monolithic structure by directly loading sensing materials onto the μLED. SnO2 nanoparticles are activated by blue μLED and exhibit outstanding sensitivity to NO2 at μ-Watt power levels. Noble metal (Au, Pd, Pt)-decorated SnO2 showed the tunable gas selectivity for 4 target gases under blue light illumination. Micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) have gained significant interest as an activation source for gas sensors owing to their advantages, including room temperature operation and low power consumption. However, despite these benefits, challenges still exist such as a limited range of detectable gases and slow response. In this study, we present a blue μLED-integrated light-activated gas sensor array based on SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) that exhibit excellent sensitivity, tunable selectivity, and rapid detection with micro-watt level power consumption. The optimal power for μLED is observed at the highest gas response, supported by finite-difference time-domain simulation. Additionally, we first report the visible light-activated selective detection of reducing gases using noble metal-decorated SnO2 NPs. The noble metals induce catalytic interaction with reducing gases, clearly distinguishing NH3, H2, and C2H5OH. Real-time gas monitoring based on a fully hardware-implemented light-activated sensing array was demonstrated, opening up new avenues for advancements in light-activated electronic nose technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We hypothesized that multiple absorbable screws/K-wires would be effective for native head preservation in comminuted radial head fracture fixation (com-RHFs). Methods: Seventeen patients who met the inclusion criteria between 2018 and 2020 were included. Radiologic findings indicating proper union and clinical outcomes such as the range of elbow motion, visual analog scale score, and Mayo Elbow Performance Score were assessed prospectively after surgery and at least three years of follow-up. Results: The mean follow-up period was 4.6 years. Eleven, one, three, and two patients presented with isolated com-RHFs, type 2 (accompanied injury of medial collateral ligament), type 4 ("terrible triad") fractures, and type 5 posterior olecranon fracture-dislocations, respectively. Union was achieved after a mean of nine weeks postoperatively. The head and shaft angles did not differ significantly from the contralateral normal values (p = 0.778 and 0.872, coronal and sagittal, respectively). At the final follow-up, the mean flexion–extension/pronation-supination arcs were 126.47 ± 4.92°/135.59 ± 10.13°, and thus were significantly different from those on the contralateral side (p < 0.001, both), however the arcs were functional ranges for ordinary daily life. Also, functional status was satisfactory in all individuals. The arthritis grade and extent of heterotrophic ossification were satisfactory in all cases, and there were no serious complications requiring revision surgery. Conclusions: Absorbable screw/K-wire fixation for com-RHFs is an option before radial head arthroplasty associated with a low complication rate and no need for revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fungal strain designated KNUF-22-014, belonging to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Sobaeksan National Park, South Korea. Phylogenetic trees based on the combined sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit of 28S rRNA (LSU) gene, as well as on five concatenated loci (LSU, ITS, translation elongation factor 1α, β-tubulin, and subunit 1 of RNA polymerase II), revealed that the isolate falls within the clade containing the genus Tolypocladium but occupies a distinct phylogenetic position. Its closest relative is T. tropicale. Morphologically, strain KNUF-22-014 can be distinguished from T. tropicale by the shape of its phialides (subcylindrical vs. lageniform), its conidiophore type (arborescent or unbranched vs. trichodermatoid), and its larger conidia size (2.1 ± 0.1 µm vs. 1.5 ± 0.1 µm). Phylogenetic analysis and morphological observations indicate that KNUF-22-014 represents a novel species in the genus Tolypocladium, for which the name Tolypocladium sobaeksanense sp. nov. is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) predominantly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, with rare renal involvement. We investigated the incidence rate and risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with AS and its relationship with long‐term nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of patients diagnosed with AS from the Korean National Health Insurance service. The 3‐month, 6‐month, and 1‐year Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) NSAID Intake Scores were categorized into four groups, as follows: =0, >0 and ≤33.3, 33.3–66.6, and >66.6. Results: Of the 12 000 patients with AS, 150 were identified with CKD, and the incidence rate was 4.64 per 10 000 patient‐years. Factors significantly associated with CKD included age ≥60 years, Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. In the nested case–control analysis, among the ASAS NSAIDs Intake Scores for 0–365 days from diagnosis, the ≥66.6 group had a significantly lower odds ratio than those of the =0 group. Conclusion: The present study established the incidence rate of CKD in Korean patients with AS. Though older age and comorbidities were found to be associated with a higher CKD risk, long‐term NSAID use was associated with a lower risk. Therefore, the optimal use of NSAIDs in inflammatory diseases requires extensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we optimized the composition of the browning inhibitor for apples and established a prediction model for the browning inhibitor concentration in mass‐processed fresh‐cut apples based on electrical conductivity measurements. The "Fuji" apples that were harvested in Chungju, Korea, were used for this study. Vitamin C mixture (VCM) and trehalose (Tre) were used as browning inhibitors at a 4% ratio. The browning reaction under Δ3 of BI (browning index) for 5 days was defined as the target shelf‐life of the apple flesh. The ΔBI of VCM and Tre was lower than that of VCM by 4%. It is revealed that the electrical conductivity of the browning inhibitor was highly correlated with its concentration and the number of soaked apples. Finally, the regression of the conductivity was fitted as Y = −0.0024 (number of soaked apples) + 0.5111 (R2 = 0.9931). In the validation test, the conductivity must be maintained at 0.4373 S/m or higher to maintain the target anti‐browning level of Δ3 or less, which corresponded to ∼80% of the initial qualitative level after manufacture. The conductivity measurement of the browning inhibitor is suitable for monitoring and predicting its concentration in the mass processing of fresh‐cut apple production due to the convenience of this method. Practical Application: The conductivity measurement of browning inhibitors can be applied not only to the mass processing of apple production but also to the anti‐browning treatment of other fruits and vegetables, due to the convenience of this method. From these research results, it is expected to derive a formula that can predict the concentration of browning inhibitors through simple experiments for other fruits or vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L‐tryptophan, an essential amino acid for physiological processes, metabolism, development, and growth of organisms, is widely utilized in animal nutrition and human health as a feed additive and nutritional supplement, respectively. Despite its known benefits, safety concerns have arisen due to an eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak linked to L‐tryptophan consumed by humans. Extensive research has established that the EMS outbreak was caused by an L‐tryptophan product that contained certain impurities. Therefore, safety validations are imperative to endorse the use of L‐tryptophan as a supplement or a feed additive. This study was conducted in tertiary hybrid [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs to assess general toxicity and potential risks for EMS‐related symptoms associated with L‐tryptophan used as a feed additive. Our investigation elucidated the relationship between L‐tryptophan and EMS in swine. No mortalities or clinical signs were observed in any animals during the administration period, and the test substance did not induce toxic effects. Hematological analysis and histopathological examination revealed no changes in EMS‐related parameters, such as eosinophil counts, lung lesions, skin lesions, or muscle atrophy. Furthermore, no test substance‐related changes occurred in other general toxicological parameters. Through analyzing the tissues and organs of swine, most of the L‐tryptophan impurities that may cause EMS were not retained. Based on these findings, we concluded that incorporating L‐tryptophan and its impurities into the diet does not induce EMS in swine. Consequently, L‐tryptophan may be used as a feed additive throughout all growth stages of swine without safety concerns. L‐tryptophan, an essential amino acid for organismal functions, is commonly used in animal nutrition and human health. However, safety concerns have arisen due to an eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak linked to L‐tryptophan. This study assessed the safety of L‐tryptophan fermentation products as a feed additive and its relationship to EMS in swine. No adverse effects, including EMS‐related symptoms, were observed during the study. The results suggest that incorporating L‐tryptophan into pig diets, along with impurities, is safe throughout their growth cycles, alleviating concerns about EMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As environmental regulations on exhaust gas are enforced worldwide and marine transportation is progressively strengthened, various methods are being explored to comply with emission regulations by using alternative energy sources. This study involved the optimization of a thermoelectric power generation (TEG) system, which converts thermal energy into electrical energy. The design of the TEG system was optimized by using CFD to analyze the heat transfer phenomena resulting from the relative positions of the TEG modules, and the results of this analysis were validated with 1/100 experimental scale measurement data. The comparison of the CFD results with the experimental measurements revealed that the maximum discrepancy exists for the temperature near the cooling jacket and for the amount of power generated by the system. The significant difference between the CFD and experimental results is attributable to the adiabatic conditions assumed for CFD since the experimental facility experiences heat loss to the atmosphere. In this study, we established an analysis methodology by conducting a comparative validation between CFD calculations and experimental data. The methodology is expected to play a significant role in optimizing the design of thermoelectric power generation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic sawtooth surfaces have emerged as a versatile platform for growth of single-crystal van der Waals layered materials. However, the mechanism governing the formation of single-crystal atomic sawtooth metal (copper or gold) films on hard substrates (tungsten or molybdenum) remains a puzzle. In this study, we aim to elucidate the formation mechanism of atomic sawtooth metal films during melting–solidification process. Utilizing molecular dynamics, we unveil that the solidification of the liquid copper initiates at a high-index tungsten facet with higher interfacial energy. Subsequent tungsten facets follow energetically favourable pathways of forming single-crystal atomic sawtooth copper film during the solidification process near melting temperature. Formation of atomic sawtooth copper film is guaranteed with a film thickness exceeding the grain size of polycrystalline tungsten substrate. We further demonstrate the successful growth of centimeter-scale single-crystal monolayer hexagonal boron nitride films on atomic sawtooth copper films and explore their potential as efficient oxygen barrier. Although single-crystal (SC) 2D materials can be grown on atomic sawtooth metal surfaces, the formation mechanism during the melting-solidification process remains unclear. Here authors reveal that solidification starts at high-index facets and spreads, forming a SC atomic sawtooth surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-yield dicarbamate synthesis via oxidative carbonylation has been challenging due to substantial urea polymer formation. A Pd/CeO2 catalyst was successfully synthesized dicarbamates while suppressing urea polymer formation. The superior methoxylation reactivity of Pd/CeO2, which originated from Pd–CeO2 synergism, facilitated the conversion of the urea species, thereby preventing urea accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water electrolyzers powered by renewable energy are emerging as clean and sustainable technology for producing hydrogen without carbon emissions. Specifically, anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers utilizing non‐platinum group metal (non‐PGM) catalysts have garnered attention as a cost‐effective method for hydrogen production, especially when integrated with solar cells. Nonetheless, the progress of such integrated systems is hindered by inadequate water electrolysis efficiency, primarily caused by poor oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes. To address this issue, a NiFeCo─OOH has developed as an OER electrocatalyst and successfully demonstrated its efficacy in an AEM electrolyzer, which is powered by renewable electricity and integrated with a silicon solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated uric acid levels are linked with obesity and diabetes. Existing research mainly examines the relationship between sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage (SSB) consumption and uric acid levels. This study explored the association between the quantity and frequency of SSB consumption and elevated uric acid levels in Korean adults. Data from 2881 participants aged 19–64 years (1066 men and 1815 women) in the 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Serum uric acid levels were categorized into quartiles, with the highest defined as high uric acid (men, ≥6.7 mg/dL; women, ≥4.8 mg/dL). SSB consumption was classified into quartiles (almost never, <1 cup (<200 mL), 1–3 cups (200–600 mL), ≥3 cups (≥600 mL)) and frequency into tertiles (almost never, ≤1/week, ≥2/week). Multivariate logistic regression assessed the association, with separate analyses for men and women. Increased daily SSB consumption and frequency were significantly associated with high uric acid levels in men but not in women. After adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics, consuming ≥3 cups (≥600 mL) of SSBs per day and SSBs ≥ 2/week were significantly associated with high serum uric acid levels in men, but this association was not observed in women. The study concludes that increased SSB intake is linked to elevated uric acid levels in Korean men, but not in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regular brushing is the most popular oral hygiene technique and using additional interdental cleaning tools like dental floss and oral rinse (OR) is advised. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of ORs containing 0.045% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on oral health-related parameters in a 4-week-long double-blinded and randomized clinical trial. Methods: Seventy-four subjects were assigned to four groups: two control groups that used non-CPC-containing ORs (C1 [n = 20], C2 [n = 19]) and two groups that used CPC-containing ORs (immediate-use CPC [IUC] [n = 16], concentrated-use CPC [CUC] [n = 19]). The subjects were instructed to gargle with 20 mL of the ORs for 30 s after brushing their teeth thrice a day for 4 weeks. There was a substantial decrease in the levels of volatile sulfur compounds after the use of the ORs. Results: The Turesky modification of the Quigley–Hein Plaque Index and Löe and Silness Gingival Index showed a decreasing trend after the intervention, but not at a significant level. The Tongue Coating Index also showed a decrease in the intervention groups, but not in the control groups. Surprisingly, in both formulations, the inclusion of CPC in OR dramatically decreased the growth of aerobic bacteria in the mouth by expressed CFU/mL in both treatment groups. Conclusion: CPC-containing ORs can be recommended as an adjunct to the standard home care routine in promoting oral health. Clinical trial registration: NCT05644236. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel intentions are influenced by not only personal background but also external factors such as national disasters, infectious diseases, and government policy. While international flights and the travel market are sharply recovering from the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic, travel risk will affect future travel demand. This study analyzed the relationship between potential risk of destination and travel avoidance intention using the stimulus‐organism‐response (SOR) model. The survey was conducted with 303 Chinese and 253 South Korean respondents living in countries adjacent to Japan. The results reveal that travel avoidance intentions may be influenced by emotional reactions to the complexity of the geopolitical environment or the diverse protection motivation perceptions of travelers. This study proposes that nationality has a moderate effect on tentative travel avoidance intention compared to gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acid amplification testing has great potential for point-of-need diagnostic testing with high detection sensitivity and specificity. Current sample preparation is limited by a tedious workflow requiring multiple steps, reagents and instrumentation, hampering nucleic acid testing at point of need. In this study, we present the use of mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper for DNA binding by ionic interaction under molecular crowding conditions and fluid transport by wicking. The poly(ethylene) glycol-based (PEG) reagent simultaneously provides the high pH for alkaline lysis and crowding effects for ionic binding of the DNA under high salt conditions. In this study, we introduce Paper-based Abridged Solid-Phase Extraction with Alkaline Poly(ethylene) Glycol Lysis (PASAP). The anionic mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper is used as solid phase and allows for fluid transport by wicking, eliminating the need for pipetting skills and the use of a magnet to retain beads. Following the release of DNA from the cells due to the lytic activity of the PASAP solution, the DNA binds to the anionic surface of the MCE paper, concentrating at the bottom while the sample matrix is transported towards the top by wicking. The paper was washed by dipping it in 40% isopropanol for 10 s. After air-drying for 30 s, the bottom section of the paper (3 mm × 4 mm) was snapped off using the cap of a PCR tube and immersed in the colourimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cLAMP) solution for direct amplification and colourimetric detection. The total sample processing was completed in 15 min and ready for amplification. cLAMP enabled the detection of 102 CFU/mL of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from culture media and the detection of E. coli in milk < 103 CFU/mL (10 CFU) after incubation at 68 °C for 60 min, demonstrating applicability of the method to complex biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent intravesical administration of adenoviral vectors, either as a single injection or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, exemplified by cretostimogene grenadenorepvec and nadofaragene firadenovec, has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in clinical trials for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Despite their ability to induce an enhanced immune reaction within the lesion, the intracellular survival signaling of cancer cells has not been thoroughly addressed. Methods: An analysis of the prognostic data revealed a high probability of therapeutic efficacy with simultaneous inhibition of mTOR and STAT3. Considering the challenges of limited pharmaco-accessibility to the bladder due to its pathophysiological structure and the partially undruggable nature of target molecules, we designed a dual siRNA system targeting both mRNAs. Subsequently, this dual siRNA system was encoded into the adenovirus 5/3 (Ad 5/3) to enhance in vivo delivery efficiency. Results: Gene-targeting efficacy was assessed using cells isolated from xenografted tumors using a single-cell analysis system. Our strategy demonstrated a balanced downregulation of mTOR and STAT3 at the single-cell resolution, both in vitro and in vivo. This approach reduced tumor growth in bladder cancer xenograft and orthotopic animal experiments. In addition, increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells was observed in a humanized mouse model. We provided helpful and safe tissue distribution data for intravesical therapy of siRNAs coding adenoviruses. Conclusions: The bi-specific siRNA strategy, encapsulated in an adenovirus, could be a promising tool to augment cancer treatment efficacy and overcome conventional therapy limitations associated with "undruggability." Hence, we propose that dual targeting of mTOR and STAT3 is an advantageous strategy for intravesical therapy using adenoviruses. The current investigation introduces an innovative conceptualization of bispecific short hairpin RNA (bs_shRNA) tailored for the equilibrated modulation of dual genes within a singular cellular context. This novel bs_shRNA was loaded into the genome of an oncolytic adenovirus to augment the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic viral interventions via the targeted inhibition of mTOR and STAT3 pathways. In addition, the administration of BSV significantly reduced the volume of bladder cancer tumors, concomitantly facilitating an enhanced recruitment of CD8+T lymphocytes in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We investigated the incidence of and risk factors for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in patients with rheumatologic disease. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who were diagnosed with rheumatologic diseases at a tertiary care hospital between May 2009 and July 2022 and identified the patients who were subsequently diagnosed with MDS. Each patient with MDS was matched with five age- and sex-matched controls chosen from the cohort of patients with each specific rheumatologic disease. Results During a total follow-up of 55 841 person-years (PY), MDS occurred in 64 patients, yielding an incidence rate of 1.15/1000 PY {median age 57.0 years [interquartile range (IQR) 41.0–69.0], median duration to MDS diagnosis 6.5 years (IQR 3.0–9.0)]. In an age-matched analysis, SLE was a significant risk factor for MDS [adjusted hazard ratio 2.61 (CI 1.19, 36.06), P  = 0.01]. Refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia was the most common phenotype of MDS (35.9%), and more than half of the patients had karyotypes with a favourable prognosis (54.7%). Compared with matched controls, RA, SLE and AS patients with MDS had lower levels of haemoglobin at the time of diagnosis of rheumatologic disease. Furthermore, the MDS patients with SLE and Behçet's disease had higher levels of glucocorticoid use in terms of frequency of use and mean dose than control patients. Conclusion SLE is a significant risk factor for MDS among patients with rheumatologic diseases. A lower haemoglobin level at the time of diagnosis of rheumatologic disease was associated with the future development of MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have begun exploring the potential involvement of microbiota in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP), yet comprehensive investigations remain limited. Hence, this study aimed to compare the microbial profiles in saliva samples obtained from patients with OLP against those from healthy controls (HC), along with a comparison between erosive (E) and non-erosive (NE) OLP patients. Saliva samples were collected from 60 OLP patients (E: n = 25, NE: n = 35) and 30 HC individuals. Analysis revealed no significant differences in alpha diversity, as assessed by the Chao1 and Shannon index, across the three groups. However, Bray–Curtis distance analysis indicated a significant disparity in microbiome composition distribution between HC and E-OLP, as well as HC and NE-OLP groups. The six most abundant phyla observed across the groups were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Saccharibacteria (TM7). Notably, OLP groups exhibited a higher prevalence of Bacteroidetes. Prevotella emerged as the predominant genus in the OLP groups, while Capnocytophaga showed a relatively higher prevalence in E-OLP compared to NE-OLP. This study's findings indicate a notable difference in microbiota composition between HC and patients with OLP. Additionally, differences in the microbiome were identified between the E-OLP and NE-OLP groups. The increase in the proportion of certain bacterial species in the oral microbiome suggests that they may exacerbate the inflammatory response and act as antigens for OLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have an innate property that allows them to return to a memorized form when stimulated. They have been recently designed as flexible fabrics for use in wearable assistive devices. This study aimed to develop a rehabilitation assistive glove with good wearability for a hemiplegic patient using a knitted SMA with a high-unidirectional contractile response. We fabricated warp-knitted SMA actuators, which had higher contractile responses than those of weft-knitted SMA. The use of a knitting loom allowed these actuators to fit all the fingers of a patient. We developed a full-fabric glove, placed the SMA wires on the finger regions to form a tendon-driven structure, and attached knitted SMA actuators to the dorsal and palmar sides of the hand to assist flexion and extension. The joint range of motion after glove actuation increased by 11.620% and 141.710% in flexion and extension, respectively. The range of motion improved more with glove rehabilitation than with thermal stimulation or no actuation. The grip force also increased by 52.400% after rehabilitation exercises. The safety of the heat generated during actuation was confirmed, and its applicability as a thermal stimulus was validated (based on increased skin temperature). These outcomes suggest the practical potential of warp-knitted SMAs in fully fabricated wearable assistive devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the increasing proportion of older adults in Korea and growing interest in aging, the concepts of oral aging and oral hypofunction have recently been introduced. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the age-specific oral function levels of Korean older adults and develop expert intervention methods for healthy aging. Methods: Dysphagia, independence of daily living, and oral hypofunction were assessed in 206 older adults living in Wonju, Gangwon State, South Korea. Subjective dysphagia was assessed through self-report questionnaires using the Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI), the Korean version of Eating Assessment Tool-10, and the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index. In addition, the oral hypofunction assessment items included decreased chewing ability, occlusal pressure, tongue pressure, oral dryness, and oral cleanliness. Results: DHI increased significantly with age, with those in their 80 s reporting the most difficulty swallowing. Oral function in terms of chewing ability (maximum occlusal pressure and number of remaining teeth), maximum occlusal pressure, and maximum tongue pressure also declined with increasing age. While there was no significant difference in oral dryness by age, those in their 80 s had dry mouth according to the criteria of the oral moisture checking device. Conclusions: In an assessment of oral function in community-dwelling, independent Korean older adults, the number of items that were assessed as oral hypofunction increased with age. The findings can be used to standardize the oral hypofunction assessment item and develop age-based individualized intervention plans for the early management of oral health and individual oral myofunctional rehabilitation in Korean community-dwelling older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a genital infection caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans). Weissella confusa WIKIM51 (Wilac D001) is known to be detected in dandelion kimchi, produce lactic acid, and have an anti−inflammatory ability; however, its diverse antifungal effects have not been studied. Here, we investigated the antifungal effect of Wilac D001 in C. albicans compared to Lactobacillus species on vaginal epithelial cells (VECs). To test the antifungal ability of Wilac D001 against C. albicans on VECs, an adhesion test, pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8) analysis, and a disk diffusion test were performed. The acid tolerance test was conducted to investigate the viability of Wilac D001 in various acidic conditions. Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and L. rhamnosus were used as positive controls. Wilac D001 showed the capacity to inhibit the colonization of C. albicans by adhering to VECs, with an inhibitory effect similar to that of positive controls. Both pro−inflammatory cytokines including IL−6 and IL−8 concentrations were significantly decreased when Wilac D001 was treated on C. albicans-infected VECs, respectively (p < 0.001). The result of the disk diffusion test indicates that the inhibitory ability of Wilac D001 is comparable to L. reuteri and L. rhamnosus on agar plates infected with C. albicans. Our results demonstrate that Weissella confusa WIKIM51 has antifungal effects against VECs infected by C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive liver fat accumulation, is a common liver disease linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction. The lack of effective treatments against NAFLD has led to an increasing focus on alternative and natural remedies. Essential oils, extracted from a variety of plants, have drawn interest due to their high content of active compounds and potential functions to support liver health. Ginger essential oil, known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cholesterol-lowering properties, promotes antioxidant enzymes and ameliorates liver fat accumulation in mice model of NAFLD. Nigella sativa oil with its diverse array of bioactive components, mitigates fatty liver by lowering tumor necrosis factor-alpha, malonaldehyde (MDA), and plasma lipids in vivo and in human trials that could contribute to NAFLD management. Garlic oil, rich in organosulfur compounds, has shown potential benefits in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation associated with NAFLD. Similarly, essential oils from turmeric, pepper, patchouli, and basil reduced lipid accumulation and inflammation and enhanced lipid metabolism in animal models of NAFLD. These findings underscore the use of essential oils as complementary medicines for NAFLD, opening avenues for further research and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of refugees worldwide continues to increase, Human Resource Management (HRM) scholars and practitioners have an opportunity to rethink their role in advancing workforce integration for this highly vulnerable group of jobseekers. In this introduction to a special issue on refugee workforce integration, we argue that in order to promote comprehensive and sustainable solutions, scholars and practitioners alike need to understand refugee employment as a long‐term undertaking. We propose a four‐phase temporal model of refugee workforce integration, highlighting the potential role of HRM at the various stages of the integration process. We identify practical recommendations for HRM professionals to consider and several areas for future research in support of evidence‐based solutions. While our paper focuses specifically on refugee employment, we argue that temporality should be considered by all HRM scholars working within the domain of global mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clavicle has various anatomic shapes unique to each individual. Additionally, with the increase in high-energy traumas such as sports injuries and traffic accidents, the patterns of fractures become complex and complicated. Thus, there is a need for a variety of shapes of locking compression plates (LCP) to accommodate different types of fractures and facilitate quicker rehabilitation. The aim of this study is to present different types of LCP that secure fracture fragments and distribute stress evenly, in comparison to typical anatomical LCPs, for reinforcing clavicle fractures. Three models were compared in this study: the typical shape, the center hole removed shape, and the double-curved wing shape. The DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) file obtained from the computed tomography scan of the patient's clavicle was used to extract the three-dimensional (3D) clavicle structure. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulation was employed to analyze the structural changes of the LCP under external forces. A reinforced jig was used to apply the same type of external force to each LCP, and an experiment was conducted to analyze the mechanical impact of the LCP's structural characteristics. When comparing the stress values at the fracture zone point, resulting from the FEA simulation with applied bending forces, it was calculated that the stress dispersion effect was approximately ten times greater when transitioning from a typical LCP shape to a double-curved partial wing structure. Moreover, the ultimate stress increased 3.33 times, from 241.322 to 804.057 N, as the LCP design changed under cantilever bending conditions. This double-curved wing LCP design reduces stress concentration at the fracture site and minimizes stress in the fracture area when subjected to cantilever bending forces. Consequently, this newly designed LCP has the potential to decrease complications related to the plate and accelerate rehabilitation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm birth (PTB) refers to delivery before 37 weeks of gestation. Premature neonates exhibit higher neonatal morbidity and mortality rates than term neonates; therefore, predicting and preventing PTB are important. In this study, we investigated the potential of using short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, specific vaginal microbiota-derived metabolites, as a biomarker in predicting PTB using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) was collected from 89 pregnant women (29 cases of PTB vs. 60 controls) without evidence of other clinical infections, and SCFA levels were measured. Furthermore, the PTB group was divided into two subgroups based on birth timing after CVF sampling: delivery ≤ 2 days after sampling (n = 10) and ≥2 days after sampling (n = 19). The concentrations of propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, and heptanoic acid were significantly higher in the PTB group than in the term birth (TB) group (p < 0.05). In particular, the concentrations of propionic acid, isobutyric acid, hexanoic acid, and heptanoic acid were continuously higher in the PTB group than in the TB group (p < 0.05). In the delivery ≤ 2 days after sampling group, the propionic acid, isobutyric acid, hexanoic acid, and heptanoic acid levels were significantly higher than those in the other groups (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated a significant association between specific SCFAs and PTB. We propose these SCFAs as potential biomarkers for the prediction of PTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed the knitted shape-memory alloy (SMA) as a flexible actuator and applied it to a soft wearable exoglove for rehabilitation assistance. Based on user needs and anthropometric data, we custom-designed the exoglove for three hemiplegic patients using the knitted-SMA actuator and evaluated its bending performance, gripping force and wearability under the four simulation conditions (S1–S4). To address the specific needs, both SMA plain- and double-knit modules were applied to the exoglove based on the patients' finger joint range of motion (ROMs). The joint ROMs of all fingers increased by 13.71% and the skin temperature increased by 2.21 °C after actuating the glove (p = 0.006). The gripping force increased as much as 55.01%, when compared to the baseline. All patients were able to don and doff the developed glove independently, and positively evaluated their subjective satisfaction and thermal perception. The findings suggested the potential of the knitted SMA for the future development of soft wearable robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and strength and low physical performance, and it is closely related to the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Pulse pressure (PP) is a biomarker of arterial stiffness and compliance. Elevated PP levels increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Nevertheless, the association between PP and sarcopenia has not yet been clearly established. Methods: Participant data were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2014 to 2020. The study population was classified into three groups (PP < 40 mmHg, 40 mmHg ≤ PP < 60 mmHg, and PP ≥ 60 mmHg). PP was calculated by deducting the diastolic blood pressure from the systolic blood pressure. For handgrip strength, the maximum value measured with a grip dynamometer was adopted (weak handgrip strength: <28 kg for men, <18 kg for woman; normal handgrip strength: ≥28 kg for men, ≥18 kg for women). To determine the relationship between PP and the prevalence of weak handgrip strength, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for possible confounding factors. Results: The higher PP group had a higher age, body mass index; systolic blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, and maximum handgrip strength. In all models, the prevalence of weak handgrip strength was significantly higher in the group with PP ≥ 60 mmHg compared to the control group (PP < 40 mmHg). Conclusions: Elevated PP was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of weak muscle strength. Thus, PP monitoring may be used to identify individuals at risk of sarcopenia and is helpful in improving health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The residual life of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of major interest to patients and their physicians. While existing analyses of HIV patient survival focus mostly on data collected at baseline, residual life analysis allows for dynamic analysis based on additional data collected over a period of time. As survival times typically exhibit a right-skewed distribution, the median provides a more useful summary of the underlying distribution than the mean. In this paper, we propose an efficient inference procedure that fits a semiparametric quantile regression model assessing the effect of longitudinal biomarkers on the residual life of HIV patients until the development of dyslipidemia, a disease becoming more prevalent among those with HIV. Methods: For estimation of model parameters, we propose an induced smoothing method that smooths nonsmooth estimating functions based on check functions. For variance estimation, we propose an efficient resampling-based estimator. The proposed estimators are theoretically justified. Simulation studies are used to evaluate their finite sample performances, including their prediction accuracy. We analyze the Korea HIV/AIDS cohort study data to examine the effects of CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) cell count on the residual life of HIV patients to the onset of dyslipidemia. Results: The proposed estimator is shown to be consistent and normally distributed asymptotically. Under various simulation settings, our estimates are approximately unbiased. Their variances estimates are close to the empirical variances and their computational efficiency is superior to that of the nonsmooth counterparts. Two measures of prediction performance indicate that our method adequately reflects the dynamic character of longitudinal biomarkers and residual life. The analysis of the Korea HIV/AIDS cohort study data shows that CD4 cell count is positively associated with residual life to the onset of dyslipidemia but the effect is not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our method enables direct prediction of residual lifetimes with a dynamic feature that accommodates data accumulated at different times. Our estimator significantly improves computational efficiency in variance estimation compared to the existing nonsmooth estimator. Analysis of the HIV/AIDS cohort study data reveals dynamic effects of CD4 cell count on the residual life to the onset of dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological models with genetic similarities to humans are used for exploratory research to develop behavioral screening tools and understand sensory–motor interactions. Their small, often mm-sized appearance raises challenges in the straightforward quantification of their subtle behavioral responses and calls for new, customisable research tools. 3D printing provides an attractive approach for the manufacture of custom designs at low cost; however, challenges remain in the integration of functional materials like porous membranes. Nanoporous membranes have been integrated with resin exchange using purpose-designed resins by digital light projection 3D printing to yield functionally integrated devices using a simple, economical and semi-automated process. Here, the impact of the layer thickness and layer number on the porous properties – parameters unique for 3D printing – are investigated, showing decreases in mean pore diameter and porosity with increasing layer height and layer number. From the same resin formulation, materials with average pore size between 200 and 600 nm and porosity between 45% and 61% were printed. Membrane-integrated devices were used to study the chemoattractant induced behavioural response of zebrafish embryos and planarians, both demonstrating a predominant behavioral response towards the chemoattractant, spending >85% of experiment time in the attractant side of the observation chamber. The presented 3D printing method can be used for printing custom designed membrane-integrated devices using affordable 3D printers and enable fine-tuning of porous properties through adjustment of layer height and number. This accessible approach is expected to be adopted for applications including behavioural studies, early-stage pre-clinical drug discovery and (environmental) toxicology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal health outcomes. To explore the mechanism, we performed mRNA sequencing of neonatal cord blood. From an ongoing prospective cohort, Air Pollution on Pregnancy Outcome (APPO) study, 454 pregnant women from six centers between January 2021 and June 2022 were recruited. Individual PM2.5 exposure was calculated using a time-weighted average model. In the APPO study, age-matched cord blood samples from the High PM2.5 (˃15 ug/m3; n = 10) and Low PM2.5 (≤ 15 ug/m3; n = 30) groups were randomly selected for mRNA sequencing. After selecting genes with differential expression in the two groups (p-value < 0.05 and log2 fold change > 1.5), pathway enrichment analysis was performed, and the mitochondrial pathway was analyzed using MitoCarta3.0. The risk of preterm birth (PTB) increased with every 5 µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 in the second trimester (odds ratio 1.391, p = 0.019) after adjusting for confounding variables. The risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increased in the second (odds ratio 1.238, p = 0.041) and third trimester (odds ratio 1.290, p = 0.029), and entire pregnancy (odds ratio 1.295, p = 0.029). The mRNA-sequencing of cord blood showed that genes related to mitochondrial activity (FAM210B, KRT1, FOXO4, TRIM58, and FBXO7) and PTB-related genes (ADIPOR1, YBX1, OPTN, NFkB1, HBG2) were upregulated in the High PM2.5 group. In addition, exposure to high PM2.5 affected mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and proteins in the electron transport chain, a subunit of OXPHOS. These results suggest that exposure to high PM2.5 during pregnancy may increase the risk of PTB and GDM, and dysregulate PTB-related genes. Alterations in mitochondrial OXPHOS by high PM2.5 exposure may occur not only in preterm infants but also in normal newborns. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]