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This comparative study explores how policy enables and constrains collaborative leadership in two very different policy fields in welfare and environmental domains. It adopts a policy studies lens to understand how over the long-term policy content structures the environment for collaborative working, leverages joint action, authorises sources of leadership and delineates roles and responsibilities. The authors argue that policy is not simply a context for collaborative leadership in the public domain, but rather a source of leadership itself as it sets direction for collaborative working, establishes the boundaries of power-sharing, and consequently limits what it is possible for actors to achieve. The paper highlights the value of research at the intersection of policy and public management studies, and urges public managers and policy-makers seeking to develop collaborative leadership to attend to the historical development and breadth of a policy field, rather than simply the latest policy announcements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In academic and professional circles, 'resilience thinking' has emerged as the dominant paradigm in flood risk management, which emphasizes the need to plan and design cities that can absorb water and replicate natural processes more closely. In this paper, we explore how planners in England are expected to respond to the resilience agenda against the realities in practice, zoning in on the delivery of sustainable (urban) drainage systems (SuDS). Our exploration highlights that, while SuDS are being implemented, they are largely characterized by a 'bog standard' design. We found that there are three main institutional factors that are constraining the implementation of SuDS: the lack of legislative backing, the power afforded to private commercial interests in the neoliberalized planning process, compounded by the severe lack of resources in local authorities. What is missing at the moment is SuDS process and design that is flexible, integrated, collaborative and innovative. There are clear implications that, without the necessary institutional support, resilience thinking will remain largely aspirational, and professionals will struggle to gain traction and translate the larger flood resilience policy agenda into England's future climate-resilient places. This article is part of the theme issue 'Urban flood resilience'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, flood frequency has increased over the last three decades. Natural Flood Management (NFM) is considered a progressive holistic flood management approach, using "natural" hydrological processes to slow and store water, delivering multiple benefits including water quality, biodiversity and amenity improvements. Although there are existing evaluations of NFM, they remain insufficient for drawing conclusions as to its effectiveness at catchment scales. However, without this evidence base and because of the domination of the natural sciences in the framing and research agenda, catchment‐wide interventions have not been implemented. In acknowledging the importance of understanding and data gaps (and attempts to fill them), this paper argues that there is an opportunity to deliver NFM more widely by capitalising on widespread interest in different land and water management sectors, supported by interdisciplinary policy‐relevant research. This paper illustrates how multi‐stakeholder collaborative partnership is suited to the dynamic complexity of NFM delivery. It is proposed that, through championing NFM delivery at catchment scales and the work of established catchment partnerships in England and Wales, there is the opportunity to more widely deliver NFM as an integrated component of flood risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of Policy Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 'flood defence' role of the planning system, in minimising inappropriate development on floodplains, has again been underlined following extreme flood events in the winter of 2013-14. Yet planners are alleged by politicians and the media to ignore expert advice and 'wave through' developments on floodplains. Set against an enhanced understanding of the political pressure that planners have faced for indiscriminate new development over the past nine decades, it is claimed greater transparency and accountability is required in the decision making process, with an increase in public sector capacity and provision of skilled planners, to negotiate sensible, strategic and more resilient housing solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal waste management strategies (MWMSs) are local level policy instruments, prepared in an area wide manner all over England, aiming to achieve more sustainable waste management practices. Their focus is on different aspects of the waste management hierarchy, including waste reduction, reuse, recycling/composting and residual waste management. In this paper, a systematic review of MWMS strategic environmental assessments (SEAs), completed by February 2010 is provided. SEA report quality and the extent to which climate change mitigation is considered are evaluated. Whilst there are strengths of current practice, there is also scope for improvement, particularly regarding a more effective consideration of the waste management hierarchy. Furthermore, whilst climate change mitigation is routinely considered as an overall objective, none of the SEAs set related targets, for example regarding carbon emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily, can act as a molecular switch that modulates T cell activation by propagating positive signals from the TNF-related ligand LIGHT (TNFR superfamily 14), or inhibitory signals through the Ig superfamily member B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). Competitive binding analysis and mutagenesis reveals a unique BTLA binding site centered on a critical lysine residue in cysteine-rich domain 1 of HVEM. The BTLA binding site on HVEM overlaps with the binding site for the herpes simplex virus 1 envelope glycoprotein D, but is distinct from where LIGHT binds, yet glycoprotein D inhibits the binding of both ligands, potentially nullifying the pathway. The binding site on KVEM for BTLA is conserved in the orphan TNFR, UL144, present in human CMV. UL144 binds BTLA, but not LIGHT, and inhibits T cell proliferation, selectively mimicking the inhibitory cosignaling function of HVEM. The demonstration that distinct herpesviruses target the HVEM-BTLA cosignaling pathway suggests the importance of this pathway in regulating T cell activation during host defenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) provides an inhibitory signal to B and T cells. Previously, indirect observations suggested that B7x was a ligand for BTLA. Here we show that BTLA does not bind B7x; instead, we identify herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) as the unique BTLA ligand. BTLA bound the most membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain of HVEM, distinct from regions where the ligands LIGHT and lymphotoxin-abound HVEM. HVEM induced BTLA tyrosine phosphorylation and association of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and repressed antigen-driven T cell proliferation, providing an example of reverse signaling to a non-tumor necrosis factor family ligand. The conservation of the BTLA-HVEM interaction between mouse and human suggests that this system is an important pathway regulating lymphocyte activation and/or homeostasis in the immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphotoxins (LTα and LTβ). LIGHT [homologous to LT, inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus (HSV) glyco-protein D for HSV entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes], tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and their specific receptors LTβR, HVEM, and TNF receptor 1 (TNPR1) and TNFR2, form the immediate family of the larger TNF superfamily. These cytokines establish a critical communication system required tor the development of secondary lymphoid tissues; however, knowledge of the target genes activated by these signaling pathways is limited. Target genes regulated by the LTαβ-LTβR pathway include the tissue-organizing chemokines, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21, which establish cytokine circuits that regulate LT expression on lymphocytes, leading to organized lymphoid tissue. Infectious disease models have revealed that LTαβ pathways are also important for innate and adaptive immune responses involved in host defense. Here, regulation of interferon-P by LTPR and TNFR signaling may play a crucial role in certain viral infections. Regulation of autoimmune regulator in the thymus via LTβR implicates LT/LIGHT involvement in central tolerance. Dysregulatted expression of LIGHT overrides peripheral tolerance leading to T-cell-driven autoimmune disease. Blockade of TNF/LT/LIGHT pathways as an intervention in controlling autoimmune diseases is attractive, but such therapy may have risks. Thus, identifying and understanding the target genes may offer an opportunity to fine-tune inhibitory interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fed-batch fermentation of a methanol utilization plus (Mut[SUP+]) Pichia pastoris strain typically has a growth phase followed by a production phase (induction phase). In the growth phase glycerol is usually used as carbon for cell growth while in the production phase methanol serves as both inducer and carbon source for recombinant protein expression. Some researchers employed a mixed glycerol-methanol feeding strategy during the induction phase to improve production, but growth kinetics on glycerol and methanol and the interaction between them were not reported. The objective of this paper is to optimize the mixed feeding strategy based on growth kinetic studies using a Mut[SUP+] Pichia strain, which expresses the heavy-chain fragment C of botulinum neurotoxin serotype C [BoNT/C(Hc)] intracellularly, as a model system. Growth models on glycerol and methanol that describe the relationship between specific growth rate (μ) and specific glycerol/ methanol consumption rate (ν[SUBgly], ν[SUBMeOH]) were established. A mixed feeding strategy with desired μ[SUBgly]/μ[SUBMeOH] = 1, 2, 3, 4 (desired μ[SUBMeOH] set at 0.015 h[SUP-1] was employed to study growth interactions and their e3ect on production. The results show that the optimal desired μ[SUBgly]/μ[SUBMeOH] is around 2 for obtaining the highest BoNT/C(Hc) protein content in cells: about 3 mg/g wet cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a series of flood events, the major flooding of 2007 finally triggered legislative change through the Flood and Water Management Act of 2010 and proposed the introduction of Schedule 3 (S3), to provide a stronger regulatory system for the implementation of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). However, S3 has been abandoned in England in favour of implementing SuDS through a "strengthened" planning system. By taking a broader governance perspective, this article explores the limited uptake of SuDS through the strengthened planning system. We argue that the so‐called strengthening of the planning system creates an institutional void: a lack of policy clarity that occurs when the role of the state is scaled back and other actors take up governance roles. While institutional voids can create successful outcomes, in the case of SuDS implementation they have been sub‐optimal. We trace the cause of these outcomes to the unwillingness of the Government to engage in designing policy. This creates a lack of consistency and uniformity, as the implementation of SuDS becomes a matter of ad hoc negotiations and power relations between local authorities and developers. We conclude that the current policy has reduced potential to deliver better outcomes and highlight the options for increased SuDS uptake going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study aimed to develop, execute, and evaluate the effectiveness of a dance wellness educational curriculum implemented in a university-level dance classroom. The focus of this study involved student application of exercise science and wellness knowledge within a teaching capacity. Using a mixed methods design, this study utilized a pretest/posttest performance assessment and document analysis for qualitative data. Results showed that the (a) posttest knowledge scores were statistically significantly higher, and (b) qualitative data collected from participants indicated deep levels of meaning-making and application of course content to students' personal approaches to training and teaching. Two themes emerged from qualitative data: student growth in knowledge and understanding as well as personal/professional implementation and application. Findings suggest that incorporating a dance wellness curriculum in a university-level dance program builds knowledge in exercise science, wellness, and instructional literacy while encouraging students to apply gained knowledge in both personal and professional capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when museums are expected to address access issues that are the explicit and implicit products of their colonial histories, the Recovering Voices initiative at the Smithsonian Institution has focused on on-site and in-person community-led research. In particular, the Community Research Program (CRP) supports projects designed and implemented by Indigenous communities and according to their values and priorities. Through interviews with previous CRP participants, we explore how this approach employs a model where research is conducted in Indigenous languages and methods, and according to community-driven agendas. As a result, this assessment revealed the value of physically 'being present' with and in collections as an unrivaled and integral means for producing, re-producing and re-activating Indigenous knowledge, as well as 'bearing witness' to the historic traumas presented by these objects and, therefore, the power and affect they still hold in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista d'Estudis Autonòmics i Federals is the property of Revista d'Estudis Autonomics i Federals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many members of the public fear crimes committed by strangers despite statistics showing greater danger from friends, acquaintances, and relatives. Since this fear is rooted in the fear of the unknown, some people prefer to fall victim to white-collar crimes as opposed to street crimes. Since most white-collar crimes require gaining the victim's trust, many are committed by people that know the victim. Moreover, the traditional view of white-collar criminals as people of high respectability and social class drastically influences our perception of crime and can lead to significant societal implications. In Canada, this traditional view of white-collar criminals is reflected in criminal legislation. Not only are the actions of white-collar offenders less likely to be criminalized and prosecuted but also the punishments enacted are typically much less severe than for street crimes. In a regime without the possibility of life imprisonment and minimum sentencing, there is instead a program offering immunity and leniency. In this paper, the author discusses the possible adoption of an immunity program in the context of cartel-level drug trafficking, since current methods of law enforcement aimed at penalizing organized drug trafficking lack deterrent value. Establishing an immunity program for cartel-level trafficking would have the immediate effect of excusing the criminality of a few low-level criminals, while having the underlying effect of enhancing deterrence and, potentially, dismantling extremely damaging criminal organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the extreme flood events of recent decades, the European Union has released the Floods Directive (2007/60/EC), which requires the creation of flood risk management plans. These plans do not yet exist in practice, as water management agencies have until 2015 to put them into action. This contribution will discuss two questions regarding the European flood risk management plan: First, how is the new instrument integrated into the various member states, particularly with respect to the scenario approach? Second, how prepared are the institutions for the collaborative planning paradigm of the flood risk management plan, particularly with respect to the river basin districts approach? Citing examples from France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Great Britain, this paper offers both a pessimistic and an optimistic perspective on the implementation of the new flood risk management instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data drawn from interviews and observations with 18 families whose children were diagnosed with life-threatening, often rare diseases, I examine how families accessed and negotiated medical care at a top 10–ranked university research hospital. Access to highly specialized and technologically advanced care was essential in these critical cases. Combining analysis of these high-stakes cases with recent work highlighting the interactional dynamics of care delivery, I show how families followed different paths to elite care and used different illness management strategies throughout the treatment process depending on their ability to mobilize what Janet Shim terms cultural health capital. These diverging illness management strategies reproduced inequality even at the top of the U.S. healthcare system by allowing some families to secure microadvantages throughout the illness experience. These findings suggest a complex interplay between structures of care delivery and families’ illness management strategies and point to the need for broader conceptualizations of healthcare advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We conducted a case-control study of the association between subsets of colorectal polyps, including adenomas and serrated polyps, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to colorectal cancer through prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Participants were enrollees in the Group Health Cooperative (Seattle, Washington) aged 24–79 years who received a colonoscopy from 1998 to 2007, donated a buccal or blood sample, and completed a structured questionnaire. We performed genotyping of 13 colorectal cancer susceptibility SNPs. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between polyps and the colorectal cancer risk allele for each SNP under a log-additive model. Analyses included 781 controls, 489 cases with adenoma, 401 cases with serrated polyps, and 188 cases with both polyp types. The following SNPs were associated with advanced adenomas: rs10936599, rs10795668, rs16892766, and rs9929218 (P < 0.05). For nonadvanced adenomas and for serrated polyps overall, only rs961253 was statistically significant (P < 0.05). These associations were in the same directions as those in prior colorectal cancer GWAS. No SNP was significantly associated with hyperplastic polyps, and only rs6983267 was significantly associated with sessile serrated polyps, but this association was opposite of that found in colorectal cancer GWAS. Our results suggest that the association between colorectal cancer susceptibility SNPs and colorectal polyps varies by polyp type. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Researchers are often interested in modeling longitudinal count data, where the response is a count of some quantity measured on multiple occasions on the same person. Random effects (RE) Poisson regression can be used to model longitudinal count data; however, if there is an excess number of zero counts relative to the Poisson distribution (zero-inflated data), other models may be more appropriate. In this article, RE Poisson, RE negative binomial (RE NB), RE Poisson hurdle (RE PH), RE negative binomial hurdle (RE NBH), RE zero-inflated Poisson (RE ZIP), and RE zero-inflated negative binomial (RE ZINB) models are discussed and compared to a RE logistic-lognormal model. These models are applied to zero-inflated longitudinal count data obtained from the Study of Health and Physical Activity in People with Spinal Cord Injury (SHAPE-SCI), which investigated predictors and outcomes of leisure-time physical activity in people with spinal cord injury. Alternatives to the RE Poisson and RE NB models, such as the RE PH, RE NBH, RE ZIP, and RE ZINB models, are appropriate for analyzing longitudinal count data that is zero-inflated. The choice of model should be based on fit, study design and purpose, and ease of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the exposure, and in some cases dismissal, of Boy Scouts who belonged or sympathised with the Young Communist League in Britain during the early 1950s. A focus on the rationale and repercussions of the organisation's approach and attitudes towards 'Red Scouts' found within their 'ranks' extends our understanding of youth movements and their often complex and conflicting ideological foundations. In particular, the post-World War Two period presented significant challenges to these spaces of youth work in terms of broader social and political change in Britain. An analysis of the politics of scouting in relation to Red Scouts questions not only the assertion that British McCarthyism was 'silent', but also brings young people firmly into focus as part of a more everyday politics of communism in British society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Informed decision-making requires the presentation of all possible courses of action; however, it is unclear what proportion of Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are routinely informed of all their treatment options. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of patient and unit characteristics on the type and timing of information provided.Methods. A prospective national multi-centre study of information was given to incident pre-emptive transplant, dialysis and conservatively managed patients in Australian renal units, over a 3-month period.Results. Sixty-six of 73 renal units participated in the study. Seven hundred and twenty-one incident CKD Stage 5 patients including 102 who chose not to dialyse were identified. Of these, 603 (84%) were presented with information about their options prior to commencing treatment. Three quarters (n = 543) were presented with home dialysis, one-third (n = 230) pre-emptive transplantation and 65% (n = 470) were informed about conservative care as an option. Patients were more likely to receive information prior to commencing treatment if they were known to a nephrologist for more than 3 months (OR 7.29, 95% CI 3.86–13.79) or were treated in small units with < 100 dialysis patients (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.26–4.60). The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at the time information was first presented was 13.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 12.7–13.8) and mean serum creatinine was 449 μmol/L (95% CI 431–467).Conclusions. Most Australian patients were informed of their treatment options prior to starting treatment, albeit in late stage CKD. Earlier education and support for informed decision-making may help optimize the uptake of pre-emptive transplantation and home dialysis therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I propose and define the new concept of cultural health capital, based on cultural capital theories, to help account for how patient-provider interactions unfold in ways that may generate disparities in health care. I define cultural health capital as the repertoire of cultural skills, verbal and nonverbal competencies, attitudes and behaviors, and interactional styles, cultivated by patients and clinicians alike, that, when deployed, may result in more optimal health care relationships. I consider cultural health capital alongside existing frameworks for understanding clinical interactions, and I argue that the concept of cultural health capital offers theoretical traction to help account for several dynamics of unequal treatment. These dynamics include the often nonpurposeful, habitual nature of culturally-mediated interactional styles; their growing importance amidst sociocultural changes in U.S. health care; their direct and indirect effects as instrumental as well as symbolic forms of capital; and their ability to account for the systematic yet variable relationship between social status and health care interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background The current research examines the relationship between perceptual and motor processes, known as perception–action or sensorimotor coupling, and the potential differences in perception–action coupling among children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and adults in a gross-motor co-ordination task (clapping while marching) when a task-relevant driving sensory signal is present. Methods Ten children with DCD (7.32 + 0.23 years), eight typically developing (TD) children who were age-, gender- and racially/ethnically matched (6.91 + 0.24 years) and 10 college-aged adults were participants in this study. Participants clapped and marched to an auditory beat at four different frequencies: 0.8, 1.2,1.6 and 2.0 Hz. The relative timing measures of mean relative phase (MRP) and variability of relative phase (VRP) were calculated and compared using 3 (group) x 4 (frequency) x 2 (limb)anovas. Qualitatively, participants were assessed for the presence of absolute coupling (100% + 15% MRP). Results Statistically significant differences in MRP occurred for coupling, frequency and group, and post hoc analysis indicated that the adult group differed from both the DCD and TD groups, who did not differ from each other. In VRP, there were significant main effects for coupling and group, and a significant interaction between group and frequency, with post hoc analysis indicating the DCD group to be different from the TD and adult groups. Qualitatively, both the adult and TD groups increased in the number of participants who adopt absolute coupling as frequency increases. In contrast, the DCD participants adopt this absolute coupling far less frequently overall; in fact, the number of participants adopting this pattern decreases as frequency increases. Conclusions These results indicate that children with DCD have difficulties with both the co-ordination and the control of their perception–action coupling for this particular task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the expression of gustatory pleasure as an interactional and discursive construction. Psychological studies of food and eating typically focus on the individual consumer, with bodily experiences conceptualized as internal and private events. It is argued that this approach underestimates the role of discourse and the interactional nature of food consumption. The expression of pleasure is examined here as a constructed and evaluative activity, using conversational examples from family and adult group mealtimes. The "gustatory mmm" expression is used as a focus for this analysis. Intonation and sequential features of mmm are seen as essential to the construction of pleasure as an immediate and spontaneous, but descriptively vague experience. The gustatory mmm also expresses a particularly embodied sense of pleasure. This study therefore contributes to research on 3 levels. First, it extends work on eating practices to incorporate the interactional, conversational domain. Second, it engages with the debate surrounding embodiment and discursive psychology, and extends work in the latter domain to more naturalistic materials. Third, it contributes to the growing body of conversation analytic work on mmms and response tokens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological understanding is incomplete if social system influences on statistical rates are not appropriately recognized. To the traditional epidemiological triumvirate of agent, host, and environment, a fourth influence must now be added-contributions from the social system (like government reimbursement policies, organizational priorities, and the variable behavior of providers). This paper has two sections: the first builds a progressively more complex model (from simple reification, through environmental and personal attributes, to social system influences) to depict the relative contribution of diverse influences to the social production of "facts." The second section considers how social system influences affect health statistics--most emphasis is given to the contribution of health provider behavior (using the widely accepted gender inequality in heart disease as an example). Data from a wide range of studies (employing seven different research methods) are consistent with an underlying thesis--that the gender difference in heart disease is as much a function of how providers and the system respond as it is of the biophysiology of patients and how they react to events. The incorporation of system influences permits the development of an epidemiological imagination, or the ability to link intimate health experiences with more remote social-structural influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]