Search

The glass formation and the dipolar reorientational motions in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are frequently overlooked, despite their crucial role in defining the room-temperature physiochemical properties. To understand the effects of these dynamics on the ionic conductivity and their relation to the mechanical properties of the DES, we conducted broadband dielectric and rheological spectroscopy over a wide temperature range on three well-established carboxylic acid-based natural DESs. These are the eutectic mixtures of choline chloride with oxalic acid (oxaline), malonic acid (maline), and phenylacetic acid (phenylaceline). In all three DESs, we observe signs of a glass transition in the temperature dependence of their dipolar reorientational and structural dynamics, as well as varying degrees of motional decoupling between the different observed dynamics. Maline and oxaline display a breaking of the Walden rule near the glass-transition temperature, while the relation between the dc conductivity and dipolar relaxation time in both maline and phenylaceline is best described by a power law. The glass-forming properties of the investigated systems not only govern the orientational dipolar motions and rheological properties, which are of interest from a fundamental point of view, but they also affect the dc conductivity, even at room temperature, which is of high technical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxalic acid is one of the important acids that is used in many fields. It is of medical, industrial and agricultural importance and is used as an acid in foods, building and construction, pharmacy, and others. This acid is produced in multiple ways, and the biogenic method is the best method because it is safe and cheap. Hence, this study came about, where reliance was placed on wheat bran in preparing nutrient medium to produce oxalic acid from Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger yeast isolated from environmental and pathogenic sources. The study aimed to use wheat bran as an alternative medium for growing fungi and yeasts that produce oxalic acid, and to compare the productivity of this medium with standard media. One hundred fungal isolates were isolated from different environmental and clinical sources, and grown in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium (SDA) and potato dextrose agar to obtain pure isolates of A. niger and C. albicans. Thirty seven isolates of C. albicans and thirty two isolates of A. niger were isolated. Thirty one contaminated samples were discarded. The isolates were grown in standard (SDB, PDB) and alternative (wheat bran) media. The amount of acid was estimated by mulching against potassium permanganate. The results showed that wheat bran medium was the most efficient in producing oxalic acid with a rate of 26.2% for A. niger and 25.3% for C. albicans, compared to standard media. The best temperature for acid production was 32 °C with a production rate of 19.1% for A. niger and 22.7% for C. albicans. The best pH was 6.5 for A. niger with a production rate of 20.2% and 5.5 for C. albicans with a production rate of 23.3%. The study conclude from the above that the fungus A. niger is the best compared to C. albicans, as well as the medium of wheat bran is a promising and effective medium in the production of oxalic acid in an environmentally friendly way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physiochemical pretreatment was performed using different concentrations of oxalic acid (OA) as a simultaneous pretreatment and saccharification (SPS) process on rice straw to obtain reducing sugar from two‐phasic SPS process using enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis to subsequently ferment to bioethanol in order to maximize the yield of bioethanol. The optimal condition for pretreating rice straw using 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.5 M OA at 120°C for 1 h was evaluated. The morphological and structural changes after simultaneous pretreatment and SPS process were evaluated using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. It was evaluated that optimum pretreatment conditions using a lesser concentration of OA had resulted in 30.37% of xylan removal from pretreated rice straw obtained after simultaneous pretreatment and SPS process. The ethanol production yield ranged from 0.42 to 0.37 g/g with fermentation efficiency of up to 57.18% and an overall ethanol production yield of 42.84% from the obtained hydrolysate of the two‐phasic SPS process. The highest ethanol concentration from the obtained hydrolysate was produced at 120°C for 1 h with 0.75 M OA; under this condition, maximum degradation of utilized lignocellulosic biomass takes place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stem rot, caused by the soil-borne pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, pose a serious challenge in the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) cultivation. Although this disease is widespread globally but had most adverse impact in groundnut growing regions of United States, India, and Australia. The pathogen primarily targets the crown region of the plant, resulting in systemic collapse and potentially leading to yield losses up to 80%. Effective genetic control measures are essential to mitigate the impact of this disease on groundnut production. Realizing the time and resource-consuming complex field-based phenotyping, the availability of easy and repeatable phenotyping methods may fasten the process of donor and gene discovery efforts. Results: Multi-season phenotyping was performed for stem rot on 184 minicore germplasm accessions, including checks, under two conditions: sick field screening and response to oxalic acid assay. This study demonstrated medium to high heritability (52–63% broad-sense heritability) and significant environmental influence (36%). The response to the oxalic acid assay showed a high proportion of similarity (approximately 80%) with the percent mortality observed in the sick field indicating an easy way of performing precise phenotyping. Notably, seven genotypes—ICG163, ICG721, ICG10479, ICG875, ICG11457, ICG111, and ICG2857—exhibited stable resistance, with less than 30% mortality against stem rot disease. Among these, ICG163, ICG875, and ICG111 displayed low mortality and consistent stability across multiple seasons in both the sick field and controlled conditions of the oxalic acid assay. Conclusions: The oxalic acid assay developed in this study effectively complements field phenotyping, as a reliable method for assessing stem rot resistance. Seven resistant genotypes identified through this assay can be utilized for the introgression of stem rot resistance into elite genotypes. Given the significant influence of the environment on stem rot resistance, it is essential to implement multi-season phenotyping to obtain precise results. Furthermore, the response to oxalic acid serves as a valuable supplement to traditional field phenotyping, since maintaining uniform disease pressure during field screenings is often challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocrystals are assemblies of more than one type of molecule stabilized through noncovalent interactions. They are promising materials for improved drug formulation in which the stability, solubility, or biocompatibility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is improved by including a coformer. In this work, a range of density functional theory (DFT) and density functional tight binding (DFTB) models are systematically compared for their ability to predict the lattice enthalpy of a broad range of existing pharmaceutically relevant cocrystals. These range from cocrystals containing model compounds 4,4′‐bipyridine and oxalic acid to those with the well benchmarked APIs of aspirin and paracetamol, all tested with a large set of alternative coformers. For simple cocrystals, there is a general consensus in lattice enthalpy calculated by the different DFT models. For the cocrystals with API coformers the cocrystals, enthalpy predictions depend strongly on the DFT model. The significantly lighter DFTB models predict unrealistic values of lattice enthalpy even for simple cocrystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Licorice roots can release low-molecular-weight oxalic acid (OA). However, the allelopathic effects of OA on licorice are unknown. This study presents an investigation of the effects of exogenous OA treatment on licorice roots through transcriptomic and physiological analyses. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that following OA treatment, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway. At 6 h, the expression levels of genes associated with this pathway, such as PAL, CHS, POD, cellulase, CPY, MYB, and bHLH, were upregulated. The metabolism of related metabolites, such as flavonoids and lignin, also increased. These findings suggest that the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway may play a significant role in the response to OA treatment. In addition, the activities of GST, CAT, and POD markedly increased, whereas the content of H2O2 gradually decreased, indicating that OA can activate the antioxidant protective capabilities of licorice roots. These findings suggest that OA may enhance the antioxidant defense of licorice root, as well as the effectiveness of its flavonoid constituents (to a certain degree). Our findings provide valuable theoretical insight into the allelopathic effects of licorice roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Complications from diabetic foot wounds, including bacterial infection, ulceration and gangrene, are major causes of hospitalisation and are responsible for 85% of amputations in patients with diabetes. Given that orally administered investigational therapeutic Cytoreg (Cytorex de Venezuela SA, Venezuela), a defined aqueous mixture of hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, citric and oxalic acids, has been shown to increase levels of arterial blood oxygen in a Wistar rat model, oral and oral+topical Cytoreg were tested on patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) under a humanitarian, compassionate-use protocol. Method: All patients received oral Cytoreg (5.0 ml concentrate in fruit juice) for 30 days; half also received weekly wound washing with Cytoreg concentrate in isotonic saline (1:50 volume/volume) (oral+topical group). In addition to standard clinical observations, wounds were monitored against the Saint Elian checklist system for the diabetic foot. Results: A total of 10 patients took part in the study. Complete wound closure was observed in 4/5 patients in the oral+topical group; in the remaining patient, necrotic and fibrin tissues on the wound edges were eliminated. Half (2/4) of the patients receiving oral-only Cytoreg experienced complete wound closure; one patient in this group was removed prematurely because of an unrelated illness and was not replaced. During the study, no significant differences were observed between groups in either the oxygen saturation of the affected tissues or in insulin and glycaemia levels (p<0.05). Significant increases in arterial haemoglobin and arterial oxygen partial pressure (p<0.05) were observed, and significant decreases were measured in the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, creatine and urea (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study justify an expanded clinical study for the treatment of DFUs with Cytoreg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile dyeing releases over 80% of industrial effluents without proper treatment. Dye discharged into effluents typically needs degradation before release into aquatic environments. In this regard, the present paper reports the nanocomposite copper oxide/polyaniline (CuO/PANI) is successfully synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method and investigates their catalytic activity against organic dyes and nitro compounds. CuO is synthesized by colloidal sol–gel method using oxalic acid as capping agent to obtained desired morphology. The elemental composition, unit cell and lattice parameters of nanocomposite are characterized by using XRD. The XRD revealed that nanoparticles are extremely crystalline, but nanocomposite is amorphous because of the presence of polymer. The structural and elemental analysis of CuO and CuO/PANI is confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis. FTIR spectra of CuO showed bending vibration, while CuO/PANI showed the presence of benzenoid and quinoid rings. Catalytic productivity of the CuO and CuO/PANI as catalysts in degradation of dyes and reduction of nitro compounds is also studied. The degradation and reduction processes are monitored through the utilization of UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The catalytic activity of both catalysts is evaluated by several parameters including kapp, degradation/reduction time, % degradation/reduction, degraded/reduced concentration and half-life. Among all substrates, highest kapp is 0.0653 min−1 for CV by CuO, while 0.0502 min−1 for EBT by CuO/PANI due to large surface area. On degradation and reduction rate of substrates, the impact of functional group type and orientation, bond type and steric hindrance is also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the potential value of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor isovaleramide (ISO) in the treatment of acute ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning‐induced acute kidney injury. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into the control, EG, EG + ISO (10 mg/kg) and EG + ISO (20 mg/kg) groups. It is found that ISO intervention significantly reduced the ADH activity in liver tissue by using visible spectrophotometry, inhibited the in vivo metabolism of EG by using gas chromatography, lowered the levels of toxic metabolites glycolic acid and oxalic acid by using high‐performance liquid chromatography and decreased the expression of kidney injury markers serum creatinine (sCr), KIM‐1, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) and liver fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP) by ELISA. Additionally, Western blotting results showed that ISO down‐regulated the expression of apoptotic factors Bax and cleaved caspase‐3 in the kidneys and upregulated the expression of antiapoptotic factor Bcl‐2. Pizzolato staining and polarized light microscopy results revealed the reduced deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney tubules. Using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) and Masson staining, we found attenuated kidney tissue pathological injury. Finally, ISO significantly reduced the mortality rate. In conclusion, ISO has the potential to be a valuable drug for the treatment of EG poisoning‐induced acute kidney injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As a commonly engine coolant, ethylene glycol can produce corrosive acid byproducts at high temperatures when the car is running, specifically oxalic acid (OA), which can shorten the service life of engine. At the same time, chloride ions can also be introduced during coolant preparation processes. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the synergistic corrosion behavior of Cl− and OA on ADC12 aluminum alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The electrochemical tests, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) were used. Findings: The results showed that the corrosion rate of the aluminum alloy increased with the increase of OA and Cl− concentrations. After adding Cl−, the surface film of the aluminum alloy was further damaged, Cl− has a synergistic effect with OA and their interaction further accelerated the corrosion of the aluminum alloy. Nevertheless, as the immersion time increased, the corrosion rate of the aluminum alloy gradually diminished due to the formation of aluminum oxalate. Originality/value: The corrosion of ADC12 aluminum alloy was studied in OA, Cl− and their mixed solutions; the synergistic effect of OA and Cl− on the corrosion of ADC12 aluminum alloy was discussed, and aluminum oxalate formed inhibited its corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeepers in order to control the Varroa population, apply oxalic acid (OA) by trickling, spraying, evaporating, or fumigating, onto broodless colonies for higher efficacy. Recently, a new method was developed using strips with OA and glycerin during brood-rearing periods. However, there has been little research regarding the optimum concentration of the active ingredient and the suitable solvents to reach maximum efficacy. Thus, in the present study, we applied strips with different concentrations of OA in different mixtures of glycerin, assessed the efficacy of the method throughout a 4-year experiment, and compared it with others, commonly followed by beekeepers. Among the tested concentrations of OA, the optimum was 21% (w/v) (60 g OA, 130 mL glycerin, and 100 mL water), while the presence of water made the strips more manageable. The corrected efficacy of the method ranged from 90.4% to 94.5%, despite the different climate conditions prevailing each year and the presence of brood. All the tested concentrations presented a high number of fallen mites in the first 15–18 days, as glycerin releases OA slowly into the hive. On the other hand, synthetic acaricides or other methods (fumigation, essential oils) presented a corrected efficacy range from 10.1% to 85.6%, requiring more in some formulations repetitions. No bees' toxicity was observed in all study cases. The results showed that the application of strips with 21% (w/v) OA diluted in glycerin and water seems to be more practical, leading to a successful Varroa control even in seasons with brood presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is severely impacted by the parasitic Tropilaelaps mercedesae mite, which has the capacity to outcompete Varroa destructor mites (the current leading cause of colony losses) and more rapidly overwhelm colonies. While T. mercedesae is native to Asia, it has recently expanded its geographic range and has the potential to devastate beekeeping worldwide if introduced to new regions. Our research exploited the dependence of T. mercedesae on developing honey bees (brood) by combining a cultural technique (brood break) with U.S. registered chemical products (oxalic acid or formic acid) to manage T. mercedesae infestation. To evaluate this approach, we compared four treatment groups: (1) Brood Break; (2) Brood Break + Formic Acid (FormicPro®); (3) Brood Break + Oxalic Acid dribble (Api-Bioxal®); and (4) untreated Control. We found that the mite infestation rate of worker brood in Control colonies rose from 0.4 to 15.25% over 60 days, whereas all other treatment groups had infestation rates under 0.11% on Day 60. Mite fall assessments showed similar results, whereby Control colonies had 15.48 mites fall per 24 h on day 60 compared to less than 0.2 mites for any other treatment group. Evaluation of colony strength revealed that Brood Break + Formic Acid colonies had slightly reduced adult honey bee populations. No treatment eliminated all mites, so additional measures may be needed to eradicate T. mercedesae if detected in countries that do not currently have T. mercedesae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Contents list" is from the journal Green Chemistry, published by The Royal Society of Chemistry. The journal focuses on cutting-edge research for a greener and more sustainable future. The document provides a list of articles and papers featured in the journal's latest issue, covering a range of topics such as solar energy, catalysis, and synthesis methods. The journal aims to connect the world with the chemical sciences and reinvest its profits back into the chemistry community. [Extracted from the article]

Açaí seeds are an abundant agroindustrial residue from the Brazilian Amazon region and comprise a rich source of linear mannan polysaccharide, which offers high potential for valorization into bioactive mannose and mannanoligosaccharides. This work optimizes mannose production from açaí seeds using dilute oxalic acid as a safer and greener alternative to sulfuric acid. Experiments were performed to analyze the effects of hydrolysis temperature, time and acid concentration, achieving a maximum mannose yield of 83% when employing 6.0% w/w oxalic acid at 177 °C for 15 min. This is the highest mannose yield ever reported for a one-step hydrolysis of recalcitrant linear mannan using an organic acid. In addition to mannose, this process coproduces mannanoligosaccharides in 9.6% yield. Furthermore, the economic viability of this novel process is demonstrated on an industrial scale via process simulation and techno-economic analysis of a biorefinery processing 6000 kg h−1 of açaí seeds. The simulated process considered oxalic acid recovery and recycling by chromatography, avoiding the use of a base for hydrolysate neutralization and the generation of salt waste, thus minimizing the environmental impacts of the process. The techno-economic analysis revealed a high profitability for a mannose selling price of US$ 10 per kg, resulting in a net present value of US$ 188 million and a payback period of 2.5 years after startup. Therefore, this work provides significant advances in mannose production, offering an efficient and economically viable one-step hydrolysis process that reduces waste, uses renewable raw materials and less harmful chemicals, and has the potential to contribute to a circular bioeconomy in the Amazon region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In lead (Pb)-contaminated soil, inoculating phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to reduce the phytoavailability of Pb and to change the soil nutrients is an important way to inhibit the Pb uptake by plants. In this study, we isolated the native Pb-resistant Pantoea rwandensis from a tailings site. We employed broth culture and pot experiments to investigate the effect of the inoculation of P. rwandensis on Pb immobilization in the soil, the soil nutrients, the microbial community, and Pb accumulation in the biomass of maize (Zea mays L.). The results showed that P. rwandensis not only tolerated Pb2+ but also dissolved Ca3(PO4)2 by secreting oxalic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid, which significantly increased the amount of dissolved P, up to 567.50 mg.L-1. In the pot experiment, the application of culture filtrate, an inoculation with P. rwandensis, or a mixture of culture filtrate and P. rwandensis increased the soil residual Pb by 49.57%, 89.81%, and 41.69%, respectively, compared to the control. Consequently, the increase in the residual Pb in the soil inhibited its uptake by maize, and an inoculation of P. rwandensis or a mixture of culture filtrate and P. rwandensis decreased the accumulation of Pb in the shoot biomass of maize by 61.65% and 72.48% and in the roots of maize by 26.00% and 39.59%, respectively. Meanwhile, P. rwandensis and the mixture of culture filtrate and P. rwandensis increased the shoot biomass of maize by 54.39% and 17.86% and the root biomass of maize by 108.77% and 17.86%, respectively. A P. rwandensis inoculation increased the biodiversity of the fungal community and the abundance of Proteobacteria, Mortierella, and Sphingomonas. Our results demonstrate that an inoculation with P. rwandensis could promote the transformation of Pb fractions and a functional change in the soil bacterial community, ultimately decreasing Pb accumulation in the biomass and promoting the development of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choline chloride (ChCl) based binary and ternary deep eutectic solvents (DES) were evaluated for methylene green electropolymerization with oxalic acid (OA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donors. Binary DES ChCl : OA in molar ratios 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 and ChCl : EG 1 : 2 and ternary DES (tDES) in different molar ratios and percentages of water were evaluated. The highest polymer growth was in ChCl : OA : EG‐tDES with 13% added water, that had a lower viscosity and higher ionic conductivity when associated with HCl as dopant. This enhanced the formation of more cation radicals and, consequently, more polymer formation. The PMG/MWCNT/GCE‐tDES sensor was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) and acetaminophen (APAP) by differential pulse voltammetry in the concentration range 1 μM–200 μM, with detection limits of 0.37 μM and 0.49 μM for 5‐ASA and APAP, respectively. The sensor demonstrated good repeatability, reproducibility and stability, and was successfully applied in pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the few synthetic resins from petroleum-based sources that are biodegradable and can reduce the environmental pollution is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA film is non-toxic, transparent, and biocompatible in line with green ecologically friendly requirements. It is completely biodegradable and possesses good mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and gas barrier. PVA's hydroxyl groups, however, decrease its mechanical and thermal properties and make it water-soluble, which limits its use. However, it is possible to control the water solubility or absorption by partially cross-linking the polymer chains. This work aims to enhance the mechanical properties while making an insoluble film through cross-linking with oxalic acid (OA). In the present investigation, PVA film was cross-linked with OA (with variable weight percentage (wt%) of OA) to limit its ability to absorb moisture. Tensile testing was utilized to evaluate the mechanical properties of the films, revealing their ultimate tensile strength, % elongation, and Young's modulus. With increase in wt% of OA, % elongation of PVA-based films decreases, whereas maximum tensile strength was observed at 10 wt% of OA configuration. In comparison to neat PVA, the differential thermo-gravimetric analysis peak migrated towards the higher temperature side with an increase in the OA concentration. The peak value of tan δ curve also increased and shifted towards higher temperature side as the OA concentration increased. This concludes that prepared films have high damping coefficient and can absorb impact load. Finally, the films' creep-recovery behaviour was also examined in detail. To represent the potential application of these films as packaging materials, anti-microbial tests were also conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phytoremediation is an important method for refining heavy metals, but the main limitation is the low bioavailability of the metals. Chelating agents, by releasing heavy metals from the soil solid phase, can increase their uptake by the plants. In this research, the effects of some chelating agents on the phytoremediation of Vicia faba in a calcareous soil contaminated with Cd were investigated. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of Razi University. The factors included Cd at four levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg-1 soil as CdCl2), and three chelating agents including ethylene di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), and oxalic acid (OA), at two levels (4 and 8 mmol kg-1 ). The results showed that the highest Cd concentration in the root and shoot (39.90 and 27 mg kg-1, respectively) was obtained at 15 mg kg-1 of Cd and 8 mmol kg-1 of EDTA, CA, and OA. The highest values of transfer factor (0.67) and biological accumulation factor (5.65) were obtained at the highest level of Cd pollution and 8 mmol kg-1 of chelating agents. This indicates that firstly, cadmium was mainly accumulated in the root and was less transferred to the shoot. Secondly, it shows the potential of bean in phytoremediation and Cd uptake. Also, the amounts of the measured factors with citric and oxalic acid were not much different from EDTA, and therefore, these two environmentally friendly natural chelating agents could be used instead of EDTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark chocolate presents exclusive characteristics that make it a food product with worldwide consumption and also as an ingredient in several food industries. Although chocolate is an energy-dense food, it is also rich in bioactive compounds and recent studies have demonstrated health benefits from a moderate consumption. Therefore, the quantification of the bioactive compounds of different types of cocoa, from different geographical origins, is of great importance to recognize the importance of single origin dark chocolate from the nutritional point of view. Dark chocolate produced from Amelonado variety presented higher values of hardness (5592 g), plastic viscosity (2.87 Pa.s) and yield value (12.91 Pa). Both dark chocolates from Peru, Piura Blanco and Chuncho, presented higher results in total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, caffeine and vitamin E. Additionally, sample Piura Blanco presented a higher content of theobromine (720.7 mg/100 g), lactic acid (1153.2 mg/100 g), succinic acid (679.4 mg/100 g) and oxalic acid (468.5 mg/100 g). On the other hand, chocolate from São Tomé presented a higher content of sucrose (38.22%) and SFA (62.38% of total fat). The results obtained demonstrate the existence of heterogeneity in cocoa varieties, supporting decision-makers in the selection of the most suitable cocoa for specific market needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberries (Morus alba L.) contain rich and beneficial nutrients for human health. However, as a temperate adaptive species, high-temperature and high-humidity climate conditions may alter the main nutritional value of mulberries after their intended arrival in tropical regions, which has not yet been reported on. In this study, we analyzed the differences in morphology, sugars, organic acids, free amino acids, and aroma contents of five mulberry varieties in the tropics between two harvesting periods. The results show that the full-ripe fruits of M. laevigata W (TLM) have the longest fruit length (83.67 mm) and highest brix (25.90); meanwhile, full-ripe fruits of M. atropurpurea R (D10M) have the longest fruit transverse stem (20.00 ± 0.577 mm) and single-fruit weight (9.63 ± 0.033 g). Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were the main sugars, and oxalic acid, quinic acid, malic acid, and citric acid were the main organic acids in all varieties; in addition, the sucrose content in mature fruits of M. laevigata W. (BLM) and M. alba L. BZZ (BZM) was significantly higher than other sugars. Twenty free amino acids were detected in all five varieties and asparagine was the main free amino acid. A total of 100 volatile compounds were identified, including 31 esters, 20 aldehydes, 14 hydrocarbons, 11 alcohols, 10 acids, 6 ketones, and 8 others. Although the main components of five mulberry full-ripe fruits were significantly higher than the green-ripe fruits, gamma-amino butyric acid and a few other components were otherwise. The research results show that the tropical climate conditions could increase the main nutritional components of mulberries, but the specific molecular regulatory mechanisms need to be further analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self adhesion is a simple and effective bonding technique that can be used to produce environmentally friendly and green straw-based fiberboard (CLS) through deep eutectic-like solvent (DES) treatment. This article mainly introduces the use of DES composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid. DES is diluted with deionized water and straw is immersed in it, and finally dried into pretreated fiber raw materials. Fiber boards are prepared by adjusting the hot pressing parameters and the preset moisture content of straw itself for hot pressing solidification. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different processing parameters (hot pressing temperature and straw moisture content) on the microstructure, physical properties, and mechanical properties of CLS. Straw-based fiberboard heated at 180 ° C exhibited the best mechanical and water resistance performance. The fiberboard reached its highest mechanical performance at a moisture content of 50%. The bending performance of fiberboard produced at 180 °C reached 13.5 MPa, and compared with the board manufactured at 120 °C, the bending strength, tensile strength, and internal bonding strength increased by 320%, 224%, and 280%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex marine environment often exposes concrete to seawater and acidic conditions during its service life. To investigate the effect and mechanism of special water environments on coral sand concrete, forty-five Φ50 mm × 100 mm cylindrical coral concrete specimens were prepared and cured in freshwater, seawater and oxalic acid in this study. The specimens were cured for 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of the specimens under the lossless state and static failure state were tested through piezoelectric transducer (PZT) test and uniaxial compression test. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed for analyzing the mineral composition and microstructure of the specimens. The results show that the compressive strength of the specimens in seawater and freshwater initially increased and then stabilized with the curing age, whereas in oxalic acid it initially increased and then decreased. The compressive strength of the specimens at 90 days in freshwater, seawater and oxalic acid solution have increased by 54%, 18% and 21%, respectively, compared to that at 7 days. A combination analysis using microscopic and macroscopic test indicated that the completion time required for hydration in freshwater, seawater and oxalic acid solution was 28, 28 and 60 days, respectively. This study suggests that Cl− in seawater accelerates the cement hydration process, improving the early mechanical properties of specimens. During the later hydration process, the soluble CaCl2 and expansile Mg(OH)2 generated during the later hydration process which reduces the strength. In oxalic acid solution, a dense calcium oxalate coating produced through the reaction between oxalic acid and CaCO3 would reduce the degree of hydration. The formation of CO2 would increase the porosity of specimens, thereby weakening the mechanical strength of the concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering is the property of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Parsnip, a root vegetable from the Apiaceae family, is rich in dietary fiber, pectin, and starch but remains relatively unfamiliar in South Korea. This study investigated the physicochemical properties of two Korean-grown parsnip cultivars, 'Warrior' and 'Albion', focusing on their organic acid and sugar compositions. The 'Warrior' cultivar has higher firmness and water content but lower SSC compared to 'Albion'. In 'Warrior', malic and lactic acids were the main organic acids, while 'Albion' had predominant oxalic and malic acids. Malic acid was also the primary organic acid in the inedible parts of 'Warrior', and oxalic acid in 'Albion'. In the edible parts of both cultivars, sucrose was identified as the main sugar. In 'Warrior', the levels were 88.59%, 90.35%, and 79.13% in the cortex, pith, and skin, respectively, while in 'Albion', the levels were 88.56%, 64.40%, and 67.39%. 'Warrior' showed higher total sugar content in its cortex (6.66%) compared to 'Albion' (3.67%). These results highlight the beneficial compounds in parsnips and suggest their potential for improving dietary strategies and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is one of the potential soil-borne plant pathogens due to its significant loss in terms of yield and quality in several crop plants. In soybean the pathogen is associated with collar rot disease. Methods: Sixteen samples which were showing collar rot symptoms were collected from different soybean growing regions of the country and were subjected for isolation and purification. Molecular detection was carried out using ITS1/4 primers followed by phylogenetic analysis was performed using the MEGA 11 bioinformatics tool. Further, the biochemical test was made for oxalic acid production to determine the variability across the isolate. Result: DNA was amplified for ITS rDNA region at 650-700 bp in all the sixteen isolates. BLAST detection of nucleotide sequence of sixteen isolates framed mainly into two distinct phylogenetic clusters. Cluster B consisted of two isolates (MPSe 1 and MHSa 3) whereas, Cluster A contains the remaining fourteen isolates. There was a variation with respect to oxalic acid production among the isolates which was in the rage of 1.15 to 2.23 mg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contamination with metals poses significant environmental challenges. The occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) prompts modifications in plant structures, emphasizing the necessity of employing focused safeguarding measures. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) emerge as particularly menacing toxins due to their high accumulation potential. Increasing the availability of organic acids is crucial for optimizing toxic metal removal via phytoremediation. This constructed wetland system (CWs) was used to determine how oxalic acid (OA) treatments of textile wastewater (WW) effluents affected morpho-physiological characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidative stress, and HM concentrations in Phragmites australis. Multiple treatments, comprising the application of OA at a concentration of 10 mM and WW at different dilutions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), were employed, with three replications of each treatment. WW stress decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and concurrently enhanced HMs adsorption and antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the application of WW was found to elevate oxidative stress levels, whereas the presence of OA concurrently mitigated this oxidative stress. Similarly, WW negatively affected soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) and the total soluble proteins (SP) in both roots and shoots. Conversely, these parameters showed improvement with OA treatments. P. australis showed the potential to enhance HM accumulation under 100% WW stress. Specifically, there is an increase in root SP ranging from 9% to 39%, an increase in shoot SP from 6% to 91%, and an elevation in SPAD values from 4% to 64% compared to their respective treatments lacking OA inclusion. The OA addition resulted in decreased EL contents in the root and shoot by 10%–19% and 13%–15%, MDA by 9%–14% and 9%–20%, and H2O2 by 14%–21% and 9%–17%, in comparison to the respective treatments without OA. Interestingly, the findings further revealed that the augmentation of OA also contributed to an increased accumulation of Cr, Cd, and Pb. Specifically, at 100% WW with OA (10 mM), the concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Cd in leaves rose by 164%, 447%, and 350%, in stems by 213%, 247%, and 219%, and in roots by 155%, 238%, and 195%, respectively. The chelating agent oxalic acid effectively alleviated plant toxicity induced by toxins. Overall, our findings demonstrate the remarkable tolerance of P. australis to elevated concentrations of WW stress, positioning it as an eco-friendly candidate for industrial effluent remediation. This plant exhibits efficacy in restoring contaminants present in textile effluents, and notably, oxalic acid emerges as a promising agent for the phytoextraction of HMs. KEY MESSAGE/HIGHLIGHTS: HMs stress decreased the physiology and morphology of Phragmites australis L. OA improved the photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzymes HMs accumulation and bioavailability increased under OA Phragmites australis L. showed higher efficacy for textile effluent treatment under OA NOVELTY: The adoption of ecological or nature-based approaches for treating textile industry wastewater poses significant challenges. Despite laboratory and field demonstrations showcasing the potential of macrophytes for remediating metal-polluted wastewater, this study investigates the Phragmites australis to address heavy metal contamination in wastewater. This research bridges this gap by presenting the outcomes of applying oxalic acid single and in combination with wastewater to Phragmites australis, focusing on the accumulation of cadmium, chromium, and lead from textile wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkaline EDTA solution has been previously identified as an effective leaching agent for solubilising rare-earth oxalates. These oxalates are the product of an oxalic acid conversion leach dissolving monazite and redepositing the salt. Pervious work suggested a significant increase in recovery was observed between pH 8 and 10; we have demonstrated that, in an excess of EDTA, this is not the case, and the dissolution is similar. While demonstrating that, at a nominal solid loading of 100 g/L, 0.2 M EDTA solution produced the highest dissolution, elevated solids require an equivalent increase in lixiviant concentration driven by consumption. Very-high-solution concentrations (>50 g/L dissolved TREEs) were achieved at a high solid loading, indicating both that a solution equilibrium is yet to be reached and that a build-up of oxalate in the system (estimated at ~1 M) does not impact the leach efficiency. We have also demonstrated the recycling of EDTA to use in multiple stages as well as the ability to recover oxalate from this solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the purpose of economizing the routine soil testing for micronutrients and avoiding the use of multiple soil extraction procedures, a laboratory investigation was attempted to evaluate a new chemical extractant for assessing the availability of common micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, and B) in soils of widely varying properties (n = 32). The new extractant designated as OM-MES-VERA# contained 0.01 M oxalic acid, 0.02 M maleic acid, 0.02 M 2-(N-Morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid (MES), 0.0025 M ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid di-sodium salt, 0.02 M acetic acid, and 0.1% polyacrylamide (final pH adjusted to 6.0). OM-MES-VERA extracted significantly higher amounts of micronutrient cations and B from soils compared to the conventional diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA, pH 7.3) extractable micronutrient cations and hot water soluble B, respectively, but lesser amount of Mo compared to Mehlich-3 universal extractant. Soil test values by both OM-MES-VERA- and conventional extractants were correlated with soil properties. The labile (E and L) values of micronutrient cations and Mo estimated by isotopic dilution method, ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA, pH 7.6 extractable soil B (as an estimate of E for B) and B concentration in maize (as an estimate of L for B) were successfully regressed on soil test values of micronutrients by OM-MES-VERA and conventional soil extractants except in the case of DTPA (pH 7.3) for E-value of Fe and L-value of Mn. The OM-MES-VERA extractant can be considered to assess the availability of common micronutrients in soils of diverse soil properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exogenous application of oxalic acid is a potential approach to amplifying phytoremediation performance on Cd-contaminated soils. However, few studies explore the optimal oxalic acid application regime from a perspective of coupling different concentrations and timings to maximize Cd removal rate. Given this, a pot experiment was conducted using oil sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as the test plant. Oxalic acid was added to the pots at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mmol/kg at 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after emergence. A control (CK) without exogenous oxalic acid was also included. We examined the discrepancies in various soil Cd forms, sunflower height, plant non-protein thiol (NPT) levels, and soil Cd remediation efficiency under different oxalic acid application regimes. The results showed that applying oxalic acid at a concentration of 4 mmol/kg reduced the proportion of Fe-Mn oxide Cd and organic Cd compared to the control (CK), while increased the proportion of available Cd. The optimal application time is 30 or 40 days after emergence. The addition of exogenous oxalic acid promoted the growth of sunflowers, with the greatest increase in plant height observed when 4 mmol/kg oxalic acid was applied at 30 days after emergence. Exogenous oxalic acid enhanced the absorption of Cd by sunflower roots, with the total Cd accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves being higher than in the control (CK). When 4 mmol/kg oxalic acid was applied at 30 days after emergence, the total Cd accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves was highest. Under different application times and concentration levels of oxalic acid, Cd accumulation was highest in roots, followed by leaves, with stems showing the lowest accumulation. The NPT content in each part is as follows: root > stem > leaf. Applying 5 mmol/kg oxalic acid after 30 days of sunflower emergence resulted in relatively higher total NPT content in roots, stems, and leaves compared to the control (CK). The TOPSIS model was used for comprehensive evaluation, which showed that 4 mmol/kg oxalic acid application at 30 days after emergence could be used as the optimal oxalic acid application regime for phytoremediation. These findings indicate that the addition of oxalic acid effectively promoted the absorption of Cd by sunflower and increased the efficiency of Cd removal from the rhizosphere soil, with the optimal removal of soil Cd achieved by applying oxalic acid at a concentration of 4 mmol/kg 30 days after the emergence of oilseed sunflower seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strongly oxidizing ·OH can non‐selectively degrade various organic pollutants, but how to selectively generate ·OH is a great challenge. In this study, the directed generation of ·OH was achieved based on Ni–Ca metastable–nonmetastable bimetallic sites, Ni2+/Ni3+ valence cycling provided electrons for ·OH generation induced by the non‐variable Ca‐based sites, which constructed a nearly 100% selective generation pathway of ·OH (O3 → HO3/HO2 → OH). The antibiotic pefloxacin could be completely removed in 15 min, and the COD removal efficiency for other hard‐to‐degrade pollutants such as oxalic acid and chlorobenzoic acid could reach more than 90%. Ni doping significantly increased the oxygen vacancy and Lewis acid content, and DFT calculations showed that Ni–Ca dual‐site had a lower reaction energy barrier and the complexed hydroxyl radical intermediate *OO had a higher spin density (−0.6), which was more favorable for the generation of ·OH. Therefore, this study provides new ideas for efficient treatment of actual wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the cathode active material was first separated from the aluminum foil through a heat treatment at 500 °C. The separated cathode active material was calcined at a temperature of 1000 °C to remove completely carbon particles generated from the organic adhesive during heat treatment. Then, Co, Mn, and Ni were recovered from the cathode active material using lactic acid and oxalic acid as leaching and precipitating reagents. The lactic acid showed almost similar metal leaching effects from cathode active material compared to sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid. The optimal metal leaching efficiency by lactic acid was obtained when 30 g of the cathode active material was added to the 2 N lactic acid solution. At these conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Mn, Co, and Ni were 90.4%, 89.2%, 92.2%, and 91.8%, respectively. Subsequently, when 5 g of oxalic acid was added to the lactic leachate of 2 N, a phenomenon in which all metals were precipitated was observed. Based on this result, the optimal condition for precipitating the leached metals using oxalic acid was oxalic acid/cathode active material = 1:7 (w/w %). Through XRD and EDX analysis, the precipitate was identified as a polynuclear crystalline material (NiCoMnC2O4·2H2O) in which the three components of Mn, Co, and Ni oxalates were mixed with approximately 7:4:10 in integer ratio of weight. The produced precipitate can be recycled as a raw material of cathode active material through simple heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) plays a key role in the enzymatic browning process, and this study employed Gaussian-accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations to investigate the catalytic efficiency mechanisms of lotus root PPO with different substrates, including catechin, epicatechin, and chlorogenic acid, as well as the inhibitor oxalic acid. Key findings reveal significant conformational changes in PPO that correlate with its enzymatic activity. Upon substrate binding, the alpha-helix in the Q53-D63 region near the copper ion extends, likely stabilizing the active site and enhancing catalysis. In contrast, this helix is disrupted in the presence of the inhibitor, resulting in a decrease in enzymatic efficiency. Additionally, the F350-V378 region, which covers the substrate-binding site, forms an alpha-helix upon substrate binding, further stabilizing the substrate and promoting catalytic function. However, this alpha-helix does not form when the inhibitor is bound, destabilizing the binding site and contributing to inhibition. These findings offer new insights into the substrate-specific and inhibitor-induced structural dynamics of lotus root PPO, providing valuable information for enhancing food processing and preservation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The stability of organic radicals in ambient condition is important for their practical application. During the development of organic radical chemistry, the electron‐withdrawing and steric hindrance groups are usually introduced to improve the stability of radicals via reducing the reactivity of radicals with oxygen in air. Herein, the electron‐withdrawing carbonyl groups are introduced to construct a planar aromatic oxalic acid radical (IDF‐O8) with two‐dimensional electron spin pan structure. Interestingly, IDF‐O8 exhibited a low optical bandgap of 0.91 eV in film, however, the multiple quinone resonance structures between electron‐withdrawing ketone and phenol radicals contribute to the high stability of open‐shell radical IDF‐O8 without protection of large steric hindrance groups. Under the irradiation of 808 nm (1.2 W·cm–2), IDF‐O8 reaches 147 °C in powder state. This work provides an efficient synthesis route for the open‐shell electron spin pan system, which is different from the famous fullerene, carbon nanotube and graphene. The electron spin pan can be extended to spin tube or spin sphere system based on the design strategy of aromatic inorganic acid radicals in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic deep eutectic solvent pretreatment holds great promise for the fractionation of lignocellulose. The influences of lignin presence form and surface structure of pretreated residue on enzymatic hydrolysis are rarely studied. In the present work, choline chloride/oxalic acid (ChCl/OA) was developed to pretreat moso bamboo for promoting its enzymatic hydrolysis, and the effects of residue changes on enzymatic hydrolysis were also explored. Results showed that the removal of hemicelluloses (76.24%) and lignin (60.68%) was remarkable after ChCl/OA pretreatment at mild conditions (at 90 °C for 3 h). After enzymatic hydrolysis, the glucose yield was improved from 17.78% (raw) to 60.39% (the residue obtained from pretreatment at 90 °C for 3 h). However, the excessive removal of lignin (73.43%) did not facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of residue obtained from ChCl/OA pretreatment at 100°C for 3 h. The results of surface morphology, surface physiochemistry, and dye adsorption of ChCl/OA pretreatment residues confirmed that the enzymatic hydrolysis was affected by the surface lignin, hydrophobic interaction, and accessibility, among which the hydrophobicity causing the enzyme non-productive adsorption may be the dominant factor leading to the decrease of glucose yield. Finally, the enzyme non-productive adsorption could be effectively overcome by adding bovine serum protein during enzymatic hydrolysis, and its glucose yield could be improved to 2.3-fold for the residue obtained from pretreatment at 110 °C for 3 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is the causative agent of stem white mold disease which severely reduces major crop productivity including soybean and rapeseed worldwide. The current study aimed to explore plant growth-promoting traits and biocontrol of new isolated Bacillus subtilis BS-2301 to suppress S. sclerotiorum through various mechanisms. The results indicated that the BS-2301 exhibited strong biocontrol potential against S. sclerotiorum up to 74% both in dual culture and partition plate experiments. The BS-2301 and its crude extract significantly suppressed S. sclerotiorum growth involving excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mycelia for rapid death. Furthermore, the treated hyphae produced low oxalic acid (OA), a crucial pathogenicity factor of S. sclerotiorum. The SEM and TEM microscopy of S. sclerotiorum showed severe damage in terms of cell wall, cell membrane breakage, cytoplasm displacement, and organelles disintegration compared to control. The pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum exposed to BS-2301 had less disease progression potential on soybean leaves in the detached leaf assay experiment. Remarkably, the strain also demonstrated broad-range antagonistic activity with 70%, and 68% inhibition rates against Phytophthora sojae and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively. Furthermore, the strain exhibits multiple plant growth-promoting and disease-prevention traits, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, amylases, cellulases and proteases as well as harboring calcium phosphate decomposition activity. In comparison to the control, the BS-2301 also showed great potential for enhancing soybean seedlings growth for different parameters, including shoot length 31.23%, root length 29.87%, total fresh weight 33.45%, and total dry weight 27.56%. The antioxidant enzymes like CAT, POD, SOD and APX under BS-2301 treatment were up-regulated in S. sclerotiorum infected plants along with the positive regulation of defense-related genes (PR1-2, PR10, PAL1, AOS, CHS, and PDF1.2). These findings demonstrate that the BS-2301 strain possesses a notable broad-spectrum biocontrol potential against different phytopathogens and provides new insight in suppressing S. sclerotiorum through various mechanisms. Therefore, BS-2301 will be helpful in the development of biofertilizers for sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have studied the stability constants of ternary cobalt(II) complexes with the primary ligands: pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (H22,3-Dipic, H2L) and pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid (H23,4-Dipic, H2L) and secondary ligands representing low molecular mass components of blood serum: lactic acid (HLac), oxalic acid (H2Ox), citric acid (H3Cit), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Potentiometric data were analyzed using the least squares computational program LETAGROP. Ionic strength and temperature were both kept constant using 1.0 mol dm−3 NaNO3 as ionic medium at 25 °C. Species distribution diagrams were generated to determine the speciation variations with respect to pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yttrium (Y)-rich sample was collected from the microgranite dikes in the Ras Abdah area, Northern Eastern Desert of Egypt. The mineralogical studies on the Y-rich microgranite dike (RMGD) revealed the presence of REEs-bearing minerals with 8480 mg/kg Y content. In this study, a novel method was used to selectively recover the Y(III) content (8480 mg/kg) from other rare earth elements (REEs) in the digested concentrate solution. Solvent extraction using Cyanex 921(Cy-921) was applied for the first time to achieve this secondary recovery process. Different factors affecting Y extraction were studied. Using the slope analysis technique, we may infer that Cy-921 has extracted Y as a complex with a 3:1 (Cy-921: Y) molar ratio. Extraction efficiencies of around 99% were achieved for Y(III), employing a concentration of 1 mole. L-1 of Cy-921/ Kerosene. The organic to aqueous ratio was 1:1, the aqueous pH was 0.3, and the contact period was 15 minutes. Thermodynamic calculations showed that Cy-921/Y extraction is characterized by an exothermic nature. The stripping process of Y (99.8%) was achieved using 2.5 mole. L-1 H2SO4. A highly refined Y precipitate was obtained from the stripped solution by an oxalic acid precipitation method and then subjected to calcination, resulting in the production of Y2O3 with a purity of 99.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the perception of aroma and flavor and their relationship with food preferences, appetite and satiety, and emotional well-being. Topics discussed include phytonutrition, phytoaromatherapy, epigenetics, mental health phytonutrition, gut-brain axis, role of gastrointestinal mechanisms in appetite, relationship of retronasal olfaction, satiation and food consumption, role of neurogastronomy and gastrophysics in facilitating awareness of flavor creation, and elements of flavor.

Chromium-contaminated soil is a serious environmental problem that threatens human health and the environment. Electrokinetic technology is used as a promising solution to treat these soils, as it relies on applying an electric field to remove pollutants from the soil. In this study, four experiments were conducted, where experiments have shown that the use of wheat straw as an available, cheap, economical and efficient adsorbent material to prevent the occurrence of reverse osmosis. The results showed that the percentage of removal increased with the increase in the acidity of the medium, that is, as the pH decreased. This is due to an increase in the movement of pollutants as the soil particles become more positively charged, which enhances Attract negative heavy metal ions. This leads to increased movement of heavy metal ions into soil pores, making them more susceptible to transport under the influence of an electric field. The results proved that when using a disinfection solution with a pH of 2, it gave a higher result compared to pH 7 and 12, where the percentage of removal was 78.3%, 62.6 %, and 51.9% respectively. The dissolution of these metals can be enhanced by adding oxalic acid at a constant voltage gradient 1.2 v/cm and an initial concentration of 200 mg/kg. It was noted after the end of the experiment that the percentage of removal reached 81.9%, as the concentration of metals on the cathode side was higher than on the cathode side. The anode, and this is due to the migration of metals under the influence of electromigration to the cathode side, where the chromium concentration was 47 mg/kg at the cathode side, 27 mg/kg at the anode side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The excessive salt intake associated with Douchi has become a topic of controversy. Addressing this concern and enhancing its market competitiveness necessitates the application of salt reduction fermentation in Douchi. Therefore, to promote the application of salt reduction fermentation in Douchi, a comprehensive study was undertaken aiming to investigate the differences in biogenic amines, volatile compounds and non‐volatile compounds in Douchi with varying salt content. RESULTS: The findings unequivocally demonstrate that salt hampers the formation of metabolites in Douchi. As the salt content increased, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the levels of total acid, amino‐type nitrogen and free amino acids in Douchi. Notably, when the salt content exceeded 80 g kg−1, there was a substantial reduction (P < 0.05) in putrescine, lactic acid and malic acid levels. Similarly, when the salt content surpassed 40 g kg−1, β‐phenethylamine and oxalic acid levels exhibited a significant decline (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results of E‐nose and principal component analysis based on headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed notable discrepancies in the volatile compound content between Douchi samples with relatively low salt content (40 and 80 g kg−1) and those with relatively high salt content (120, 160 and 200 g kg−1) (P < 0.05). By employing partial least squares discriminant analysis, eight distinct volatile compounds, including o‐xylene, benzaldehyde and 1‐octen‐one, were identified. These compounds exhibited higher concentrations in Douchi samples with relatively low salt content (40 and 80 g kg−1). The sensory results showed that Douchi samples with lower salt content exhibited higher scores in the soy sauce‐like and Douchi aroma attributes. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study significantly enhances our understanding of the impact of salt on metabolites in Douchi and provides invaluable insights for the development of salt reduction fermentation in this context. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Precious Metals / Guijinshu is the property of Precious Metals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the effectiveness of blast furnace slags (BFSs) as catalysts in the ozonation process to degrade complex contaminants such as bezafibrate (BFZ) at different pH levels. The findings reveal that the presence of BFS enhances degradation efficiency, achieving a 10% improvement at pH 10 and a 30% improvement at pH 5.5 compared to simple ozonation. The highest degradation efficiency was observed in the Ozonation–BFS system at pH 10, with 90% decomposition of BFZ. These results were corroborated through ozone consumption analysis, BOD5 measurements, and the identification of oxalic acid as the final decomposition product. Due to the complexity of the reaction system, kinetic characterization was performed using non-parametric modeling based on differential neural networks. The model indicated that the observed reaction rate for BFZ degradation in the presence of ozone and BFS was 4.12 times higher at pH 5.0 and 1.08 times higher at pH 10.0 compared to simple ozonation. These results underscore the potential of using BFS in catalytic ozonation processes for the effective treatment of recalcitrant contaminants in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Economically, Varroa destructor is the most important parasite to honey bees. There are many ways to deal with it, including pharmaceutical and biotechnological treatments. However, the mite has become resistant to many synthetic pesticides. There is little research on its response to organic acids. This report examines the question of whether it could become resistant to oxalic acid. The review uses literature from the past 30 years, and calculates and reviews the annual median efficacy for different application methods. If an efficacy of 70% or more is achieved, it can be concluded that the organism is not resistant. There is no evidence of resistance development, despite some outliers, which can be explained by the studies. Further tests are required to confirm the results. As Varroa destructor is one of the most important pathogens of Apis mellifera, there are numerous treatment methods, including pharmaceutical and biotechnological approaches. However, the rapid development of resistance to synthetic acaricides by Varroa destructor has become a significant concern. To date, there have been no investigations into the development of resistance to organic acids. This review examines the potential risk of oxalic acid resistance development by evaluating literature sources from the past 30 years following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Median annual efficacies are calculated and reviewed over time for several application methods. An efficacy higher than 70% is determined as not resistant. Independent of the method of application, no resistance development can be observed, although there are some outliers of the annual median. These outliers can be explained by brood status or study setting. However, the result is limited by the low number of efficacy values, and further standardised studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) are major players in the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and climate change. DCAs have potential impact on human health and environmental issues ranging from local scale to global scale participate mainly in the cloud condensation. In this context, oxalic acid (OA) and malonic acid (MA) are the most dominant DCAs in the atmosphere. A full atmospheric degradation mechanism of OA and MA with the most reactive tropospheric oxidants, namely, OH, Cl and NO3 radicals, were studied using M06‐2X, ωB97XD/cc‐pVTZ and 6‐311++G(2df,2p) level of theories. To evaluate the atmospheric influence, this study enables us to deep investigation of fate of OA and MA with respect to the mentioned radicals and their subsequent secondary reactions. The latter result in the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), formic acid (HCOOH), which contributes to the formation of SOA and climate change. The reaction mechanism in this study was initiated through H‐abstraction reaction, followed by dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reaction of both DCAs. The rate coefficients of OA, MA with OH, Cl and NO3 radicals are determined theoretically using variational transition state theory (VTST) with Eckart tunnelling method in the temperature range of 278–1000 K. At 298 K, the rate coefficient of OA with OH, Cl and NO3 are 2.48 × 10−15, 2.37 × 10−20, 6.16 × 10−23 in cm3 molecule−1 s−1, whereas MA with OH, Cl and NO3 are 9.76 × 10−14, 1.01 × 10−12 and 5.89 × 10−18 in cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. Our present results shed light on the atmospheric implications of two DCAs and provide the significant insight for the atmospheric pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bis-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium] Oxalate ethanol solvate crystal has been isolated from slow solvent evaporation method and the structure was characterized by FT-IR, NMR and Single crystal XRD. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ¯ with a = 7.7925(16), b = 10.716(3), c = 13.952(3), α = 106.545(5), β = 97.514(5), γ = 110.152(5), V = 1014.0(4) Å3 and Z = 1. The single crystal X-ray data of the compound confirms two proton transfers from an oxalic acid to the pyrimidine-type-nitrogen of two separate imidazole rings. The structure and symmetry of the Imidazolium Oxalate is dictated by N–H⋯O and O–H⋯O hydrogen bonding interactions and are confirmed by hydrogen bonding analysis and hirshfeld surface analysis. The partial double bond character in the imidazolium ring confirms delocalization across the molecular framework. The partial double bond character of the C–O bonds also confirms delocalization in the oxalate anion. The crystal is 3-dimensional structure, with crystal growth in all the crystallographic axis. Computational analysis [DFT, B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)] reveals close correlation of the constrained optimized structure with the experimental data. Imidazolium oxalate crystal form by the protonation of Imidazole compound and complex formation with oxalate ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of catalysis by VO2+, Cr3+, Cr2O72–, Mn2+, MnO4–, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ce3+, BrO3–, or IO3– ions of oxalic acid oxidation reaction with ozone in strongly acidic aqueous solutions at pH 0.3–1.7 has been studied. The final product of the oxidation is carbon dioxide. The kinetic regularities of the reaction have been determined from the rates of ozone consumption and carbon dioxide release. Without a catalyst, oxalic acid does not interact with ozone. It has been found that Mn2+, MnO4– and Co2+ ions are effective catalysts, while the catalytic effect of VO2+, Cr3+, Cr2O72–, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ce3+, BrO3–, or IO3– is weak or does not manifest itself at all. The effects of acidity and concentrations of the catalyst in solution and ozone in the gas phase on the kinetics of the process have been studied. Kinetic schemes of catalytic reactions and leading intermediates are proposed. The data obtained will help in choosing the optimal conditions for the process of oxidative mineralization of oxalic acid under the action of ozone in strongly acidic media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gluconic acid and sorbitol are among the value-added chemicals that can be derived from biomass. Nowadays, these compounds are typically produced through biotechnological processes, but electrochemical methods offer numerous advantages over alternative approaches. While studies have extensively explored metals like copper, palladium, gold, and platinum, nickel has received relatively limited attention in this context. Notably, nickel exhibits electrochemical activity suitable for organic electrosynthesis. This work has been achieved with 5-h long-term electrolysis, glucose as a reactant, utilizing modified nickel electrodes in a KOH solution. While these studies achieved substantial conversion rates, the selectivities and Faraday efficiencies toward gluconic acid and sorbitol remained comparatively low. The long-term electrolysis of glucose using modified nickel electrodes resulted in the identification of various side products. These include formic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, tartronic acid, glyceric acid, and arabinose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Functional Polymers is the property of Journal of Functional Polymers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)