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Inversion of pre‐existing normal faults is a frequent phenomenon in orogenic belts. However, their impact on the evolution of the Cretaceous Eoalpine orogeny is poorly studied, despite the widespread presence of Triassic and Jurassic normal faults. Our study area is the SW part of the Transdanubian Range (TR), which represents the uppermost thick‐skinned nappe of the Eoalpine orogeny in the Alpine realm. The variable trend of Cretaceous contractional structures within the Transdanubian Range has been traditionally explained by poly‐phase shortening. However, based on the combined analyses of field observations and 3D seismic data, we found that the complex geometry of Cretaceous contractional structures can be explained rather by the oblique inversion of segmented Late Triassic grabens. In general, the SW part of the TR can be characterized by N‐S trending contractional structures. NW‐SE striking oblique ramps are nucleated above Late Triassic normal faults, whereas NE‐SW trending folds and thrust with limited strike‐parallel length evolved due to the inversion of pre‐existing breached relay ramps, which connected the segments of Late Triassic normal faults. We determined different types of oblique ramps, incuding normal faults, which suffered transpressional reactivation, oblique hanging wall breakthrough thrusts, oblique footwall short‐cut and hanging wall by‐pass thrusts. Only very steep normal faults, or those that strike at low angle to the regional E‐W shortening direction, were not reactivated. Key Points: The oblique ramps of the study area formed due to the oblique inversion of a rift related graben‐systemDuring inversion, those pre‐existing normal faults were reactivated, that enclosed a high angle to the direction of shorteningSpatial relationship of the inversion related obliqe ramps and the earlier normal faults led us to define four styles of oblique inversion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms of enhanced electron injection into the electron transport layer of Alq[sub 3] [tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)-aluminum] via LiF interlayers are studied by means of I-V characteristics, secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and Kelvin probe measurements. Devices for single carrier injection were prepared using aluminum electrodes, Alq[sub 3] electron transport layers, and thin intermediate layers of LiF. It was found that devices deposited in the order Alq[sub 3]-LiF-aluminum have a much higher electron injection capability than structures deposited in the order aluminum-LiF-Alq[sub 3]. SIMS depth profile analysis reveals that the evaporation of Al on LiF leads to a spatial separation of Li and F probably induced by a chemical reaction of Al with LiF. Simple thermodynamic calculations support the energetic feasibility of such a reaction. Titanium cathodes in the same layer sequence also exhibit electron injection enhancement, probably due to their similar chemical reactivity. However, electron injection from Ag electrodes is not significantly improved by the introduction of a LiF interlayer. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use earthquake focal mechanisms to study present‐day deformation and stress in the western part of the Eastern European Alps. We define the following regions, based on seismicity and kinematically compatible focal mechanism types: (1) the northern and western parts of the Dolomites indenter, the western and central Tauern Window, and the northern Alpine margin and foreland lack significant seismicity. (2) The indenter boundaries are characterized by strike‐slip faulting. Based on earthquake and geodetic data, the western and northern indenter boundaries are active sinistral and dextral strike‐slip/oblique slip faults. (3) West and north of the indenter corner, we observe normal and strike‐slip faulting in an up to 70 km‐wide zone. From west to east, the minimum horizontal stress rotates clockwise about 10–20°, from NE to ENE. (4) North of (3), east of the Swiss/Austrian border, we find evidence for N to NNW directed thrust faulting, and local orogen‐parallel extension. From our results and geodetic data, we infer that relative to a fixed northern foreland, NNW directed indentation is transferred at depth via the Sub‐Tauern thrust system to this 100‐km‐wide zone of localized thrusting. A lack of evidence for major, active strike‐slip faulting north of the Tauern Window is in line with geodetic data, which show no significant velocity difference between the northern part of the Eastern Alps and their foreland. Key Points: We calculate 162 new focal mechanisms for the western and central Eastern Alps. Earthquakes and mechanisms only partially fit with mapped surface faultsStress orientation is deflected by 10–20° in a 70‐km‐wide zone around the boundaries of the Dolomites indenterPart of the Europe‐Adria convergence is transferred to a 100‐km‐wide, seismically active thrusting zone 30 km north of the indenter corner [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of serrated silver denars of the Roman Republic and a Greek bronze coin were investigated, paying special attention to the notches, in order to reveal their production technique. Particular interest was devoted to three contemporary forgeries of serrated denars, because the official pure silver issues were also available for inspection. Several microbeam analytical techniques were applied, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The surfaces of the notches, which show traces of the tools used, were investigated by SEM. In the case of the forged coins, the thickness of the silver layer (inside the notches as well as on the surface of the coin) was determined by SEM and SIMS. The main components of the surfaces were similar in both cases as measured by EPMA. Combining the results, it is possible to reconstruct the steps in the production of the serrated denars. The investigations also permit a review of different opinions about the purpose of the notches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the study on “Reference Asian Man' project, dried food from different Asian countries, in powdered form, was analyzed applying different techniques. Boron was determined by measuring prompt alphas in 11B(p,α)8Be reaction with 800 keV protons. Coulomb excitation was used for F and Na determination based on 19F(p,p'γ)19F (γ -rays: 110 and 197 keV) and 23Na(p,p'γ)23Na (γ -ray: 440 keV) reactions with 2.3 MeV protons. The elements Sc, Co, Zn, Rb, Ag and Ce were determined by neutron activation analysis. The elements Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr and Mo were determined by X-ray fluorescence technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation state of sulfur has been determined by measuring the energy shift of the S Kα line by wavelength-dispersive electron-probe microanalysis. On flat polished samples the energy shift between sulfate (S+6) and sulfide (S-2) was 1.3 eV, in good agreement with previous literature data. The observed energy shift of the S Kα line is dominated by the change of the valence state of sulfur—the effects of co-ordination geometry and nearest neighbours are small. The relationship between the energy shift of the S Kα line and the oxidation number of sulfur is linear, to a first approximation. The effect of particle geometry on the position of the S Kα line is usually small and introduces an error of approximately half an oxidation number. The apparent sulfur valence states observed for individual aerosol particles from work places in a nickel refinery are highly variable and most probably result from different mixtures of the two end-members sulfide and sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the results of four different field experiments concerning the speciation of iron and the concentrations of some other chemical compounds in cloudwater samples are compared to one-another. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations were higher during campaigns, conducted at sites not much influenced by anthropogenic emissions as compared to those conducted at more polluted areas. In contrast, percentages of S(IV) in the cloudwater were lowest at the rural sites and highest at the sites polluted by human activities, indicating a consumption of hydrogen peroxide in the oxidation reaction with S(IV). The concentration of dissolved iron was observed to correlate with the percentage of S(IV), which may be an essential point for the reductive dissolution of oxidic iron compounds of the aerosol particles. As far as the speciation of the dissolved iron is concerned, it became obvious that the percentage of Fe(III) is anticorrelated to the concentration of dissolved iron. This clearly shows the important effect of the chemical and/or photo reductive ways of dissolving the iron(III)-compounds from the aerosol particles. However, a correlation between the pH-value and hydrogen peroxide was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various modern instrumental techniques for surface analysis were applied for the non-destructive physico-chemical examination of works of art. As samples, pieces of ancient manuscripts endangered by iron-gall ink corrosion were used. Surface characterisation of the morphology of the cellulose fibres within corroded and non-corroded parts of the manuscript performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed seriously damaged cellulose fibres in the written parts. The elemental composition of selected parts of the manuscript was determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDX). A more detailed study of the paper surface was then performed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). This technique yields the morphological characteristics of the surface as well as element distribution maps over the written area of the investigated manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemicals from customers’ returns have to be analyzed before they can be reused as raw materials in production. A procedure for non-invasive qualitative analysis of compounds in a closed container based on energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry is described. EDXRF was chosen as method for non-invasive analysis of chemicals through PE bottle walls without opening the bottle. This analysis aims for a quick proof of correspondence between the declaration of a reagent on the label of the bottle and its content. This analytical result cannot be achieved by a mere evaluation of characteristic element lines in EDXRF-spectra in combination with the method of matrix correction or the method of mean atomic number. These methods take into account only a small part of the total information available in an X-ray spectrum. It is shown here that valuable additional information is extractable from the spectral ranges of the Compton-scattering and Rayleigh-scattering areas by the use of methods of multivariate data analysis, especially by principle component analysis (PCA). Regularized discriminant analysis (RDA) was employed to establish a classification scheme for unknown samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Quality management is not just a strategy. It must be a new style of working, even a new style of thinking. A dedication to quality and excellence is more than good business. It is a way of life, giving something back to society, offering your best to others" (George Bush 1991). From this statement it becomes immediately clear that the human factor plays an eminent role in quality management. Therefore, some important relevant aspects of quality management are highlighted which are not so frequently discussed elsewhere. Various definitions and statements on quality lead to the fact that quality depends essentially on people. Some thoughts are developed on the Japanese quality culture which contributed essential impulses to the evolution of certain quality installations such as quality circles. The Japanese also developed a philosophy of quality, Kaizen, which is significantly different from Western industrial quality concepts. Kaizen works well in a slow growth economy, contrary to Western innovation which is more suited to the fast growth economy of the past. Some ideas on the quality control of top management as well as on the quality control of ourselves are expressed and it is shown how this is related to ethical principles. Every human society is as successful as: its intrinsic degree of honesty and righteousness, its degree of prevention of corruption and nepotism, and its readiness to work hard for personal advancement and for the sake of the community. Leadership, political or economic, is a special cultural effort – or at least it should be. But the striving for quality must be everybody's business in a company. It is the old 'pride of workmanship' which is greatly lost in today's industrial structures, and which is so absolutely important to again find satisfaction and contentment in our work. It is shown that the human factor in quality management, apart from all the necessary formal and institutional regulations, is of major importance, but very often neglected, especially in the present situation of over-rationalization. It is shown that dynamic equilibria do not only regulate chemical and biological systems but also operate in our psychic world. Unfortunately, there is a tendency to unhealthy extremes in the latter, e.g. to workaholics or neo-capitalism. Installations of total quality management such as systems, procedural and product audits are important facets of modern quality assurance. They are again closely related to human behaviour, as well as the procedure of company and laboratory accreditation. Finally the "Codex Hammurabi" shows that product liability was a clearly regulated issue in ancient Babylon, 2200 BC. This may be indicative of the fact that many new trends propagated by management gurus usually stem from a very old part of the wisdom of mankind but they are newly decorated and formed to modern slogans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) is a common material for tools for the machining of cast irons at high cutting speed. During the machining of compacted graphite iron (CGI) in continuous cutting the wear of the cBN tools was found to be significantly higher compared to the machining of grey cast iron. This is possibly a result of a heating of the tool surface during the cutting of CGI. One possible reason for the wear is diffusion of some elements from the cutting tool into the CGI or from the CGI into the cutting tool. SIMS measurements were carried out which prove the existence of such diffusion processes. A static model experiment has been performed by heating cBN tools to 700 °C while in contact with CGI or cast iron (CI). SIMS depth profiles of the cBN tools and of CGI/CI show that there is a diffusion of several elements in both directions (B, W and Ti from the cBN tools into the CGI or CI, Fe and Si from the CGI or CI samples into the cBN) up to a depth of 20 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of SIMS for multielement ultratrace bulk analysis in refractory metals has already been shown in previous publications [1, 2]. In this paper it will be demonstrated, that the high sensitivity of SIMS can be used advantageously for high resolution distribution analysis. Due to the high useful yield (0.5 to 10) it is possible to perform distribution analysis in the ng/g range with a sample consumption of about 1 pg per data point. A good lateral resolution of about 1 μm and the variability of the sputtering rate over 3 orders of magnitude allow an optimization of the measurement parameters with respect to the sample geometry. This is of special importance in our work, because small lateral dimensions, high total sputtering depth (300 μm) and crooked surfaces have to be considered. In this paper also the technical significance of sensitive high resolution distribution analysis of tantalum wires, which are used for microelectronic applications, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever increasing demands on properties of materials creates a trend also towards ultrapure products. Characterization of these materials is only possible with modern, highly sophisticated analytical techniques such as activation analysis and mass spectrometry, particularly SSMS, SIMS and GDMS [1]. Analytical strategies were developed for the determination of about 40 elements in a tungsten matrix with high-performance SIMS. Difficulties like the elimination of interferences had to be overcome. Extrapolated detection limits were established in the range of pg/g (alkali metals, halides) to ng/g (e. g., Ta, Th). Depth profiling and ion imaging gave additional information about the lateral and the depth distribution of the elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Element distribution maps obtained on electron microprobes via the beam scan method with wavelength-dispersive spectrometers reveal a defocusing effect if they are taken at sufficiently small magnification. This effect, which occurs where the Bragg condition of the spectrometer is not adequately met, can be avoided or corrected by various methods. A method is presented here to correct defocused element distribution maps with the help of corresponding maps obtained on homogeneous standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The oxidation behavior in air of two ODSsuperalloys, the chromia-forming PM 1000 and thealumina-forming PM 2000, was investigated attemperatures between 900 and 1300°C. For both alloysgrowth rates of the oxide scales obey a subparabolic timedependence and an Arrhenius-type temperature dependenceof the rate constants is observed. Diffusion of yttriumto the surface of the oxide scales leads to almost complete depletion of this element within theoxide scales of both alloys. Scale growth then takesplace by simultaneous inward diffusion of oxygen andoutward diffusion of cations. At this stage of the oxidation process, the scale-growth mechanismis similar for both ODS alloys, at least in aqualitative way, to conventional (non-ODS) alloys of thesame base composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The suitability of eleven modifiers (Pd-, Mg-, K-, Ca- and NH4-salts) for electrothermal vaporization coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) for the determination of Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb has been studied. Solutions containing varying quantities (10–2000 ng absolute) of these salts have been added to four different amounts of analyte to study their suitability as modifier and their mass dependent influence. The best sensitivity enhancement for all elements tested was achieved with IrCl3 and PdCl2. From a comparison of the effect of PdCl2 vs. Pd(NO3)2 it could be concluded that the mechanism of matrix modification also depends on the chemical form of the modifier. Particularly, for the volatile elements Cd and Zn differences in the behavior of the different chemical compounds of one metal (e.g. Pd) is evident, which shows that the enhancement effect is a result of the stabilization of the analytes in the graphite tube prior to vaporization and the improvement of the transport efficiency after vaporization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data are reported for a first measurement campaign for a great number of cations (the range of concentrations for main components is given in ng/mL: Na:<70–880; Mg: 12–160; Al:<7–120; K: 200–1600; NH4 +: 2500–9000; Ca: 300–2500; Fe:<140–1200; Zn: 20–320) and anions (HCOO-: 100–1800; CH3COO-: 400–14500; C2O2- 4: <100–460; NO- 2: <20–55; NO- 3: 660–9900; SO2- 3:<100–1150; SO4 2-: 450–19700; Cl-: 170–3200) in rain and snow samples of the Chernogolovka region 80 km northeast of the centre of Moscow. These data serve as a first assessment of the situation of the atmosphere in this region. For the determination of fluoride, formate, acetate, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfite, and sulfate by IC, a relevant development of the method was carried out. For some metallic cations, a critical quality control was achieved by parallel measurements with ICP-MS, TXRF, and IC. Furthermore, time resolved measurements were performed for a rain event. Filtration experiments were undertaken to differentiate between the presence of a series of elements and species in liquid or solid state in the collected aqueous samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven rain and 2 snow samples collected in October and November 1993 were analyzed by GFAAS. Manganese concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 11.3 μg/L were found. pH-values (4.04–4.89, mean 4.52) and redox potentials (528–665 mV, mean 581 mV) were additionally determined. This is important with respect to a qualified specification of Mn in atmospheric samples. A 0.45 μm-filtration of the samples prior to GFAAS-analysis showed the same manganese concentrations in the filtrate as in the unfiltered samples. Hence, the amount of solid Mn species in the investigated samples is negligible. For an examination of the oxidation state of Mn some investigations concerning the stability of Mn(III) were carried out. They indicated that Mn(III) is unstable under atmospheric conditions. For checking whether all the manganese in rainwater exists as Mn(II), a sensitive IC method for the detection of Mn(II) was developed. By adapting a photometric procedure based on the oxidation of Leucomalachite Green (LMG) to Malachite Green (MG) by permanganate (MnO- 4) to the IC-flow-through-system, a limit of determination of 1 μg/L Mn(II) could be achieved. A comparison of the IC measurements with GFAAS-results of the filtered samples showed agreeing results. Thus, manganese in rainwater and snow exists entirely as soluble Mn(II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)