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Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

HELL Pizza's advertising is characterized by its provocative art, audacious copy and bold tactics that relishes in its hellish reputation. Rather than merely relying on attention-grabbing stunts, the brand employs strategies that tap into the deep-seated cultural norms of its audience. Often deemed controversial, HELL's advertising elicits strong public reactions, serving as a mirror reflecting the evolving cultural and moral sensitivities and the place of Christianity in Aotearoa New Zealand. This article critically examines the official complaints about the use of religious references in HELL's advertising to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) in Aotearoa New Zealand. Using thematic analysis, we analyse how 'offense' and references to Christianity are navigated by the public complainant, the ASA and the brand, in 79 rulings between 2005 and 2021. We conclude that while the brand consistently negotiates a fine line between edgy humour and potential offense, the ASA rulings suggest a societal trend leaning towards freedom of artistic expression, even when intertwined with religious undertones, particularly when a brand has a well-established identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incivility in parliaments is always prominently displayed in media reports, often with the implicit or explicit commentary that the situation is getting worse. This paper processes and analyses the records of verbal interactions in the Australian Parliament for over 100 years to provide a first approximation on the evolution of civility. It provides a framework for understanding the multidimensional nature of civility that examines both 'politeness' and 'argumentation', with the latter grounded in notions of public-mindedness. The analysis focuses on the interactions between parties of the orators and the party in power, the chamber of utterance, and the year. The results indicate that instances of impoliteness have increased since the 1970s but only modestly and remain highly infrequent. Minor parties, particularly those representing right-wing and Green politics are more likely to use dismissive or offensive language than the dominant centre-left and centre-right parties, although direct insults and swearwords are the particular remits of right-wing 'system-wrecker' parties. All these minor parties, nonetheless, also display higher levels of argumentation in their interventions. This combination of aggressive language and increased argumentation highlights the pressures on minor parties to convey their points in a forceful way, a challenge that is particularly pressing in two-party systems like the Australian one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the concept of 'game style' in football, focusing on a team's distinctive approach characterized by tactics, formations, and strategies. The objective is to compare goal-scoring patterns related to "non-offensive transition," "set pieces," "offensive transition," and "positive outcomes" across different league groups. Methodology: The sample comprises 702 football games, categorized into three league groups: Top Leagues, Marginal Leagues, and Emerging Leagues. A total of 2140 goals were analyzed, classifying them into four types: "No Transitions", "Set Pieces", "Offensive Transitions (direct), and "Positive Outcomes" of offensive transitions. The study aims to identify relevant differences between two distinct competitive periods, namely "Rounds 1 to 5" and "Rounds Last 5." Results: The analysis reveals no significant differences in scoring methods between "Rounds 1 to 5" and "Rounds Last 5" across all variables in the analyzed league groups, except for goals conceded by "No Transition" in the Emerging Leagues. Additionally, results indicate that goals resulting from direct offensive transitions and positive outcomes substantially impact the Top Leagues, constituting 54% of the total scoring. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of establishing and maintaining consolidated game patterns, as demonstrated by the consistent scoring patterns across different league groups. While most leagues show no variations in scoring methods between early and late rounds, attention to goals conceded by "No Transition" in Emerging Leagues is warranted. The prominence of direct offensive transitions and positive outcomes in Top Leagues highlights the relevance of these strategies in the scoring process, emphasizing the need for teams to focus on developing and implementing effective game patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No industry has been immune to the #MeToo movement since its inception. The restaurant industry is especially susceptible to incidents of sexual harassing behaviors due to certain characteristics of the business itself. The purpose of this research paper is to evaluate restaurant employees' perceptions of sexual harassment and the effects of the #MeToo movement has had on those perceptions. By analyzing the responses of restaurant employees in Hawaii, significant differences in sexual harassment perceptions were found among different groups depending on age, generation and job position. Through quantitative and qualitative examinations, the influence of the #MeToo movement on restaurant employees' perceptions of sexual harassment is explored. This study will provide timely information when it comes to sexual harassment in the restaurant industry and suggest policies and implications for the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread growth in social media platforms provides a plethora of opportunities to enhance interaction and bring awareness about recent activities happening across the countries. Many people use social media to share their thoughts and opinions on societal and political issues. Nonetheless, some individuals misuse these platforms by posting toxic, hostile, and insulting comments. Hence, detecting and controlling such content at its earliest stage is crucial since its spread can harm social relations and negatively impact a person's life. In current scenarios, social media text consisting non-English languages is increasing due to active participation from multilingual societies. Of several non-English languages, Hindi English code-mixed is more prevalent in India. Most of the previous work to detect cyber aggression concentrates on English texts; therefore, there is high scope left to work on other languages such as Hindi English code-mixed. This paper has proposed a code-mixed hybrid embedding (CMHE) at the character and word level to capture similarly spelled and contextually related words. Furthermore, proposed embedding contributes significantly to the reduction of out of vocabulary words and capture words having similar polarity. After this, a deep learning framework based on CMHE, and a self-attention mechanism is proposed to retrieve significant features for classification. To evaluate proposed model, experiments were performed with two publicly available datasets: TRAC 2-2020 Hindi English code-mixed dataset (77.54% accuracy, 77.09% weighted average f1 score) and hate speech dataset (75.23% accuracy, 73.34% weighted average f1 score). The attained experimental results validate the effectiveness of proposed approach against the state-of-the-art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the textual contents on online social media are highly unstructured, informal, and often misspelled, existing research on message-level offensive language detection cannot accurately detect offensive content. This feature of the social media to express something openly to the world have created the major problems for these online businesses and negatively impacted the well-being of the societal decorum. There are increasing cases of the abuse or offense on the social media like Hate speech, Cyber-bullying, Aggression or general Profanity. It is very much important to understand that this behavior can not only immensely affect the life of an individual or a group but could be suicidal in some cases adversely hampering the mental health of the victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Affairs Magazine is the property of Strategic Affairs Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lexicographica is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide managers with insights to help survive a crisis, create advantage during slow-growth recoveries and thrive when the crisis is over. Given the environment at the time of this paper, this paper focuses on widespread crises, such as a public health crisis like COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: The authors offer a conceptual framework, grounded in the attribution theory and situation crisis communication theory (SCCT), for managers to use when determining which crisis response strategy is most appropriate to use during a crisis. Propositions based on this framework are provided. This paper focuses on widespread crises, such as a public health crisis, particularly on the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the framework proposed for organizational crisis response strategy and recovery, several insights for managers across a variety of industries emerge. Consideration of the best strategic approach to a crisis is essential, and time is critical. This framework provides a starting point for creating a proper response strategy when a crisis arises that is not within the organization's crisis management planning. Managerial implications for several industries, such as restaurant, hotel, airline, education, retail, medical and other professional services, and theoretical implications to further the advancement of understanding are provided. Findings: The findings of this paper demonstrate that organizations that apply an accommodative strategy during unintentional crises will survive, while during intentional crises, they will thrive in the marketplace. Similarly, organizations that apply an offensive strategy during unintentional crises will thrive, while during intentional crises, they will survive in the marketplace. Practical implications: This paper provides a framework highlighting strategies that best protect an organization during both internally and externally caused crises. The response strategy and crisis framework are based on the attribution theory and SCCT. Building on this framework, six propositions are postulated. In keeping with this strategy and crisis framework, this study provides several crisis response insights for managers across a variety of industries. These suggestions act as a guide for managers when assessing how to respond in the early days of a crisis and what to do to recover from it. Originality/value: This paper provides a crisis-strategy matrix, grounded in the attribution theory and SCCT, to provide decision-making guidance to help managers survive a crisis, create advantage during slow-growth recoveries and thrive when the crisis is over. The authors provide multiple industry insights related to the "how to" and the "what to" in the recovery from and survival through internally and externally caused crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, people use Online Social Networks to express feelings and ideas and to communicate and share information. With the freedom space provided by such networks, some people tend to propagate hate speech and insults. An early detection of such content is crucial for predicting conflicts and could prevent the emotions from becoming actions or spreading widely. Hate speech detection work on the Arabic text is sparse and scant compared to other languages like English. Furthermore, the Arabic corpora of short texts in the Levantine dialect for hate speech are also scant. In this paper, we build our dataset of Arabic tweets from Syria and its neighbors with annotations of Normal and Hate. Therefore, word embedding with a combination of term frequency and inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) was concatenated for text representation in traditional classifiers; we used multiple classification algorithms, including Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, and three deep learning classifiers (AraBERT, ArabicBERT, and GigaBERT) which provide on our dataset to validate the effectiveness of our augmented dataset and different used feature representations. The experiment results show that concatenating word embedding and TF-IDF can improve the classification performance; besides, deep learning classifiers show better results compared to traditional ones. Our best model with GigaBERT significantly outperforms other used models with a 94.6% under the AUC-ROC curve (0.81 macro F1-score). These tests were made against other several datasets, and we got the best results for our dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread usage of social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube allows sharing of opinions and suggestions across countries. On the contrary, these platforms are often misused to disseminate hate speech and offensive content. Moreover, in a multilingual society such as India, many users resort to code-mixing while typing on social media. Thus, we have focused on Hindi English (Hi–En) Code-Mixed hate speech and offensive text classification. Recently, numerous approaches have emerged, and most of these approaches use CNN and LSTM in a stacked manner to extract local and sequential semantic features. However, these arrangements diminish the comprehensive effect of local and sequential features. In addition, deep framework suffers from issue of vanising gradient. Therefore, in our work, we have proposed, local and sequential knowledge aware Fused Attention-based Network (FA-Net), which introduces a fusion of attention mechanism of collective and mutual learning between local and sequential features. The proposed network (FA-Net) is lower in depth more in breadth in comparison to the existing architectures. It has three building blocks: Code Mixed Hybrid Embedding, Locally Driven Sequential Attention-2 (LDSA-2), Locally Driven Sequential Attention-3 (LDSA-3). CMHE is developed using customized Hi-En code mixed data, aiming the network to initialize with relevant weights. LDSA-2 and LDSA-3 equip the model to build a comprehensive representation having past, future, and local contextual knowledge w.r.t any location in the sentence. Extensive experimentation on two benchmark datasets shows that FA-Net has outperformed other state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread usage of social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube allows sharing of opinions and suggestions across countries. On the contrary, these platforms are often misused to disseminate hate speech and offensive content. Moreover, in a multilingual society such as India, many users resort to code-mixing while typing on social media. Thus, we have focused on Hindi English (Hi–En) Code-Mixed hate speech and offensive text classification. Recently, numerous approaches have emerged, and most of these approaches use CNN and LSTM in a stacked manner to extract local and sequential semantic features. However, these arrangements diminish the comprehensive effect of local and sequential features. In addition, deep framework suffers from issue of vanising gradient. Therefore, in our work, we have proposed, local and sequential knowledge aware Fused Attention-based Network (FA-Net), which introduces a fusion of attention mechanism of collective and mutual learning between local and sequential features. The proposed network (FA-Net) is lower in depth more in breadth in comparison to the existing architectures. It has three building blocks: Code Mixed Hybrid Embedding, Locally Driven Sequential Attention-2 (LDSA-2), Locally Driven Sequential Attention-3 (LDSA-3). CMHE is developed using customized Hi-En code mixed data, aiming the network to initialize with relevant weights. LDSA-2 and LDSA-3 equip the model to build a comprehensive representation having past, future, and local contextual knowledge w.r.t any location in the sentence. Extensive experimentation on two benchmark datasets shows that FA-Net has outperformed other state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the Anglophone historiography has tended to marginalize the French contribution to the allied chemical war during the Great War 1914-1918, this study has attempted to re-balance the historical narrative by emphasizing the collective nature and importance of this joint Franco-British enterprise. By interrogating a raft of under-utilized primary evidence in the French and British archives, elements of the two armies' defensive and offensive gas warfare performance have been reassessed through the co-operation prism. The investigation demonstrates how closely, comprehensively, and effectively the two allies worked together in chemical weapon production and exchange, research and development, anti-gas protection, and indirect battlefield applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the research lies in the application of a modern training method for training handball in order to raise the player’s physiological and skill efficiency throughout the game and maintain a constant level of performance and resistance to fatigue, especially the ability to perform with the presence of lactic acid and benefit from it after converting it to energy. The research aims: To identify the effect of the dynamic lactate method on developing the tolerance for defensive and offensive performance of handball players under 19 years of age. The researchers used the experimental design with two groups of experimental and control, with pre and post- test, for its suitability to the nature of the problem. The researcher identified the research community with handball players in the Karbala Sports Club for the youth category of under 19 years of age for the 2020-2021 training season, whose number is (16) players. By (7) players for each group. As for the most important conclusions, the results of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of the dynamic lactate method in developing endurance of defensive and offensive performance with handball among the players of the research sample, while the recommendations were, the researchers recommended that the dynamic lactate method should be used in the training units.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the modern war conditions, governed by the avant-garde technologies, the military actions of all the forces services acquire new features and dimensions with special implications for the participating forces. Carrying out a campaign involves combat-type actions that only a military force can accomplish, and its objectives are achieved both through a wide range of offensive or defensive operations, and through interaction with other military and non-military entities. At the tactical level, commanders must ensure a balance between the various elements of the functional framework to achieve the objectives set, in accordance with the campaign purpose. In line with current trends in the field of modern armed struggle, the issue of the combat disposition of the forces in order to conduct operations must be addressed, in the context of the development of military technology, increasing force mobility, maneuverability and combat power. reconsidering, at the same time, the role of different categories of armed forces, in the sense of ensuring interoperability with NATO partner forces, spatial extension of the direct engagement of supple and mobile combat disposition. Nowdays, in the Romanian military literature, it is considered that the joint tactical large units combat disposition consists of: the command system, maneuver forces, the reserve and the logistics system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study tasked undergraduates with serving as hypothetical human resource workers to evaluate complaints of offensive and inoffensive humor used by male and female employees in a fictitious company who varied in employment status and age. Offensive humor was deemed more problematic in its usage, particularly among female perceivers. Contrary to hypotheses, its usage was more problematic for male and older employees than for female and younger employees. In addition, participants were more averse to both offensive and inoffensive humor from high-status and older men relative to women with similar characteristics. We frame results with consideration of recent social trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Timisoara Physical Education & Rehabilitation Journal is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order for the evaluation to be accurate, the researchers found that it is necessary to build the test in order to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the trait that is intended to be measured, and because most tests are applied in cases other than real competition cases, so tests must be something that fits the ability to control and guide the accuracy of placing the ball in its place. The flour. Therefore, tests were designed and built to represent the offensive technical skills in volleyball for the National Center for Talent Care in Iraq. The research community was divided into a survey sample of (15) players, a construction sample of (60) players, and a rationing sample of (55) players. Standard grading extraction The research community must have (130) players, and the research tests have proven its validity in measuring offensive volleyball technical skills generated (2002) by distributing it moderately to the construction sample and its ability to distinguish between the achievement of high and low level sample members in a single test as well as achieving honesty, consistency and high objectivity transactions The levels varied in three tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the research was evident because the volleyball player does not depend on mastery and mastery of only one skill, but full knowledge of all skills and their knowledge in terms of movement to different playing centers and their work requires him to have special mobility capabilities that qualify him to perform such a role, and here the guidance of the coach plays an important role. The exchange of information between the athlete and the coach (the teacher and the learner), as well as receiving information before the motor performance, “and during it provides an opportunity to fine-tune and organize the behavior commensurate with the situation facing or required despite knowledge of the performance requirements. This in itself is a good measure by which the trainer can know the athlete’s ability to analyze. Correct and solving the kinetic duty intellectually and applying it in practice, that is, standing on a level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic threshold is barrier between oxygenic action and non-oxygenic action and work is characterized by high intensity and difficulty which causes accumulation of lactic acid in blood and muscles that exceeds ability to get rid of it, which causes pressure on work of body and its inability to continue, then decrease in performance, so researcher prepared exercises according to anaerobic threshold to increase capabilities of players to face causes of tiredness and continue to perform for long time. Research problem concerned with decrease of players performance and their inability to continue to play for a long time in competition without appearance of fatigue. Study aims to prepare drills according to anaerobic threshold to hold out pressure of high-performance level and some functional indicators of blood and liver. Researcher used empirical method that suits with nature of problem. Sample of research identified about (18) young players from Wasit football club and then divided them into two groups (empirical and control group), and he used statistical method like statistical program SPSS to treats search results (AM, standard deviation, Independent sampling codes, interrelated sampling codes). researcher concluded that exercises according to anaerobic threshold contributed to develop performance level which is reflected positively on functional indicators of blood (red and white blood cells, and cortisol), while there was no change in level of liver functions to harmonize training loads with functional abilities of players. researcher recommends dependence on results of tests as indicator and guidebook to regulate training curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A characteristic inherent in a democratic State is a guarantee of freedom of opinion and expression by every citizen. However, the space for freedom cannot be misused to express various ideas or views so that it becomes a tool to attack human rights and the freedom of others manifested in the form of hate speech. Acts of hate speech are currently getting more and more attention from various circles, not only for law enforcers and practitioners, politicians, information and communication technology experts. But it is also a very serious concern for the Indonesian government to form and give birth to regulations concerning to handling of hate speech. Moreover, caring for diversity and harmonization in diversity in the era of globalization of information technology is the biggest challenge today. In this study, phenomenology is used as research design whereas purposive sampling from online media is used to collect the data. The aim is to maintain unity in the midst of a multicultural community life such as Batu Bara. On the other hand, the emergence of discussions about hate speech actually gave the object of a new study for linguistics. Based on the linguistic perspective, hate speech is a phenomenon of offensive language that can present linguistic data and can be analyzed linguistically. Therefore, this article conceptually describes the role of linguistics and linguists in understanding and explaining the subject of hate speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores why the offensive predominates military tactical thinking. With survey results showing an offensive bias among 60 per cent of senior Swedish officers and as many as 80 per cent in the case of the army, it is clear that this is not just a problem of the past but is equally relevant today. The article asks why there is a tendency to perceive and understand offensive tactics as the preferred choice and the way to conduct battle that should be encouraged and preferred. Drawing on existing research and the findings of a pilot study, ten propositions for why the offensive bias exists are tested using a mixed-method approach. Based on the findings, the article develops a model to understand why the offensive dominates military tactical thinking. It is found that the two key constitutive factors behind the offensive bias are military culture and education. These factors most directly and profoundly influence an officer's identity, perceptions, and thinking. Military culture and education, in turn, work as a prism for four other factors: military history, the theory and principles of war, doctrine and TTPs, and psychological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compelling case can be made to develop a NATO's missile defence system in response to the advancement of missile technology and the danger of nuclear weapons. However, this development also undermines Russia's retaliatory capacity, and consequently heightens the offensive potential of nuclear weapons. This article explores the offence/defence posture of NATO's missile defence plans in terms of both capabilities and strategy. It is argued that NATO is incrementally increasing the strength and reach of its missile defence components, while rejecting any international treaty to regulate and limit their future expansion. This corresponds with a strategy of achieving invulnerability through counterforce and utilising NATO as an ‘insurance policy’ against Russia, to be activated when conflicts arise. We conclude that NATO has the capacity to distinguish between an offensive and defensive posture by discriminating between potential targets, but it has displayed no intention to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the change in the tactics of the second wave of aggression of Soviet Russia towards Ukraine from the end of 1918 - early 1919. The first wave of aggression of Soviet Russia against Ukraine from the end of 1917 - early 1918 left Ukraine in the memory of heavy impressions: a three–day shelling of heavy artillery by Kyiv, a terrible massacre by drunken Russian soldiers and sailors of the civilian population of the capital of Ukraine, the monks of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, - did not give confidence to the Kremlin strategists about the success in planning the second wave of an offensive against Ukraine. Therefore, a new campaign of troops of the north-eastern neighbor to Ukraine was radically different from the first one. The purpose of the study is to find out the specifics of the construction and development of a new strategy and tactics of the second wave of aggression of Soviet Russia in Ukraine. The methods used when writing the article are: problem-chronological and historical-comparative, structural-system method, as well as the method of analysis and synthesis of facts and sources. It should be noted that the second wave of aggression of Soviet Russia in Ukraine was managed and directly controlled by the head of the People’s Commissars of Russia V. Lenin. The sad experience of the first offensive operation did not allow him to hand over the wheel of a Russian military machine to someone else’s hands, as it happened with the inadequate left-wing Socialist Rev. Muravev on the verge of 1917-1918years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Dark man" or bureaucrat in uniform? Walter Nicolai and the intelligence service in the First World War and Flitsch-Tolmein 1917. Preparation of the Isonzo front breakthrough The works of the two authors highlight the role played by the German intelligence service during the First World War, through a brief presentation of the head of this component structure of the Army General Staff and respectively the preparation of the offensive operation "Loyalty of Weapons" carried out by the forces German and Austro-Hungarian during the First World War, for the breakthrough of the Isonzo front, against the Italian forces. Starting from the question: "Who was actually Walter Nicolai - a dark man or a bureaucrat in uniform?", the author presents the evolution and activity of the German intelligence service, which has supplemented both staff and attributions, through the takeover of the field of press and propaganda work, from the assumption of his leadership by Colonel Walter Nicolai in the spring of 1913 and until 1918 when he was fired for political reasons and removed from the process of active reconstruction of the service. The analysis of the German officer's behavior concluded that a obtuse Prussian bureaucrat was at the head of the intelligence service. The German-Austro-Hungarian offensive "Weapon Loyalty" has demonstrated that, despite an initial only partially favorable situation and very difficult field conditions, through an efficient preparation of the actions, the setting of clear and precise objectives and the application of insurance measures well-planned combat, important field gains could be achieved, leading to a one-third cut in front of the Alps, and causing serious loss of people and materials to Italian forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various verses in the Qur'an which apparently lead to the meaning of war. With regard to its intepretation of its related verses, there are mainly two different views. The first view argues that war in Islam will not happen but in a defensive manner. In other words, a war among Muslims would not happen unless they have been attacked and their reaction is in the form of counter attack in order to protect their dignity and life. The second view sees war in offensive manner. It is considered as a holy war (jihād) which is under the category of striving in the cause of Allah, and recommended to gain the status of martyrdom (syahīd). These different views create variant intepretations of the word jihād and war. The existance of certain groups related to terrorism such as Islamic State of Iraq and al-Syam (ISIS), al-Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf, Jemaah Islamiyyah and others, abusing the name of Islam and using hostile approaches in order to achieve their aims, have clearly a negative impact on Islam. This article reviews the meaning of jihād and war in accordance to the Qur'anic perspective in order to address this issue fairly. Relevant data have been taken from selected authoritative Qur'anic exegesis pertaining to verses of jihād and war. It uses content analysis to analyse those related data.The article concludes that jihad in Islam is subject to sincere intention and a clear objective: it does not simply mean fighting. A war should be viewed from different aspects whether defensive or offensive because different backgounds will lead to the both. Both jihad and war are clearly different from terrorism, and both of them are associated with the meaning of fī sabīllah as commonly understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German historiography between wars was very reticent about the campaign in Moldavia in 1917. In the largest work of the period, the battles from Mărăști, Mărășești and Oituz are scarcely described and did not recognize the real scale of the confrontations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:The online web tools enable everyone who can confidently voice their opinions in public sphere. The opinion may be encouragement, blessing or good suggestion i.e. positive, or it may be negative to that extent that it must be restricted at some point. The aim of this paper is to survey the different machine learning techniques employed within the scope of discovering the hateful language on social networking site, their challenges to provide a solution to detect the toxic comment and modify it of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the winter of 1998-99, the inexplicable presence of Pakistani troops under the pretext of being local freedom fighters in the Indian-administered side of Kashmir brought the region to the brink of a nuclear war. This paper probes the military rationale behind Pakistan's initiative, organizational interests, internal politicking among different state organs, and the role of a few powerful individuals in the operation. It takes into account the important dimensions of strategy employed during the preparations for the Kargil War and the errors on the part of Pakistani planners which if addressed could have reversed the outcome of the operation. The controversies surrounding the Kargil conflict are discussed through the works of academicians and memoirs of the military commanders from India and Pakistan. The first part of the paper focuses on the rivalry and causes of the outbreak of war between India and Pakistan by explaining the beliefs and psychology of the military planners based on the premise of Cashman and Robinson. The second part reviews the political and nuclear milieu in which the conflict took place, while the third part accounts for the international efforts to prevent the conflict from escalating. The fourth part draws conclusions from the entire episode, indicating the discrepancies on both sides and the evidence that Kargil was unique because it challenged the military logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents some aspects related to the circumstances in which Romania entered the First World War in 1916. It is shown that in the geopolitical context existing at the time Romania had to cope with the difficult situation of being at war on two fronts and against four actors - Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. Moreover, the impact of the defeat at Turtucaia, especially on Romanian military leadership, is briefly analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1945 and 1960 the Romanian Armed Forces underwent an ample restructuring process. Its coordinates were imposed from the outside, which led to decreasing the military body in terms of quantity and especially of quality. Its reform, starting in late 1944, was aimed, as the author mentions, at the human resource quantitative aspect. The strength of the military structures that participated in the war was reduced, while a significant number of Soviet large units were stationed in Romania. Following 20 September 1944, the Romanian troops were reduced to 120 000people. In 1945, the troops belonging to the 9th and 10th Infantry Divisions were also reduced. In 1940, they were part of the 2nd Army, and in the Second World War they fought not only on the Eastern but also on the Western Fronts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present day global village is marked by what we call the challenges of strategic power game, oil politics, economic adventurism, military occupations and invasions in the name of 'selfdefence'. The apparent contours of US military engagement policy was to defeat, disrupt and dismantle Al-Qaeda. The operational mode of policy remained in a constant state of flux, encircling not only Al-Qaeda but also Taliban in its ambit. Then Obama strategy emphasized on reinvigoration of military engagement but simultaneously encouraged reconciliation and talks with the Taliban. This paper aims to analyze the nature of the US engagement with consequent transition of security responsibility to Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Related questions arise that is the US strategy of military operations worked and accomplished in Afghanistan? whether Afghan National Army and Afghan National Police are capable to tackle this responsibility? What is prevailing security situation and what can be likely situation on the eve of NATO Drawdown? Moreover, the U.S decision to bring about a drawdown of its forces from Afghanistan in 2016-17 also implies succumbing to the demand of the Taliban for a complete withdrawal of foreign forces half-way. Success of a solution to the Afghan problem depends upon the support of the majority if consensus of all Afghan factions is not easily achieved. But to make that understanding concrete, Afghans will also have to make sure that their territory is not used by regionallplayers against each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explores the concept of 'background' taken-for-granted ideas in politics, linking this notion to Habermas' 'lifeworld' and Focault's 'episteme' • Explicates decision-makers' background ideas about the utility and effectiveness of war • Suggests that offensive war is not as effective as decision-makers tend to assume and that decision-makers tend to discount the costs of war • Shows that beliefs about the effectiveness of war--specifically the articulation of military necessity and proportionality--tend to weaken the just war and international law limitations on war 'Background ideas' are the essential foundation for decision-making, action, and institutionalized practices. These ideas are sometimes explicitly articulated--when defended or asserted in new contexts--but more often simply assumed and unstated. Decision-makers often believe that war works--that it is effective--and moreover that war can achieve objectives at comparatively low cost. Jus ad bellum and jus in bello considerations in the just war tradition--including last resort, necessity, probability of success, and proportionality, and the idea of double effect--are also explicitly concerned with utility--whether and when war works. Utility is also an essential element in the discourse about military necessity. Does war work? What is it good for? Why does it tend to extremes of violence? What are its costs? How do decision-makers hold onto beliefs about the utility of war in the face of disconfirming evidence? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the politics of Irish responses to crisis-related social security cuts gives insight into Irish agency and how crisis has shaped the contours of Irish civil society. Despite assertions of lack of protest, Irish retrenchment was resisted and sometimes partially defeated. Using political sociology frameworks to explore interactions between institutional, ideological and interest variables in three case studies of defending cuts enables analysis of resistance strategies. There are tensions when short-term defensive resistance strategies undermine or limit offensive political coalition-building that might offer greater long-term solidarity and more sustainable resistance to intensification of the neoliberal Irish welfare state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigates the responses of Asian speakers towards impoliteness they received. Using conversations between participants of the reality TV show 'The Amazing Race Asia' from Season Two and Season Four (Lau & White, 2007,2010) as our data, we investigated how participants responded when their 'face' (sense of dignity) was being threatened or attacked. We explored the response options proposed by Bousfield (2008) and applied them to this Asian context. Findings of the study indicate that most of the participants responded to impoliteness by denying responsibility by offering an account or explaining their respective mistakes in order to reduce face damage. Those who avoided argument tended to either accept the face-threatening act or remain silent. Additionally, obeying a command was a response found in the study, which may be included under response strategies of accepting a face-threatening act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber Harassment refers to online harassment. It is the use of e-mail, instant messaging and derogatory websites to harass an individual or group through personal attacks. Cyber harassment or online harassment can be made in the form of flames, sending of offensive e-mails, comments made in chat rooms or even harassing others by posting on social networking sites or blogs. In today's modern world, it is often difficult to track the person responsible for the acts of cyber harassment. This is so because the person remains anonymous while threatening or sending offensive messages to others online. I.T. Act., 2000 was a set of laws to regulate the cyber space. Indian parliament had also made amendments to the Indian Penal Code 1860, introducing cyberstalking as an offence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Romanian and universal historiography, the document of 22 June 1941 marked the beginning of the first Romanian-Russian war. The present article aims to emphasize such a conclusion, reviewing all the aggressive, hegemonic or annexational actions of Tsarist Russia and mostly of Soviet Russian (the Soviet Union, as of December 1922) directed against the Romanian historical territories and the Romanian national state. In the light of those mentioned, Romania's joining the war effort of Germany against the USSR, in June 1941, appears not as a historical accident, but as the outcome of prolonged states of suspicions and latent conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantitatively investigates the role of context in advertising offensiveness. Specifically, the combined impact of product type, executional style, media channel and audience make-up were measured. Results revealed variability within and across these elements suggesting that offensiveness is subject to contextual influences. Specifically, products influence perceptions primarily in traditional media, and in the use of nudity, religious references and violence. Interestingly, product identification was shown to temper perceptions of offense; respondents who were not informed of a specific product often found advertising scenarios more offensive than those who were exposed to either a condom, beer, or hand soap scenario. Findings also revealed that 'other' media generate the highest overall offense levels and that religious and political values influence perceptions of offense. Contrary to popular belief, nudity and sex were not perceived as offensive, per se. Rather, offensiveness depended largely upon the level of congruency between advertising scenario elements. Overall, the study demonstrates that offensiveness is dependent upon many contextual variables both internal and external to the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the culture specificity of Taijin-Kyofusho (TK) offensive type by examining whether symptoms of the disorder covary with social phobia and determining the proportion of those who meet criteria for a diagnosis of TK offensive type among Australian socially phobic individuals. The study included a total of 94 participants who met the DSM-IV criteria for social phobia and 39 normal controls who did not meet criteria for any mental disorder. All participants were born in Western countries and resided in Australia. Results showed that levels of offensive worry were significantly elevated in socially phobic individuals and decreased after treatment of their social phobia, pointing to a close relationship between symptoms of TK offensive type and social anxiety. Correlational analysis indicated that TK offensive type and social phobia appear to represent distinct constructs, although the two constructs were clearly strongly related. However, diagnostic examination revealed that the prevalence of reported offensive symptoms (eight out of 94; 8.5%) was extremely low among participants with social phobia in Australia and none of them met the full criteria for TK offensive type. The mixed findings relevant to the existence of TK offensive type among an Australian sample with social phobia are discussed in relation to cultural influences on life interference, referral behaviors, and diagnostic customs. Depression and Anxiety 0:1–8, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Could there be upsides to rudely challenging people’s positions? If no one calls out the speaker of a challenging or offensive statement, it might be because the audience is afraid to challenge the speaker, thereby suggesting the speaker holds a dominant position. In two experiments (N = 635), participants read vignettes in which a speaker uttered a statement that was challenging (it directly clashed with the audience’s prior views) or unchallenging (it agreed with the audience’s prior views). We also manipulated whether the audience accepted or rejected the statement after it was uttered. In Experiment 1 the statements were about mundane topics, while in Experiment 2 the statements were offensive. In both experiments, speakers uttering challenging statements that the audience nonetheless accepted were deemed more dominant and more likely to be the boss of the audience members. This shows that people use audience reactions to challenging statements to infer dominance, and suggests that people might use the utterance of challenging statements to demonstrate their dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, we have seen a wide use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in the Internet and everywhere. Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning are important sub-fields of AI that have made Chatbots and Conversational AI applications possible. Those algorithms are built based on historical data in order to create language models, however historical data could be intrinsically discriminatory. This article investigates whether a Conversational AI could identify offensive language and it will show how large language models often produce quite a bit of unethical behavior because of bias in the historical data. Our low-level proof-of-concept will present the challenges to detect offensive language in social media and it will discuss some steps to propitiate strong results in the detection of offensive language and unethical behavior using a Conversational AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three groups of adolescents who were 14 years old in 1974 were formed on the basis of peer nominations and teacher ratings in an ongoing longitudinal study: l) reactively aggressive (REA) individuals who displayed reactive, that is, self-defensive aggression but not proactive aggression 143 boys, 35 girls); 2) proactively aggressive (PROA) individuals who attacked another person without a reason (56 boys, 35 girls); and 3) nonaggressive (NONA) individuals who were low in proactive and reactive aggression (48 boys, 45 girls). The groups were compared at ages 8,14, and 27 in variables representing the constructs of a two-dimensional model of emotional and behavioral regulation. The R EA Ss were characterized by higher self-control, especially constructiveness, at each age and better adult adjustment than the PROA Ss. The PROA males were prone to externalizing problems and criminality in adulthood, whereas the PROA females were prone to internalizing problems and neuroticism in adulthood. Both exhibited conduct problems in adolescence, and became heavy users of alcohol in adulthood. The PROA Ss had more children at age 27 than the other Ss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined social behavior between pair of unfamiliar lactating females, with lifters of the same age, at different periods after parturition (3, 7, and 17 days). Tests were generally followed by the formation of communal rearing nests, and subsequent maternal attack on intruders of differing sex was assessed. In all three intervals lactating females showed ritualized attack with formation of clear dominance-subordination relationships before combining litters into communal nests. The dominant females in 90% of cases started to retrieve alien pups into their nests. Agonistic behavior and communal nest formation were most rapid when pups were around 3 days old. Maternal attack on conspecific intruders was mainly displayed by the dominant lactating females. Male and female Intruders were equally attacked (in terms of frequency and Intensity of attack), but there was less such aggression when pups were around 17 days of age. Nevertheless the topography of biting attack employed against female and male conspecific intruders was different. Females were attacked using a strategy avoiding bites to the head and ventral surface (indicative of "offensive" behavior) whereas males were severely bitten on vulnerable body regions (indicative of "defensive" behavior). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]