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The demand for gas-sensing operations with lower electrical power and guaranteed sensitivity has increased over the decades due to worsening indoor air pollution. In this report, we develop room-temperature operational NH3 gas-sensing materials, which are activated through electron doping and crystal structure distortion effect in Fe0.2Ni0.8WO4. The base material, synthesized through solid-state synthesis, involves Fe cations substitutionally located at the Ni sites of the NiWO4 crystal structure and shows no gas-sensing response at room temperature. However, doping Na into the interstitial sites of Fe0.2Ni0.8WO4 activates gas adsorption on the surface via electron donation to the cations. Additionally, the hydrothermal method used to achieve a more than 70-fold increase in the surface area of structure-distorted Na-doped Fe0.2Ni0.8WO4 powder significantly enhances gas sensitivity, resulting in a 4-times increase in NH3 gas response (Rg/Ra). Photoluminescence and XPS results indicate negligible oxygen vacancies, demonstrating that cation contributions are crucial for gas-sensing activities in Na-doped Fe0.2Ni0.8WO4. This suggests the potential for modulating gas sensitivity through carrier concentration and crystal structure distortion. These findings can be applied to the development of room-temperature operational gas-sensing materials based on the cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are proposing a novel self-assembled monolayer (SAM) functionalized ZnO nanowires (NWs)-based conductometric sensor for the selective detection of hydrogen (H2). The modulation of the surface electron density of ZnO NWs due to the presence of negatively charged terminal amine groups (−NH2) of monolayers leads to an enhanced electron donation from H2 to ZnO NWs. This, in turn, increases the relative change in the conductance (response) of functionalized ZnO NWs as compared to bare ones. In contrast, the sensing mechanism of bare ZnO NWs is determined by the chemisorbed oxygen ions. The functionalized ZnO NWs exhibit an eight times higher response compared to bare ZnO NWs at an optimal working temperature of 200 °C. Finally, in comparison to studies in the literature involving strategies to enhance the sensing performance of metal oxides toward H2, like decoration with metal nanoparticles, heterostructures, and functionalization with a metal–organic framework, etc., SAM functionalization showed superior sensing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol-Gel synthesis of metal oxides constitutes a tremendously exciting domain of inorganic chemistry, where molecular and supramolecular science meet the physical chemistry and materials science. Structure and reactivity, especially surface complexation of biologically important molecules on the surface of metal oxide nanoparticles can efficiently be traced through structural studies of metal oxo-paperbags—the product of partial hydrolysis of alkoxide precursors. Paperbag is a recently proposed term to denote oligonuclear complexes not featuring intrinsic metal-metal bonding and thus not qualified to be called "clusters". Another important insight, provided recently by the studies of heterometallic species, is dealing with visualization of bonding modes of single atom catalysts on metal oxide substrates and reveals possible coordination environments of heteroatoms on doping. The studies of large paperbag aggregates can contribute to understanding of factors influencing the bandgap and photocatalytic activity of related oxides. The use of these species directly as photo or electro catalysts is rather debatable, however, in the view of high reactivity of these alkoxide intermediates, easily transforming them into metal oxide nanoparticles on hydrolysis or thermolysis. Highlights: Metal alkoxides form easily Oligonuclear Alkoxide Complexes, OAC, with metal-oxygen core structures resembling those of metal oxides. The structures of OAC result from two major factors – dense packing of cations and anions, and minimization of the surface energy. OAC provide good insights into redox reaction mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles and in coordination of surface-implanted heteroatoms. OAC are not clusters but paperbags, making direct studies of their reactivity in aqueous medium challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of actinides and rare earth elements is only possible by separating these metals with high purity. The materials used in separation must have thermal, chemical, mechanical, and radiation resistance. In the present study, separation experiments of actinides and rare earth elements (REEs) were carried out using purified H2SO4 leach liquor. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-supported Ti, Zr, and Si oxide nanocomposites were tested for the selective separation of Th, U, Gd, Eu, Sm, Pr, Nd, La, Ce, and Y. The effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent/solution ratio, and temperature on distribution coefficient (KD) and adsorption capacity (Q) were investigated. The synthesized nanocomposites tend to separate the elements into two main groups: Th, U, Gd, Eu and Sm, Pr, Nd, La, Ce. Notably, it was observed that the separation of Th and U from the remaining elements is promising at 15 °C. Additionally, the separation can be further improved depending on the differences in desorption efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of ambient mechanical vibrations into electricity using piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) has garnered significant attention from researchers over the past few years, in light of its potential in wearable applications. The high flexibility and significant ferroelectricity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) make them the most promising candidates for PENG applications among polymer piezoelectric materials. In the present work, NiO nanoparticles were incorporated in different ratios into a PVDF matrix, and their potential for use in piezoelectric nanogenerators was investigated. The PVDF/NiO (5 wt.%) nanocomposite PENG exhibited the highest electrical output, with a 2.8-fold increase in open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current observed as compared to a bare PVDF-based PENG. However, a further increase in the compositional ratio of NiO led to a decrease in PENG output. The improved piezoelectricity in the PVDF/NiO (5 wt.%) nanocomposite is attributed to the enhanced polar phases and improved ferroelectricity of PVDF. Further confirmation of the improved piezoresponse was explored by measurement of the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) and dielectric study of the nanocomposites. The PENG electrical output was further simulated using the finite elemental method in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5. The simulated results matched well with the experimental output, which confirmed the improved electrical performance of the PVDF/NiO nanocomposite-based PENGs. The enhanced performance of the nanocomposite PVDF film is attributed to the higher β phase in the PVDF. The efficiency of the PENG devices in motion-sensing applications was also explored. Different output voltage signals corresponding to different movements of the nanocomposite-based PENGs make the device compatible with sensor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A layered Na2SnO3 with honeycomb structure was synthesized by solid state route using sodium carbonate and tin oxide. The prepared sample was characterized by different physicochemical characterization techniques like X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), photoluminescence spectra (PL), N2 adsorption technique (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The photodegradation of rose bengal dye under UV light was studied. Due to honeycomb structure and high surface area of Na2SnO3, the complete degradation of rose Bengal was observed in 90 min under UV light irradiation. Results of photocatalytic dye degradation reaction demonstrated that Na2SnO3 can be employed as photocatalyst under UV light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet today's requirements, new active catalysts with reduced noble metal content are needed for hydrogen sensing. A palladium-functionalized nanostructured Ni0.5Co2.5O4 catalyst with a total Pd content of 4.2 wt% was synthesized by coprecipitation to obtain catalysts with an advantageous sheet-like morphology and surface defects. Due to the synthesis method and the reducible nature of Ni0.5Co2.5O4 enabling strong metal-metal oxide interactions, the palladium was highly distributed over the metal oxide surface, as determined using scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray investigations. The catalyst tested in planar pellistor sensors showed high sensitivity to hydrogen in the concentration range below the lower flammability limit (LFL). At 400 °C and in dry air, a sensor response of 109 mV/10,000 ppm hydrogen (25% of LFL) was achieved. The sensor signal was 4.6-times higher than the signal of pristine Ni0.5Co2.5O4 (24.6 mV/10,000 ppm). Under humid conditions, the sensor responses were reduced by ~10% for Pd-functionalized Ni0.5Co2.5O4 and by ~27% for Ni0.5Co2.5O4. The different cross-sensitivities of both catalysts to water are attributed to different activation mechanisms of hydrogen. The combination of high sensor sensitivity to hydrogen and high signal stability over time, as well as low cross-sensitivity to humidity, make the catalyst promising for further development steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater contaminated with cadmium is a concern because of its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation to the environment, ecosystem, and human health, so it is required to remove cadmium(II) ions before releasing them to receiving water. Banana powder beads (BPB), banana powder doped ZnO beads (BPZB), banana powder doped MgO beads (BPMB), and banana powder doped ZnO + MgO beads (BPZMB) were synthesized as the novel cadmium adsorbents, and their characterizations, cadmium adsorption performances, cadmium adsorption patterns and mechanisms, thermodynamic study, and reusability were investigated. BPMB had the highest specific surface area of 16.60 m2/g and the smallest pore size of 1.69 nm than other materials. BPB was an amorphous structure, whereas BPZB, BPMB, and BPZMB were crystalline structures presenting their specific metal oxide peaks of ZnO or MgO. They were coarse surfaces and had a spherical shape consisting of C, O, Ca, Cl, and Na. Their main functional groups were O–H, C–H, C=O, C–O, and N–H. The points of zero charge of BPB, BPZB, BPMB, and BPZMB were 5.37, 6.75, 9.87, and 9.43. The cadmium removal efficiencies of BPB, BPZB, BPMB, and BPZMB were 89.18%, 96.62%, 99.59%, and 97.85%, and their qm values were 90.09, 232.56, 454.55, and 303.03 mg/g, respectively. Thus, the metal oxide helped to improve material efficiency, especially MgO. The Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were good fit models for describing their adsorption patterns and mechanisms. The increasing temperature affected to decrease their cadmium adsorptions. They could be reused in more than 3 cycles of more than 73% of cadmium adsorption. The electrostatic interaction played an important role in describing their cadmium adsorptions. Therefore, BPBM was a good cadmium adsorbent for application in industrial wastewater treatment since it had a higher performance of cadmium adsorption than other materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of inert gases presents a challenging task because these molecules do not react with most known sensor-based units aimed at environment monitoring. Here, we ionize these molecules in a low-potential discharge mode to force their interaction with semiconducting SnO2 single-crystal nanobelts (NBs) deposited as a mat over a multielectrode chip and show the ion-induced resistivity changes similar to a conventional operation of the metal oxide sensor. In particular, the conductance of the percolating NB mats is significantly enhanced under irradiation with He+, Ne+, and Ar+ ions at a low-pressure oxygen background. The phenomenon is well explained via ab initio calculations performed in the framework of density functional theory (DFT), which clarify the interaction of various ions with SnO2 nanocrystals related primarily to the appearance of electronic states and redistribution of their density dependent on the kind of ions. The differences in ion interaction with the SnO2 surface is the background for options to distinguish the inert gases with a SnO2 NB-based multisensor array as a low-cost selective detector via transferring the variations in a charge exchange at the adsorbate/adsorbent interface into a varied chemiresistive vector signal like a (mass) spectrometer performs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valorizing biodegradable raw materials derived from agri‐waste is ecologically beneficial. Employing such materials to produce adsorbents is a smart platform for applications in wastewater purification. Lignin is one of the most plentiful natural biopolymers in the world. Its macromolecular structure possesses phenolic and carboxyl groups that can capture heavy metals and dyes. Lignin can be chemically and physically modified to generate adsorbent materials with enhanced capacity to remove pollutants from wastewater. In this work, lignin has been used as a natural resource to synthesize metal oxide‐based nanoadsorbents. The synthesized lignin‐based green nanomaterials effectively removed common pollutants from wastewater including dyes, heavy metals, and bacteria. The lignin‐based water purification technique holds immense potential to effectively remove the most common pollutants from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

K3Li2Ta5O15 is found as a novel photocatalyst for overall water splitting under ultraviolet light irradiation. K3Li2Ta5O15 possesses a characteristic crystal structure with Li+ ion-filled C-sites in (A1)4(A2)2C4M10O30 as the general formula of a tungsten bronze-type metal oxide. Most of the reported photocatalysts with a tungsten bronze structure possess empty C-sites. K6Ta10.8O30 also possesses a C-site-filled tungsten bronze structure in which C-sites are partially filled with Ta5+ ions. In diffuse reflectance spectra, K6Ta10.8O30 has an absorption edge at a longer wavelength than K3Li2Ta5O15. This narrower band gap of K6Ta10.8O30 than K3Li2Ta5O15 is considered to be due to the presence of Ta5+ ions at C-sites in K6Ta10.8O30. Ta5+ ions that are located at 9-fold coordination C-sites with a totally different surrounding environment from the 6-fold coordination M-sites will form the conduction band minimum at a lower potential than those located at 6-fold coordination M-sites. The optimized K3Li2Ta5O15 shows almost the same water-splitting activity as the optimized K6Ta10.8O30. Thus, it is found that the conduction band that is formed by Ta5+ ions at C-sites is also effective for photocatalytic reaction, being similar to that formed by Ta5+ ions at M-sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of single-atom catalysts (SACs) represents a groundbreaking advancement in the field of catalysis over the past decades. With the in-depth exploration of relevant structure-activity relationships, the metal-support interaction (MSI) is widely adopted to elucidate variations in electronic structure and coordination configuration of atomic active sites on various kinds of supports. Herein, we briefly summarize the metal oxide supports for SACs fabrication, including the distinctive characteristics of metal oxide supports, enlightening advancements in metal oxide support-based SACs (MO-SACs), feasible preparation methods for MO-SACs and effective regulation strategies of MSI effect in MO-SACs. In addition, we present our viewpoints and outlook in this field to stimulate rational design and construction of novel MO-SACs applied in diverse renewable energy devices, while some universal suggestions are sincerely given to provoke thoughtful considerations during the research process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blister-based laser-induced forward transfer (BB-LIFT) is a promising high precision and resolution printing technique for the fast, solvent- and mask-free transfer of functional layered materials onto micro-devices. It utilizes a protective metal (blister) layer sandwiched between the laser-transparent substrate and the material to be transferred. The metal layer absorbs the incident laser pulse, creating a rapidly expanding blister that propels the overlying material onto a target substrate. We show that BB-LIFT of thin and ultrathin (30 and 3 nm) ZrO2 films is realized only with a "graphene release layer" applied between the Al blister layer and the ZrO2 donor layer. Without such intercalation, ZrO2 is inseparable from the blister layer due to the strong oxide bonding with aluminum oxides formed during the preparation. The ZrO2 transfer was confirmed through high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, affirming the critical role of graphene as a release layer. The promotion of mechanically strong, flexible graphene as a release layer can be generalized in BB-LIFT applications if thin films of fragile, polycrystalline, or amorphous metal oxides must be printed for gas sensors, catalytic, or other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide core–shell fibrous nanostructures are promising gas-sensitive materials for the detection of a wide variety of both reducing and oxidizing gases. In these structures, two dissimilar materials with different work functions are brought into contact to form a coaxial heterojunction. The influence of the shell material on the transportation of the electric charge carriers along these structures is still not very well understood. This is due to homo-, hetero- and metal/semiconductor junctions, which make it difficult to investigate the electric charge transfer using direct current methods. However, in order to improve the gas-sensing properties of these complex structures, it is necessary to first establish a good understanding of the electric charge transfer in ambient air. In this article, we present an impedance spectroscopy study of networked SnO2/Ga2O3 core–shell nanobelts in ambient air. Tin dioxide nanobelts were grown directly on interdigitated gold electrodes, using the thermal sublimation method, via the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism. Two forms of a gallium oxide shell of varying thickness were prepared via halide vapor-phase epitaxy (HVPE), and the impedance spectra were measured at 189–768 °C. The bulk resistance of the core–shell nanobelts was found to be reduced due to the formation of an electron accumulation layer in the SnO2 core. At temperatures above 530 °C, the thermal reduction of SnO2 and the associated decrease in its work function caused electrons to flow from the accumulation layer into the Ga2O3 shell, which resulted in an increase in bulk resistance. The junction resistance of said core–shell nanostructures was comparable to that of SnO2 nanobelts, as both structures are likely connected through existing SnO2/SnO2 homojunctions comprising thin amorphous layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last years, a wide variety of nanomaterials have been utilised for the design of highly efficient sensors to detect ammonia (NH3) accurately. Discovery of graphene has dramatically accelerated studies on fabrication of inexpensive electrode materials due to its unique features such as high specific surface area, high carrier mobility, high electrical conductivity, flexibility and optical transparency. Graphene and its derivatives can be readily combined with a variety of inorganic-based nanoparticles such as noble metals, metal oxides and semiconducting, as well as conducting polymers to develop NH3 sensor with excellent sensitivity and very low detection limit. This paper overviews graphene nanocomposite gas sensors as emerging NH3 sensing platforms for the detection of a wide range of NH3 concentration with improved sensitivity, selectivity and a low response and recovery times. Various sensing mechanisms of functionalised graphene nanocomposite gas sensors are explained and compared. Possible opportunities and perspective applications of the graphene NH3 sensors are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major global health threat, necessitating the urgent development of new antimicrobials through innovative methods to combat the rising prevalence of resistant microbes. With this view, we developed three novel nanoconjugates using microbial natural pigment for effective application against certain pathogenic microbes. Results: A natural red pigment (RP) extracted from the endophyte Monascus ruber and gamma rays were applied to synthesize RP-ZnO, RP-CuO, and RP-MgO nanoconjugates. The synthesized nanoconjugates were characterized by different techniques to study their properties. The antimicrobial potential of these nanoconjugates was evaluated. Moreover, the antibiofilm, protein leakage, growth curve, and UV light irradiation effect of the synthesized nanoconjugates were also studied. Our results confirmed the nano-size, shape, and stability of the prepared conjugates. RP-ZnO, RP-CuO, and RP-MgO nanoconjugates showed broad antimicrobial potential against the tested bacterial and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, the RP-ZnO nanoconjugate possessed the highest activity, followed by the RP-CuO against the tested microbes. The highest % inhibition of biofilm formation by the RP-ZnO nanoconjugate. Membrane leakage of E. coli and S. aureus by RP-ZnO nanoconjugate was more effective than RP-MgO and RP-CuO nanoconjugates. Finally, UV light irradiation intensified the antibiotic action of the three nanoconjugates and RP-ZnO potential was greater than that of the RP-MgO, and RP-CuO nanoconjugates. Conclusion: These findings pave the way for exploiting the synthesized nanoconjugates as potential materials in biomedical applications, promoting natural, green, and eco-friendly approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the synthesis and gas-sensing capabilities of zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) in three morphologiesspherical nanoparticles, urchins, and octahedronsaiming to investigate the influence of morphology on sensing properties. The fabricated devices exhibit a significant resistance decrease upon exposure to NO2 at room temperature (24 °C), indicating p-type sensing behavior. Among these morphologies, the spherical nanoparticle-based sensor exhibits the highest sensor response of 57% to 6 ppm of NO2, outperforming urchins and octahedrons by approximately 1.2 and 4.1 times, respectively. This superior performance, with response and recovery times of 6.3 s and 224 s, is attributed to enhanced redox reactions from a larger surface area and a higher proportion of oxygen interstitials. The spherical nanoparticle-based sensor also demonstrates exceptional selectivity for NO2 over SO2, CO, NH3, and CH4, with a detection limit of 200 ppb. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits excellent reversibility with only 2% variation across 20 consecutive test cycles and demonstrates remarkable long-term stability, with a performance fluctuation of approximately 2.3% over 63 days without significant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free of posttransfer, on-surface synthesis (OSS) of single-atomic-layer nanostructures directly on semiconductors holds considerable potential for next-generation devices. However, due to the high diffusion barrier and abundant defects on semiconductor surfaces, extended and well-defined OSS on semiconductors has major difficulty. Furthermore, given semiconductors' limited thermal catalytic activity, initiating high-barrier reactions remains a significant challenge. Herein, using TiO2(011) as a prototype, we present an effective strategy for steering the molecule adsorption and reaction processes on semiconductors, delivering lengthy graphene nanoribbons with extendable widths. By introducing interstitial titanium (Tiint) and oxygen vacancies (Ov), we convert TiO2(011) from a passive supporting template into a metal-like catalytic platform. This regulation shifts electron density and surface dipoles, resulting in tunable catalytic activity together with varied molecule adsorption and diffusion. Cyclodehydrogenation, which is inefficient on pristine TiO2(011), is markedly improved on Tiint/Ov-doped TiO2. Even interribbon cyclodehydrogenation is achieved. The final product's dimensions, quality, and coverage are all controllable. Tiint doping outperforms Ov in producing regular and prolonged products, whereas excessive Tiint compromises molecule landing and coupling. This work demonstrates the crucial role of semiconductor substrates in OSS and advances OSS on semiconductors from an empirical trial-and-error methodology to a systematic and controllable paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review delves into the burgeoning field of nanotechnology, where the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is strategically tailored to specific applications. Embracing the principles of green chemistry, nanotechnology increasingly utilizes environmentally friendly materials, such as plant extracts or microorganisms, as capping or reducing agents and solvents in the synthesis process. Notably, plant-based synthesis demonstrates enhanced stability and faster rates compared to microorganisms. The synthesized materials exhibit unique properties ranging from antimicrobial and catalytic effects to antioxidant activities and they are finding applications across diverse fields. Green synthesis processes, characterized by mild conditions in terms of temperature and reagents, stand in stark contrast to traditional chemical synthesis methods. This review focuses on the synthesis of various metal and metal oxide NPs, including Ag, Au, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ti, Sn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co, and Ag NPs and their oxides, using plant extracts and microorganisms. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications associated with each synthesis method. Additionally, we explore the future prospects of green synthesis and its limitations and challenges, offering insights into its evolving role in nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric sheets of poly(methyl methacrylate) loaded with organic dye with various amounts of metal oxide nanopowder are promising alternatives to traditional inorganic materials, as they have similar mechanical properties to flexible substrates with relatively high refractive index that can be used in flexible optical/optoelectronic devices. Polymeric sheets of poly(methyl methacrylate) loaded with boron subphthalocyanine chloride with various amounts of cerium(IV)-zirconium(IV) oxide nanopowder were fabricated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to examine and analyse the structure of the fabricated polymer sheets. Introducing organic dye and nanofiller in the polymer molecular chains matrix does not change the infrared characteristic transmission peaks. The X-ray diffraction spectra of the polymeric sheets have an amorphous nature. Characterized by spectroscopic measurements (fluorescence, transmittance, and reflectance), the optical properties such as the optical energy gap, emission bands, and refractive index of the fabricated polymer sheets were explored. By controlling the concentration of boron subphthalocyanine chloride and cerium(IV)-zirconium(IV) oxide nanopowder, energy gaps and the refractive indexes of the fabricated polymer sheets can be controlled. The poly(methyl methacrylate) loaded with boron subphthalocyanine chloride with 20 mg cerium(IV)-zirconium(IV) oxide nanopowder showed optical energy gap transitions at 4.79, 2.66 eV, and 2.08 eV, it has the highest PL intensity with a strong emission band at 413 nm, and also it has the highest refractive index. Finally, the obtained experimental results showed that the prepared polymer systems can be considered promising flexible polymer sheets for optics, and photonics devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-oil contains many oxygenated compounds, as well as high acid and water content, which can reduce the stability of its components and have poor overall physicochemical properties. In this study, the quality of bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of oil palm fronds was enhanced through a hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction that was preceded by esterification as a pre-treatment. The catalyst used in the HDO reaction is mixed metal oxide (Fe2O3-CoO) anchored within zeolite mordenite (Fe2O3-CoO/Mor). The catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, and BET methods. The presence of metal oxides on the surface of mordenite increases the activity of the catalyst in producing liquid products while reducing the formation of coke. Upgrading of bio-oil has improved the physicochemical properties of bio-oil compared to the one-stage upgrading process. The analysis of product showed that the C and H content increased from 11.5 to 23.5 wt% and from 9.76 to 11.2 wt%, respectively. On the other hand, the O content decreased from 78.7 to 65.2 wt% with a degree of deoxygenation of 59.8%. Moreover, higher heating value (HHV) of the bio-oil increased by 38% from 11.6 to 16.0 MJ/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs) with high operational stability is essential to accelerate their commercialization. Unfortunately, our understanding of the origin of instabilities in state‐of‐the‐art OSCs based on bulk heterojunction (BHJ) featuring non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) remains limited. Herein, we developed NFA‐based OSCs using different charge extraction interlayer materials and studied their storage, thermal, and operational stabilities. Despite the high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the OSCs (17.54%), we found that cells featuring self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as hole‐extraction interlayers exhibited poor stability. The time required for these OSCs to reach 80% of their initial performance (T80) was only 6 h under continuous thermal stress at 85 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere and 1 h under maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a vacuum. Inserting MoOx between ITO and SAM enhanced the T80 to 50 and ~15 h after the thermal and operational stability tests, respectively, while maintaining a PCE of 16.9%. Replacing the organic PDINN electron transport layer with ZnO NPs further enhances the cells' thermal and operational stability, boosting the T80 to 1000 and 170 h, respectively. Our work reveals the synergistic roles of charge‐selective interlayers and device architecture in developing efficient and stable OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the synthesis of a multicomponent metal oxide electrocatalyst that increases the activity of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We synthesized transition metal oxides (MnOx, FeOx, CoOx, and NiOx) with MoO3 heterostructures through a solid-state reaction approach at low cost. In comparison to the other compositions, CoOx garnered higher attention and demonstrated superior performance on account of its large surface area and varied crystal facets. The MnOx-MoO3, FeOx-MoO3, CoOx-MoO3, and NiOx-MoO3 compositions attained an overpotential of 390 mV, 350 mV, 310 mV, and 340 mV, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline solution. The performance of OER was enhanced in CoOx-MoO3 at 10 mA cm−2, while FeOx-MoO3 exhibited a lower current density at 100 mA cm−2 than other metal oxides. The CoOx-MoO3 material exhibited a favorable crystal interface transition due to the presence of MoO3 oxide. For the first time, we report on the MoO3-to-(MnOx, FeOx, CoOx, and NiOx) interface crystal transition and the active surface area for OER catalytic activity in water-splitting processes. This investigation intends to develop an electrocatalyst that is capable of producing hydrogen with the use of heterostructure metal oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean hydrogen is a key aspect of carbon neutrality, necessitating robust methods for monitoring hydrogen concentration in critical infrastructures like pipelines or power plants. While semiconducting metal oxides such as In2O3 can monitor gas concentrations down to the ppm range, they often exhibit cross-sensitivity to other gases like H2O. In this study, we investigated whether cyclic optical illumination of a gas-sensitive In2O3 layer creates identifiable changes in a gas sensor's electronic resistance that can be linked to H2 and H2O concentrations via machine learning. We exposed nanostructured In2O3 with a large surface area of 95 m2 g−1 to H2 concentrations (0–800 ppm) and relative humidity (0–70%) under cyclic activation utilizing blue light. The sensors were tested for 20 classes of gas combinations. A support vector machine achieved classification rates up to 92.0%, with reliable reproducibility (88.2 ± 2.7%) across five individual sensors using 10-fold cross-validation. Our findings suggest that cyclic optical activation can be used as a tool to classify H2 and H2O concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings worldwide are becoming more thermally insulated, and air circulation is being reduced to a minimum. As a result, measuring indoor air quality is important to prevent harmful concentrations of various gases that can lead to safety risks and health problems. To measure such gases, it is necessary to produce low-cost and low-power-consuming sensors. Researchers have been focusing on semiconducting metal oxide (SMOx) gas sensors that can be combined with intelligent technologies such as smart homes, smart phones or smart watches to enable gas sensing anywhere and at any time. As a type of SMOx, p-type gas sensors are promising candidates and have attracted more interest in recent years due to their excellent electrical properties and stability. This review paper gives a short overview of the main development of sensors based on copper oxides and their composites, highlighting their potential for detecting CO2 and the factors influencing their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer blend based nanocomposites have been interestingly investigated by researchers to achieve advanced composite functional materials that are environmentally amicable. Among the varieties of biopolymers, widespread attention has been given to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) owing to their interesting properties like water solubility, biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. PVA and PVP form a completely miscible blend at all compositions as both the polymers are rich in a variety of functional groups that permit effective intermolecular interactions between the polymers as well as with filler. PVA/PVP blend exhibits excellent dopant sensitive properties also. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have made a prominent place in the area of scientific and technological research due to their unique chemical and physical properties. Doping with MONPs enhances the properties of the PVA/PVP blend matrix and the resulting PVA/PVP/MONP polymer nanocomposites are suitable for multifunctional purposes. This review mainly focused on the influence of various MONPs such as ZnO, CuO, Al2O3, ZrO2, MnO, SnO, MgO, TiO2, etc. in the structural, morphological, thermal, optical and electrical properties of PVA/PVP blend as well as its applications in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the interfacial structure of metal oxide substrates is an essential strategy to induce electronic structure reconstruction of supported catalysts, which is of great importance in optimizing their catalytic activities. Herein, vanadium oxides‐supported Ir catalysts (Ir‐V2O3, Ir‐VO2, and Ir‐V2O5) with different interfacial bonding environments (Ir‐V, Ir‐Obri, and Ir‐O, respectively) were investigated for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The regulating mechanism of the influence of different interfacial bonding environments on HER activity was investigated by both experimental results and computational evidence. Benefiting from the unique advantages of interfacial Ir‐V direct metal bonds in Ir‐V2O3, including enhanced electron transfer and electron donation ability, an optimized HER performance can be obtained with lowest overpotentials of 16 and 26 mV at 10 mA cm−2, high mass activities of 11.24 and 6.66 A mg−1, and turnover frequency values of 11.20 and 6.63 s−1, in acidic and alkaline conditions respectively. Furthermore, the assembled Ir‐V2O3||RuO2 anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer requires only 1.92 V to achieve a high current density of 500 mA cm−2 and realizes long‐term stability. This study provides essential insights into the regulating mechanism of interfacial chemical bonding in electrocatalysts and offers a new pathway to design noble metal catalysts for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the interfacial structure of metal oxide substrates is an essential strategy to induce electronic structure reconstruction of supported catalysts, which is of great importance in optimizing their catalytic activities. Herein, vanadium oxides‐supported Ir catalysts (Ir‐V2O3, Ir‐VO2, and Ir‐V2O5) with different interfacial bonding environments (Ir‐V, Ir‐Obri, and Ir‐O, respectively) were investigated for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The regulating mechanism of the influence of different interfacial bonding environments on HER activity was investigated by both experimental results and computational evidence. Benefiting from the unique advantages of interfacial Ir‐V direct metal bonds in Ir‐V2O3, including enhanced electron transfer and electron donation ability, an optimized HER performance can be obtained with lowest overpotentials of 16 and 26 mV at 10 mA cm−2, high mass activities of 11.24 and 6.66 A mg−1, and turnover frequency values of 11.20 and 6.63 s−1, in acidic and alkaline conditions respectively. Furthermore, the assembled Ir‐V2O3||RuO2 anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer requires only 1.92 V to achieve a high current density of 500 mA cm−2 and realizes long‐term stability. This study provides essential insights into the regulating mechanism of interfacial chemical bonding in electrocatalysts and offers a new pathway to design noble metal catalysts for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating a heterostructure in electrocatalysts generally can enhance the intrinsic activity during common electrocatalytic reactions. A facile method to synthesize PdCuZn nanoparticle-decorated ultrathin amorphous CeO2 nanowire (NW) heterostructures was realized in an aqueous solution. The CeO2 introduced in the material has unfilled 4f orbitals and abundant electron energy levels and contains abundant defects and oxygen vacancies, which can strongly interact with other components in the catalyst. At the same time, the ultrathin structure of the NW and the multiple components of the alloy material work together to improve the electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation performance of the catalyst. The electrocatalytic mass activity of the CeO2/PdCuZn NW heterostructure toward ethylene glycol oxidation is 7.2 A mgpd–1 and the residual current after the stability test of 5000 s reaches 4.82 A mgpd–1, indicating the superior intrinsic activity and stability/durability. The heterostructures also possess good antipoisoning ability and electrocatalytic kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humidity is a well-known interference factor in metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors, significantly impacting their performance in various applications such as environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. This study investigates the effects of adsorbed water on MOX conductivity using two different materials: pure tin oxide (SnO2) and a tin–titanium–niobium oxide mixture (SnTiNb)xO2 (STN). The results reveal that (SnTiNb)xO2 sensors exhibit reduced sensitivity to humidity compared to pure tin oxide, rendering them more suitable for applications where humidity presence is critical. We aimed to shed light on a still controversial debate over the mechanisms involved in the water surface interactions for the aforementioned materials also by exploring theoretical studies in the literature. Experimental analysis involves varying temperatures (100 to 800 °C) to understand the kinetics of surface reactions. Additionally, a brief high-temperature heating method is demonstrated to effectively remove adsorbed humidity from sensor surfaces. The study employs Arrhenius-like plots for graphical interpretation, providing insights into various water adsorption/desorption phenomena. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of humidity in MOX gas sensor mechanisms and offers practical insights for sensor design and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide-based electrocatalysts are promising alternatives to platinum group metals for water splitting due to their low cost, abundant raw materials, and impressive stability. This review covers recent progress in various metal oxides tailored for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, discussing their crystal structure, composition, and surface modification influence on performance. Strategies like surface engineering, doping, and nanostructuring are evaluated for enhancing catalytic activity and stability. The key considerations for commercialization are highlighted, emphasizing ongoing research, innovation, and future scope to drive widespread adoption of water-splitting technology for a cleaner and sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triethylamine is a common volatile organic compound (VOC) that plays an important role in areas such as organic solvents, chemical industries, dyestuffs, and leather treatments. However, exposure to triethylamine atmosphere can pose a serious threat to human health. In this study, gas-sensing semiconductor materials of LaFeO3 nano materials with different Mo-doping ratios were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The crystal structures, micro morphologies, and surface states of the prepared samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS, respectively. The gas-sensing tests showed that the Mo doping enhanced the gas-sensing performance of LaFeO3. Especially, the 4% Mo-doped LaFeO3 exhibited the highest response towards triethylamine (TEA) gas, a value approximately 11 times greater than that of pure LaFeO3. Meantime, the 4% Mo-doped LaFeO3 sensor showed a remarkably robust linear correlation between the response and the concentration (R2 = 0.99736). In addition, the selectivity, stability, response/recovery time, and moisture-proof properties were evaluated. Finally, the gas-sensing mechanism is discussed. This study provides an idea for exploring a new type of efficient and low-cost metal-doped LaFeO3 sensor to monitor the concentration of triethylamine gas for the purpose of safeguarding human health and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for gas sensing systems that enable fast and precise gas recognition is growing rapidly. However, substantial challenges arise from the complex fabrication process of sensor arrays, time‐consuming data transmission to an external processor, and high energy consumption in multi‐stage data processing. In this study, a gas sensing system using on‐chip annealing for fast and power‐efficient gas detection is proposed. By utilizing a micro‐heater embedded in the gas sensor, the sensing material of adjacent sensors in the same substrate can be easily varied without further fabrication steps. The response to oxidizing gas is constrained in metal oxide (MOX) sensing material with small grain sizes, as the depletion width of grain cannot extend beyond the grain size during the gas reaction. On the other hand, the response to reducing gases and humidity, which decrease the depletion width, is less affected by grain sizes. A readout circuit integrating a differential amplifier and dual FET‐type gas sensors effectively emphasizes the response to oxidizing gases by canceling the response to reducing gases and humidity. The selective on‐chip annealing method is applicable to various MOX sensing materials, demonstrating its potential for application in commercial fields due to its simplicity and expandability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co_3 O_4 metal oxide semiconductor is in principle suitable material for utilization as a resistive gas sensor. In this research, nanostructure cobalt oxide thin films were prepared by chemical spraying pyrolysis technique, by dissolving cobalt chloride with distilled water. The films were doped with Cerium Ce in different concentrations, and the structural and morphology properties of the samples were studied. A gas sensor was prepared from doped and undoped cobalt oxide material. The response properties were studied and the operating temperature and response time of the manufactured sensor were found, the effect of doping on the sensor properties was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of structured metal oxide-based nanoparticles for environmental proposals arises from the adverse impact of human industrial activities that threaten the fragile balance of the environment. These nanomaterials characterized by their chemical and mechanical stability, modifiable bandgap, remarkable textural features, and notable optoelectronic properties have an important role in removing pollutants from the environment. Metal oxide-based nanoparticles have demonstrated remarkable capabilities by removing pollutants such as herbicides, microplastics, dyes, pesticides, antibiotics, microbial organisms, and heavy metals. Additionally, these materials can be incorporated into sensing devices for real-time monitoring and identification of pollutants in air, water, and soil, facilitating environmental risk assessment and pollution control. Nevertheless, the successful implementation of semiconductor nanoparticles faces drawbacks and challenges, including scalability, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impacts, necessitating thorough consideration. Ongoing research and development efforts are crucial to further explore the potential of semiconductor nanoparticles for practical solutions. The anticipated growth in the use of these nanomaterials in various commercial applications foresees a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future. Thus, this document aims to present how nanoparticles with diverse forms and adjustable physicochemical properties are a tool to conserve the ecological balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry is consistently integrating cutting-edge technologies, introducing materials with multifaceted features, such as odour resistance, hydrophobicity, durability, and self-cleaning capabilities. This transformation is facilitated by the application of nanotechnology. The focal point of this experimental endeavour lies in closing the gap in employing ZnO nanoparticles on high GSM denim fabric, enhancing self-cleaning, UV protection, and antimicrobial capabilities. Initially, a solution containing nanoparticles, binder, softener, ethanol, and their auxiliaries was formulated. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, along with their auxiliaries, were applied to the denim using the pad-dry-cure and pad-dry-steam methods. Various trials were conducted to optimize the concentration of ZnO NPs, with the formulation containing 5% ZnO NPs, 5% binder, and 25% ethanol. Experimentation ensued to establish optimal time-temperature profiles for drying, curing, and steaming. Comprehensive evaluations, including drop tests, stain tests, colour strength assessments, crocking tests, SEM analysis, antimicrobial testing and UV protection factor determination were conducted on the samples. The study revealed that fixation of the self-cleaning finish by curing gives better results than by steaming. SEM examination highlighted the distribution of ZnO nanoparticles on the denim fabric. Lastly, antimicrobial properties were assessed, concluding that treated fabrics exhibited antibacterial activity compared to untreated fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the results of the investigation of the influence of Al atoms on the structural characteristics of ZnO films obtained by the sol- gel method are presented. It has been determined that the glass substrates consist of subcrystallites with dimensions of 28.6 nm, having cubic unit cells with lattice parameters a = 0.3336 nm, and their surfaces belong to the crystallographic orientation (111). It has been identified that the grown thin ZnO films consist of subcrystallites with dimensions of 39.5 nm, having a wurtzite structure with lattice parameters a = b = 0.3265 nm and c = 0.5212 nm, respectively. It has been determined that at the boundaries of the division of these subcrystallites, polycrystalline regions with sizes of 12.6 nm, 28.3 nm, 30 nm, and 33 nm are formed. Additionally, nanocrystallites with sizes of 56.8 nm self-assemble on the surface areas of the deposited films. The increase in the values of the "c"axis of the hexagonal crystal lattice of ZnO films by 0.0009 nm when doping Al atoms from 1% to 5% is explained by the shift of the main structural line (002) at small angles (40-0.12°). It has been established that nanocrystallites with lattice parameters an = 0.5791 nm, belonging to the spatial group Fd3m, self-assemble on the surface areas of ZnO:Al films. the curve due to the presence of a monoenergetic level of fast surface states at the heterojunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) is a prominent contender in the realm of emerging non-volatile memory technologies owing to its numerous advantages like simple structure, low power usage, high speed, and exceptional scalability. In the current study, RRAM device was fabricated using tantalum oxide (TaOx) as a resistive switching insulating oxide layer, which was sandwiched between two conducting electrodes, namely Ag and ITO. RF magnetron sputtering was used to deposit the insulating layer of TaOx at room temperature on the ITO substrate. Further, X-ray reflectivity and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses were conducted to find the thickness, roughness, and elemental composition of the deposited TaOx films. Using a semiconductor analyzer, the RRAM cell's first DC switching characteristics were determined. The data acquired exhibited a resistance ratio (RHRS/RLRS) of 120 showing a good distinction between the two-resistance states. Additionally, a thorough investigation was conducted to examine the electrical conduction mechanism occurring inside the fabricated RRAM device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) experience implausible lithium plating, a deterioration in service life, and a decrease in rate performance at different lithium-ion battery operating conditions, regardless of their substantial advancements in energy conservation. Lithium plating on the anode electrode surface escalates its performance deterioration and creates safety risks for LIBs. The main cause of these issues is the limitations in electrochemical kinetics at the electrode and electrolyte interface. In this study, we emphasize the use of a voltage relaxation profile analysis to identify the onset of lithium plating during progressive cycling at various states of charge (SOC) and discharge rates. In addition, we report the utilization of Al2O3 and TiO2 coatings with different weight percentages on graphite as the new anode electrode materials for LIBs. Anode electrodes with small percentages of Al2O3 and TiO2 coatings (0.5 wt.%) on graphite did not exhibit any lithium plating even at 90% SOC at a 4 C discharge rate. This material's ability to inhibit lithium plating has thus been shown to be better than that of a graphite anode electrode alone. High-rate capability and cycle life are also obtained using these anode electrode materials for full cell system. We further demonstrate that differential open-circuit voltage (dOCV) analysis is capable of detecting the onset of Li plating while cycling, suggesting the economic viability of this approach for active Li detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, DNP surface-enhanced NMR spectroscopy (DNP-SENS) has emerged as a unique analytical technique for characterizing surface structures at the atomic scale and has been applied to various materials. DNP-SENS experiments require polarization transfer "e－ ⇒ 1H ⇒ observation nuclei"; however, this is challenging when the observation nuclei are quadrupolar nuclei, which account for approximately 74％ of the periodic table. In this review, we introduce novel pulse sequences, adiabatic D-RINEPT, that enable polarization transfer from 1H to the quadrupolar nuclei and demonstrate its application to metal oxides and sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten oxide (WO3) is a well-known transition metal oxide that demonstrates stability and non-toxicity in its nanoparticle form. Because of its facile and cost-effective synthesis method, it is a promising candidate for several applications like electrochromic devices, photo catalysts and gas sensors. In the present work, WO3 nanoparticles were synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal process. Subsequently, the pure WO3 sample underwent doping with different materials, including Cr+ 3, Co+ 2, Ag+ 1, Hg+ 1 and Pb+ 4. The crystallographic properties and phase transitions of the crystalline substances were demonstrated by the structural characterisation of all the as-synthesised materials using the X-ray diffraction technique. The optical properties were explored by UV-visible spectroscopy, revealing the energy band gap from 2.53 eV to 3.75 eV. Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images depicted the morphological features of the material. The pure WO3 exhibited a 2D nanosheet structure, while the doped materials displayed morphologies ranging from nanosheets or nanorods to polyhedral sheets. Microstructural analysis by TEM revealed particle size for all samples along with fringes and SAED pattern confirming the presence of respective planes. The electrochemical properties of the synthesized samples were investigated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) techniques. This research delves into exploring the electrochemical sensing potential of tungsten oxide doped with chromium, cobalt, silver, mercury, and lead as thin layer working electrodes, driven by the pressing need for advancements in sensing technologies. Through a comprehensive investigation of their electrochemical and optical characteristics, this study aims to discern their suitability for sensing applications, providing insights crucial for future sensor design and synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites of nanocarbons and transition metal oxides combine excellent mechanical properties and high electrical conductivity with high capacitive active sites. These composites are promising for applications such as electrochemical energy conversion and storage, catalysis, and sensing. Here, we show that Joule heating can be used as a rapid out-of-oven thermal processing technique to crystallize the inorganic metal oxide matrix within a carbon nanotube fabric (CNTf) composite. We choose manganese oxide and vanadium oxide as model metal oxides and show that the Joule heating process is rapid and enables accurate control over the temperature and phase transitions. Next, we use thermogravimetric analysis and Joule heating experiments in controlled atmospheres to show that metal oxides can actually catalyze thermal degradation and reduce the thermal stability of the CNTs, which could limit processing of many oxides. We solve this by using a reducing hydrogen atmosphere to successfully extend the Joule processing window and thermal stability of the CNTf/metal oxide composite to ∼1000 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chief source of water pollution is industrial wastewater containing dyes. In current study, the optimum conditions for removal of Red-XGRL dye by green metal oxide polymeric nanocomposites were determined via batch and column study. The synthesized materials were characterized via SEM, FTIR and thermal analysis. The optimum pH for attaining maximum adsorption capacity of WD, WD-ZnO-PTh, WD-ZnO-PAN and WD-ZnO-PPY was found to be 8 (12.9 mg/g), 10 (30.2 mg/g), 11 (35.8 mg/g) and 11 (40 mg/g), respectively, and optimum dose was found to be 0.05 g/50 mL. The highest adsorption potential for all composite materials was attained within 90 min and maximum adsorption potential for WD (40.8 mg/g), WD-ZnO-PTh (60.7 mg/g), WD-ZnO-PAN (70.4 mg/g) and WD-ZnO-PPY (86.3 mg/g) was obtained using 200 mg/L dye concentration at 30 °C. The adsorption data showed better fitness to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir sorption isotherm giving significant R2 values of 0.95–0.99 and 0.97–0.99, respectively. Thermodynamic study showed exothermic nature of sorption. During column study, optimum adsorbent bed height, dye flow rate and inlet initial dye concentration to attain highest adsorption (35 mgg−1) were determined to be 3 cm, 1.8 mL min−1 and 70 mg/L, respectively. Hence, the present study aimed to remove Red-XGRL dye proved that these green metal oxide polymeric nanocomposites could efficiently be synthesized and utilized for efficient removal of Red-XGRL dye from aqueous solution both in batch and in column mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we prepared two different MOS-based gas sensors with integrated micro-hotplates. The two sensors were employed to detect various fragrances (cedar, mandarin orange, rose A, and rose B), exhibiting similarly great sensing performances. The gas sensing properties of the MOS-based sensor depend on the sensor's operating temperature. In addition to isothermal operation, various pulse heating modes were applied to investigate the gas sensing performances with respect to the four fragrances. Multivariate gas sensing features of the four fragrances were obtained under different operating modes, which were utilized for the recognition of fragrance odors successfully, based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, research on improving the synthesis of catalysts has been at the forefront because of advancements in nanotechnology and greener conventions. Using ultrasound (US) during nanocatalysts synthesis is one of the green approaches that can yield improved catalyst characteristics under conditions of shorter reaction time and requirement of low temperature and pressure. The current paper aims at giving an insight into US‐assisted synthesis (emphasized on sol‐gel and hydrothermal) of different metal oxide nanocatalysts. It has been elucidated that US‐assisted synthesis gives nanocatalyst with narrower particle size distribution with lower mean size, higher surface area, better morphology with less agglomeration, and higher catalytic activity. Ultrasound has thus been demonstrated to yield improvements in morphological, optical, and electronic properties of the nanocatalysts, however, scalability and industrial application of sonochemical synthesis have not been seen very popular. Some guidelines for future research into the development of novel nanocatalysts and industrial scale‐up studies are also provided. The review also summarizes the application of these metal oxides as photocatalysts for dye degradation or effluent treatment containing dyes, highlighting the fundamentals of photocatalysis as well. A comparative study has been reported for catalysts obtained using the US‐assisted synthesis and conventional synthesis of the photocatalysts in terms of catalytic activity. The benefits of using ultrasound‐assisted synthesis in terms of higher photocatalytic degradation have been clearly demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A low‐temperature technology for fabricating thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is essential for the realization of electronic systems on flexible substrates. Presently reviewed are improved techniques for forming the source/drain regions and reducing the population of channel defects in a metal‐oxide TFT. These have been applied to the construction of different TFT structures, including ones with bottom gate, top gate, and dual gates. The utility of the improved 300‐°C technology has been demonstrated by the realization of a variety of electronic systems, such as a gate‐driver on array for active‐matrix displays, an analog front‐end for acquiring biopotential signals, and an artificial neural network for neuromorphic computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 13.2 inch AMOLED panel with 262 ppi has been fabricated with the high mobility metal oxide TFTs (thin film transistors). The high mobility oxide TFTs have high mobility ~34cm2 /Vs. On Gen. 6 glass, a small Vth variation with channel length 3.5um has been obtained. Moreover, the high mobility oxide TFT shows small Vth shift under positive/negative bias temperature stress (PBTS/NBTS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For enhanced security in hardware‐based security devices, it is essential to extract various independent characteristics from a single device to generate multiple keys based on specific values. Additionally, the secure destruction of authentication information is crucial for the integrity of the data. Doped amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) using poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) induce a dipole doping effect through a phase‐transition process, creating physically unclonable function (PUF) devices for secure user information protection. The PUF security key, generated at VGS = 20 V in a 20 × 10 grid, demonstrates uniformity of 42% and inter‐Hamming distance (inter‐HD) of 49.79% in the β‐phase of PVDF‐HFP. However, in the γ‐phase, the uniformity drops to 22.5%, and inter‐HD decreases to 35.74%, indicating potential security key destruction during the phase transition. To enhance security, a multi‐factor authentication (MFA) system is integrated, utilizing five security keys extracted from various TFT parameters. The security keys from turn‐on voltage (VON), VGS = 20 V, VGS = 30 V, mobility, and threshold voltage (Vth) exhibit near‐ideal uniformities and inter‐HDs, with the highest values of 58% and 51.68%, respectively. The dual security system, combining phase transition and MFA, establishes a robust protection mechanism for privacy‐sensitive user information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing plastic waste containing polyvinyl chloride is difficult due to the release of hazardous substances such as hydrogen chloride. Alkaline metal has been proven to minimize the release of hydrogen chloride during thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride. However, most past studies conducted heating experiments under a high temperature which promotes the production of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, low‐temperature pyrolysis was utilized which focuses on the dehydrochlorination stage while minimizing further degradation of hydrocarbons. The effectiveness of calcium oxide, calcium carbonate and potassium carbonate in minimizing the release of hydrogen chloride was also evaluated. Among those three additives, calcium oxide and potassium carbonate have shown some potential in uptaking hydrogen chloride. Especially when the molar ratio of additive to PVC is 1:1.6, calcium oxide reduced the generation of hydrogen chloride to as low as 20%. Potassium carbonate also exhibits an uptake effect but has a slight catalytic effect when the molar ratio is less than 1:1. On the other hand, calcium carbonate not only shows little to no uptake effect, but also promotes the thermal degradation of hydrocarbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]