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Prof. Istvan Kovacs - Hungarian poet, prose writer, essayist, historian and diplomat - found two long descriptions of the heroic deeds of an officer of the 2nd lancer regiment of the Polish Legion taking part in the battles of the Spring of Nations in Hungary among Juliusz Kossak's papers in the archive collection at Wrocław's Ossolineum. He was Jan Aleksander Fredro, son of the famous playwright. These descriptions were to help the battle-painter Juliusz Kossak, whose two brothers, Leon and Władysław, also fought in Hungary in 1848 and 1849, to immortalise Fredro on canvas. In his book Unknown Heroes of the Hungarian Uprising 1848-1849 (Nieznani bohaterowie powstania węgierskiego 1848-1849), published in Polish in 2010, Istvan Kovacs wrote about Kossak's intention to immortalise one of Jan Aleksander Fredro's heroic deeds in painting, expressing the assumption that such a work was never realised. Meanwhile, it turned out otherwise - the watercolour was created after Fredro's death. The article presents the history of the creation of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deployment of 5G networks, standards organizations have started working on the design phase for 6G networks. 6G networks will be immensely complex, requiring more deployment time, cost, and management efforts. On the other hand, mobile network operators demand these networks to be intelligent, self-organizing, and cost-effective to reduce operating expenses (OPEX). Machine learning (ML), a branch of artificial intelligence (AI), is the answer to many of these challenges by providing pragmatic solutions, which can entirely change the future of wireless network technologies. By using some case study examples, we briefly examine the most compelling problems, particularly at the physical layer (PHY) and link layer in cellular networks, where ML can bring significant gains. We also review standardization activities in relation to the use of ML in wireless networks and a future timeline on the readiness of standardization bodies to adapt to these changes. Finally, we highlight major issues in ML use in wireless technology, and provide potential directions to mitigate some of them in 6G wireless networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently attracted a surge of interest in both academia and industry. Understanding the air-to-ground (A2G) propagation channels is essential to enable reliable and/or high-throughput communications for UAVs and protect the ground user equipments (UEs). In this contribution, a recently conducted measurement campaign for the A2G channels is introduced. A uniform circular array (UCA) with 16 antenna elements was employed to collect the downlink signals of two different Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, at the heights of 0-40m in three different, namely rural, urban and industrial scenarios. The channel impulse responses (CIRs) have been extracted from the received data, and the spatial, including angular, parameters of the multipath components in individual channels were estimated according to a high-resolution-parameter-estimation (HRPE) principle. Based on the HRPE results, clusters of multipath components were further identified. Finally, comprehensive spatial channel characteristics were investigated in the composite and cluster levels at different heights in the three scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power control is becoming increasingly essential for the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond systems. An example use-case, among others, is the unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) communications where the nearly line-of-sight (LoS) radio channels may result in very low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs). The authors in (Chiang et al., 2007) proposed to efficiently and reliably solve this kind of non-convex problem via a series of geometrical programmings (GPs) using condensation approximation. However, it is only applicable for a small-scale network with several communication pairs and practically infeasible with more (e.g., tens of) nodes to be jointly optimized. We therefore in this paper aim to provide new insights into this problem. By properly introducing auxiliary variables, the problem is transformed to an equivalent form which is simpler and more intuitive for condensation. A novel condensation method with linear complexity is also proposed based on the form. The enhancements make the GP-based power control feasible for both small- and especially large-scale networks that are common in 5G and beyond. The algorithm is verified via simulations. A preliminary case study of uplink UAV communications also shows the potential of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Migration is a constantly changing adaptation due to the climate condition evolution. The struggle for surviving during harsh winter season is different across Europe, being more complex toward the inner parts of the continent. The current approach explores the Common Buzzard number variation during the cold season and the climatic predictors of birds of prey wintering movements in relation to the possible influences of the Carpathian Mountains, which may act as a geographical barrier providing shelter from cold air outbreak from north and northeast of the continent. Location: Romania (45°N25°E). Taxon: Birds of Prey. Methods: We applied a GLMM to investigate the relation between continental and local climatic factors with the number of Common Buzzard observations in two regions. The first region is located inside the Carpathian Arch and the other one outside, east of this large mountains chain. Results: The Common Buzzard numbers wintering Eastern from the Carpathian Mountains are highly influenced by AO (Z = 2.87, p < .05%), while those wintering western are influenced by NAO (Z = 2.17, p < .05%). This is the first proof of separating influences for biodiversity of AO and NAO at continental scale, outlining the influence limit placed over the Eastern Carpathian Mountains. Main conclusions: The Carpathian Mountains act like a geographic barrier, separating the wintering Common Buzzard populations from both sides of the mountain range. While the high number of individuals in Moldova is related to their eastern and northeastern Europe origins, in Transylvania the large number of individuals observed is related to the more sheltered characteristics of the region attracting individuals from central Europe. Also, since Transylvania region is well sheltered during cold air outbreak, it represents a more favorable region for wintering. From this point of view, we can consider that the Carpathian Mountains are a geographic barrier for wintering birds of prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Migration is a constantly changing adaptation due to the climate condition evolution. The struggle for surviving during harsh winter season is different across Europe, being more complex toward the inner parts of the continent. The current approach explores the Common Buzzard number variation during the cold season and the climatic predictors of birds of prey wintering movements in relation to the possible influences of the Carpathian Mountains, which may act as a geographical barrier providing shelter from cold air outbreak from north and northeast of the continent. Location: Romania (45°N25°E). Taxon: Birds of Prey. Methods: We applied a GLMM to investigate the relation between continental and local climatic factors with the number of Common Buzzard observations in two regions. The first region is located inside the Carpathian Arch and the other one outside, east of this large mountains chain. Results: The Common Buzzard numbers wintering Eastern from the Carpathian Mountains are highly influenced by AO (Z = 2.87, p < .05%), while those wintering western are influenced by NAO (Z = 2.17, p < .05%). This is the first proof of separating influences for biodiversity of AO and NAO at continental scale, outlining the influence limit placed over the Eastern Carpathian Mountains. Main conclusions: The Carpathian Mountains act like a geographic barrier, separating the wintering Common Buzzard populations from both sides of the mountain range. While the high number of individuals in Moldova is related to their eastern and northeastern Europe origins, in Transylvania the large number of individuals observed is related to the more sheltered characteristics of the region attracting individuals from central Europe. Also, since Transylvania region is well sheltered during cold air outbreak, it represents a more favorable region for wintering. From this point of view, we can consider that the Carpathian Mountains are a geographic barrier for wintering birds of prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel topology for multipurpose drivers for MEMS sensors and actuators, suitable for integration in low-cost high-voltage (HV) CMOS processes, without a triple well. The driver output voltage, V MEMS , can be programmed over a wide, symmetrical range of positive and negative values, with the maximum output voltage being limited only by the maximum drain-source voltage that the HV transistors can handle. The driver is also able to short its output to the ground line and to leave it floating. It comprises generators for large positive and negative voltages followed by an LDO for each polarity that ensures that V MEMS has a well-controlled level and a very low ripple. The LDOs also help implement the grounded- and floating-output operating modes. Most of the required circuitry is integrated within a HV CMOS ASIC: the drivers for the large voltage generators, the error amplifiers of the LDOs, the DAC used to program the V MEMS level, and their support circuits. Thus, only the power stages of the large voltage generators, the pass transistors of the LDOs and two resistors for the LDO feedback network are discrete. A suitable configuration was devised for the latter that allows for the external resistor network to be shared by the two LDOs and prevents negative voltages from developing at the ASIC pins. Two circuit implementations of the proposed topology, designed in a low-cost 0.18 μm HV CMOS process, are presented in some detail. Simulation results demonstrate that they realize the required operating modes and provide V MEMS voltages programmable with steps of 100 mV or 200 mV, between -20 V and +20 V or between −45 V and +45 V, respectively. The output voltage ripple is relatively small, just 3.4 mVpkpk for the first implementation and 17 mVpkpk for the second. Therefore, both circuits are suitable for biasing and controlling a wide range of MEMS devices, including MEMS mirrors used in applications such as endoscopic optical coherence tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has been defined as clinical presentation of an acute coronary syndrome with laboratory evidence of myocardial necrosis, but with coronary stenosis of less than 50% on coronary angiography. On the other side, myocarditis is an inflammatory response triggered by viral, bacterial, fungal, lymphocytic, eosinophilic, or autoimmune myocardial injury, which may be associated with elevated myocardial necrosis serum biomarkers. We present the case of a young male patient with acute chest pain, ST-segment elevation, and high-sensitivity troponin levels of 22,162 ng/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to develop a semi-automated, computer-aided imaging technique to quantify the amount and distribution of perivascular fat at the level of the iliac arteries (periiliac adipose tissue—PIAT), and to investigate the association of this new computer-aided imaging biomarker with other biomedical imaging biomarkers, which characterize the pelvic adipose tissue (SAT—subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT—visceral adipose tissue). We included 34 patients with peripheral arterial disease, in whom the volumes of PIAT, SAT and VAT were quantified using a dedicated software, at the level of right and left iliac arteries. Median value of PIAT was five milliliters. Patients with PIAT > five milliliters were in more advanced Fontaine classes, with more complex arterial lesions, compared to those with low PIAT (<5 mL) (p < 0.0001). PIAT volumes presented a gradual increase with the Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) class (2.57 +/− 1.98 in TASC A, 4.65 +/− 1.63 in TASC B, 8.79 +/− 1.99 in TASC C and 13.77 +/− 2.74 in TASC D). The distribution of PIAT between the left and right iliac axis was quasi-uniform (correlation between right and left PIAT: r = 0.46, p = 0.005). Linear regression analysis showed that the mean PIAT volume was correlated with VAT (r = 0.38, p = 0.02), but not with the SAT at the level of iliac artery origin (r = 0.16, p = 0.34). PIAT may represent a novel biomedical imaging derived biomarker, which characterizes the distribution of adipose tissue in the pelvic area and may serve as an indicator of the severity and complexity of lower limb ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk heterojunction solar cells involving a triphenylamine-based molecular donor and PC61BM with direct and inverted structures have been fabricated and optimized. The devices have been characterized under simulated solar illumination and the conversion efficiency and stability of the two kinds of organic solar cells are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to safety concerns, a reliable radio communication link is a key component in the future application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as it will enable beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) operations. In terms of cost and deployment time, radio communication for aerial vehicles will greatly benefit from the ready-to-market infrastructure and ubiquitous coverage of cellular networks. However, these are optimized for terrestrial users, and the different propagation environment experienced by aerial vehicles poses some interference challenges. In this article, field measurements and system-level simulations are used to assess interferencemitigation solutions that can improve aerial-link reliability. We then discuss how 5 G New Radio (NR) favors the integration of UAVs into cellular networks, as its flexible air interface and beamforming-suited frequencies facilitate the deployment of interference-management solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on a study investigating bulk and thin film amorphous silica implanted with titanium. Methodology used to conduct study; Measurements of titanium profiles with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS); Indepth look at the measurements of optical properties; Results of study.

LTE V2X is the response of the 3GPP standardization body to the high market expectations related to vehicular communications for safety and infotainment services. To fulfill the stringent requirements in terms of reliability associated with safety applications, geolocation-based access (GLOC) has been proposed for direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Such a scheme aims at maximizing the distance of co-channel transmitters (i.e., transmitter that use the same resources) while preserving a low latency when accessing the resources and a low overhead. In this paper, we analyze, with the aid of stochastic geometry, the delivery of periodic and nonperiodic broadcast messages with GLOC, taking into account path loss and fading as well as the random locations of transmitting vehicles. Analytical results include the average interference, average binary rate, capture probability, i.e., the probability of successful message transmission, and energy efficiency (EE). Mathematical analysis reveals interesting insights about the system performance, which are validated through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. In particular, it is shown that the capture probability is an increasing function with exponential dependence with respect to the transmit power and it is demonstrated that an arbitrary high capture probability can be achieved, as long as the number of access resources is high enough. Finally, to facilitate the system-level design of GLOC, it is obtained the optimum transmit power, which fulfill a given minimum capture probability constraint while maximizing the EE of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Rationale: We have used a high‐precision, high‐efficiency method for the measurement of the ²H/¹H ratios of hydrous silicates (amphiboles) and nominally anhydrous minerals (NAM) such as clinopyroxene, garnet and diamond, which are usually extremely resistant to pyrolysis. This opens up new fields of investigation to better understand the conditions of formation for deep‐Earth minerals. Methods: The technique described here involves Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) on‐line in continuous flow mode with an Elemental Analyser (EA) using "purge and trap" technology rather than separation by conventional packed column gas chromatography (GC). The system is equipped with a special high‐temperature furnace reaching 1500°C, with a longer hot zone and improved temperature stability. Emphasis is put on the efficiency of the system to reliably pyrolyse refractory minerals difficult to analyse with other conventional systems. Results: While conventional systems usually fail to generate hydrogen suitable for isotopic analyses, with the technique presented here we were able to measure ²H/¹H ratios from four diamond samples (δ²H = -60, -77, -84 and -79‰ V‐SMOW; average SD = 4.5‰; n = 2), three garnet samples (δ²H from -70 to -63‰), and nine clinopyroxenes (δ²H from -92 to -58‰) associated with seven amphiboles (δ²H from -76 to -27‰) from single mantle rock. Conclusions: The possibility of using such a system to reliably measure ²H/¹H ratios from refractory minerals, which are usually extremely difficult to analyse, offers a new tool of investigation for providing us with unrivaled clues to study the deep interiors of Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from the outflow tracts (OTs). Recent observations such as the coexistence of these arrhythmias with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardias and the association between discrete prepotentials and successful ablation sites of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) from the OTs suggest a common link. Objective: In this case series we draw attention to a unique association between accessory pathways (APs) and idiopathic PVCs from the OTs, disappearing after AP ablation. Methods: We identified 6 cases in collaboration with several international electrophysiology centers, which presented with pre-excitation in association with OT, and in 1 case inflow tract (IT), PVCs on 12-lead surface ECG. Results: Six cases displayed pre-excitation and PVCs, in 5 cases originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and in 1 case from the right ventricular inflow tract (RVIT). In all patients, PVCs were monomorphic and had fixed coupling intervals, in 3 cases presenting in bigeminy. Catheter ablation of the AP led to the simultaneous disappearance of PVCs in 5 of 6 cases. The sites of ablation were remote from the OTs in all these cases. In most cases, the occurrence of OT PVCs was closely associated with the presence of pre-excitation. Conclusion: The coexistence of pre-excitation and PVCs from the OTs and the fact that in 5 of 6 cases PVCs disappeared after AP ablation suggests a common mechanism for arrhythmia genesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares three candidate large-scale propagation path loss models for use over the entire microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) radio spectrum: the alpha–beta–gamma (ABG) model, the close-in (CI) free-space reference distance model, and the CI model with a frequency-weighted path loss exponent (CIF). Each of these models has been recently studied for use in standards bodies such as 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and for use in the design of fifth-generation wireless systems in urban macrocell, urban microcell, and indoor office and shopping mall scenarios. Here, we compare the accuracy and sensitivity of these models using measured data from 30 propagation measurement data sets from 2 to 73 GHz over distances ranging from 4 to 1238 m. A series of sensitivity analyses of the three models shows that the four-parameter ABG model underpredicts path loss when relatively close to the transmitter, and overpredicts path loss far from the transmitter, and that the physically based two-parameter CI model and three-parameter CIF model offer computational simplicity, have very similar goodness of fit (i.e., the shadow fading standard deviation), exhibit more stable model parameter behavior across frequencies and distances, and yield smaller prediction error in sensitivity tests across distances and frequencies, when compared to the four-parameter ABG model. Results show the CI model with a 1-m reference distance is suitable for outdoor environments, while the CIF model is more appropriate for indoor modeling. The CI and CIF models are easily implemented in existing 3GPP models by making a very subtle modification—by replacing a floating non-physically based constant with a frequency-dependent constant that represents free-space path loss in the first meter of propagation. This paper shows this subtle change does not change the mathematical form of existing ITU/3GPP models and offers much easier analysis, intuitive appeal, better model parameter stability, and better accuracy in sensitivity tests over a vast range of microwave and mmWave frequencies, scenarios, and distances, while using a simpler model with fewer parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During cell division, the activation of glycolysis is tightly regulated by the action of two ubiquitin ligases, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome—Cdh1 (APC/C-Cdh1) and SKP1/CUL-1/F-box protein-β-transducin repeat-containing protein (SCF-β-TrCP), which control the transient appearance and metabolic activity of the glycolysis-promoting enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, isoform 3 (PFKFB3). We now demonstrate that the breakdown of PFKFB3 during S phase occurs specifically via a distinct residue (S273) within the conserved recognition site for SCF-β-TrCP. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1), the first enzyme in glutaminolysis, is also targeted for destruction by APC/C-Cdh1 and, like PFKFB3, accumulates after the activity of this ubiquitin ligase decreases in mid-to-late G1. However, our results show that GLS1 differs from PFKFB3 in that its recognition by APC/C-Cdh1 requires the presence of both a Lys-Glu-Asn box (KEN box) and a destruction box (D box) rather than a KEN box alone. Furthermore, GLS1 is not a substrate for SCF-β-TrCP and is not degraded until cells progress from S to G2/M. The presence of PFKFB3 and GLS1 coincides with increases in generation of lactate and in utilization of glutamine, respectively. The contrasting posttranslational regulation of PFKFB3 and GLS1, which we have verified by studies of ubiquitination and protein stability, suggests the different roles of glucose and glutamine at distinct stages in the cell cycle. Indeed, experiments in which synchronized cells were deprived of either of these substrates show that both glucose and glutamine are required for progression through the restriction point in mid-to-late G1, whereas glutamine is the only substrate essential for the progression through S phase into cell division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in absolute myocardial blood flow (AMF) after intracoronary injections of mesenchymal SC (MSC) and compared to controls in closed-chest reperfused acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in pigs. Male MSCs, transiently transfected with Luciferase (Luc-MSC) were delivered $$ \left( {{9}.{7}\pm {1}.{2} \times {1}{0^{{6}}}} \right) $$ intracoronary in the open infarct-related artery one-week post-AMI in female pigs (group MSC), while saline was injected with the same injection rate in controls (group C). The AMF was measured immediately after, and 3, 12 and 24 h post-intracoronary Luc-MSC or saline injections. In vitro bioluminescence images and quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR measurements were performed to quantify the sex-mismatched MSCs. No difference between the groups was observed regarding the weight, heart rate, blood pressure and global ejection fraction 1-week post-AMI. The baseline AMF were similar in the groups (61.3 ± 15. vs 61.1 ± 12.0 ml/min). AMF was decreased significantly immediately after intracoronary MSC delivery (42.0 ± 12.4 vs 57.7 ± 15.7 ml/min p = 0.013), and remained low at 3 h (40.9 ± 13.4 vs 55.8 ± 4.9 ml/min, p = 0.004), 12 h (43.0 ± 3.7 vs 57.8 ± 5.4 ml/min, p = 0.001) with incomplete recovery at 24 h (47.2 ± 5.5 vs 62.1 ± 14.1 ml/min, p = 0.038) as compared to controls, respectively. In vitro bioluminescence displayed transfected Luc-MSCs along the proximal and mid part of the LAD, with limited number (295 ± 101 sry copied/million cardiac cells) of Y-chromosome-MSCs in the infarcted area. Intracoronary injection of SCs results in immediate decrease of AMF, with delayed recovery. The delivery of the SC into the injured myocardium might be hindered by the altered coronary pressure and flow conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the effect of stem cell delivery on the release of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in peripheral circulation and myocardium in experimental myocardial ischemia. Closed-chest, reperfused myocardial infarction (MI) was created in domestic pigs. Porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured and delivered (9.8 ± 1.2 × 106) either percutaneously NOGA-guided transendocardially (Group IM) or intracoronary (Group IC) 22 ± 4 days post-MI. Pigs without MSC delivery served as sham control (Group S). Plasma HIF-1α was measured at baseline, immediately post- and at follow-up (FUP; 2 h or 24 h) post-MSC delivery by ELISA kit. Myocardial HIF-1α expression of infarcted, normal myocardium, or border zone was determined by Western blot. Plasma level of HIF-1α increased immediately post-MI (from 278 ± 127 to 631 ± 375 pg/ml, p < 0.05). Cardiac delivery of MSCs elevated the plasma levels of HIF-1α significantly ( p < 0.05) in groups IC and IM immediately post-MSC delivery, and returned to baseline level at FUP, without difference between the groups IC and IM. The myocardial tissue HIF-1α expression in the infarcted area was higher in Group IM than in Group IC or S (1,963 ± 586 vs. 1,307 ± 392 vs. 271 ± 110 activity per square millimeter, respectively, p < 0.05), while the border zone contained similarly lower level of HIF-1α, but still significantly higher as compared with Group S. Trend towards increase in myocardial expression of HIF-1α was measured in Group IM at 24 h, in contrast to Group IC. In conclusion, both stem cell delivery modes increase the systemic and myocardial level of HIF-1α. Intramyocardial delivery of MSC seems to trigger the release of angiogenic HIF-1α more effectively than does intracoronary delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on cardiovascular emergencies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a regional network for management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: We report a single center's experience of patients hospitalized for ACS in a high-volume hub of a STEMI network during the lockdown (in the first pandemic trimester), compared with the same time interval of the previous year and including all consecutive patients referred for an AMI during the second trimester of 2020 (from April to June) or during the same time interval of the previous year, 2019. Results: The absolute number of hospital admissions for AMI decreased by 22.3%, while the non-AMI hospitalizations decreased by 77.14% in Q2-2020 compared to Q2-2019 (210 vs. 48, p < 0.0001). As a consequence, the percentage of AMI cases from the total number of hospital admission increased from 38% to 68% (p < 0.0001), AMI becoming the dominant pathology. In the STEMI group there was a significant reduction of 55% in the absolute number of late STEMI presentations. Functionality of the STEMI network at the hub level did not present a significant alteration with only a minor increase in the door-to-balloon time, from 34 min to 41 min. However, at the level of the network we recorded a lower number of critical cases transferred to the interventional center, with a dramatic reduction of 56.1% in the number of critical STEMI cases arriving in the acute cardiac care unit (17.0% vs. 7.3%, p-0.04 for KILLIP class III, and 21.17% vs. 11.11%, p = 0.08 for resuscitated out of hospital cardiac arrest). Conclusions: The COVID-19 outbreak did not have a major impact on the interventional center's functionality, but it limited the capacity of the regional STEMI network to bring the critical patient with complicated STEMI to the cathlab in time during the first months of the lockdown. Even a very well-functioning STEMI network like the one in Central Romania had difficulties bringing the most critical STEMI cases to the cathlab in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]