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This experiment (N = 1,019) examined how a state of processing fluency, induced through either an easy or difficult task (reading a simple vs. complex message or recalling few vs. many examples) impacted participants' ability to subsequently detect misinformation. The results revealed that, as intended, easier tasks led to higher reports of processing fluency. In turn, increased processing fluency was positively associated with internal efficacy. Finally, internal efficacy was positively related to misinformation detection using a signal detection task. This work suggests that feelings of ease while processing information can promote confidence and a more discerning style of information processing. Given the proliferation of misinformation online, an understanding of how metacognitions - like processing fluency - can disrupt the tacit acceptance of information carries important democratic and normative implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ntroduction. Best-practice guidelines recommend that patients are followed-up to check if they have recovered following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and to refer to concussion services, if needed. However, in New Zealand, rates of follow-up are low and access to concussion services can be delayed. Aim. We aimed to improve rates of follow-up and access to concussion services for mTBI patients aged ≥8 years by the implementation of a supported health pathway and test its success. Methods. The pathway included a decision support tool, funded follow-up appointments, clinician training and a patient education resource. Sociodemographics, injury details and proportions of patients receiving a follow-up by type and time were extracted from the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) database between 18 May 22 and 30 June 23 and compared to national ACC data prior to implementation. Results. Data were extracted for 220 patients, with a mean age of 31.5 years, 51.4% female and 21.4% Māori and Pacific. There was an increase in the proportion of patients receiving a follow-up from 36% pre-implementation to 56.8% post-implementation. Sixty-three patients (28.6%) accessed a concussion service postimplementation compared to 10% pre-implementation. Time to concussion service reduced from an average of 55 (s.d. = 65.4) to 37 days (29.5). Discussion. Risk factor criteria within the decision support tool need to be weighted to improve specificity of referrals. Timing from injury to medical review in primary care needs to be considered. This quality improvement project provides preliminary evidence for implementation of a supported health care pathway for mTBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study re-examines the stationarity properties of per capita electricity consumption in 18 MENA countries from 1980–2021. We use a novel panel stationarity test with a Fourier approximation to capture structural breaks and nonlinearities in the data. This Fourier panel test accounts for cross-sectional dependence and allows heterogeneity across cross-sections in the panel. Moreover, we apply several new panel stationarity tests that complement the aforementioned Fourier test. The study finds strong empirical evidence supporting the stationarity of per capita electricity consumption in the MENA region when considering smooth structural breaks, and our results remain unchanged using sharp structural breaks panel stationarity test. Therefore, we conclude that policies to manage energy demand will have no long-run effect as per capita electricity consumption will, after a shock, return to its long-run trend path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the desiccation process of soft-tissue in South Africa, analyzing its interaction with environmental parameters and its implications for estimating the post-mortem interval. Through the examination of four decomposing porcine bodies across two summer seasons and one winter season, the research quantifies desiccation patterns using custom-designed and constructed printed circuit boards to measure the moisture content of body tissue over time. Generalized additive models were used to determine the environmental forces driving desiccation. Tissue resistivity was tested against the environmental predictor variables to determine the amount of variation they account for, and predicted values of the region-specific tissue resistivity variables were measured for each decomposing body. Results reveal distinct desiccation trajectories between summer and winter, with summer conditions conducive to precocious natural mummification. Environmental factors, particularly temperature and solar radiation, emerge as significant drivers of desiccation. This study represents the first quantitative analysis of deep tissue desiccation internationally, but also the first quantitative assessment of desiccation and natural precocious mummification in the Western Cape, South Africa. The exploration of desiccation as a potential indicator for estimating PMI opens new avenues for research and the integration of innovative methodologies and technologies promises to revolutionize forensic taphonomy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth screen media activity is a growing concern, though few studies include objective usage data. Through the longitudinal, U.S.-based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, youth (mage = 14; n = 1415) self-reported their typical smartphone use and passively recorded three weeks of smartphone use via the ABCD-specific Effortless Assessment Research System (EARS) application. Here we describe and validate passively-sensed smartphone keyboard and app use measures, provide code to harmonize measures across operating systems, and describe trends in adolescent smartphone use. Keyboard and app-use measures were reliable and positively correlated with one another (r = 0.33) and with self-reported use (rs = 0.21–0.35). Participants recorded a mean of 5 h of daily smartphone use, which is two more hours than they self-reported. Further, females logged more smartphone use than males. Smartphone use was recorded at all hours, peaking on average from 8 to 10 PM and lowest from 3 to 5 AM. Social media and texting apps comprised nearly half of all use. Data are openly available to approved investigators (https://nda.nih.gov/abcd/). Information herein can inform use of the ABCD dataset to longitudinally study health and neurodevelopmental correlates of adolescent smartphone use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinophilin is an F-actin binding and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) targeting protein that acts as a scaffold of PP1 to its substrates. Spinophilin knockout (Spino−/−) mice have decreased fat mass, increased lean mass, and improved glucose tolerance, with no difference in feeding behaviors. Although spinophilin is enriched in neurons, its roles in nonneuronal tissues, such as β cells of the pancreatic islets, are unclear. We have corroborated and expanded upon previous studies to determine that Spino−/− mice have decreased weight gain and improved glucose tolerance in two different models of obesity. We have identified multiple putative spinophilin-interacting proteins isolated from intact pancreas and observed increased interactions of spinophilin with exocrine, ribosomal, and cytoskeletal protein classes that normally act to mediate peptide hormone production, processing, and/or release in Leprdb/db and/or high-fat diet-fed (HFF) models of obesity. In addition, we have found that spinophilin interacts with proteins from similar classes in isolated islets, suggesting a role for spinophilin in the pancreatic islet. Consistent with a pancreatic β cell type-specific role for spinophilin, using our recently described conditional spinophilin knockout mice, we found that loss of spinophilin specifically in pancreatic β cells improved glucose tolerance without impacting body weight in chow-fed mice. Our data further support the role of spinophilin in mediating pathophysiological changes in body weight and whole body metabolism associated with obesity. Our data provide the first evidence that pancreatic spinophilin protein interactions are modulated by obesity and that loss of spinophilin specifically in pancreatic β cells impacts whole body glucose tolerance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: To our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate that obesity impacts spinophilin protein interactions in the pancreas and identify spinophilin specifically in pancreatic β cells as a modulator of whole body glucose tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary on Curren et al. adopts an educational policy perspective, arguing that it is important to not only 'find consensus' on well-being in education but to consider the ways that education policy supports or inhibits this outcome. It argues that a complex systems approach is essential to moving these ideas rooted in ethics and justice into policy and practice. It advocates a comprehensive cross-sector policy approach that integrates education policies at multiple levels and with policies across other sectors that are significant for well-being. It emphasizes that operationalizing these ideas at scale requires consideration of the research evidence on structural racism, gender inequities, and funding disparities, and it emphasizes the importance of focusing on relationships in educational systems and the need for policy leadership and activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most-favored-nation (MFN) provisions have formed the center of a jurisdictional dispute that has plagued international arbitration for the past two decades. Since the Maffezini decision in 2000, holding that MFN clauses can be used to import jurisdictional provisions, the international arbitral system has seen a long succession of inconsistent and irreconcilable arbitral decisions, some following Maffezini's approach and others rejecting it. The result is a jurisdictional crisis in international arbitration that has consumed opposing parties' time and money, undermined the international arbitral system's legitimacy, and called into question the very reasons for the system's existence. However, a glimmer of hope has emerged: A new variety of MFN clauses has begun to appear that explicitly specify that they do not apply to procedural issues. Despite their potential to solve one of international arbitration's most intractable problems, these jurisdiction-limiting MFN clauses have largely escaped serious analysis. This Note fills this gap in scholarship by providing the first academic analysis focused exclusively on these new jurisdiction-limiting provisions, analyzing the trend towards the increased use of these provisions, the form the provisions take, their reception in arbitrated cases, and the implications that these provisions carry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the possible dynamics of the massive leptonic photon Zl are reconsidered via the e+e- → µ+µ-process at the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) with the updated center-of-mass energies (380, 1500, and 3000 GeV). We show that new generation colliders as CLIC can observe the massive leptophilic vector boson Zl with mass up to the center-ofmass energy, provided that the leptonic coupling constant is gl = 10-3. In this study, we also estimated the cross sections by artificial neural networks using the theoretical results we obtained for CLIC. According to the results obtained, it was seen that these predictions could be made through machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of sensors in remote sensing allows for faster and easier detection of changes and issues across different scales, in contrast to conventional ground-based systems. One of the most important distinguishing features among these sensors is their varying resolutions, contributing to the versatility of remote sensing technologies across diverse environmental applications. In this study, the effectiveness of PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 satellite images with different image resolutions in detecting damage caused by a harmful insect (beet webworm moth - Loxostege sticticalis) in sunflower fields in Lüleburgaz district of Kırklareli in the Trace region was evaluated. Damage rates in sunflower fields were analyzed using various spectral indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index and Chlorophyll Index Green) and spectral transformation (Tasseled Cap Greenness) in conjunction with in situ data. Based on the spectral analysis, the satellite image dated 26 July, which showed the most severe damage, was used in the damage assessment analysis. The damaged areas were compared by classifying both satellite images with the Random Forest algorithm. According to the results of the classification accuracy assessment, PlanetScope satellite imagery showed the highest accuracy, with 90% overall accuracy and 84% Kappa statistics, making it a more suitable sensor choice for agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We conducted exploratory analyses to identify distinct trajectories of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and their relationship with hyperfiltration, subsequent rapid eGFR decline, and albuminuria in participants with youth-onset type 2 diabetes enrolled in the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study. Methods: Annual serum creatinine, cystatin C, urine albumin, and creatinine measurements were obtained from 377 participants followed for ≥ 10 years. Albuminuria and eGFR were calculated. Hyperfiltration peak is the greatest eGFR inflection point during follow-up. Latent class modeling was applied to identify distinct eGFR trajectories. Results: At baseline, participants' mean age was 14 years, type 2 diabetes duration was 6 months, mean HbA1c was 6%, and mean eGFR was 120 ml/min/1.73 m2. Five eGFR trajectories associated with different rates of albuminuria were identified, including a "progressive increasing eGFR" group (10%), three "stable eGFR" groups with varying starting mean eGFR, and an "eGFR steady decline" group (1%). Participants who exhibited the greatest peak eGFR also had the highest levels of elevated albuminuria at year 10. This group membership was characterized by a greater proportion of female and Hispanic participants. Conclusions: Distinct eGFR trajectories that associate with albuminuria risk were identified, with the eGFR trajectory characterized by increasing eGFR over time associating with the highest level of albuminuria. These descriptive data support the current recommendations to estimate GFR annually in young persons with type 2 diabetes and provide insight into eGFR-related factors which may contribute to predictive risk strategies for kidney disease therapies in youth with type 2 diabetes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00081328, date registered 2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable morbidity and mortality in infants and children. In recent decades, large-scale pediatric immunization programs have substantially reduced the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. Despite this, residual vaccine-type pneumococcal disease remains in the form of vaccine breakthrough and vaccine failure. This targeted literature review aims to discuss aspects of vaccine breakthrough and failure in infants and children, including disease epidemiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, vaccination schedules, vaccine serotypes, correlates of protection, comorbidities, disease surveillance, and potential implications for future vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of geno-pheno associations in PGL identified possible factors that affect tumor risk. PURPOSE: Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors. It is estimated 40% of PCCs/PGLs can be described by hereditary causes, most often in the SDHx genes (SDHx : SDHA /B/C/D), resulting in heterogeneous clinical tumor findings. Previous research suggests a possible genotype-phenotype association. This study aimed to explore associations between pathogenic variant (PV) type and tumor presence. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database at an academic medical center was used to identify individuals with SDHx PVs. The research team abstracted demographics, clinical, genomic, and variant information from the electronic medical record for analysis. Additional variant data were collected through the University of California Santa Cruz Genome Browser and MutationTaster2021 outputs. Descriptive and comparative analyses were run using R*Stats (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). RESULTS: In this study, 304 individuals with SDHx PVs had 111 tumors, across 89 kindreds. The cohort reflected well-established penetrance estimates and gene-specific tumor type risk. In addition, this analysis points toward additional factors that could be incorporated into risk assessment, including age, variant type, and variant location within gene. CONCLUSION: Exploration of these associations further supports the need for gene-specific screening recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study aims to explore the reasons for teachers leaving the profession by examining a specific context. The study investigates the factors that contribute to teacher attrition and provides insights into the experiences and perspectives of teachers who have chosen to leave their teaching careers. By understanding the underlying causes of teacher turnover, this research seeks to inform policy and practice to improve teacher retention and address the challenges faced by educators. The study employs qualitative research methods, including interviews and surveys, to gather data from former teachers and analyze their responses. The findings shed light on the complex factors influencing teachers' decisions to leave and offer recommendations for creating a more supportive and fulfilling teaching environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hawksbill turtles (n = 56) in a foraging ground around Isla San Jose, Gulf of California, Mexico, were caught, measured, and their skin and scutes sampled. Tissue samples from putative prey species were collected from observed hawksbill feeding areas in the foraging ground.Measurements of each turtle's straight carapace length were used to estimate the average life stage of the population. Tissue samples were processed for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis to estimate foraging habits of turtles in this location.The majority (96.4%) of measured individuals' straight carapace length fell in the size range considered to be juveniles.A Bayesian mixing model analysis of the δ13C and δ15N values of hawksbill skin and potential prey indicated that hawksbills consume primarily invertebrates and algae, with lesser contributions from seagrass and mangrove material.There was a positive linear relationship between turtle size and the δ13C values from scute samples, and an increase in the δ13C values of five individuals recaptured in subsequent years suggested a potential location shift from a pelagic habitat in the turtles' post‐hatching, earliest juvenile years to the nearshore foraging area around Isla San Jose in their later juvenile years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study offers a novel examination of the mean-reversion properties of the current account balances, expressed as a percentage of GDP, for the Asian-5 economies: Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. While prior studies mainly employed traditional unit-root tests, our research stands out for its use of novel panel stationarity tests that account for cross-sectional dependence and incorporate both sharp and smooth structural breaks via a Fourier function. Our findings robustly indicate the sustainability of the current accounts of the Asian-5 nations. The emphasis on the significance of structural breaks with a Fourier component sets this research apart, offering fresh perspectives on the intricacies of current account mean-reversion dynamics and the long-term sustainability implications for these economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research provides ample evidence that positive social relations and access to knowledge are supportive for educational change. However, few studies have examined how personnel turnover and restructuring in school districts influence these processes, specifically as they relate to leaders' access to research evidence and perception of organizational learning and culture. In this longitudinal exploratory mixed-methods case study, we examine the changes in social networks and organizational learning among school and district leaders during a 3-year district restructuring process. Our study uses social network analysis, bivariate analyses, and qualitative coding. We surveyed district and school leaders about their districts' capacity for organizational learning, organizational culture, and social ties around research evidence. Our results suggest a decrease in the district's capacity to diffuse ideas from research between Years 1 and 3, which may inhibit efforts for improvement. Further, the data on school and district leaders who did not leave the district indicates a decrease in the perception of organizational learning and culture in school sites, but not in the district with differences between principals and central office staff. Qualitative findings support an association between the restructuring and changes in organizational learning and social structures and provide further reasons for the changes (e.g., lack of communication, time to maintain/build relationships, and opportunities for professional development). These findings speak to the importance of leaders focusing on the social side of change during times of churn, including strengthening trust, fostering collective values and beliefs, and countering division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective is to determine whether body mass index is associated with patient‐reported expectations and well‐being before primary total hip or total knee arthroplasty, and patient‐reported outcomes 6 months after surgery. Methods: Data were obtained from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry. Outcome measures included pre‐operative expectations for post‐operative mobility, joint pain and health, pre‐ and post‐operative EQ‐5D‐5L, EQ‐VAS, Oxford Hip/Knee Scores and joint pain scales, and post‐operative perceived change and perceived satisfaction. Associations with BMI were assessed using chi‐square tests, analysis of variance and Linear Mixed Models equations. Results: Data were available for 12 816 primary THA patients and 20 253 primary TKA patients. Pre‐operatively, patients in higher BMI categories were significantly more likely to expect ongoing problems with mobility, more joint pain and poorer health following surgery (P<0.01 for all analyses). For arthroplasty patients, higher BMI was associated with poorer pre‐operative and post‐operative scores for all measures. BMI was positively associated with improvements in EQ‐5D, OHS/KS and joint pain. While between‐group differences were statistically significant, many were small in magnitude. There was no association between BMI and patient‐perceived change or satisfaction after arthroplasty. Conclusion: Patients undergoing THA/TKA, higher BMI was associated with lower pre‐operative expectations, poorer well‐being before surgery, and worse scores after surgery. Patients who were obese demonstrated comparable satisfaction with their operated joint, compared with non‐obese patients. BMI was associated with greater pre‐ to post‐operative improvements in outcome scores for EQ‐5D, VAS knee, OHS/OKS and joint pain but these differences may not be clinically important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanized logging equipment causes considerable soil disturbance, but little information is available regarding thresholds for impacts on soil nematodes—critical members of soil foodwebs which perform important ecological functions. We examined responses of nematode communities and soil physical characteristics to the increasing number of passes (one, three, or nine) by a tracked feller buncher during thinning of a xeric mixed conifer forest in New Mexico, USA. Within and between the harvester tracks, we measured soil surface penetration resistance and shear strength, quantified bulk density at four depth increments up to a maximum depth of 27 cm, and characterized nematode assemblages in the upper 10 cm. Eight months after treatment, nematode communities were less impacted than soil physical properties by harvester passes. Total nematode abundance was unaffected by any level of feller buncher disturbance, and sensitive K-selected nematode groups were reduced only at nine passes. Conversely, soil compaction occurred with a single pass and extended deep into the soil profile to at least 23–27 cm. The first pass also decreased surface penetration resistance and shear strength, indicating disruption of soil surface structural integrity. Additional passes did not further increase bulk density or decrease surface structural integrity. Our results indicate that low levels of logging machinery traffic may have negligible effects on nematode communities, but nevertheless emphasize the importance of minimizing areas subjected to disturbance because of impacts on soil physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid, sterol, and tocopherol compositions; amino acid content; and some biological activities of Vincetoxicum fuscatum subsp. fuscatum seeds were investigated for the first time. The seeds were rich in linoleic acid (41.33%), δ-5,24-stigmastadienol (31.72%), β-sitosterol (30.42%), α-tocopherol (180.12 mg/kg), and glutamic acid (6388 mg/100 g). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activities were also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses what we know about the underlying social and political conditions shaping research evidence use in education and how this applies to Research-Practice Partnerships (RPPs). It discusses types of use, political dynamics and processes, brokers and intermediaries, and racial dynamics and lenses. It also recommends strategies for RPPs in light of these political and social contexts to improve the quality of use and reduce the misuse of research evidence, ending with implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One to two-thirds of all medically admitted patients have comorbid psychiatric concerns. To address the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional factors that affect medical hospitalization, psychological or psychiatric consultation-liaison (CL) services are consulted. The current study was designed to understand patient satisfaction with a CL psychology service and how it was associated with satisfaction with overall hospitalization, taking into consideration relevant factors. Adults medically admitted to an academic teaching hospital (N = 220), who were seen at least once by the CL psychology service, completed satisfaction and demographic questionnaires. Most patients reported being satisfied with the CL psychology service, with women reporting higher satisfaction than men. Satisfaction with the CL psychology service was associated with satisfaction with overall hospitalization, but did not differ based on age, race/ethnicity, education, income, length of stay, number of visits, or presence of psychiatric diagnosis. The results suggest that CL psychology services may contribute to improving overall patient experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Table 4 Sterol Composition of I T. spicata i Seeds, mg/100 g HT

The recently discovered insecticidal protein Mpp75Aa1.1 from Brevibacillus laterosporus is a member of the ETX_MTX family of beta-pore forming proteins (β-PFPs) expressed in genetically modified (GM) maize to control western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). In this manuscript, bioinformatic analysis establishes that although Mpp75Aa1.1 shares varying degrees of similarity to members of the ETX_MTX2 protein family, it is unlikely to have any allergenic, toxic, or otherwise adverse biological effects. The safety of Mpp75Aa1.1 is further supported by a weight of evidence approach including evaluation of the history of safe use (HOSU) of ETX_MTX2 proteins and Breviballus laterosporus. Comparisons between purified Mpp75Aa1.1 protein and a poly-histidine-tagged (His-tagged) variant of the Mpp75Aa1.1 protein demonstrate that both forms of the protein are heat labile at temperatures at or above 55°C, degraded by gastrointestinal proteases within 0.5 min, and have no adverse effects in acute mouse oral toxicity studies at a dose level of 1920 or 2120 mg/kg body weight. These results support the use of His-tagged proteins as suitable surrogates for assessing the safety of their non-tagged parent proteins. Taken together, we report that Mpp75Aa1.1 is the first ETX-MTX2 insecticidal protein from B. laterosporus and displays a similar safety profile as typical Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection among all infants worldwide and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. To address this unmet medical need, MK‐1654, a half‐life extended RSV neutralizing monoclonal antibody, is in clinical development for the prevention of RSV disease in infants. This was a phase I, randomized, placebo‐controlled, single‐site, double‐blind trial of MK‐1654 in 44 healthy Japanese adults. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, antidrug antibodies (ADAs), and serum neutralizing antibody (SNA) titers against RSV were evaluated for 1 year after a single intramuscular (i.m.) or intravenous (i.v.) dose of MK‐1654 or placebo in five groups (100 mg i.m., 300 mg i.m., 300 mg i.v., 1000 mg i.v., or placebo). MK‐1654 was generally well‐tolerated in Japanese adults. There were no serious drug‐related adverse events (AEs) reported in any MK‐1654 recipient and no discontinuations due to any AEs in the study. The half‐life of MK‐1654 ranged from 76 to 91 days across dosing groups. Estimated bioavailability was 86% for 100 mg i.m. and 77% for 300 mg i.m. One participant out of 33 (3.0%) developed detectable ADA with no apparent associated AEs. The RSV SNA titers increased in a dose‐dependent manner among participants who received MK‐1654. These data support the development of MK‐1654 for use in Japanese infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Screen media activity (SMA) may impact neurodevelopment in youth. Cross-sectionally, SMA has been linked to brain structural patterns including cortical thinning in children. However, it remains unclear whether specific brain structural co-variation patterns are related to SMA and other clinically relevant measures such as psychopathology, cognition and sleep in children. Methods: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) participants with useable baseline structural imaging (N = 10,691; 5,107 girls) were analyzed. We first used the Joint and Individual Variation Explained (JIVE) approach to identify cortical and subcortical covariation pattern(s) among a set of 221 brain features (i.e., surface area, thickness, or cortical and subcortical gray matter (GM) volumes). Then, the identified structural covariation pattern was used as a predictor in linear mixed-effect models to investigate its associations with SMA, psychopathology, and cognitive and sleep measures. Results: A thalamus-prefrontal cortex (PFC)- brainstem structural co-variation pattern (circuit) was identified. The pattern suggests brainstem and bilateral thalamus proper GM volumes covary more strongly with GM volume and/or surface area in bilateral superior frontal gyral, rostral middle frontal, inferior parietal, and inferior temporal regions. This covariation pattern highly resembled one previously linked to alcohol use initiation prior to adulthood and was consistent in girls and boys. Subsequent regression analyses showed that this co-variation pattern associated with SMA (β = 0.107, P = 0.002) and externalizing psychopathology (β = 0.117, P = 0.002), respectively. Discussion and Conclusions: Findings linking SMA-related structural covariation to externalizing psychopathology in youth resonate with prior studies of alcohol-use initiation and suggest a potential neurodevelopmental mechanism underlying addiction vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on microaggression has primarily focused on the experiences of adults, as researchers have yet to extensively examine the experiences of school-age children. The few studies that exist suggest that microaggressions are problematic well before young people reach college or the working world. The current study adds to the microaggression literature through an examination of the experiences of adolescents holding minoritized racial and sexual orientation identities at a Midwestern public high school. Participants in the study completed a survey that assessed their experiences with microaggressions, the degree to which they found them offensive, and their experiences with peers and school personnel. Results of the study suggest that these microaggressive exchanges are relevant for high school students and that individual differences exist in the way that adolescents notice and label microaggressive verbalizations as offensive. Future research directions are discussed, as well as implications for those working directly with students in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the efforts of JAMA Psychiatry and the JAMA Network to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) within their editorial boards. The article highlights the gender breakdown of respondents, with more than half of those who disclosed their gender being women. In terms of ethnic origins or ancestry, the majority had Eastern or Western European ancestry, with Central American and Caribbean ancestry being less represented. The article acknowledges the underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minoritized communities in academic psychiatry and emphasizes the importance of including individuals from other underrepresented and minoritized backgrounds. The authors also mention the need to support early-career psychiatrists and prioritize recruiting junior faculty. The overall goal is to diversify representation in science, provide opportunities for those who have traditionally lacked access, and include individuals of varying identities and backgrounds to study underrepresented populations and their psychiatric outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and is closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The surface fusion (F) glycoprotein mediates viral fusion and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies against hMPV. Here we report 113 hMPV-F specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from memory B cells of human donors. We characterize the antibodies' germline usage, epitopes, neutralization potencies, and binding specificities. We find that unlike RSV-F specific mAbs, antibody responses to hMPV F are less dominant against the apex of the antigen, and the majority of the potent neutralizing mAbs recognize epitopes on the side of hMPV F. Furthermore, neutralizing epitopes that differ from previously defined antigenic sites on RSV F are identified, and multiple binding modes of site V and II mAbs are discovered. Interestingly, mAbs that bind preferentially to the unprocessed prefusion F show poor neutralization potency. These results elucidate the immune recognition of hMPV infection and provide novel insights for future hMPV antibody and vaccine development. Here, Xiao et al. isolate a large panel of antibodies against human metapneumovirus fusion protein from human B cells, and characterize their epitopes, neutralization activities, and antigen binding specificity, providing a useful framework for understanding the immune response against hMPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the longitudinal effects of sex, race-ethnicity, and metabolic factors on the risk of developing diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) cohort.Research Design and Methods: Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by serum creatinine and cystatin C were assessed annually for up to 15 years after study entry. Markers of DKD included micro- and macroalbuminuria (UACR ≥30 mg/g and ≥300 mg/g, respectively), hyperfiltration (eGFR ≥135 mL/min/1.73 m2), and rapid eGFR annual decline (>3 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or ≥3.3%). The relationships between risk factors and DKD were evaluated longitudinally using time-to-event models.Results: Data were available on 677 participants, average age at baseline 14 years, with a mean ± SD follow-up of 10.2 ± 4.5 years. Each 1% increment in HbA1c conferred higher risk of microalbuminuria (hazard ratio 1.24 [95% CI 1.18, 1.30]), macroalbuminuria (1.22, [1.11, 1.34]), hyperfiltration (1.11, [1.05, 1.17]), and rapid eGFR decline (1.12, [1.04, 1.20]). Higher systolic blood pressure and baseline serum uric acid, and lower indices of β-cell function (C-peptide index and oral disposition index [oDI]), increased the risk of microalbuminuria, while higher triglycerides increased risk of micro- and macroalbuminuria. Lower oDI levels, female sex, and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with higher risk of hyperfiltration.Conclusions: Elevated HbA1c was a shared risk factor among all phenotypes of DKD in this longitudinal cohort of adolescents and young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Other risk factors included elevated blood pressure, triglycerides, serum uric acid, and β-cell dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity of conducting business processes of institutions and individuals with information technologies has brought risks and threats. Cyber-attacks may lead to hard-to-recover results. Although many security systems have been developed against to these attacks, attacks and security breaches of information systems are increasing rapidly. In this study, it is aimed to understand the security weaknesses and vulnerabilities, which is one of the most important issues at the point of providing cyber security, and to detect cyber-attacks. Using physical networks to test cyber-attack methods is a very costly and time consuming process. In this paper, as a different method, a cyber-attack simulation model has been developed using the DEVS modelling approach to simulate and test cyber-attack scenarios and evaluate the results. An application has been developed that simulates an attack scenario in a virtual network and evaluates detector alerts by generating appropriate intrusion detection system signals. The DEVS-Suite simulation environment was used as a development environment. Comparisons were made with different cyber-attack simulation applications and their differences were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the accuracy of principal investigators' (PIs) predictions about three events for their own clinical trials: positivity on trial primary outcomes, successful recruitment and timely trial completion. Study design and setting: A short, electronic survey was used to elicit subjective probabilities within seven months of trial registration. When trial results became available, prediction skill was calculated using Brier scores (BS) and compared against uninformative prediction (i.e. predicting 50% all of the time). Results: 740 PIs returned surveys (16.7% response rate). Predictions on all three events tended to exceed observed event frequency. Averaged PI skill did not surpass uninformative predictions (e.g., BS = 0.25) for primary outcomes (BS = 0.25, 95% CI 0.20, 0.30) and were significantly worse for recruitment and timeline predictions (BS 0.38, 95% CI 0.33, 0.42; BS = 0.52, 95% CI 0.50, 0.55, respectively). PIs showed poor calibration for primary outcome, recruitment, and timelines (calibration index = 0.064, 0.150 and 0.406, respectively), modest discrimination in primary outcome predictions (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI 0.65, 0.85) but minimal discrimination in the other two outcomes (AUC = 0.64, 95% CI 0.57, 0.70; and 0.55, 95% CI 0.47, 0.62, respectively). Conclusion: PIs showed overconfidence in favorable outcomes and exhibited limited skill in predicting scientific or operational outcomes for their own trials. They nevertheless showed modest ability to discriminate between positive and non-positive trial outcomes. Low survey response rates may limit generalizability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: (1) To describe changes in arterial stiffness and heart rate variability (HRV) over a 5-year interval, (2) examine changes by sex and race–ethnicity, and (3) evaluate the risk factors associated with the longitudinal changes in arterial stiffness and HRV. Methods: Participants with youth-onset type 2 diabetes enrolled in the observational follow-up phase of the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial had arterial stiffness [(pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, brachial distensibility] and six indices of HRV measured 5 years apart. Multivariable linear regression models assessed risk factors associated with changes in the outcomes over time. Results: At initial vascular assessment, the 304 participants were a mean age of 21 years, 34% male, and had a mean diabetes duration of 8 years. In more than half the cohort pulse wave velocity, augmentation index and HRV increased over 5 years (p<0.01). Brachial distensibility did not change. There were no differences in the 5-year change by race/ethnicity except for a single HRV measure, where non-Hispanic Blacks had greater worsening of parasympathetic function compared to non-Hispanic Whites, p = 0.008. Blood pressure was related to greater worsening in augmentation index and pulse wave velocity. Higher hemoglobin A1c over time was related to worsening pulse wave velocity and HRV. Conclusions: Arterial stiffness and HRV worsened over 5 years. Blood pressure and glycemic control may be potential targets to influence adverse changes in arterial stiffness and HRV in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00081328 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From January 1, 2018, through October 9, 2019, 82 HIV diagnoses occurred among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Cabell County, West Virginia. Increasing the use of HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among PWID was one of the goals of a joint federal, state, and local response to this HIV outbreak. Through partnerships with the local health department, a federally qualified health center, and an academic medical system, we integrated PrEP into medication-assisted treatment, syringe services program, and primary health care settings. During the initial PrEP implementation period (April 18–May 17, 2019), 110 health care providers and administrators received PrEP training, the number of clinics offering PrEP increased from 2 to 15, and PrEP referrals were integrated with partner services, outreach, and testing activities. The number of people on PrEP increased from 15 in the 6 months before PrEP expansion to 127 in the 6 months after PrEP implementation. Lessons learned included the importance of implementing PrEP within existing health care services, integrating PrEP with other HIV prevention response activities, adapting training and material to fit the local context, and customizing care to meet the needs of PWID. The delivery of PrEP to PWID is challenging but complements other HIV prevention interventions. The expansion of PrEP in response to this HIV outbreak in Cabell County provides a framework for expanding PrEP in other outbreak and non-outbreak settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, the critical limb ischemia (CLI) Global Society aims to develop improved clinical guidance that will inform better care standards to reduce tissue loss and amputations during and following the new SARS‐CoV‐2 era. This will include developing standards of practice, improve gaps in care, and design improved research protocols to study new chronic limb‐threatening ischemia treatment and diagnostic options. Following a round table discussion that identified hypotheses and suppositions the wound care community had during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, the CLI Global Society undertook a critical review of literature using PubMed to confirm or rebut these hypotheses, identify knowledge gaps, and analyse the findings in terms of what in wound care has changed due to the pandemic and what wound care providers need to do differently as a result of these changes. Evidence was graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine scheme. The majority of hypotheses and related suppositions were confirmed, but there is noticeable heterogeneity, so the experiences reported herein are not universal for wound care providers and centres. Moreover, the effects of the dynamic pandemic vary over time in geographic areas. Wound care will unlikely return to prepandemic practices. Importantly, Levels 2–5 evidence reveals a paradigm shift in wound care towards a hybrid telemedicine and home healthcare model to keep patients at home to minimize the number of in‐person visits at clinics and hospitalizations, with the exception of severe cases such as chronic limb‐threatening ischemia. The use of telemedicine and home care will likely continue and improve in the postpandemic era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In response to the 2011 Future of Nursing report, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation created the Future of Nursing Scholars (FNS) Program in partnership with select schools of nursing to increase the number of PhD-prepared nurses using a 3-year curriculum. Method: A group of scholars and FNS administrative leaders reflect on lessons learned for stakeholders planning to pursue a 3-year PhD model using personal experiences and extant literature. Results: Several factors should be considered prior to engaging in a 3-year PhD timeline, including mentorship, data collection approaches, methodological choices, and the need to balance multiple personal and professional loyalties. Considerations, strategies, and recommendations are provided for schools of nursing, faculty, mentors, and students. Conclusion: The recommendations provided add to a growing body of knowledge that will create a foundation for understanding what factors constitute "success" for both PhD programs and students. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(1):19–28.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Urban, low-income, African American children and parents report lower quality primary care and face negative social determinants of health. High-quality well-child care is critical for this population. The purpose of this qualitative study was to compare and contrast parent and health care provider experiences of well-child care for urban, low-income, African American families to better understand the complex factors involved in care quality and health outcomes. Methods: Two data sets were analyzed using conventional content analysis, parent focus group data, and provider interviews. After analysis, results were sorted into similar categories, and convergence coding was completed to identify areas of agreement, partial agreement, dissonance, and silence. Results: Thirty-five parents took part in four focus groups, and nine providers were interviewed. Following convergence coding, five categories and 31 subcategories were identified. The five categories included: social determinants of health, sources of advice and support, challenges with the healthcare system, parent-provider relationships, and anticipatory guidance topics. Conclusions for Practice: Triangulation demonstrated convergence between parents and providers understanding of the concepts and functions of well-child care, however the prominence and meaning varied within each category and sub-category. The variance in agreement, areas of silence, and dissonance shed light on why the population reports lower overall quality primary care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are regular developments and changes in cities. Developments in cities have affected transportation, and traffic control tools have changed. Traffic signs and traffic lights have been used to direct pedestrians and vehicles correctly. Traffic light control systems are used to ensure the safety of vehicles and pedestrians, increase the fluency in traffic, guide them in transportation, warn pedestrians and drivers, and regulate and control transportation disruptions. In order to facilitate people's lives, it is desired to control the traffic components autonomously with the developments in autonomous systems. Cyber threats arise due to the active use of the internet and signals or frequencies in the use of modules that will provide communication with traffic lights, traffic signs, and vehicles, which are traffic components at the inter-sections of many roads in the control of central systems. The study is limited to smart traffic lights, which are traffic components. If we examine the cyber-attacks, we can see that Malware Attacks, Buffer Overflow Attacks, DoS attacks, and Jamming Attacks can be made. Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systems and Host-Based Intrusion Detection Systems can be used to detect and stop Malware Attacks, Buffer Overflow Attacks, DoS attacks, and Jamming Attacks. Intrusion detection systems tell us whether the data poses a threat or does not pose after the data passing through the system is examined. In this way, system protection is ensured by controlling the data traffic in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are regular developments and changes in cities. Developments in cities have affected transportation, and traffic control tools have changed. Traffic signs and traffic lights have been used to direct pedestrians and vehicles correctly. Traffic light control systems are used to ensure the safety of vehicles and pedestrians, increase the fluency in traffic, guide them in transportation, warn pedestrians and drivers, and regulate and control transportation disruptions. In order to facilitate people's lives, it is desired to control the traffic components autonomously with the developments in autonomous systems. Cyber threats arise due to the active use of the internet and signals or frequencies in the use of modules that will provide communication with traffic lights, traffic signs, and vehicles, which are traffic components at the inter-sections of many roads in the control of central systems. The study is limited to smart traffic lights, which are traffic components. If we examine the cyber-attacks, we can see that Malware Attacks, Buffer Overflow Attacks, DoS attacks, and Jamming Attacks can be made. Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systems and Host-Based Intrusion Detection Systems can be used to detect and stop Malware Attacks, Buffer Overflow Attacks, DoS attacks, and Jamming Attacks. Intrusion detection systems tell us whether the data poses a threat or does not pose after the data passing through the system is examined. In this way, system protection is ensured by controlling the data traffic in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health is an important component of overall wellness and is a growing concern in occupational settings. Approximately one half of Americans will experience a mental health disorder at some time in their life. The current descriptive correlational study used a convenience sample of manufacturing employees (N = 236) to examine the association of mental and physical health risks collected during an annual wellness program. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used to holistically screen for health risks. Pearson's r and chi-square tests were performed to determine the relationship among variables. Younger workers and individuals with higher body mass index had increased anxiety and depression scores (p = 0.005). Results suggest younger workers may have increased risk for mental health and biometabolic disorders. Due to the connections between mental and physical health, screening for anxiety and depression should be included in annual worker wellness programs to potentially improve overall health and wellness outcomes. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(10), 19–25.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global mean sea level (GMSL) has been rising since the last century, posing a serious challenge for the coastal areas. A variety of regression models have been utilized for determining GMSL rise over the past one hundred years, resulting in a large spread of sea level rise rates and multidecadal variations. In this study, we develop a new nonparametric noise model that is data‐dependent and considers overfitting due to regression. The noise model is used to determine whether one regression model has significantly better skill than others over the period 1900–2010. The choices of background noise and GMSL reconstruction influence whether two sea level models can be statistically distinguished. With our new nonparametric noise spectra, the differences of model skills in explaining sea level variance are significant only in 34% of model comparisons. However, stepwise trends with three inflection points are significantly more skillful than the linear, quadratic, or exponential trend for most GMSL reconstructions, suggesting the importance of multidecadal variability of sea level rise in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, stepwise trend models cannot be distinguished from models with a long‐term harmonic oscillation, indicating that the shape of multidecadal variability is not conclusive. The multidecadal variability is also significant in the steric and barystatic sea level contributions and is related to both natural and anthropogenic forcings. GMSL predictions based on regression fits in the twentieth century underestimate the sea level rise rate over the period 2011–2020 because the sea level acceleration in the recent decade (2011–2020) is not well represented. Plain Language Summary: Global mean sea level (GMSL) has been rising since the last century under a warming climate. Understanding both the mean rate and how it is accelerating is important for future management of coastal areas. Various regression models have typically been used to detect the rates of sea level change. As different regression models imply different rates and their consequences for future sea level projections are very different, it is important to distinguish their skills in explaining sea level variance. In addition, different GMSL time series estimated from historical tide‐gauge data also imply different rise rates and long‐term variations. In this study, we develop a new noise model that is data‐dependent and considers the underestimation of noise energy due to regression. Based on the new noise model, comparisons between different regression models indicate that the exact shape of sea level change cannot be determined with any confidence. Nevertheless, the multidecadal variability of sea level rise is significant in the GMSL. Cautions must be taken when regression models are used to predict the GMSL rise because regression fits to the GMSL in the twentieth century underestimate the sea level rise in the recent decade (2011–2020). Key Points: A new nonparametric noise model is developed to distinguish skills of regression models for global mean sea levelAn accurate estimate of background noise and global mean sea level reconstruction is important for distinguishing sea level modelsThe multidecadal variability of sea level rise is significant, but its exact shape is not conclusive over the period 1900–2010 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are important contributors in the United States military yet historically struggle for equality and equity. As women's military service increases, literature has failed to keep up with the changes which affect women service members and veterans, especially civilian life transitions. Through a feminist framework, the current study explored the experiences of four women veterans who transitioned to civilian life utilizing interpretative phenomenological analysis to analyze semi-structured interviews. Connected by gender, seven superordinate themes emerged: family support, mandatory conformity, identity, service, gender inequality, symptoms, and opportunities. The findings indicated that military life and transition negatively impacted these women veterans' mental, physical, and social well-being. In contribution to the gap in current literature, the authors discuss implications for research, clinicians, society, and the military. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]